1.

Explain all types of dam foundation treatment of each with example and net
sketch?

Dam Foundation treatment.

Grouting:
Holes are drilled at shallow as well as deep and cement grouting is filled to
establish an effective barrier to seepage under the dam and to consolidate the
foundation.
A, Consolidation grouting
Low-pressure grouting to fill voids, fracture zones, and cracks at and below the
surface of the excavated foundation is accomplished by drilling and grouting
relatively shallow holes.

B , Curtain grouting
Curtain Grouting Construction of a deep grout curtain near the heel of the dam to
control seepage is accomplished by drilling deep holes and grouting them using
higher pressure

foundationof a concret gravity dam. It is frequently used at all the other

types of dam too and is usually carried out before the dam is built over it.
C , BLANKET GROUTING

This type of grouting strengthens an area rather than forming a curtain as shown
above.The illustration shows its use at the
b) Proper Protection against piping should be made for dam stability

D, Dental treatment:
The procedure of reinforcing and stabilizing weak zones during drilling action
and final excavation is called dental treatment.

E, Cut-off
Is imprevious borrier constructed at shallow depth to ensure the H2O tightness of the dam
foundation.

The bearing structure is ridged reinforced concrete

F, Plastic diaphragm
It is impervious borreir carried out by the plastic structure.ss
 3.What factors you will keep in mind while selecting a suitable site for a dam
reservoir?
SELECTION OF SITE FOR A DAM
It is almost impossible to select a perfect ideal reservoir site, but its selection is gide
by the following factors
1, a suitable dam site is available the cost of the dam is generally a controlling factor
in the selection of a reservoir site.
2, the geological formation for the reservoir bank walls etc. should be such as to
entail minimum lakege .
3, the geology of the catchment area should be such as to entail minimum water
losses through absorption and percolation .
4, the site should be such that a deep reservoir if formed. a deep reservoir is
prefered to a shallow one because of lower land cost per unit of capacity less
evaporation loss and less possibility of weed growth .
5, the reservoir site have adequate capacity.
6, Too mach silt laiden tributories should be avoided as for as possible.
7, the reservoir basin should have a deep narrow opening in the valley, so that the
length of the dam is minimum.

1. Foundations
Gravity dams Sound rock is needed
Earth dams Any foundation with proper treatment
Foundation free from holes, faults
Formations of hard and soft layer not suitable
Alternations of sand, shale, stone leads to slipping
Beds with dip along the upstream and strike along
valley best foundation conditions
No dam on faulty zones
Best condition
2. Topography
 River cross section narrow gorge reduces the length
of the dam
Gorge open up at the upstream for reservoir
Major portion of dam high ground reduce cost, easy
drainage
3. Site for spillway
Good site for spillway for earth and rock fill dams
Gravity dams space for spillway at the centre n dam uniform formation
4. Materials
Nearby reduce cost of construction
5. Reservoir and catchment area
a. Adequate storage capacity of reservoir
b. Cost of land minimum
c. Leakage through bed rock minimum
d. Percolation losses - minimum
e. Site - formation of deep reservoir
f. Deep reservoir better than shallow one
a. Lower cost of submerged land
b. Less evaporation loss
c. Less weed growth
6. Communication
Site connected rail, road
6. What is mean by Dam? What are the difference materials that are commonly used
for dam construction and what are their comparative advantages and disadvantages?
What is a dam?
A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly impervious material built across a river to
create a reservoir on its upstream side for impounding water for various purposes.
These purposes may be irrigation, hydropower, water-supply, flood control,
navigation, fishing and recreation.
A dam and a reservoir are complements of each other.
 Dams are generally constructed in the mountainous reach of the river where the
valley is narrow and the foundation is good.
Generally, a hydropower station is also constructed at or near the dam site to
develop hydropower. Classification of Dams
ACCORDING TO MATERIAL
1. RIGID DAMS
a. GRAVITY DAM
External forces resisted weight of dam
Constructed either of masonry or concrete
Masonry Gravity dams small height
Major dams concrete
May be straight or curved in plan
ADVANTAGES
Strong and stable than earth dams
Can be used as overflow spillway
Can be constructed to any height

Least maintenance
Failure not sudden
Deep set sluices can be used
Cheaper in long run to areas of heavy rainfall Disadvantages
Can be constructed only on
strong rocks
Initial cost is high
Construction time is longer
Require skilled labour
Height cant be increased
unless provisions are made
b. ARCH DAMS
 Curved in plan
Carries its part load to the abutments by arch action
Water load amount of curvature
Balance water load to foundation
Advantages
Adopted in gorges of length < height
Requires less material
Problems of uplift pressure is less
Disadvantages
Requires skilled labour
Speed of construction is slow
All sites are not possible for this dam
A number of piers divide space number of spans
To hold water panels placed between piers
Panels flat or arched.
Advantages
Less massive than gravity dam
Extension of height is possible
Concrete volume used is less.
Disadvantages
Skilled labour is needed
More susceptible to damage
d. STEEL DAMS
Consists of framework of steel
No Dams in India
Three dams in USA. One failed due to underpinning
Two types of steel dams 1. Direct strutted type
2. Cantilever type
 Direct strut type load directly to foundation through struts
Cantilever type Struts anchored into foundation
Advantages
Speedy construction possible
Cheaper then rigid dams
Greater resistance to settlement
Not affected by frost action
Repairing can be done easily
Disadvantages
Lighter can absorb shoocks
Life shorter than concreted dams
Requires constant maintenance
e.TIMBER DAM
Made of timber struts and beams
Temporary dam proper construction 30 to 40 years
Adopted timber is plenty
Types
i) A frame type
ii) Rock filled crib
iii) Beaver type
Advantages
Low initial cost
Suitable for any foundation
Speedy construction
Disadvantages
High maintenance cost
Short life
Small height is only possible
 Seepage loss is more

11. How do you classify dams according to:

a. their use
b. hydraulic design
c. material of construction
Classification of Dams
Based on Function Served
1. STORAGE DAM
Stores water excess supply
Behind dam reservoir
Water irrigation, power etc
Stone type, concrete,earth fill, rock fill types
2. DETENTION DAM
Store water floods releases after flood
Two types
one type stored water released outlet
Second no outlet water
seeps lift irrigation is
possible This type also
Also used to trap and release
sediments called debris dam
3. DIVERSION DAMS
Rises the water level
Water to canals, ditches
Small height No reservoir Eg : Weir, Barrages
Flood water diverted to Diversion structures
Normal flow diverted to canal
Debris dams
Coffer dams - a temporary dam constructed for facilitating construction.It is an
enclosure constructed around a site to exclude water so that the construction can be
done in dry.
Based on Hydraulic Design
1. OVER FLOW DAMS
Surplus discharge carried
crest
 Crest level lower non over
flow dams
Water glides down- strong
Material usage
Generally concrete or masonry
Overflow dam called spillway
At times non overflow and overflow types are combined.
2. NON OVER FLOW DAMS
Top of dam higher level
than high flood level
Water not permitted to
overtop the dam
Materials rock fill, earth
fill, masonry, concrete

Based on Materials of Construction

Riged and non-Rigid dam
RIGID DAMS
Solid masonry or concrete gravity dam
Arched masonry or concrete dam
Concrete buttress dam
Steel dam
Timber dam
GRAVITY DAM
External forces resisted by the weight of the dam itself.
it may be Constructed either of masonry or concrete
Masonry Gravity dams are now a days constructed of only small height
a gravity dam may be either straight and curved in plan .
ARCH DAMS
Curved in plan
Carries its part load to the abutments by arch action
Water load amount of curvature
Balance water load to foundation
BUTTRESS DAM
A number of piers divide space number of spans
To hold water panels placed between piers
Panels flat or arched

TIMBER DAM
Made of timber struts and beams
Temporary dam proper construction 30 to 40 years
Adopted timber is plenty
Types
i) A frame type
ii) Rock filled crib
iii) Beaver type
STEEL DAMS
Consists of framework of steel
No Dams in India
Three dams in USA. One failed due to underpinning
Two types of steel dams 1. Direct strutted type
2. Cantilever type
Direct strut type load directly to foundation through struts
Cantilever type Struts anchored into foundation
NON RIGID DAMS
EARTH DAMS
 locally available materials
Moderate height
Materials used in natural state
With modern machinery height greater
ROCK FILL DAM
Rocks of various sizes
Rock fill dam has rock fill at the downstream, impervious
membrane, upstream cut off to check seepage

12. Discuss the various factors which govern the selection of a particular type of dam
for a particular project ?

Following are the factors affecting selection of dam site by dam type.

Topography

Geology and Foundation Conditions

Availability of materials

Spillway size and location

Earth queke zone

Hight of the Dam

Road way

Life of the dam

Other factors such as cost of construction and maintenance, life of dam, aesthetics etc.1.
Topography
 Low rolling plains land Earth dam with separate spillway
 A low narrow V shaped valley Arch dam
A narrow stream between high rocky walls Concrete overflow dam
2. Geology and Foundation Conditions
Foundation of Sound Rock Any dam type
Granite, Gneiss, Schist good for gravity dam
Poor rock Earth dam, rock fill , low concrete gravity dam
Silt, fine sand foundations problems of settlement used as foundations for earth dams,
low gravity dams but not rock fill dams
Clay soils problems of settlement earth dams No gravity or rock fill dams
3. Materials of construction
Cost availability of materials nearby transportation charges reduced
Sand, Gravel, Crushed stone Concrete Gravity dam is suitable
Coarse , fine grained soils Earth dam
4. Spillway size and location
If large spillway area needed Overflow concrete gravity dam
Small spillway capacity earth dam
Large discharges during construction Concrete gravity dam
No site for spillway Concrete gravity dam having overflow section
5. Roadway
If roadway needed Earth dam or Gravity dam
6. Length and Height of Dam
Length long, height low earth dam
Small length, height more gravity dam
7. Life of the dam
Concrete and masonry dams very long life
Earth, Rock fill dams Intermediate life
Timber Dams Temporary life
17. Determine :
a. The normal stress;
b. The principal stress;
c. The shear friction factor at base of figure below.

Find the bead of the dam at the bese?

Free body diagram of the object

 1
= 1
0.5
80
X= =40
63.4
80
X= =40
63.4

Types of designati dimansion Force vertical (kn) Force Lever arm +ve -ve
on horizonta
orce moment moment
l (kn)
elf weight *40*80*24 2/3*40=26.7 1024128
W1 38400
40+5/2=42.5
W2 5*80*24 9600 408000
40+5+7.5/2=48.
75
W3 7.5*40*24 7200 351000

*39*7.5*24 40+5+1/3*7.5= 166725

W4 3510 475

1 = 58710 = 1949353

1/282.5*39*10 1462.5 40+5+2/3+4.5= 73125

Water Pv1 50
pressure
 Pv2 7.5*1*10
75 40+5+7.5/2=48.
75 3656.25

ph 32000 1/3*80=26 .67 +20266.25

*802 *10 2 = 60247.5 853440
=1173194
80/3*7.5*10 -2000 45+7.5/2=48.75 97500
Uplift V1
orce
45+2/3*7.5=50 10000

*80/3*10*7.5* -2000 2/3*45=30

V2 2 180000

-6000 32000 2026634.25 -1230940

3 = 795694.2

3 = 50247 5
V3 *80/3*10*45

stability analysis
case 1 when the reservoir is empty condtoin:
position of resultant from the toe
x= 1/ 1=1949853/58710=33.2m
it is distance from center (eccentricity b/6=52.5/6=8.75 no tension
developed

E = - =52.5-33.2 = -6.96< fails to the left of center
2 6

Normal compressive stress at the toe

1 6 58710 6.96
Pn= (1 )= (1 6( ))=228.77 Kg/2
52.5 52.5
1 6 58710 6(6.96
At the heel pn = (1- )= (1- ))=2007.8
52.5 52.5
Principal stress at the toe
1 = ph 2 =228.77*(1+2 63.4)=1141.1
Shear stress at the toe
=pn2 =228.77*tan63.4 =456.84 no shear stress
Case2 when the reservoir full with uplift:
3
= 3
= 795694.25/502475=15.84

E = - =52.5/2-15.84 =10.4
2

Normal compressive stress

at the toe
2 6 50247.5 6(10.4
pn = (1+ )= (1+ ))=2094.67 Kg/2
52.5 52.5

At the heel
2 6 50247.5 6(10.4
pn = (1- )= (1- ))=-180.48 Kg/2
52.5 52.5

principal stress at the toe

=pn2 =2094.67*(1+2 63.4) =16442.8 Kg/2
Shear stress at the toe:

=pn2 =209467*2 63.4 =8353 Kn/2

Shear friction factor (sff)
2+ 0.7 50247.5 + 52.5
Sff =
=* *14004
32000
18. Figure shows the section of a concrete gravity dam. Check the stability of this
dam section at the base. Assume any data not given and needed.

Free body diagram is shown in figer bel

=63.40 =1 2/20
=1 2 /20
 1 (0.5)/
2 =1+0. 0.52 =1.25 +ve moment

Types of designati dimansion Force vertical (kn) Force Lever arm +ve -ve
on horizonta
orce moment moment
l (kn)
Self weight *10*20*24 2/3*10=6.7 16008
W1 2400
30000
10+5/2=12.5
W2 5*20*24 240
15+1/3*2=15.6 7521.6
W3 1/2*2*20*24
480 7

= 5280 = 53529.6

*2*18*10 180 15+2/3*2=16.3 2939.4

Water Pv
pressure

ph *18*18*10 1620 1/3*18=6 9720

+56469 -9720

2 = 46749
2 = 5460.5 1620
18/3*4*10 -240 13+74/2=15 3600
Uplift V1
orce
10000
45+2/3*7.5=50

*18/3*10*4*2 -240 13 +2/3 3760.8

V2 *4=15.67

3381.3
V3 *18/3*10*1 -390 2/3*13=8.67

56469
3 = 4590 1620 3 = 36006.9 -20462.1
The value of the forces, total vertical and total horizontal
forces, and moments:
Stability analysis of the dam:
When Reservoir is empty condition
The position of resultant force
1
= 1
=53529.6/5280 =10.14m

Distance from the center

E=b/2 - =17/2-10.14 =-1.64 the resultant force at left of the
center.
Normal compressive stress at the toe
1 6 1.64
pn = (1+ ) =5280/17(1+6( ))
17

=130.8kg/m2
At the heel
1 6 1.64
Pn = (1- ) =5280/17(1- 6( )) =490.36 kg/m2
17

Principal stress at the toe

= pn 2 =130.8*(1+2 63.4)=652.4 kg/m2
Principal stress At the heel
= pn 2 =490.36*(1+ 2 34.3) = 49710/2
Shear stress at the toe :
=pn =130.8* 63.4) =261.2 Kg/2
Shear stress at the heel:
=pn =49036*( 63.4) =4912.77 Kg/2
Case-2
When the reservoir is full condition with uplift
3
= 3
=3600.9/4590 =7.8m

E=b/2 - =17/2 7.8 =0.66

Normal compressive stress At the toe:
3 6 0.66
pn = (1+ ) =4590/17(1+6( )) =332.89 kg/m2
17
at the heel
3 6 0.66
Pn = (1- ) =4590/17(1- 6( )) =207.1 kg/m2
17
Principal stress at ther toe:
= pn 2 = 332.89*(1+2 63.4)= 1660.4 kg/m2
At the heel:
= pn 2 -p2 p= 18*10 =180
Shear stress at the toe:
=pn2 =332.89*2 63.4) =1327.5 Kg/2
At the heel:
= (pn p) =(207.1-180 )tan =261.2 Kg/2
Stability check for the hole dam
Factor of safety against overturning (fso)
+
Fso= =56469/20462.1 =2.75> 1.5 ..ok

Factor of safety against sliding (fss) =0.7
3 0.7 4590
fss =
=* =1.98 >1 ok
1620
shear friction factor:
3+ 0.74590+171410
sff =
= =1471.1 < 4000 unsafes
1620
Commented [zt1]: