10 XII December 2022

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47931
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Quantum Computing
Mrinal Narang1, Jayant Marwaha2, Gurpreet Kaur3, Dr. Manjot Kaur Bhatia4, Ritesh Sandilya5
1, 2, 3, 5
Research Scholar, 4Associate Professor, Jagan Institute of Management Studies, Sector-5 Rohini, Delhi, India

Abstract: Quantum computing is a modern calculation method that is based on the science of quantum mechanics. These
phenomena include the bizarre behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels, and the way that these particles can be
in multiple states simultaneously. The field of computer science is a great mix of physics, math, and information theory. This
technology provides high computing power, low power consumption, and exponential speed by controlling the behavior of small
physical objects, such as atoms. Atoms, electrons, photons, etc. are all elements of the physical world. We would like to introduce
the basics of quantum computing, and some of the ideas behind it. This article begins with the origins of the classical computer
and discusses all the improvements and transformations that have been made due to its limitations thus far, then moves on to the
basic operations of quantum computing and results in quantum properties such as superposition, entanglement, and
interference.
Keywords: Quantum Computing, Qubits, Super Positioning, Quantum Supremacy

I. INTRODUCTION
Since the atom was first investigated in the early 20th century, quantum physics has defied reason. It turns out that the conventional
laws of physics do not apply to atoms. Quantum particles have the ability to "teleport," travel through time, exist in two places at
once, and more. Quantum computers want to take use of these peculiar features.
While traditional computers crunch through tasks using ones and zeroes, quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits. Quantum
computers employ ones and zeros just like classical computers do, but qubits include a third state called "superposition" that enables
them to represent both a one and a zero simultaneously. Superposition enables two qubits to simultaneously express four scenarios
in place of sequentially analyzing a one or a zero. As a result, there is a considerable decrease in the processing time for a data
collection. We produce vast amounts of data every day. We need a lot more processing capacity to adequately process it all and
derive sense from it. Quantum computers come to the rescue in this situation.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

S.No. Paper Title Authors Conclusion
1. Quantum Technology for Wajeb Gharibi, Hahanov Quantum computing can increase the
Analysis and Testing V.I., Anders Carlsson, performance of tools for analysis and synthesis of
Computing Systems Filippenko I.V digital computing devices using quantum models,
methodologies, and algorithms. It focuses on the
qubit structures of diagnostic information and
describes a matrix method for quantum
diagnosing functional failures and stuck-at faults
in software or hardware units. By introducing
parallel logic operations on matrix data, the
computational complexity of simulation and
diagnosis can be significantly reduced.
2. The Quantum Way Of Cloud Harpreet Singh, Abha In this paper, a novel cloud computing strategy
Computing Sachdev that incorporates quantum computing is put forth.
This strategy gives the field of cloud computing a
foundation for yet another functionality of
"quantum computing as a service". The
elimination of security issues from cloud
computing would be the main benefit.
Additionally, this type of technology would open

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 1058
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

the door for the next generation of computing and

enable more portable computing.
3. A Heterogeneous Quantum X.Fu, L.Riesebos, L.Lao, In this paper have provided the first
Computer Architecture C.G.Almudever, comprehensive description of a heterogeneous
F.Sebastiano, R.Versluis, quantum computer architecture. We have
E.Charbon, K.Bertels addressed the various system layers required to
construct a quantum computer and provided a
description of the datapath of quantum
instructions with regard to execution and error
correction. Future work includes creating a digital
quantum processor that can test control logic on a
higher number of qubits than what can be
provided by present devices.
Quantum computation offers the power to solve
problems that, for all practical purposes,
traditional computers cannot solve. Some
4. Quantum Computing: Future Mr. V. R. Gotarane, Mr. quantum mechanics aspects that enable quantum
Computing Sushant S.M. Gandhi computers to outperform traditional computers
also make designing quantum algorithms and
building viable hardware exceedingly
challenging. We must provide some methods to
increase the quality of qubit technology by
boosting qubit coherence duration and quantum
operation speed. We also need to fix the qubit's
state for quantum error correction.
5. Quantum Computing: An Tony Hey Entanglement lies at the heart of these mistake
Introduction correcting systems once again. Shor and Steane
have separately devised algorithms demonstrating
that quantum error correction is achievable -
something that had previously been questioned.
The exceptional capability of quantum algorithms
appears to be derived from multiparticle
entangled states' characteristics.

III. QUANTUM COMPUTING NEED OF FUTURE

Quantum computers have been proposed as a possible solution to the problem of how fast computers could be in the future. Moore's
law states that if technical advancements continue, the number of transistors per chip may double every 18 months. Within the next
ten years, processor clock frequencies could exceed 40 GHz. By that time, one atom might stand in for one bit.

A. Properties Of Quantum Computing

1) Superposition: Superposition in quantum computing refers to the ability of a quantum system to have quantum particles or
qubits in two different positions, or, for example, in multiple states at the same time [6]. In classical arithmetic, after combining
two bits, the total possible value is 4, and only one of them is always possible. The same is true if the quantum computer has
two qubits.
2) Entanglement: Entanglement in quantum mechanics is a physical phenomenon in which two or more quantum objects are
intrinsically linked [5]. It refers to the strong correlation that exists between two quantum particles or qubits. Once tangled, they
will remain connected even after separating at any distance. Adding extra bits to a quantum computer can increase its
computing power exponentially.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 1059
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

3) Interference: The properties of interference in quantum computers are similar to those of waves in classical physics. Wave
interference occurs when two waves interact in the same medium. If each particle passes through both slits simultaneously
(Young's double slit experiment) due to superposition, they can cross their own path that obstructs the direction of the path. The
idea of interference allows us to intentionally skew the qubit's contents to the required state.

B. Difference Between QUBITS And BITS

QUBITS BITS
The device computes by manipulating those bits with the The device computes by manipulating those bits with the
help of quantum logic gates. help of logical gates (AND, OR, NOT).
Quantum bits are use in quantum computer Bits are used in classical computers.
A quantum bit can be in a superposition of two different
Information is stored in bits, which take the discrete
states, or qubits, where a & b are non-negative real
values 0 and 1.
numbers.
Qubits are fast. Bits are slow.
Its circuit behavior based on quantum mechanics. Its circuit behavior based on classical physics.

C. Survey Analysis Of Quantam And Classical Computers

Parameters of
Quantum Computing Classical Computing
Comparison
Quantum computing has a high error Classical computing has a less error
Error rates
rate rate
Quantum computing is best for Classical computing is best suitable for
Best suitable
analyzing data the daily use
Possible states Continuous Discrete
Information processing Using quantum logic Using Logic gates like AND, OR
Operations Boolean algebra Linear algebra

Works On Qubits Bits

IV. NEW METHODS FOR QUAMTUM COMPUTER CONSTRUCTION

Quantum computers exploit the characteristics of quantum mechanics to store data and carry out computations, are based on qubits.
These computers are thought to be much quicker than the current classical computers at solving some important computational
problems. Academic labs can concentrate on providing the basic understanding required to get a quantum computer running while
industry can give the engineering muscle to develop such a complex system.
Below is a summary of some of the players in the field's advancements.
1) The Canadian business D-Wave has declared that it is launching the commercialization of its next-generation technology,
Advantage. The system has more than 5000 qubits, more than twice as many as the older 2000Q machine's processing units.
The connectivity of each of these qubits will increase by 2.5 times compared to its predecessor.
2) To accomplish the calculations, IONQ, a company in Maryland, USA, uses trapped ytterbium ions that are controlled by lasers.
3) A Californian company called Rigetti Computing uses microwaves to regulate pairs of electrons moving through
superconducting circuits.
4) Microsoft is developing a "topological" quantum computer that makes use of super-cold electron interactions.
5) Psi Quantum uses photons that travel along waveguides etched into regular silicon chips to compute. Within the next five years,
it aims to skip the noisy intermediate-scale quantum stage and build a full-fledged quantum computer. The company is already
working with large contract chipmaker Global Foundries to produce wafers full of quantum computer chips.
6) Sequoia Capital and In-Q-Tel were among the investors who contributed millions of dollars to Australian startup Q-CTRL.
Their engineers have enhanced hardware-control methods originally authored by humans using machine learning. This can
lower mistake rates by 90% and variability on a single chip by the same percentage.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 1060
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

7) IBM's Quantum Condor processor will have 1121 qubits and be ready in 2023. The goal is to reduce error rates from one
percent currently to roughly 0.0001 percent. Even with 1,000 qubits, it would still be insufficient to handle all the problems
associated with full-scale quantum computing. But it would be sufficient to sustain a limited number of logical, stable qubit
systems that could then communicate with one another.
8) The first photonic quantum computer has been made publicly accessible via the cloud by Canadian quantum computing start-
up. Xanadu (a member of IBM's Q-network). Photon-based quantum computers may have significant benefits over their
electron-based counterparts and could lead to breakthroughs in the field of quantum computing.

V. PROBLEM WITH CURRENT APROACH

Qubits are each based on a single photon, and are the foundation of the traditional method of photonic quantum computing. The
Continuous Variable Quantum Computing approach does not make use of single-photon generators, but rather superpositions of
several photons

VI. APPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM COMPUTER

A. Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning
Artificial intelligence and machine learning are some of the major fields in which quantum computing has potential to play a major
role. Quantum computing could enable us to solve complex problems in a fraction of the time it would have taken conventional
computers to do so.

B. Computational Chemistry
IBM Company claims that even the smallest molecules have a huge number of quantum states, making it challenging for traditional
computers to store all of them at the same time. It may be possible for quantum computers to map molecules with great power
thanks to their capacity to concentrate on the existence of both 1 and 0 simultaneously.

C. Drug Design & Development

Drugs are typically developed through the trial-and-error process, which is not only costly but also dangerous and difficult to finish.
Researchers think quantum computing might help drug companies understand medications and how they affect people, which would
save them a tonne of money and effort. Quantum computing could enable businesses to conduct more drug discoveries and discover
novel medical treatments for the benefit of the pharmaceutical sector.

D. Cybersecurity & Cryptography

Cybersecurity has remained a crucial worry for people all over the world. We are particularly vulnerable to these risks because of
our growing reliance on technology. Machine learning and quantum computing can aid in the development of numerous strategies to
counter these cybersecurity risks. Quantum cryptography, another name for encryption, can also be developed with the aid of
quantum computing.

E. Financial Modelling
Quantum computing could speed up the development of business solutions and increase the quality of their results. Monte Carlo
simulations are a method for achieving profitable investments, and they require a lot of computer time to run continuously on
standard computers.
Another potential application is algorithmic trading, which employs sophisticated algorithms to automatically initiate share deals
while analyzing market conditions. This is advantageous, especially for high-volume transactions.

F. Logistics Optimization
Quantum annealing and universal quantum computers are two popular quantum methods that can be utilized to overcome such
issues. A wide range of companies will be able to optimize their supply-chain management logistics and scheduling workflows with
improved data analysis and reliable modelling.
Applications may be severely impacted by the need to repeatedly calculate and recalculate the best routes for traffic management,
fleet operations or air traffic control.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 1061
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

G. Weather Forecasting
Quantum computers could revolutionize the way we understand weather patterns, enabling scientists to predict changing weather
patterns quickly and accurately. Currently, it can often take longer for traditional computers to analyses weather conditions than it
does for the weather to change. Meteorologists will be able to create more intricate climate models with quantum computers, which
will give them a better understanding of climate change.

VII. DIFFERENT TYPES OF QUANTUM COMPUTING

A. Analog Quantum Computer
A quantum computer is a computer that works by adapting analog values to the Hamiltonian representation [3]. This includes
adiabatic quantum computing, quantum simulation, and quantum annealing. Despite having computing power comparable to gate-
based computers, it does not yet have the ability to completely fix errors. Quantum gates are not used.

B. Quantum Glow
Quantum glow is used to solve digital modeling, sampling questions, and other scientific disciplines. Creating an optimal wing
design takes only a few hours to model all the atoms of air flowing over the wing of an airplane at different tilt angles and velocities
[6]. The shape of energy can be described using sampling problems from energy-based distributions, useful for machine learning
questions.

C. Quantum Simulation
Quantum computers can simulate complex quantum phenomena, such as quantum chemistry. It can be used to create treatments and
medications that are more effective. Misfolded proteins are the root cause of diseases such as Alzheimer's. Quantum computers
could speed up medication discovery and testing in the future by analyzing all potential protein drug combos.

D. Adiabatic Quantum Computing

Quantum computing has the potential to completely alter artificial intelligence and machine learning. A quantum computer that is
truly adiabatic will employ over a million qubits. We can currently access fewer than 128 qubits at most. Other than Shor's and
Grover's algorithm, at least fifty different algorithms have been developed to operate on this quantum computer.

VIII. TOP COMPANIES UTILIZING QUANTUM COMPUTING

A. IBM
IBM researchers have discovered that entangling qubits on a quantum computer reduces the mistake rate from the data-classification
experiment's untangled qubits' rate by half. Breakthroughs in deep learning will probably improve our grasp of quantum mechanics,
and fully realized quantum computers may be able to recognize data patterns significantly better than conventional ones.

B. JPMorgan Chase
NatWest and Willis Towers Watson are two of the five partners that make up Microsoft's so-called Quantum Network. There are
several academic universities and technical companies with a focus on quantum technology on the list, but very few business
partners. JPMorgan Chase stands out in IBM's Q Network among a sea of tech-focused members.

C. Microsoft
Microsoft's quantum computing platform gives companies access to resources without the high expenses and infrastructure costs
typically associated with it. Like QCI's Catalyst platform, Microsoft's Azure Quantum offers a collection of resources from more
than just Microsoft itself. This range of options has attracted the attention of clients like Ford, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, and more.

D. D-Wave Systems
D-Wave Systems was one of the first to deliver real-time cloud access to quantum computing resources, and remains a leader in the
field. Leap 2 is a hybrid of quantum and classical processors that can calculate problems with as many as 10,000 variables. More
people taking advantage of this accessible platform could lead to new applications and use cases for the technology.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 1062
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XII Dec 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

IX. QUANTUM COMPUTING STATUS IN INDIA

India's Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has released the nation's first-ever Quantum Computer
Simulator (QSim) Toolkit. This local toolset will make it possible for researchers and students to conduct quantum computing
research efficiently and affordably.
Highlights of QSim's features include:
1) Qassim is a quantum computing tool that enables researchers and students to design quantum programmers and visualize instant
circuit construction and simulated output. Qassim provides a reliable QC Simulator integrated with a graphical user interface
(GUI-based Workbench) to enable students and researchers to design, build and test quantum computers.
2) Simulate noisy quantum logic circuits: This can be used to examine how well different algorithms perform in the presence of
noisy quantum components. This is necessary to replicate real-world circumstances.
3) Pre-loaded quantum algorithms and examples: QSim is pre-loaded with quantum algorithms and programmers, giving users a
head start. Deutsch Jessa, Grovers, QFT, and more examples.
4) The quantum simulations are carried out on potent HPC resources, enabling several users to submit work concurrently with
various qubit setups.

REFERENCES
[1] Gharibi, Wajeb, et al. "Quantum technology for analysis and testing computing systems." East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS 2013). IEEE, 2013.
[2] Singh, Harpreet, and Abha Sachdev. "The quantum way of cloud computing." 2014 International Conference on Reliability Optimization and Information
Technology (ICROIT). Ieee, 2014.
[3] Fu, Xiang, et al. "A heterogeneous quantum computer architecture." Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers. 2016.
[4] Gotarane, M. V., and Mr Sushant Savita Madhukar Gandhi. "Quantum Computing: Future Computing." International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology 3.2 (2016): 1424-1427.
[5] Hey, Tony. "Quantum computing: an introduction." Computing & Control Engineering Journal 10.3 (1999): 105-112.
[6] Marella, Surya Teja, and Hemanth Sai Kumar Parisa. "Introduction to quantum computing." Quantum Computing and Communications. IntechOpen, 2020.

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