AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

COMPREHENSIVE BOARD
EXAM REVIEWER
Volume 2
Problems and Solutions in Agricultural
Processing, Structure, Electrification,
Environment, and Allied Subjects

by

Engr. Alexis Belonio, MSc

[email protected]

Affiliate Professor
College of Engineering
Central Luzon State University
Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija

2012
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
COMPREHENSIVE BOARD
EXAM REVIEWER
Volume 2
Problems and Solutions in Agricultural Processing,
Structure, Electrification, Environment, and Allied

by

Engr. Alexis T. Belonio

Affiliate Professor
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
College of Engineering
Central Luzon State University
Science City of Munoz
Nueva Ecija

2012
Problem 1

What is the porosity of a medium-size paddy

having 21% moisture content wet basis? If the
paddy is to be dried to 14% wet basis, what is the
percentage increase in the porosity of the sample?

Given:
MC wb 1 - 21%
MCwb 2 - 14%
Required: Porosity and percentage increase if
sample is dried to 14%
Solution:
At 21% MC, PM = 69.05 - 0.885 MC
= 69.05 – 0.885 (0.21)
= 68.86%
At 14% MC, PM = 69.05 – 0.885 MC
= 69.05 – 0.885 (0.14)
= 68.92%
% Increased = (68.92% - 68.86%) x 100 / 68.86%
= 0.1%

Problem 2

A receiving pit for rough rice is to be designed

for a rice mill. If concrete material is to be
used, what is the minimum angle of inclination
of the pit to make it self-emptying? Consider a
0.52 coefficient of friction for rough rice to
smooth concrete. If steel, with 0.46 coefficient
of friction, will be used instead of concrete,
what will be the inclination needed of the pit?
Given:
Material - rough rice
Coef of friction to concrete - 0.52
Coef of friction to steel - 0.46
Required: Minimum angle of friction to
concrete and steel materials
Solution:
= tan -1 0.52 for concrete = 27.47 degrees
= tan -1 0.46 for steel = 24.70 degrees
Problem 3

Ten tons of shelled corn is to be stored in a

cylindrical silo. Loading is from the bottom to the
top of the cylindrical container, without
considering the additional volume of the cone due
to the effect of the angle of repose of the sample.
If the silo requires a ratio of 2D = H, what would
be the dimension of the silo? Assume a 45 lb/ft3
bulk density for shelled corn.

Given:
Sample - shelled corn
Weight of sample - 10 tons
Ratio - 2D = H
Density of sample - 45 lb/ft3

Required: Dimension of the silo

Solution:

Volume of paddy = Weight/Density

= [10 tons x 1000 kg/ton]/[45 lb/ft3 x
kg/2.2lb x (3.28 ft/m)3 ]
= 13.85 m3

D2 /4 x H = 13.85 m3
D2/4 x 2 D = 13.85 m3
D3 = (8/) 13.85 m3
D = 2.07 m
H = 4.14 m
Problem 4

What is the amount of heat needed to raise the

temperature of a 1.5-tons medium-size paddy from
27°C to 45°C? The moisture content of paddy is
14% wet basis.

Given:
Sample - paddy
Weight of sample - 1.5 tons
Initial temperature of sample - 27°C (106.2°F)
Final temperature of sample - 45°C (138.6°F)
Moisture content - 14% wet basis
Required: Heat energy required to raise the
temperature of sample
Solution:
C = 0.22008 + 0.1301 M
= 0.22008 + 0.1301 (0.14)
= 0.22190 BTU/lb-F
Qs = 1.5 tons x 0.2219 BTU/lb-°F x (138.6°F – 106.2°F)
= 23,725.548 BTU
Problem 5

What is the latent heat of vaporization of paddy at

28% moisture content wet basis and at a
temperature of 40°C. If 200-kg moisture will be
removed from the bulk of paddy, what is the
amount of heat required to remove it?

Given:
Moisture content - 28% wet basis
Temperature - 40°C
Moisture to be removed - 200 kg
Required: Latent heat of vaporization and amount
of heat required to remove the moisture
Solution:
HV = 2.32 [1094-1.026(T+17.78)][1+2.4962 – 21.73 M]
= 2.32 [1094 – 1.026 (40°C + 17.78][1+2.496 –
21.73 (0.28)]
= 2,409.731 kJ/kg of water
Heat to be removed = HV x Moisture to be removed
= 2,409.731 kJ/kg x 200 kg
= 481,946.2 kJ
Problem 6

What is the equilibrium moisture content of

paddy stored in bags at a storage temperature
of 27°C and humidity of 90%. If the moisture
content of paddy stored is 14% wet basis, is
there a danger for the grains to deteriorate
when the condition prevails for a longer
period?
Given:
Storage temperature - 27°C
Storage humidity - 90%
Moisture content of sample - 14%
Required: Equilibrium moisture content
Solution:
Md = E – F ln [-R (T+C) ln RH)
= 0.325 – 0.046 ln [-1.987 (27 +35.703) ln
(0.90)
= 0.206 or 20.66% moisture dry basis
Mw = Md 100 / (100 – Md)
= 20.6% x 100 / (100 – 20.6%)
= 17.08%

Problem 7

If 20 kg of water is removed from a 110-kg paddy,

what is the percentage moisture content of
paddy in wet basis?

Given:
Wm - 20 kg
Wi - 110 kg
Required: % MC wet basis
Solution:
% MCw = ( Wi – Wf ) x 100 / Wi
= ( 20 kg / 110 kg ) x 100
= 18.18 %
Problem 8

Five hundred tons of paddy, at 16% wet

basis, is to be stored in a silo for 6 months. If
the storage temperature in the warehouse
will be maintained at 95°F, what would be
the expected weight of paddy after the
storage period? Neglect losses due to insect
and pests.

Given:
Product - paddy
Weight of product - 500 tons
Storage time - 6 months
Moisture content - 16%
Storage temperature - 95°F

Required: Weight of paddy after storage

Solution:

DML = 1- exp [(A x TC) exp [D (T-60)] exp

(E (W-0.14))]
= 1-exp [(-0.000914 x 4.32 0.6540) exp
[0.03756 (95-60)] Exp [33.61 (0.16
– 0.14)]]
= 1 – exp [-(0.00237)(3.715)(1.958)]
= 1 – 0.983
= 0.01

Therefore, the weight of paddy after 6 months

is 491.45 tons.
Problem 9

A coconut oil is to be pumped into a tank

6-meter high from the pump at a rate of
100 kg per minute. The container where
the oil is contained is located 1 m below
the pump. The estimated dynamic head
loss in the system is 0.2 m of water. What
is the horsepower required to pump the
oil? Assume a 0.93 kg/l specific weight of
oil. Also compute the brake horsepower
and motor horsepower, if the efficiencies
for pump, transmission, and motor are
60%, 80%, and 90%, respectively.

Given:
Q - 100 kg/min
Hsd - 6m
Hss - 1m
Hd - 0.2 m
Y - 0.93 kg/l

Required: Fluid Horsepower

Solution:

FHP = Q H Y / 33,000 ft-lb/min

Q = 100 kg/min
= 220 lb/min
H = (6 m + 1 m + 0.2 m) x 3.28 ft/m
= 23.6 ft
FHP = 220 lb/min x 23.616 ft / 33,000 ft-
lb/min-hp
= 0.158 hp
BHP = FHP / Ep
= 0.158 hp / 0.6
= 0.263 hp
MHP = BHP / (Em x Et)
= 0.263 hp / (0.9 x 0.8)
= 0.36 hp

Therefore, use ½-hp pump.

Problem 10

A centrifugal pump is used in pumping water

to a tank at a rate of 1 gpm. The pump is
driven directly by an electric motor with an
input power of 1.5 hp running at a speed of
1700 rpm. The total head loss of the system is
10 m. If the motor drives the pump at 2200
rpm, what is the rate of flow of the pump?
What is the change in the total head delivered
by the pump? What would be the increase in
the input power of the pump?

Given:
Q1 - 1 gpm
HP1 - 1.5 hp
N1 - 1700 rpm
H1 - 10 m
N2 - 2200 rpm

Required: Q2, HP2, and H2

Solution:

N1/N2 = Q1/Q2

Q2 = N2Q1/N1
= 2200 rpm ( 1gpm)/1700 rpm
= 1.294 gpm

N12/N22 = H1/H2
H2 = H1 (N22) / N12
= 10 m (2200 rpm)2 / (1700 rpm)2
= 16.75 m

N13/N23 = HP1/HP2
HP2 = HP1 (N23) / N13
= 1.5 hp (2200 rpm)3 / (1700 rpm)3
= 3.25 hp
Problem 11

What is the amount of moisture to be

removed from a material with 14.5% moisture
content and 76 kg dry matter weight?

Given:
MCi - 14.5%
Wdm - 76 kg

Required: Amount of moisture to be removed

Solution:

MC = Wmr x 100 / (Ww + Wdm)

Wmr = 0.145 (Wm + 76 kg)
Wmr = 0.145 Wmr + 11.02 kg
0.855 Wmr = 11.02 kg
Wmr = 11.02 kg / 0.855
= 12.89 kg

Problem 12

What is the percentage moisture content of

paddy above when expressed in dry basis?

Given:
MCw - 14.5%

Required: MCd

Solution:

MCd = (MCw x 100 )/ (100 - MCw)

= (14.5 x 100) / (100-14.5)
= 16.95%
Problem 13

If a product has 12% moisture content wet basis, the

equivalent percentage moisture content In dry basis
is:

Given:
MCw - 12%

Required: MCd

Solution:

MCd = MCw x 100 / (100 – MCw)

= 12 x 100 / ( 100 – 12 )
= 13.64%

Problem 14

A product has 25% moisture content, expressed in

dry basis . What is the percentage moisture content
of the product in wet basis?

Given:
MCd - 25%

Required: MCw

Solution:

MCw = MCd x 100 / (MCd + 100)

= ( 25 x 100 ) / (25 + 100 )
= 20%
Problem 15

If 9 tons of a product is to be dried from 24% to

14%, the final weight of the product would be:

Given:
Wi - 9 tons
MCi - 24%
MCf - 14%

Required: Weight final

Solution:

Wi ( 1 – Mci ) = Wf (1- MCf)

Wf = Wi (1-MCi) / (1-MCf)
= 9 tons (1-0.24) / (1.014)
= 7.9 tons

Problem 16

What is the moisture loss of the product in

Problem 15 above?

Given:
Wf - 7.9 tons

Required: Moisture loss

Solution:

ML = Wi – Wf
ML = 9 tons – 7.9 tons
= 1.05 tons
Problem 17

If the coefficient of friction of rice to steel

material is 0.41, what is the minimum angle of
hopper required for the system?

Given:
Coefficient of friction - 0.41

Required: Angle of friction of the hopper

Solution:

tan θ = 0.41
θ = tan -1 0.41
= 22.3°

Problem 18

A solar dryer is used to reduce the moisture content of

four tons of paddy rice from 25% to 15% wet basis. The
amount of moisture removed is about:

Given:
MC initial - 25%
MC final - 14%
Initial weight - 4 tons

Required: Weight of moisture removed

Solution:

Wt. of Moisture removed = Wi - Wf

Wt. final = Wi (1 – MCi) / (1 – MCf)
= 4 tons (1- 0. 25) / (1 -0.14)
= 4(0.75) / (0.86)
= 3.53 tons
Wt. of moisture removed = 4 tons – 3.53 tons
= 0.47 ton
Problem 19

Shelled corn initially at 24% is to be dried to 14%. If the

initial weight of the shelled corn is 1000 kilos, what is its
final weight?

Given:
Grain - corn
MC initial - 24%
MC final - 14%
Initial weight - 1000 kg

Required: Final wt. of the corn

Solution:
Wi (1 – MCi)
Wt. = (1 - MC-f)
1000 kg (1 – 0.24) = (1 – 0.14)
= 883.72 kg

Problem 20

Referring to Problem 19, what is the moisture loss of

corn grains?

Given:
Wt. - 883.72 kg

Required: Moisture loss

Solution:

Moisture loss = Wti - Wtf

= 1000 kg – 883.72 kg
= 116.28 kg
Problem 21

A single-pass rice mill was tested for 30 min.

and gave the following results: input paddy,
1000 kg; milled rice produced, 650 kg;
broken rice produced, 150 kg; and weight of
head rice, 200 kg. Compute the following:
(a) Throughput capacity, (b) % Milling
recovery, (c) % Broken grain, and (d) % Head
rice recovery.

Given:
Wp - 1000 kg
Wmr - 650 kg
Whr - 200 kg
Wbr - 150 kg
Time - 30 min.

Required: % Milling reovery

% Head rice recovery
% Broken grains, and
Throughput capacity
Solution:

% Milling recovery = Wmr 100 / Wp

= 650 kg x 100 / 1000 kg
= 65%

% Head rice reovoery = Whr 100/Wmr

= 200 kg x 100 / 650 kg
= 31%

% Broken rice = Wbr 100 / Wmr

= 150 kg x 100 / 650 kg
= 23%

Throughput Capacity = Wp x MR / To
= 1000 kg x 0.65 / 30 min/60 min/hr
= 1300 kg milled rice per hr
Problem 22

Five tons of paddy milled in 6 hours produces 3950

kg of brown rice and 3250 kg of milled rice. What
is the milling recovery?

Given:
Wt of paddy - 5 tons
Milling time - 6 hors
Wt of brown rice - 3950 kg
Wt of milled rice - 3250 kg

Required: Milling Recovery

Solution:

MR = Wt milled rice x 100 / wt of paddy

= 3250 kg x 100 / 5000 kg
= 0.65 x 100
= 65%

Problem 23

What is the hulling coefficient of the huller in

Problem 22?

Given:
Weight of brown rice - 3950 kg
Weight of paddy - 5000 kg

Required: Hulling Coefficient

Solution:

Coef of hulling = Wt of brown rice/Wt of paddy

= 3950 kg / 5000 kg
= 0.79
Problem 24

If the head rice recovery of paddy in Problem 22

is equal to 85%, what is the amount of broken
grains?

Given:
Head rice recovery - 85%

Required: Weight of milled rice

Solution:

Wt of broken grains = Wt mr (100 – HRR)

= 3250 (100 – 0.85)
= 487.5 kg

Problem 25

Referring to Problem 22, what is the amount of

rice hull produced during milling?

Given:
Wt of paddy - 5000 kg

Required: Wt of rice hull

Solution:

Wt of RH = Wt of paddy x 20%
= 5000 kg x 0.20
= 1000 kg
Problem 26

A two-ton mechanical dryer dries paddy from 24%

to 14% in 8 hours. What is the final weight of the
product after drying?

Given:
Capacity - 2 tons
MCi - 24%
MCf - 14%
Time - 8 hours

Required: Final weight

Solution:

Wf = Wi (1-MCi) / (1 – MCf)
= 2 tons (1-0.24) / (1-0.14)
= 1.767 tons

Problem 27

What is the percentage moisture reduction per hour in

Problem 26?

Given:
MC initial - 24 %
MC final - 14 %
Drying time - 8 hours

Required: % moisture reduction per hour

Solution:

% moisture = (24% – 14%) / 8

= 1.25 % per hour
Problem 28

Referring to Problem 26, what is the drying capacity

of the dryer?

Given:
Wt initial - 2 tons
Drying time - 8 hours

Required: Drying Capacity

Solution:

Cd = Wi / Td
= 2 tons / 8 hours
= 0.25 ton / hour

Problem 29

Still referring to Problem 26, what is the rate of

moisture reduction per hour?

Given:
Wt initial - 2 tons
Wt final - 1.767 tons
Drying time - 8 hours

Required: Moisture reduction per hour

Solution:

Wt of moisture removed = 2 tons – 1.767 tons

= 0.233 ton

Moisture reduction per hr = 0.232 ton / 8 hours

= 0.029 ton/hr
Problem 30

Compute the apparent air velocity in a 1-ton

capacity flat-bed dryer with 2.4-m x 2.4-m
dimension square bin. The specific airflow rate of
the dryer is 50 m3per minute of air per m3 of grain.
Assume a 500 kg/m3 density of grain.

Given:
Total airflow - 50 m3/min
Area - 2.4 m x 2.4 m
Grain density - 500 kg/m3
Required: Apparent air velocity
Solution:
Volume= 1 ton x 1000 kg/ton x m3/500kg
= 2 m3
Q = 50 m3/min-m3 x 2 m3
= 100 m3/min
Vapp = 100 m3/min / 2.4 m x 2.4 m
= 17.36 m/min

Problem 31

What is the theoretical rpm of a bucket elevator

with 0.2-m diameter head pulley and 0.1-m bucket
projection?

Given:
Pulley Diameter - 0.2 m
Bucket projection - 0.1 m
Required: Theoretical rpm
Solution:
Radius = 0.1 m + 0.05 m
= 0.15 m

Ntheo = 54.19 / (R)½

= 54.19 / ( 0.15 m x 3.28 ft/m)½
= 54.19 / 0.701
= 77.3 rpm
Problem 32

If the operational efficiency of the bucket elevator

in Problem 31 is 85% of the theoretical speed, what
is its operating speed?

Given:
Ntheo - 77.3 rpm
 - 0.85

Required: Noperational

Solution:

Noperational =  x Ntheor
= 0.85 (77.3 rpm)
= 65.7 rpm

Problem 33

What is the theoretical horsepower requirement of a

bucket elevator with 545 kg/min capacity and 10.7 m lift.
The elevator is loaded down side.

Given:
Capacity - 545 kg/min
Lift - 10.7 m
Loading - downside

Required: Theoretical HP

Solution:

HP = Q H F / 4562
= [545 kg/min (10.7 m) (1.5 m)] 4562
= 1.9 hp
Problem 34

What is the theoretical rpm of a bucket elevator

with 0.4-m diameter head pulley and 0.1-m bucket
projection.

Given:
Pulley diameter - 0.4 m
Bucket projection - 0.1 m

Required: Theoretical rpm

Solution:

Nt = 54.19 [(0.2 + 0.05)(3.28 ft/m)]0.5

= 54.19 / 0.812
= 66.7 rpm

Problem 35

If the operational speed of the bucket elevator in

Problem 34 is 85% of the theoretical speed, what is
its operational speed?

Given:
Efficiency - 0.80
Theoretical speed - 66.7 rpm

Required: Operational speed

Solution:

Noperational = 0.80 Nt
= 0.80 (66.7 rpm)
= 53.4 rpm
Problem 36

What is the theoretical horsepower requirement of a

bucket elevator with 740-kg/min capacity and 12-m lift
and is loaded up side?

Given:
Capacity - 740 kg/min
Lift - 12 m
Loading - up side

Required: Theoretical Hp

Solution:

Hp = QHF/4562
= (740 kg/min)(12 m)(1.2) / 4562
= 2.3 Hp

Problem 37

If 850 kg of paddy is to be lifted per minute to a

height of 12 m, what is the horsepower requirement
of the elevator? Loading is on the downside of the
elevator booth.
Given:
Q - 850 kg/min
H - 12 m
Loading - downside
Required: Hp requirement
Solution:
QHF
Hpe =
4562

850 kg/min (12 m) (1.5)

=
4562
= 3.35 hp
Problem 38

If a pile of rice is 8-m long, 6-m wide and 3.6-m

high, how many bags of rice are safe to be piled?

Given:
Length of pile - 8 m
Width of pile - 6 m
Height of pile - 3.6 m

Required: Number of bags of rice

Solution:

No. of bags = [ L x W x H ] / 15 bags / m3

= [8m x 6m x 3.6 m]/15 bags/m3
= 2,592 bags

Problem 39

If 5000 bags of palay is to be piled 20-bags

high, how many square meters of floor
space is needed? (0.23 m/bag)

Given:
No of bags - 5000 bags
Height of pile - 20 bags
Height of bag - 0.23 m/bag

Required: Floor area

Solution:

Volume of pile = 5000 bags/ 10 bags/m3

= 500 m3
Height of pile = 20 bags x 0.23 m/bag
= 4.6 m
Area of pile = 500 m3 / 4.6 m
= 108.69 m2
Problem 40

What is the peak storage capacity of a 5-m

diameter grain-storage bin with an average height
and a minimum angle of fill of 6 m and 28 deg.,
respectively?

Given:
Diameter of grain - 5m
Average height - 6m
Angle of fill - 28°

Required: Peak storage capacity

Solution:

D/2 tanθ
V = (πD2/4) EH + (πD2/4)
3

π(5m)2 5m/2 tan 28

= π(5m)2/4) 6m +
4 3

= 117.8 m3 + 8.70 m3

= 126.50 m3
Problem 41

What is the rate of flow of coconut oil in a 2- in.

pipe if the velocity of the fluid is measured at 0.02
m/s? The specific weight of oil is 1500 kg/m3.

Given:
Inside diameter of pipe - 2 in.
Fluid velocity - 0.02 m/s
Specific weight of fluid - 1500 kg/m3

Required: Mass flow rate

Solution:

Q = AVd
= 3.14 (2 in.)2/4 x 0.025 m/in. x 0.02 m/s
x 1500 kg/m3
= 2.35 kg/sec

Problem 42
A rice milling plant is to be designed to run at
a throughput rate of 5 tons per hour. The
design milling recovery is 69% while the
hulling efficiency is 95%. How many
compartments are needed for the paddy
separator of the rice mill? Assume 50 kg
br/hr-comp.

Given:
Throughput capacity - 5 tph
Milling recovery - 69%
Hulling efficiency - 95%
Required: No. of compartments
Solution:
C p = 5 tph / 0.69
= 7.25 tph of paddy
C br = 7.25 tph x 0.95
= 6.9 tph brown rice
No. of compartments = 6.9 tph x 1000 kg/ton x
1 comp/50 kg-hr
= 138 compartments
Problem 43

The pulley diameter of a belt conveyor is

50 cm. It will be ran at a speed of 48 rpm.
If the width of the belt is 40 cm with an
estimated cross-sectional area of 0.012 m2
and 20-deg surcharge angle, what will be
the capacity of the belt conveyor in tons of
paddy per hour? Assume a paddy density
of 600 kg/m3.

Given:
Pulley diameter - 50 cm
Pulley speed - 48 rpm
Belt width - 40 cm
Belt cross-sectional area - 0.012 m2
Surcharge angle - 20 deg
Paddy density - 600 kg/m3

Required: Belt capacity in tph

Solution:

(a) V belt = 3.1416 x Dp x Np

= 3.1415 x (50 cm/100 cm/m) x
48 rpm
= 75.4 m / min

(b) Capacity = A x V x 60
= 0.012 m2 x 75.4 m/min x 60
= 54.3 m3/min x 600 kg/ m3
= 32,580 kg/hr x ton/1000 kg
= 32.58 tons/hr
Problem 44

Determine the power required of a 10-m

long belt conveyor to deliver shelled corn to
a feeder of a storage bin which is 1-m high
from the main floor. The diameter of pulley
and the width of conveyor are 60 cm and 50
cm, respectively, running at a speed of 40
rpm. The cross-sectional area of the
conveyor is 0.031 m2. Assume a 700 kg/m3
density for shelled corn.

Given:
Belt length - 10 m
Lift - 1m
Pulley diameter - 60 cm
Belt width - 50 cm
Pulley speed - 40 rpm
Belt x-area - 0.031 m2
Product - shelled corn
Density - 700 kg/m3
Required: Horsepower required to drive the
belt conveyor
Solution:
V = 3.14 D x N
= 3.14 x 0.6 m x 40 rpm
= 75.4 m/min
C = V x A x 60
= 75.4 m/min x 0.031 m2 x 60
= 140.24 m3/hr x 700 kg/m3 x
ton/1000 kg
= 98.17 ton/hr
(a) Hpe = [(S/0.3048) (A + B (3.28 L))] / 1000
= [[(75.4 m3/min)/0.3048]
[0.3+0.00187(3.281x10 m)]]/100
= 0.89 hp
(b) Hpv = C (0.48 + 0.01 L) / 100
= 98.17 (0.48 + 0.01 (1m) / 100
= 0.48 hp
(c) Hph = (L/0.3048) (1.015) (C/1000)
= (1/0.3048) (1.015) (98.17 ton/hr)
= 0.32 hp
Total Hp = Hpe + Hpv + Hph
= 0.89 hp + 0.48 hp + 0.32 hp
= 1.69 hp (use 2 hp)
Problem 45
Compute the theoretical capacity of an 8-inch-
diameter screw conveyor loaded 45% of its full
load. The screw shaft is 2 inches in diameter
with screw pitch of 4 inches. The speed of the
conveyor is 80 rpm.
Given:
Screw diameter - 8 inches
Shaft diameter - 2 inches
Screw pitch - 4 inches
Screw speed - 80 rpm
Loading - 45%
Required: Theoretical capacity of the
conveyor
Solution:
Ct = [(D2 – d2)/36.6][P x N]
= [(8 in)2 – (2 in)2 /36.6] [4 in x 80 rpm]
= 524.59 ft3/hr
@ 45% loading
= 524.59 ft3/hr x 0.45
= 236.07 ft3/hr
Problem 46

A disk huller with 600-mm diameter will be

installed as return huller of a rice milling plant. As
an Agricultural Engineer, determine the diameter
of the pulley required for the huller. The motor
for the huller has 4-inches pulley diameter and is
expected to run at 1740 rpm.

Given:
Diameter of huller - 600 mm
Motor pulley - 4 in.
Motor speed - 1740 rpm
Required: Huller pulley diameter
Solution:
Huller rpm = (14 m/s ) (60 s/min) /[ 3.14 (0.6 m)]
= 445.8 rpm

Huller Pulley D = 4 in (1740 rpm) / 445.8 rpm

= 15.6 in. use 16 in.
Problem 47

Calculate the theoretical power required to

drive a 10-meter-long screw conveyor having 6
inches diameter. The conveyor shaft is
supported by a roller-type bearing and is used
to convey ground lime at a rate of 10 tons per
hour. The conveyor speed is 40 rpm. Also,
compute the power required for the motor.

Given:
Screw length - 10 meters
Screw diameter - 6 inches
Type of bearing - roller
Product - ground lime
Capacity - 10 tons per hour
Screw speed - 40 rpm

Required: Theoretical Power

Motor Power

Solution:

HP = L (DS + Q k) / 1,000,000
= 10 m x 3.28 ft/m ( 18 x 40 rpm + 10,000
kg/hr x 2.2 lb/kg x 0.6) / 1,000,000
= 32.8 ft (720 rpm + 1320 lb/hr) /
1,000,000
= 0.456 hp

MHP = H x P / 0.85
= 0.456 x 2 / 0.85
= 1.074 hp
Problem 48

A 12-ampere electric fan with 0.85 power

factor is connected to a 240- volt
convenient outlet. Calculate the power in
the circuit.

Given:
Appliance - electric fan
Current - 12 amp
Power factor - 0.85

Required: Current and power in the

circuit
Solution:

Power (watts) = volts x amperes x power

factor
= 240 volts x 12 amp x 0.85
= 2,448 watts

Problem 49

Compute the input current in a 5-hp electric

motor used to drive a hammer mill at 2200
rpm. The input voltage is 220 with 0.98 power
factor.

Given:
P - 5 hp
V - 220 volt
Power factor - 0.98

Required: Input current

Solution:

I = P / E cos 
= 5 hp x 746 w/hp / [220 v x 0.98 ]
= 17.3 amp
Problem 50

A mercury lamp with 50-ohms hot resistance is

connected to a socket with 240-volt current
supply. How much current is flowing through
the lamp?

Given:
Resistance - 50 ohms
Voltage - 240 volt

Required: Current flowing through the lamp

Solution:

I = V/R
= 240 volt/ 50 ohms
= 4.8 amperes

Problem 51

A 12-ampere electric blower with 0.85 power

factor is connected to a 240-volt convenient
outlet. Calculate the power in the circuit.

Given:
Current - 12 ampere
Power factor - 0.85
Voltage - 240 volt

Required: Power in the circuit

Solution:

P = E I cos 
= 240 volt x 12 amp x 0.85
= 2,448 watts
Problem 52

A water heater draws 10-ampere at 240-volt

current supply. Determine its heat resistance.

Given:
Current - 10 ampere
Voltage - 240 volt

Required: Heat resistance

Solution:

R = V/I
= 240 volt/ 10 amperes
= 24 ohms

Problem 53

A circuit has 20-ohms resistance. The amount of

current flowing is 12 amperes. Determine the
voltage.

Given:
Resistance - 20 ohms
Current - 12 amperes

Required: voltage

Solution:

V = IR
= 12 amperes x 20 ohms
= 240 volt
Problem 54

Determine the current flowing in 120-volt and

in 240-volt circuits with 5-ohms resistance.

Given:
Resistance - 5 ohms
Voltage 1 - 120 volt
Voltage 2 - 240 volt
Required: Current at V1 and V2

Solution: I = V/R

At 120 volt
I = 120 volt / 5 ohms
= 24 amperes
At 240 volt
I = 240 volt / 5 ohms
= 48 amperes

Problem 55

Determine the current flowing in 120-volt and in

240-volt circuits having a resistance of 10 ohms on a
current supply.

Given:
Volt 1 - 120 volts
Volt 2 - 240 volts
Resistance - 10 ohms
Required: Current
Solution:
(a) For 120 volt
I = V/R
= 120 volt / 10 amp
= 12 amp
(b) For 240 volt
I = V/R
= 240 volt / 10 amp
= 24 amp
Problem 56

An electric motor has a nameplate rating

of 2 horsepower, 240 volts, and 15
amperes. Calculate the motor power
factor assuming an 85% motor efficiency.
Also compute for the motor power input.

Given:
Appliance - electric motor
Power - 2 hp
Voltage - 240
Current - 15 amperes

Required: Motor power factor

Solutions:

Efficiency = Output / Input

Input = 2 hp x 746 watts/hp / 0.85

= 1755 watts

Power Factor = Power / (volt x ampere)

= 1755 / (240 volts x 15 amp )
= 0.4875

Power Input = volt x ampere

= 240 volt x 15 amp
= 3,600 volt-ampere
Problem 57

A circuit has 20-ohms resistance with 12-

ampere current flowing. Determine the
voltage.

Given:
Resistance - 20 ohms
Current - 12 amperes

Required: Voltage

Solution:

Voltage = Current x Resistance

= 12 amperes x 20 ohms
= 240 volt

Problem 58

Two tractor headlights are connected in

series to a 12-volt battery, each having a
resistance of 1 ohm. What is the
current flowing in the circuit?

Given:
Appliance - 2 auto headlights
Voltage - 12 volt
Resistance - 1 ohm

Required: Current flowing

Solution:

R = R1 + R2
I = V/R
= 12 volts / 2 ohms
= 6 amperes
Problem 59

A mercury lamp with 50-ohms hot resistance

is connected to a socket with 240-volt current
supply. How much current is flowing through
the lamp? Calculate the power drawn.

Given:
Appliance - mercury lamp
Resistance - 50 ohms
Voltage - 240 volt

Required: Current flows through the lamp

Power drawn
Solution:

I = V/R
= 240 volt / 50 ohms
= 4.8 amperes
W= V I x pf
= 240 volts x 4.8 amperes x 1.0
= 1152 watts
W= I2 R
= (4.8 amp) 2 x 50 ohms
= 1152 watts
 Problem 60

A water heater draws 10 amperes at 240-volt

current supply. Determine its heat resistance.

Given:
Appliance - water heater
Current - 10 amperes
Voltage - 240 volt

Required: Heat resistance

Solution:

R = VI
= 240 V / 10 amperes
= 24 ohms

Problem 61

A 100-watt light bulb is used continuously for 8

hours. How much electric energy is used? If
the cost of electricity is P10.00 per kw-hour,
how much is the cost for 2-months period at 20
days per month operation?

Given:
Appliance - light bulb
Power - 100 watt
Time Used - 8 hours

Required: Electric energy

Solution:
Energy = Power x Time
= 100 w/1000 w/kw x 8 hours
= 0.8 kw-hr
Cost = 0.80 kw-hr x 20 days x 2 months x
P10.00/kw-hr
= P320.00
Problem 62

Determine the monthly energy

consumption of a farm house having the
following appliances: electric iron, 1200
watts at 2 hours; water heater, 1000 watts
at 3 hours; and toaster, 1,300 watts at 30
minutes. If the average cost of energy is
P10.00 per kwh, what is the total cost of the
energy used in 30-day consumption?

Given:
Electric Iron - 1200 watts , 2 hours
Water heater - 1000 watts, 3 hours
Toaster - 1,300 watts, 30 minutes

Required: Monthly energy consumption

Solution:

Electric Iron = 1200 x 2 / 1000

= 2.4 kw-hr

Water heater = 1000 x 3 / 1000

= 3.0 kw-hr

Toaster = 1300 x 0.5 hr / 1000

= 0.65 kw-hr

Total Energy = 2.4 kw-hr + 3.0 kw-hr x 0.65

kw-hr
= 6.05 kw-hr

Total Cost = 6.05 kw-hr/day x 30 days

/ month x P10.00/kwhr
= P 1,815.00
Problem 63

What is the equivalent size in square millimeter of

a 250 MCM cable?

Given:
Cable size - 250 MCM

Required: Equivalent size of cable in square mm

Solution:

Circular mill = 250 MCM x 1000 circular mill/MCM

= 250,000 circular mill
Square mm = CM x 0.0005067
= 126.67 mm2

Problem 64

What is the efficiency of a light bulb which uses

1000 joules of electric energy to produce 200
joules of light energy?

Given:
Energy in - 1000 joules
Energy out - 200 joules

Required: % eff.

Solution:

% eff. = 200 joules x 100 / 1000 joules

= 0.2 x 100
= 20
Problem 65

What is the efficiency of an electric generator

that produces 5000 joules of electric energy
from 7000 joules of mechanical energy used to
rotate the generator?

Given:
Energy in - 7000 joules
Energy out - 5000 joules

Required: % eff.

Solution:

% eff. = 5000 joules x 100 / 7000 joules

= 0.714 x 100
= 71.4%

Problem 66

What is the resistance of an electric motor

winding at 20C and uses 200-meters copper
conductor, which is 0.26 square centimeter
(approximately 3/16 in. by 3/16 in.)? The
resistivity of copper at 20C is 0.00000172
ohm-centimeter.

Given:
K - 0.00000172 ohm-centimeter
L - 20,000 centimeters
A - 0.26 square centimeter

Required: R

Solution:
R = 0.00000172 -cm x 20,000 cm /
0.26 sq cm
= 0.132 ohm
Problem 67

What is the power rating of an electric

device that converts 940 joules of energy
in 10 seconds?

Given:
W - 940 joules (J)
t - 10 seconds (s)

Required: P

Solution:

P = 940 J / 10 s
= 94 joules per second

Problem 68

How much energy is used by a 1200-watt heater

in 4 hours of continuous operation?

Given:
Power (P) - 1200 watts (W)
Time (t) - 4 hours (h)

Required: Energy (W)

Solution:

W = 1200 W x 4 h
= 4800 Wh
Problem 69

What is the efficiency of a ¾-horsepower (hp)

motor requiring 1000-watts (W) electric power
input?

Given:
Power input (Pin) - 1000 W
Power out (Pout) - ¾ hp

Required: Efficiency
Solution:

¾ hp = 0.75 hp

Pout = 0.75 hp x 746 W/hp

= 559.5 W

% eff. = 559.5 W x 100 / 1000 w

= 55.95

Problem 70

An electric toaster draws 4-ampere electric

current when it is connected to a 220-volt source.
What is the resistance of the toaster’s heating
element?

Given:
Appliance - Electric toaster
Voltage - 220 volt
Current - 4 amperes

Required: Resistance

Solution:

R = 220/R
= 220/4
= 55
Problem 71

Determine the Kw-hr consumed in

operating 2 motors at their rated
capacities for 10 hrs. Motor ratings are 2
& ¼ hp.

Given:
Appliance - electric motors
Motor A - 2 hp
Motor B - ¼ hp
Operation - 10 hours

Required: Kw-hr used

Solution:

Motor A = 1,000 watts/hp x 2 hp

= 2,000 watts

Motor B = 1,200 watts/hp x ¼ hp

= 300 watts

Total Wattage = (2000 watts + 300 watts)

x 10 hrs / 1000
= 23 kw-hr
Problem 72

An electric motor was tested for measuring

energy consumption of a house. All other
electrical equipment are turned off. The
Kwhr-meter disk revolutions are counted for
a period of 6 minutes. The disk makes 20
revolutions. What is the power input to the
motor if the kh factor is 2.5?

Given:
Revolution of Disk - 20 rev
Measurement Time - 6 minutes
Kh factor - 2.5

Required: Motor power input

Solution:

Watthours = Kh x revolutions
= 2.5 x 20 rev
= 50 watt-hour

Watthours per hr = 50 watt-hour x 60

min/hr / 6 minutes
= 500 watts

Power input = 500 watts / 1000

= 0.5 kw
Problem 73

A broiler house has a dimension of 10-m wide

and 30-m long. The lighting requirement for the
house is 5 ft–candle with coefficient of utilization
of 0.60. If 25 watts with 217 lumen will be used,
how many units of bulb will be installed? What is
the area that can be covered/lighted by a bulb?
Also compute the total lighting load and the size
of wire needed for the main lighting.

Given:
Structure - broiler house
Dimension - 10 m x 30 m
Lighting requirement – 5 ft– candle
Coefficient of utilization – 0.60
Bulb size - 25 watt/217 lumen

Required: No. of bulb, area covered/bulb,

total lighting load and size of wire for the
main lighting.

Solution:
A = 10 m x 3.28ft/m x 30 m x 3.28ft/m
= 3, 227.52 ft2
Lumen = [5 ft–candle x 3, 227.52 ft2]
/ [ 0.6 x 0.7 ]
= 38,422.8 lumen

Number of Bulbs = 38, 422.8 lumen

(217 lumen /bulb)
= 178 bulbs

Area covered/bulb = 3, 227.52 ft2 /178 bulbs

= 18.13 ft2/bulb
Total wattage = 25 watts x 178 bulbs
= 4, 450 watts

Size of wire = 4, 450 watts/220volt

= 20.2-Amp wire
(use 30-Amp wire
Problem 74

Compute the needed amount of rice hull, in kg,

to dry 10000 kg of palay from 30% MC to a
minimum required MC for safe storage for 5
months. The latent heat of vaporization is
2, 500 kJ/kg. Assume 100 % efficiency.

Given:
MCf - 14 %
Mci - 30 %
Amount of palay - 10,000 kg
Latent heat of vaporization - 2, 500 kJ/kg

Required:
Amount of rice hull in kg.

Solution:
Moisture load = Wi – Wf
= 10,0000 – 8,140
= 1,860 kg

Heat load = moisture load x latent heat

of vaporization
= 1,860 kg x 2, 500 kJ/kg
= 4,65 1,200 kJ

Amount of rice hull = heat load/HVF

= 4,651,200 kJ
/ 13, 000 kJ/kg
= 357.69 kg
Final weight = W1 (1 – MCi) / (1 – MCf)
= 10,000 kg ( 1 – 0.3)
/ (1 – 0.14)
= 8,140 kg of rice hull
Problem 75

Compute the amount of heat needed to drop

the temperature of 100 cans of milk from 32C
to 25C. Assume a specific weight of milk equal
to 0.99 kg/liter. The specific heat of milk is 0.93
BTU/lb-F.
Given:
No. of cans = 100
Volume per can = ¼ liter
Temp initial = 30C
Temp final = 25C
Cp = 0.93 BTU/lb-F
Required:
Amount of heat to be removed
Solution:
Qs = (00.99kg/li x ¼ li x 100 cans)
x (0.93 BTU/lb-F) (86F – 79F)
= 455.75 BTU
Problem 76

One ton of apples is to be stored in a 35F-

temperature cold storage room. The initial
temperature of the product is 89F. How much heat is
to be removed by a refrigeration system if the time
required to refrigerate the product is only 2 hours?
Assume a specific heat for apple of 3.64 kJ/kg-C.
Given:
Product - Apple
Weight - 1 ton
Initial Temp - 89F
Final Temp - 35F
Time - 2 hours
Specific heat - 3.64 kJ/kg-C
Required:
Heat to be removed per hour
Solution:
Problem 77

A sundrying floor made of concrete is to

be constructed. The area of the floor
will have a dimension of 20-ft wide x
40-ft long. The thickness of the floor is
proposed to be 4 inches. If concrete
mixture of 1:2:4 will be adopted for the
construction, how many bags of cement
will be needed? What is the estimated
cubic meter of sand and gravel that will
be needed?

Given:
Width - 20 ft
Length - 40 ft
Thickness - 4 in.
Mixing proportion - 1:2:4

Required:
No. of bags of cement
Volume of cement and sand

Solution:
Volume of concrete = 20 ft x 40 ft
x 4 in /12 in/ft
= 266.67 ft3 x (1m3/(3.28 ft)3)
= 7.56 m3
No. of bags of cement = 7.84 bags/m3
x 7.56 m3
= 59.27 bags
Volume of sand
= 0.44 m3 sand/m3 concrete
x 7.56 m3
= 3.33 m3
Volume of gravel = 0.88 m3 gravel/m3
concrete x 7.56 m3
= 6.65 m3
Problem 78

Compute the volume of concrete required for the

engine foundation of a rice mill. The engine is a
Mitsubishi 4DR5 with 650 kg gross weight.
Engine will be operated at a speed of 2000 rpm.
Assume a concrete density of 2,406 kg/m3.
Given:
Wt of engine - 650 kg
Engine speed - 2000 rpm
Density of Concrete - 2,406 kg/m3
Required:
Weight of foundation, and Volume of
concrete foundation
Solution:
Wf =  We [ N ]0.5
= 0.11 (650 kg) ( 2000 rpm )0.5
= 3,197.58 kg
Vf = Wf / dc
= 3,197.58 kg / 2,406 kg/m3
= 1.32 m3
Problem 79

What will be the depth of the concrete foundation in Problem 78 above if the
engine will have a base width and length of 1.0 and 1.5 meters, respectively?
Consider an engine base allowance of 10%. If concrete mixture of 1:3:6 will be
used for the foundation, determine the number of bags of cement and the
volume of sand and gravel needed.
Given:
V - 1.32 m3
Width of engine base - 1.0 m
Length of engine base - 1.5 m
Engine base allowance - 10%
Concrete mixture - 1:3:6
Required: Depth of foundation, Number of bags
of cement Volume of sand and gravel
Solution:
Df = Vf / [(We x Le) x allowance]
= 1.32 m3/ [(1.0 m x 1.5 m) 1.1]
= 0.72 m
No. of bags = 5.48 x 1.32 = 7.23 bags
Volume of sand = 0.44 x 1.32 = 0.58 m3
Volume of gravel = 0.88 x 1.32 = 1.16 m3
Problem 80

A sundrying floor is to be constructed

using concrete. The dimension is 10 cm
thick by 20 m wide and 30 m long. The
recommended mixing proportion is 1:2:4.
Determine the number of bags of cement
and the volume of sand and gravel
needed for the construction.

Given:
Thickness - 10 cm
Width - 20 m
Length - 30 m
Mixing proportion - 1:2:4

Required:
Number of bags of cement
Volume of sand
Volume of gravel

Solution:
Vt = LxWxT
= 30 m x 20 m x 0.1 m
= 60 m3
Number of bags of cement
= 7.84 bags/m3 x 60 m3
= 470 bags
Vol of sand = 0.44 m3/m3 con x 60 m3
= 26 m3
Vol of gravel = 0.88 m3/m3 con
x 60 m3
= 52.8 m3
Problem 81

Determine the number of hollow blocks needed

for a wall having a height of 3 m from the ground
and a perimeter length of 100 meters. Every 10
meters is a concrete post having a dimension of 12
in x 12 inches. The wall is protruded below the
ground with 3 layers of hollow blocks. Also
compute the number of bags of cement and sand
needed for the mortar using a mixing proportion
of 1:3.

Given:
Height of wall -3m
Length of wall - 100 m
Post - 12-in. x 12-in. per 10 m
Foundation - 3 layers of HB
Mortar - 1:3

Required:
Number of hollow blocks and number
of bags of cement and volume of sand
for mortar joint

Solution:
Length occupied by post = 0.3 m/post x
10 post
= 3m
Length of wall = 100 m – 3 m
= 97 m
Height of wall = 3 m + 0.2 m/CHB x 3 CHB
= 3. 6 m
Area of wall = 97 m x 3.6 m
= 349.2 m2
No. of CHB = 349.2 m2 x 13 CHB/m2
= 4,539.6 CHB
Volume of concrete = 4,539.6 CHB x 0.001
m3/CHB
= 4.57 m3
Bags of cement = 4.57 m3 x 12.04 bags/m3
= 54.10 bags of cement
Volume of sand = 4.54 m3 x 0.97 m3/m3
= 4.40 m3 of sand
Problem 82

Compute the number of 4-in x 8-in x 16-

in concrete-hollow blocks needed for a
wall having a length of 50 m and a height
of 3 m. The wall is provided with a 0.4-
m foundation wall.

Given:
Length of wall - 50 m
Height of wall - 3 m
Height of foundation wall - 0.4 m
Required:
Number of concrete hollow blocks
needed for the wall
Solution:
Area of wall = (3 m + 0.4 m) 50 m
= 170 m2
No. CHB = 13 CHB/m2 x 170 m2
= 2,210 CHB

Problem 83

Compute the volume of 200 pieces mortar that

can be contained in a 4-in x 8-in x 16-in
concrete-hallow block .

Given:
Dimension - 4” x 8” x 16”
No. of CHB - 200 pieces

Required:
Volume of mortar

Solution:
Vol. of mortar = 200 pieces (0.001 m3/piece)
= 0.2 m3
Problem 84

Compute the total cost of 50 pcs 2 x 3 x 12

lumber at P27/bd ft.

Given:
No. of pieces of lumber - 50 pieces
Size of lumber - 2” x 3” x 12’
Price per bd ft - P 27 / bd ft

Required:
Total cost of lumber

Solution:
bd ft = (2” x 3” x 12”) 12
= 6 bd ft
total bd ft = 6 bd ft/piece x 50 pieces
= 300 bd ft
Total cost of lumber = (300 bd ft) ( P27 / bd ft)
= P8, 100

Problem 85

A log has a 24-in diameter and an 18-ft length.

What is the total number of board foot that
can be obtained from the log?

Given:
diameter smallest - 24 in.
length - 18 ft

Required:
Number of board foot that can be obtained

Solution:

BF = [(D-4)2 x L ] / 16
= [(24 in – 4 in.)2 x 18 ft / 16
= 400 x 18 ft / 16
= 450 bd-ft
Problem 86

Determine the number of board foot of wood

having the following dimension and number of
stocks: (a) 40 pcs 2-in x 4-in x 10-ft; (b) 120 pcs
1-in x 2-in x 12-ft; (c) 500 pcs 2-in x 2-in x 8-ft;
and (d) 20 pcs 1-in x 1-ft x 10-ft. Also compute
the total cost of the stocks of wood if the cost
per board foot is P30.00.

Given:
Wood sizes and stocks
40 pcs - 2 in. x 4 in. x 10 ft
120 pcs - 1 in. x 2 in. x 12 ft
500 pcs - 2 in. x 2 in x 8 ft
20 pcs - 1 in. x 1 ft x 10 ft
Price per board foot - P30.00

Required:
Total number of board foot
Cost of the materials

Solution:
Bd-ft (A) = 2 in. x 4 in. x 10 ft /12
= 6.07 bd-ft/pc x 40 pcs
= 266.67 bd-ft
Bd-ft (B) = 1 in. x 2 in x 12 ft / 12
= 2 bd-ft/pc x 120 pcs
= 240 bd-ft
Bd-ft (C) = 2 in x 4 in x 8 ft / 12
= 2.67 bd-ft/pc x 500 pcs
= 1,333 bd-ft
Bd-ft (D) = 1 in. x 1 ft x 10 ft / 144
= 0.069 bd-ft x 20 pcs
= 1.39 bd-ft
Total Bd-ft = 266.67 bd-ft + 240 bd-ft
+ 1,333 bd-ft + 1.39 bd-ft
= 1,841.06 bd-ft
Cost = 1,841.06 bd-ft x P30.00 /bd-ft
= P55,231.80
Problem 87

The temperature inside a rice hull furnace is maintained at 1500 F by means of

suitable control apparatus. The wall of the furnace is 9 in. in thickness and
constructed from a material having a thermal conductivity of 0.18 Btu/hr-ft-F
Calculate the heat loss for each square foot of wall surface per hour. Assume
that the inside and outside wall temperatures are 1500F and 400F,
respectively.
Given:
Furnace inside wall temperature - 1500F
Wall thickness - 9 in.
K material - 0.18 BTU/hr-ft-F
Outside wall temperature - 400F
Required: Heat transfer loss per square foot
Solution:
dt = 1500F – 400F
= 1100F
dx = 9 in. x ft.12 in
= 0.75 ft
Qk/A = (0.18 BTU/hr-ft-F)(1100F) / 0.75 ft
= 264 BTU/hr-ft2
Problem 88

Calculate the thermal conductivity of a 4’ x 8’ test

panel, 1-in. thick if during a 3-hour test period it
conducted 900 BTU of heat through the panel with
a temperature differential of 15F between its
surfaces.

Given:
Area of the wall - 4 ft x 8 ft
Wall thickness - 1 in.
Heat conducted - 900 BTU
Difference in temp - 15F

Required: thermal conductivity

Solution:
Qk = 900 BTU/ 3 hours
= 300 BTU/hr
K = (300 BTU/hr) (0.083 ft) / (32 ft2) (15F)
= 0.052 BTU/hr-ft-F
Problem 89

The wall of a kiln is made up of 9-in fire bricks

(k=0.72 BTU/hr-ft-F), 5-in insulating bricks
(k=0.08 BTU/hr-ft-F), and 7.5-in red bricks
(K=0.5 BTU/hr-ft-F). The inner (t1) and outer
surface temperatures (t4) are 1500F and 150F,
respectively. Neglecting the residences of the
mortar joints, compute the temperatures t2 and
t3 at the contact surface.

Given:
Fire brick - 9 in. K - 0.72 BTU/hr-ft-F
Insulating Brick - 5 in. K - 0.08 BTU/hr-ft-F
Red brick - 7.5 in. K - 0.5 BTU/hr-ft-F
t1 - 1500F
t4 - 150F

Required:
Temperatures at t2, t3, and at the
contact surface area

Solution:
Qk1-4 = 1 ft2 (1500F-150F) /
[(9in/12in/ft/0.72 BTU/hr-ft-F)
+ (5in/12in/ft/0.08BTU/hr-ft-F)
+ (7.5in/12in/ft/0.5BTU/hr-ft-F)]
= 180 BTU/hr

180 BTU/hr = 0.72 BTU/hr-ft-F x 1 ft2 (1500

– t2) / (9 in/12 in/ft)
t2 = 1312F

180 BTU/hr = 0.08 BTU/hr-ft-F x 1 ft2

x (1312F – t3) / (5 in/12in/ft)
t3 = 375F
Problem 90

A rubber-roll husker was tested to

determine its performance. The husker was
ran for 2 hours at a rate of 1000 kg of input
paddy. The weight of brown rice, which
was obtained after passing the husker, was
805 kg. The weight of whole brown rice
obtained per kg of sample was 900 grams.
What are the hulling coefficient, wholeness
coefficient, and hulling efficiency of the
huller? What is the throughput capacity of
the husker in kilogram of brown rice per
hour?

Given:
Weight of paddy - 1000 kg
Operating time - 2 hours
Weight of brown rice - 805 kg
Weight of whole brown rice - 900 g per
kg of brown rice

Required:
Hulling coefficient, wholeness coefficient,
husking efficiency, and throughput rate

Solution:
Hulling coefficient = 805 kg/1000 kg
= 0.805
Wholeness coefficient = (900 g brown rice
x 1kg/1000 g) x 805 kg brown rice /
805 kg brown rice
= 0.9
Hulling efficiency = (0.805 x 0.90) x 100
= 72.45%
Throughput capacity = 805 kg / 2 hours
= 402.5 kg/hr
Problem 91

A rice mill has an input capacity of

2 tons per hour. If the percent
purity of material is 95% and the
hulling efficiency of the hulling
unit is 90%, what size of a
compartment-type separator
would you recommend for the
rice mill? Consider a design
capacity of 50-kg-br per hour-
compartment for the separator.
Given:

Throughput rate - 2 tons/hr

% purity - 95 %
Hulling eff. - 90 %

Required:
Size of the compartment

Solution:
Problem 92

A biomass furnace with 1-in. horizontal-plate

steel wall is covered by a 2-in. thick insulation.
The temperature of the upper side of the steel
wall is 450F while at the lower side of the
insulation is 100F. If the k for steel is 29
BTU/hr-ft-F and the k for the insulation is 0.5
BTU/hr-ft-F, what is the temperature at the
junction between the steel plate and the
insulation?

Given:
Material - steel plate
Thickness - 1 in
Insulation - 2 in.
T1 - 450F
T3 - 100F
K steel - 29 BTU/hr-ft-F
K insulation - 0.5 BTU/hr-ft-F

Required:
Temperature between the
steel plate and the insulation

1 in. 2 in.
Solution:

Qk = 1 ft2 x (450 F – 100 F) / (1in./12 in./ft/29 BTU/hr-ft-F)

+ (2 in./12 in/ft/0.5 BTU/hr-ft-F)
= 1041 BTU/hr

1041 BTU/hr = 29 BTU/hr-ft-F x 1 ft2 x (450-T2) /

1 in./12 in./ft
T2 = 447 F
Problem 93

A vane axial fan of a flat-bed dryer runs at a

speed of 800 rpm. The rate of flow of the fan is
100 cfm at a pressure head of 1 in. of water.
What is the specific speed of the fan?

Given:
Speed - 800 rpm
Rate of flow - 100 ft3

Required:
Specific speed of the fan

Solution:
Ns = N x Q 0.5 / Ps 0.75
= (800 rpm)(100 cfm)0.5 / (1 in.H2O)0.75
= 800 x 10 x 1
= 8,000

Problem 94

A 12-inch diameter fan rotates at a speed of

1800 rpm. The fan blade has a pitch angle of
10 degrees. If the fan has 40% static
efficiency, what is its flow rate ?

Given:
Diameter - 12 in.
Speed - 1800 rpm
Static efficiency – 40 %

Required: Fan flow rate

Solution:
Pitch = 2 π ( 6.in) Tan 10 deg
= 6.6 in.
Q = 6.6 in per rev x 3.1416 (12 in)2 /4
x 1800 rpm x 40%
= 313.35 cfm
Problem 95

A radial-type centrifugal blower is used to deliver

200 cfm of air at 1.2-in. water to a drying system
undergoing modification. The blower initially
operates at a speed of 900 rpm with an input
power of 3 hp. If the blower rpm is to be changed
to 1200 rpm, what will be its expected airflow,
pressure delivery, and input power?

Given:
Rate of flow - 200 ft3
Blower speed1 - 900 rpm
Input power - 3 hp
Blower speed2 - 1200 rpm

Required: Airflow, pressure delivery and power

input

Solution:
Problem 96

Compute the amount of heat to be

removed from 110 kgs of dressed chicken
if it were to be cooled from 20°C to 4°C,
after which it is frozen and cooled to -
18°C. The specific heat of dressed chicken
above and below freezing are 3.23 kJ/kg-
°C and 1.68 kJ/kg-C, respectively.

Given:
W - 110 kg
Ti1 - 20C
Tf1 - -2.2C
Ti2 - -2.2C
Tf2 - -18C
Cp1 - 3.23 kJ/kg-C
Cp2 - 1.68 kJ/kg –C

Required:
Heat to be removed Q1 and Q2

Solution:
Q=
Problem 97

What is the rate of heat transfer from a concrete

wall having a dimension of 9-ft high by 20-ft long.
The temperature of the inside wall is 27C while
that of the outside wall is 32C. The wall
thickness is 4 inches with thermal conductivity of
10 BTU/hr-ft2-F.
Given:
Wall material - concrete
Width of wall - 20 ft
Height of wall - 9 ft
Temp inside - 27C
Temp outside - 32C
K of concrete - 10 BTU/hr-ft-F
Required: Heat transfer by conduction
Solution:

Problem 98

What is the heat transfer rate by convection

on a surface of a wooden wall having a
dimension of 10-ft high by 20-ft long? The air
temperature is 30C moving at a speed of 15
mph while the wall temperature is 27C.
Assume a heat transfer coefficient of 6
BTU/hr-ft2-F.
Given:
Wall - wood
Wall height - 10 ft
Wall length - 20 ft
Temp air - 30C
Wall temp - 27C
heat trans coeff. - 6 BTU/hr-ft2-F
Required: Heat transfer rate by convection
Solution:
Problem 99

Electric current is supplied to a 9”x 9” guarded hot plate of a fryer at the rate of 10
watts, maintaining a temperature of 130F on the hot side of two 1-inch-thick
solid-material test specimens and 70F on the cold side. What is the value of k for
the material at a mean temperature of 100F, expressed in Btu/hr-ft2-(F/ft)?
Given:
Surface area of hot plate - 9 in x 9 in
Thickness of hot plate - 1 in.
heat energy delivered - 10 watts
Temp at hot side - 130F
Temp at cold side - 70F
Required: Value of K in BTU/hr-ft-F at an
average temperature of 100F
Solution:

Problem 100

Calculate the energy transfer rate across a 6-in.-firebrick wall of a farm house
with a temperature difference of 50C across the wall. The thermal conductivity
of the firebrick is 0.65 BTU/hr-ft-F.

Given:
Thickness of wall - 6 in.
Temperature difference - 50C
Heat transfer coeff - 0.65 BTU/hr-ft-F

Required: Heat transfer rate by conduction

Solution:

Qk = A 0.65 BTU/hr-ft-F (50 C) / 6 in.

= 0.65 BTU/hr-ft-F (122 F) / (6 in./12 in./ ft)
= 158.6 BTU/hr-ft2
Problem 101

A seed processing warehouse requires 150,000 BTU/hr of refrigeration system to

maintain the required 20C storage temperature. How many tons of refrigeration
is required for the warehouse?

Given:
TL - 150, 000 BTU/hr
T - 20°C

Required:
Refrigeration capacity

Solution:
TR = TL/12, 000
= 150, 000/ 12, 000
= 12.5 TOR

Problem 102

A bucket elevator has a 14-inch-diameter head

pulley. There are 200 hundred 4”-wide x 6”-in long
buckets attached to its belt. What would be its
recommended rpm and speed, in number of
buckets per minute?
Given:
Head pulley diameter - 14 in.
No. of bucket - 200
Width - 4 in.
Length - 6 in.
Required: Recommended rpm and speed in no.
of buckets per minute
Solution:
Problem 103

A 100,000-bag-capacity pile will be

constructed to stack paddy in a warehouse
using jute bags to a height of 20 ft. What
will be the probable floor area of the stack
if rectangular piles (2W=L) will be
constructed? Assume a bag height of 0.23
m/bag and a stacking density of 10 bags per
m3.
Given:
Capacity - 100,000 bags
Height - 20 ft Floor Area = 10,000 m3 / 6 m
Bag ht. - 0.23 m/bag = 1,667 m2
Stacking density - 10 bags/m3 2W x W = 1,667 m2
Required: Floor area W2 = 1,667 m2/2
Solution: W = 28.8 m
Volume = 100,000 bags / 10 bags per m3 L = 57.6 m
= 10,000 m3 No. of Layers = 6 m / 0.23 m per bag
= 26 bags

Problem 104

A rice mill has a throughput rate of 2 tons per

hour of input material. If the percent purity of
the material is 95% and the hulling efficiency of
the hulling unit is 90%, what size of
compartment-type separator would your
recommend for the rice mill?
Given:
Throughput rate - 2 tons/hr
% purity - 95 %
hulling eff. - 90 %
Required:
Size of the compartment
Solution:
Weight of brown rice = 2 tons per hour x (0.95 x 0.90)
= 1.71 tons per hour
No of compartments = 1.71 tons per hour x 1000 kg/ton / 50 kg/hr-compartment
= 34.2 or use 34 compartments
Problem 105

Two piles of shelled corn in bags will be stored

in a warehouse having a dimension of 15- wide
by 30-m long and 6-m high. How many bags of
shelled corn could be contained per pile inside
the warehouse?
Given:
Length - 30 m
Width - 15 m
Height - 6m
Required:
No. of bags per pile

Solution:
Volume = 30 m x 15 m x 6 m
= 2,700 m3
number of bags = 2,700 m3 x 12 bags/m3
= 32,400 bags

Problem 106

Twenty (20) tons of shelled corn will be stored

in a 6-meter-diameter silo in full load. If the
corn has an average density of 450 kg/m3, what
would be the probable height of the bin
necessary for storage? Assume a maximum
angle of fill of 20 degrees.
Given:
Capacity - 20 tons
Diameter - 6 m
Density - 450 kg/m3
Angle of fill - 20°
Required:
Height of the storage bin
Solution:
Problem 107

A 4 x 6 rubber roller is used as husker for a

rice mill. The faster roller is directly driven by
an electric motor at a speed of 1720 rpm.
What would be the required speed for the
slower roller?

Given:
Roller size = 4 in. x 6 in. diameter
Motor speed driver = 1720 rpm
Required:
Speed of slower roller

Solution:
Speed of slower roller = 1720 rpm x (1 - 0.25)
= 1720 rpm – 430 rpm
= 1290 rpm

Problem 108

A screw conveyor discharges grains on a

horizontal position at 10 kg per minute. If
the conveyor will be inclined at 45 degree
position, what is its output in tons per
hour?

Given:
Q - 10 kg/min
Angle - 45°

Required: Output in tons/hour

Solution:

Q inc = Q horizontal Sin 45

= (10 kg/min) x Ton/1000 kg x
60 min/hr x 0.707
= 0.42 ton per hour
Problem 109

A 2-m x 10-m space is supplied with 400-lux

light. How many foot-candle does a lamp
provide into the space? Assume a coefficient of
utilization of 0.80.

Given:
Dimension - 2 m x 10 m
Lamp intensity - 400 lux

Required:
Foot-candle
Solution:
Lumen = 400 lux x (2 m x 10 m)
= 8, 000 lumen
Foot-Candle = [8, 000 lumen (0.8)(0.7)]
/ (2 m x 10 m) (3.28 ft/m)2
= 20.82 foot–candle

Problem

A rice milling plant is to be designed to run at a throughput rate of 5 tons per

hour. The design milling recovery is 69% while the hulling efficiency is 95%. How
many compartments are needed for the paddy separator of the rice mill? Assume
50 kg br/hr-compartment.
Given:
Throughput capacity - 5 tph
Milling recovery - 69%
Hulling efficiency - 95%

Required: No. of compartments

Solution:
Cp = 5 tph / 0.69
= 7.25 tph of paddy
C br = 7.25 tph x 0.95
= 6.9 tph brown rice
No. of compartments = 6.9 tph x 1000 kg/ton
x 1 comp/50 kg-hr
= 138 compartments
Problem 110

Determine the heat load of a proposed walk-

in cooler having 6-ft x 8-ft floor space and 7 ft
height. It is designed to have a 4-in cork
insulation (6.5 BTU/hr-ft2) on all surfaces and
an inside temperature of 35F. The products
to be cooled are: cabbage, 100 lb/day (0.9
BTU/lb-F) and fresh beef, 200 lbs/day (0.5
BTU/lb-F). Assume the products are to be
cooled from 85 to 35F in 24 hours.
Given:
Cooler Type - Walk-in
Floor Space - 6 ft x 8 ft
Height - 7 ft
Insulation - 4-in. thick cork
Heat insulating cap - 6.5 BTU/hr-ft2
Temp inside - 35F
Product - 100-lb/day cabbage, 200-lbs fresh beef
Temp for cooling - 85F to 35F
Time of cooling - 24 hours

Required: Heat Load

Solution:
Product load:
0.9 x 100 x (85-35)/24 = 187 BTU/hr
0.75 x 200 x (85-35)/24 = 312 BTU/hr
Space Load:
6 x 8 + 6 x 7 x 2 + 8 x 7 x 2 + 6 x 8 = 292 ft 2
Using 6.5 BTU/ft2-hr
292 ft2 x 6.5 BTU/ ft2-hr = 1,898 BTU/hr
Total Heat Load:
187 + 312 + 1,898 = 2,397 BTU/hr
Problem 111

How many units of 1-hp air conditioning

system is required to maintain the
temperature of a farm house at 27 C? The
floor dimension of the house is 10-m wide x
30-m long. The height of ceiling of the
room is 8 ft .
Given: Structure - Farm house
Dimension - 10-m W x 30-m L
Ceiling Height - 8 ft
Temperature - 27C

Required: No. of units of 1 h air conditioner

Solution:
No. of Units = 10 m x 30 m / 20 m2 per 1-hp unit
= 5 units of 1-hp air conditioner

Problem 112
1 in.
What is the heat transfer loss per foot of a 2- To= 80 F
inch nominal pipe (OD=2.37 in.) covered
with 1-in. thick insulating material having an
average thermal conductivity of 0.037
BTU/hr-ft-F. The inner and outer Ti= 380 F
temperatures of the insulation are 380 and
80F, respectively.
K = 0.037
BTU/hr-ft-F
Given:
Required: Heat transfer lose per foot
Solution:
2.37 in.
Qk = 2π kL (Ti – To) / ( ln ro/ri )
= 2π (0.037 BTU/hr-ft-°F) (380F – 80F) / ln 2.187/1.1875
= 114.16 BTU/hr-ft
Problem 113

One ton of poultry meat enter a chiller at

8°C and frozen to -18°C in 10 hours.
Compute the product load if the latent
heat is 235 kJ/kg and the freezing
temperature is -4°C. The specific heat of
poultry meat is 3.5 kJ/kg-°C above
freezing and 1.5 kJ/kg-°C below freezing.
Given:
Cb - 3.5 kJ/kg-°C
Ca - 1.5 kJ/kg-°C
Te - 8°C
Tf - -4°C
Ts - -18°C
h1 - 235kJ/kg
m - 1 ton (= 1000 kg)
time - 10 hrs

Required: Product load (Qt)

Solution:

Qt = [m Cb (Te – Tf) + mh1 + m Ca (Tf – Ts)] / T

= 1000 kg (3.5 kJ/kg-°C) [8 - (-4)] + 1000 kg (235 kJ/kg) + 1000 kg
(1.5 kJ/kg-°C) [.-4 – (-18)] / 10 hrs x 3600 sec/hr
= 278,000 kJ / 10 hrs x 3600 sec/hr
= 7.72 kJ/sec or 7.72 kW
Problem 114

A swine house, having a dimension of

20-ft wide by 60-ft long, requires an
illumination of 200 lux. If a 25-watts
fluorescent lamp with lighting intensity
of 100 lumen is provided, how many
bulbs will be needed for the structure?
Given:
Structure - swine house
Dimension - 20 ft x 60 ft
Illumination - 200 lux
Bulb - 25 watt, 100 lumen per bulb
Required: No. of bulbs needed

Solution:
Lumen = 200 lux x 20 ft x 60 ft x (m/3.28 ft)2
= 22308 lumen
No. of bulbs = 22308 lumen / 100 lumen per bulb
= 223 bulbs
Problem 115

A 2-m x 10-m space is supplied

with a light of 400 lux. How many
foot-candle does a lamp provide
into the space, assuming a
coefficient of utilization of 0.80 and
a service factor of 0.7.
Given:
Dimension - 2 m x 10 m
Lamp intensity - 400 lux
Required: Foot-candle
Solution:
Lumen = 400 lux x (2 m x 10 m)
= 8,000 lumen

Foot-candle = 8,000 lumen (0.8)(0.7) / [(2 m x 10 m) (3.28 ft/m)2 ]

= 20.82 foot-candle
Problem 116

Compute the cooling load of a 150-kg

carabeef if it is to be cooled from 28°C
to -2.2 °C, after which it is frozen and
cooled to -20°C. The specific heat of
carabeef above and below freezing are
3.5 kJ/kg-°C and 1.75 kJ/kg-°C,
respectively. The freezing point is -2.2°C
and the latent heat of fusion is 250
kJ/kg.
Given:
m - 150 kg Solution:
Te - 28°C
Tf - -2.2°C Qt = m Cb (Te – Tf) + mh1 + m Ca (Tf – Ts)
Ts - -20°C = 150 kg (3.5 kJ/kg-°C) [28 - (-2.2)°C]
Cb - 3.5 kJ/kg-°C + 150 kg (250 kJ/kg) + 150 kg (1.75
Ca - 1.75 kJ/kg-°C kJ/kg-°C) [-2.2 – (-20)°C]
h1 - 250 kJ/kg = 58, 027.5 kJ
Required: Cooling load (Qt)

Problem 117

What is the heat loss per ft2 of a 9-inch-thick

brick-kiln wall made of a material with thermal
conductivity of 0.18 BTU/hr-ft-F? The outside
and inside temperatures are 1500F and 400F,
respectively.

Given: k - 0.18 BTU/ hr-ft-°F

To - 1500 °F
Ti - 400° F
x - 9 in.
Required: Heat loss per ft2
Solution:
Qk = kA(To-Ti)/x
= 0.18 BTU/hr-ft-°F (1500°F – 400°F) / 9 in x 12 ft/in
= 264 BTU/hr-ft2
Problem 118

A screw conveyor discharges 10 kg per minute of

grains on a horizontal position. It consumes 2 hp
of power during operation. If the conveyor will
be inclined at 45 degree position, what will be its
power consumption?

Given: Q - 10 kg/min
Angle - 45°
Required: Output in tons/hour
Solution:
HPinc = HPhor x Sin 
= 2 hp x sin 45 deg
= 1.4 hp

Problem 119

A service drop wire is to be designed for a

farmstead. The total electric load is 15,000
watts. The input voltage is 220 volts which is to
be delivered to a 100-ft line single-phase outlet.
If the allowable voltage drop is 2%, what is the
cross-sectional area of the wire in circular mill?

Given:
Type - service drop
Electric load - 15,000 watts
Input voltage - 220 volt
Length - 100 ft
All voltage drop - 2%
Required: Cross-sectional area of the wire
Solution:
I =P/E
= 15,000 watts / 220 volt
= 68.2 amp

A = 10.8 x Nw x L x I / [Vd x E]
= 10.8 x 2 x 100 ft x 68.2 / [0.02 x 220 v]
= 33470.18 CM
Problem

A thick-walled stainless-steel tube (k = 19 w/m-°C, with 2 cm ID and 4 cm OD)

is covered with a 3-cm layer of asbestos insulation (k = 0.2 w/m-°C). If the
inside wall temperature of the pipe is maintained at 600°C and the outside of
the insulation at 100°C, what is the heat loss per foot length of the tube?

Given:
Pipe inside diameter = 2 cm
Pipe outside diameter = 4 cm
Thickness of asbestos = 3 cm
K pipe = 19 W/m-C
K asbestos = 0.2 W/m-C
Temperature inside the pipe = 600 C
Temperature outside the asbestos = 100 C

Required:
Heat transfer rate per foot length of pipe

Solution:

Qk = 2 π x L x (600 C – 100 C) / [[(ln 2 cm/1 cm)/19 W/m-C]

+ [(ln 5 cm/2 cm)/0.23 W/m-C)]]
= 680 W per m
or 207 W/ft

Problem

What is the heat loss per ft² of the 9-inch-thick wall of a brick kiln made from a
material with thermal conductivity of 0.18 BTU/hr-ft-°F? The outside and inside
temperatures are 1500°F and 400°F, respectively.

Given:
Brick wall thickness = 9 in.
Thermal conductivity = 0.18 BTU/hr-ft-F
Inside temperature = 1500 F
Outside temperature = 400 F
Required:
Heat loss per ft 2
Solution:
Qk = A x [0.18 BTU/hr-ft-F x (1500 F – 400 F)] / (9 in/12 in/ft)
= 264 BTU/hr-ft2
Problem
A bakery oven is constructed of refractory material having an average thermal
conductivity of 0.8 Btu/hr-ft-F. The inside dimension of the oven are 7’ x 6’ x 2’. If
the wall of the oven is 4.5 in. thick and the temperature of the inner and outer
surfaces are 1200F and 200 F, respectively, what is the total heat loss per day in
the oven wall?

Given:
Thermal conductivity of refractory material = 0.8 BTU/hr-ft-F
Inside Dimension of Oven = 7 ft x 6 ft x 2 ft
Wall Thickness = 4.5 in.
Inside and outside Temperature = 1200 F and 200 F
Required:
Heat loss per day
Solution:

Problem
Calculate the heat loss by natural convection per square foot of outer surface
from a horizontal 4 in. nominal steam pipe to the still air of the room if the air
pipe surface temperature are t1 = 70F and t2 = 200F, respectively.

Given:
Pipe diameter = 4 in.
Surface temperature = 200 F
Air Temperature = 70 F

Required:
Heat loss by natural convection per square foot

Solution:
Problem
At an average temperature of 100 C, hot air flows through a 2.5 m long tube with
an inside diameter of 50 mm. The temperature of the tube is 20 C along its
entire length. Convective film coefficient is 20.1 W/m2-K. Determine the
convective heat transfer from air to the tube.

Given:
Tube diameter = 50 mm
Tube length = 2.5 m
Average temperature = 100 C
Film coefficient = 20.1 W/m2-K
Required:
Convective heat transfer
Solution:

Problem
Calculate the approximate heat loss by natural convection from a 4-in. nominal
diameter horizontal steam pipe at 200 F to the still air of a room at 70 F.

Given:
Nominal Pipe diameter = 4 in.
Steam pipe temperature = 200 F
Still air Room Temperature = 70 F

Required:
767. Compute the drying efficiency of a one-ton capacity flat-bed dryer used to dry
paddy from 21% to 14% in 8 hrs. The fuel consumption rate of the dryer is 7 lph.
Assume a 600 kcal/kg heat of vaporization and a 9,000 kcal/kg heating value of fuel.
The density of fuel is 0.76.

Wf = 1 ton (1-.021)/(1-.14)
= 0.918 ton
WR = 1 ton – 0.918 ton
= 81.4 kg
Qo = 81.4 kg x 600 kcal/kg
= 48,840 kcal/8 hours
= 6,104 kcal/hr

Qf = 7 liters/hr x 9,000 kcal/kg x 0.76 kg/liter

= 47,880 kcal/hr

Ed = 6,104 kcal/hr x 100/47,880 kcal/hr

= 12.75%

768. What is the fuel consumption rate of a 2-ton grain dryer required to dry
paddy from 22 to 14 % in 8 hrs. The dryer efficiency is 45%. Assume a 600
kCal/kg heat of vaporization for paddy.

Wf = 2 (1-0.22)/(1-0.14)
= 1.81 Tons
WR = 2 tons - 1.81 tons
= 186 kg
Qr = 186 kg x 600 kcal/kg
= 111,627 kcal/8 hr
= 13,953 kcal/hr
Qf = 13,953 kcal/hr / 0.45
= 31,007 kcal/hr
FCR = (31,007 kcal/hr) / (9,000 kcal/kg x 0.76 kg/liter)
= 4. 53 liters per hour