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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
General Trias City, Cavite

MATS01G: GENERAL MATHEMATICS

CORE SUBJECT FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

LOGIC

Subquarter D
December 1-18, 2020

This set of modules was prepared by Ms. Joy S. Gutang, Senior High School faculty member of the LPU
International School. The author of the modules may be different from your actual subject teacher. Please
refer to the Class Orientation Kit for details and instructions from your subject teacher.

The use, disclosure, reproduction, modification and/or transfer of this document for any purpose, in any form or by
any means without approval from Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite is strictly prohibited, and may be
subject to disciplinary and/or legal sanctions.
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Dear learner,

In this module we will investigate, analyze, and solve problems

involving compound interests using appropriate business and financial
instruments. You will see TRY THESE activities that will serve as
performance checks to help you assess your learning as you go along the
lessons. Your answers to these activities need not be submitted and an
answer key is provided. The summative assessments like the performance
task and the quiz will be given in our myLPU course site.

Again, to help you attain the objectives of this module, try following the
steps below.
 First, carefully read each lesson on this module. Should there be
times that you need to read again parts of the lesson, go ahead!
 Second, read and follow instructions honestly. Read the notes in red
font in the left side of some pertinent ideas and examples.
 Third, answer the in-text activities or the TRY THESE sections, if
any. It is expected that some parts may be challenging for you as
new lessons will be learned in this module.
 Fourth, read the SUMMARY and generalizations as well.
 Lastly, check your answers to each activity. You can find the answer
key in the last pages of this module.

If you follow these tips, for sure, you will enjoy learning. Good Luck!

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any means without approval from Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite is strictly prohibited, and may be
subject to disciplinary and/or legal sanctions.
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LESSON 15
Logic

In many aspects of modern life, Mathematics plays an important role. In the field
of business, mathematics is essential in analyzing markets, predicting stock market
prices, business decision making, forecasting production, financial analysis, and in
business operation in general. This module will introduce the students to the basic
concepts of business mathematics such as annuities.

At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to

• illustrate a proposition,
• symbolize propositions
• Distinguish between simple and compound propositions.

Propositions Simple Compound

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MOTIVATION

Ask the class to make a convincing argument for or against a statement.

You may provide the following example.

LESSON PROPER

Definition of Terms:

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false,

but not both. If a proposition is true, then its truth value is true,
which is denoted by T; otherwise, its truth value is false, which
is denoted by F

Propositions are usually denoted by small letters. For example, the

proposition

p: Everyone should study logic

May be read as

p is the proposition “Everyone should study logic.”

If a sequence of propositions is considered, we denote the

propositions by p1, p2, ….

A proposition is simple if it cannot be broken down any further into

other component propositions.

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Example 1 . Determine whether each of the following statements is a

proposition or not. If it is a proposition, give its truth value.

p: Mindanao is an island in the Philippines.

q: Find a number which divides your age.

r: My seatmate will get a perfect score in the logic exam.

s: Welcome to the Philippines!

t: 2 + 3 = 5

-√x
u: f(x) = x+1 is a rational function.

v: What is the domain of the function?

w: I am lying.

P1: It is not the case that √2 is a rational number.

P2: Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.

P3: If you are a Grade 11 student, then you are a Filipino.

P4:If you are more than 60 years old, then you are entitled to a
Senior Citizen’s card, and if you are entitled to a Senior Citizen’s
card, then you are more than 60 years old.

Solution: Recall that for a statement to be a proposition, it must be a

declarative sentence, and it should have a truth value of either true or false,
but not both true and false at the same time.

p. This is a declarative sentence, and Mindanao is an island in the

Philippines. Hence p is a proposition.

q. This is an imperative sentence, and so it is not a proposition.

r. The statement is a declarative sentence, but its truth value will

only be known after the logic exam. Nonetheless, it can either be
true or false, but not both. Hence r is a proposition.

s. This statement is exclamatory, and hence it is not a proposition.

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t. The given equation is a mathematical sentence. Translated into

English, the equation reads “the sum of three and two is five”, which
is a declarative sentence. It is also a true statement. Hence t is a
true proposition.

u. This is a declarative statement. Since the numerator of the

function is not a polynomial function, the function f is not rational,
so the statement is false. It is therefore a false proposition.

v. This is an interrogative sentence. Hence it is not a proposition.

w. Although w is a declarative sentence, it is not a proposition

because it can neither be true nor false. Suppose w is true—that
is, it is the case that I am lying. Since I am lying, my statement is
not true, and so w must be false. The same conclusion can be
drawn if w is assumed to be false.

P1. While this is a declarative sentence, it can be shown that

cannot be expressed as a quotient of two integers. Thus, is a false
proposition.

P2 . This is a declarative sentence, which is true since students

may find logic either fun or boring. Hence is a true proposition.

P3 . This is a declarative sentence, but it is not true. There are also

Grade 11 students of other nationalities.

P4 . We know that it is a true proposition. This is also known as a

biconditional statement, since we can rewrite it as “You are more
than 60 years old if and only if you are entitled to a Senior Citizen’s
card.”

Definition of Terms:

A compound proposition is a proposition formed from simpler

proposition using logical connectors or some combination of logical
connectors. Some logical connectors involving propositions p
and/or q may be expressed as follows:

not p

p and q

p or q

If p, then q
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where <,> stands for some proposition. A proposition is simple if it

cannot be broken down any further into other component
propositions.

Example 2. For each of the propositions in Example 1, determine whether

it is a simple or a compound proposition. If it is a compound proposition,
identify the simple components.

Solution. The propositions p, r, t, and u are all simple propositions.

On the other hand, the following are compound propositions:

P1: It is not the case that √2 is a rational number.

P2: Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.

P3: If you are a Grade 11 student, then you are a Filipino.

P4:If you are more than 60 years old, then you are entitled to a
Senior Citizen’s card, and if you are entitled to a Senior Citizen’s
card, then you are more than 60 years old.

Furthermore, we can determine the simple propositions that make up the

propositions P1, P2, P2, and P2. We do so in the following table.

Proposition Simple Component/s

P1 r: √2 is a rational number
P2 f: Logic is fun
i: Logic is interesting
b: Logic is boring
P3 h: You study hard
g: You get good grades
P4 a: You are more than 60 years old
s: You are entitled to a Senior Citizen’s card

The compound propositions can thus be expressed as follows:

P1; not r

P2: f and i or b

P3: if h, then g

P4: (if a then s) and (if s then a)

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Solved Examples
1. Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If it is a
proposition, determine its truth value if possible.

a: Is the traffic heavy along Katipunan Avenue today?

b: Please close the door.

c: . x + 2 = 11

d: 144 is a perfect square.

e: Keep right while passing through the corridor.

f: . 2 ≤ -1

g: The year 2016 is a leap year and the equation x 2 + 1 = 0 has no

real solutions.

h: If a triangle has a right angle, then the triangle is called a right

triangle.

i: Either a student takes a mathematics elective next semester, or

he takes a business elective next year.

j: What is 5/10 in simplest form?

k: This is a false statement.

Solution.

a: This is not a proposition since it is a question.

b: This is not a proposition since it is an imperative statement.

c: While this is a proposition (in English, it can be read as “x plus 2

is equal to 11”, which is declarative), its truth value cannot be
ascertained since the value of x is unknown.

d: This is a true proposition, since it is declarative and we know that

122 = 144

e: This is an imperative statement, and hence it is not a proposition.

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any means without approval from Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite is strictly prohibited, and may be
subject to disciplinary and/or legal sanctions.
 8

f: This is a proposition, since it can be translated as “2 is less than

or equal to negative 1”, but it is false.

g: This is a compound proposition, whose simple components are

g1 “The year 2016 is a leap year” and g2. “The equation x 2 + 1 =
0 has no real solutions”. Since both g1 and g2 are both true, then
the compound proposition is true. The reason why the compound
proposition is true will be explained in the next lesson.

h: This is the definition of a right triangle, and is hence a true

proposition. Observe also that it is a compound proposition: If a
triangle has a right angle, then the triangle is a called right triangle.

i: This is a compound proposition using the logical connector or. Its

truth value cannot be determined since we do not know information
about which elective the student took.

j: This is not a proposition, because it is a question.

k: While this is a declarative statement, it can neither be true nor

false. If we suppose that the statement is false, then it
consequently justifies that the statement is true. Hence, it is not a
proposition.

2. For each of the following compound propositions, identify the simple

components and the logical connectors used.

a: You went to the rock concert and your ears hurt.

b: It is not the case that it is Monday today.

c: Either today is a rainy day or today is a sunny day.

d: If fewer than 10 persons are in attendance, then the meeting

will be cancelled.

e: Carlos will not fail the course if his final exam score exceeds
50%

Solution.

a: For this compound proposition, we have the following simple

components: a1: “You went to the rock concert” and a2: ”Your
ears hurt.” The logical connector used with a1 and a2 is and.
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b: The simple component here is b1: “It is Monday today.” The

compound proposition is formed as b: not b1 .

c: Using the simple components c1: “Today is a rainy day.” and :

c2 “Today is a sunny day.”, the compound proposition c is formed
with the logical connector or.

d: This compound proposition is of the if-then form; in particular,

we have “If d1, then d2,” where d1:“Fewer than 10 persons are in
attendance” and d2: “The meeting will be cancelled.”

e: This is also another if-then statement, but it is written in reverse

order. The given statement may also be expressed as “If his final
exam score exceeds 50%, then Carlos will not fail the course.”
Symbolically, we have “If e1 , then not e2”, where e1: “His final
exam score exceeds 50%” and e2: “Carlos will fail the course.”

Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If the

proposition is a compound proposition, identify the simple
components and the logical connectors used.

1. Define a polynomial function.

2. Justin Bieber has over one million followers on Twitter and

Instagram.

3. If Ted’s score is less than 50, then Ted will fail the course.

4. What time is it?

5. Either it is sunny in Metro Manila or its streets are flooded.

6. Dinner is served with coffee or tea.

7. If a, b, and c denote the lengths of the legs and the hypotenuse

of a right triangle, then a2 + b2 = c2.

8. Timothy’s average is at least 92 and he is getting an A for the

course.

9. -5 is not a negative number.

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10. A password must be at least 6 characters long or it must be at

least 8 characters long.

11. If Jerry receives a scholarship, then he will go to college.

12. If you fix my computer, then I will pay you Php 2,000 and if I
pay you Php 2,000, then you will fix my computer.

13. If you do not run 1 kilometer a day or do not eat properly, then
you will not be healthy.

Department of Education. (2019). General Mathematics Learner’s

Materials (1st ed.). Republic of the Philippines: DepEd-BLR.

Department of Education. (2019). General Mathematics Quarter 2 -

Module 6:Simple and Compound Interests. Republic of the
Philippines: DepEd-BLR.

Commission on Higher Education. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior

High School General Mathematics. Quezon City: CHED.

1. This is not a proposition.

3. This is a compound proposition of the form if n1 then n12, where

n1: “Ted’s score is less than 50” and n2: “Ted will fail the course”.

5. This is a compound proposition of the form p1 or p2, where p1: “It

is sunny in Manila” and p2: ”Its streets are flooded.”

7. This is a compound proposition of the form if r1 then r2, where

r1: “ a, b, and c denote the lengths of the legs and the hypotenuse
of a right triangle” and r2: “a2 + b2 = c2 ”.

9. This is a compound proposition of the form not t1, where t1: “-5
is a negative number”.
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 11

11. This is a compound proposition of the form if v1 then v2, where

v1: “If Jerry receives a scholarship” and v2: “he will go to college”.

13. This is a compound proposition of the form if [(not x1) or (not

x2)], then (not x3), where x1: “You run 1 kilometer a day”, x2: “You
eat property”, and x3: “You will be healthy.”

The use, disclosure, reproduction, modification and/or transfer of this document for any purpose, in any form or by
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subject to disciplinary and/or legal sanctions.