C

equa prototype. 1.e.

(M)model (M)prototype
SPECIFIC SPEED

enecific speed is the parameter which does not explicitly contain the
or impeller. It is denoted by the
diameter of
ring the
comparing
symbol N The specific speed is used in
different types of turbo machines as every type
the differe of turbo machine has
different specific speed.

1. Pump Specific
Speed
The gnecific speed of a centrifugal pump is defined
the speed at which the pump
as
delivers one cubic metre of iquid per second against a head of one metre. It is
expressed as

N, = NNe
(Hm /4
where Nis the speed in rpm, Q is the discharge in (m'/s) and Hm is the manometric
head in metres. The dimensionless specific speed is given by
NoV2
N (gHm )3/4

Expression for pump specific speed

The discharge for a centrifugal pump is given by the relation.
TDBC
TDBC,

where
D-Diameter of the pump impeller
B-Width of the impeller
We know that D o« B
o DC
related as
manometric head (Hm) are
TheO W velocity, tangential velocity and
(7.7)
UC, H
310TURBoMaCHINES
We also know that

U oc DN

From the above two equations 7.7 and 7.8 we havee

The discharge equation then becomes

N?
or

3/2

= (constant)m_
(7.9
N2

From the definition of specific speed

N =N, when Hm Im and Q =
Im°/s.
Substituting these values in the above equation 7.9, the value of constant 0
proportionality is determined.

NF
The discharge Q is
3/2

= N
N2
or

N? NQ
H 2
The pump specific speed is

Ns NO (7.10

m
C.V. Compressor, Steady flow, minimum work
in is reversible work. p1 = 0 at ambient

Conditions

SoS2TST- R In(Po/Pz)
= 6.86926-7.3303 0.287
In(100/400) -0.06317 kJ/kg K
=

2h- ho+ Tolso S2)

475.79-300.473+300 (-0.06317)
= 156.365 kJ/kg

REV =m(V2 -

V1)
=
312.73 kW =We
Problem:8 The diameters of an of
impeller a pump at inlet and outlet
centrifugal
Determine to be minimum starting speed of the
area 25 cm & 50 cm respectively.
pump if it works against a head of 50 m.

Solution:
Given:
25 0.25 D2= 50 em =
0.5 m
Hm 5 0 m; Di = cm =
m;

Min. starting speed = N.r.p.m

u,-TD.Tx025*0.0131
6060
N m/s)

u2
T60
DNx 0.5 xN_ 0.0262 N (m/s)
60

o.0262 N0.0131 N=50 m.

2g 2g

(0.02622- 0.0131) N* = 2x9.81 x 50

(0.0131 x0.0393) N* = 981

N 981 1905483.3
0.0131x 0.0393
. N= 1380 r.p.m Answer
Water is to be pumped out of a deep well
under a total head of 95m. A number of
identical pumps of design speed 1000
rpm and specific speed 90 rpm, with
rated capacity of 150 liters/sec are
available. How many pumps are required?
Let H is manometric head developed by each pump

N,

900 1000 150

HH

Ha 32.48

Number of pumps needed = 95/32.48 2.92 3

 are o
pump is Similailar in
milar in
centrifugal
constructuon
construction called
the rrancis as
to ttne pressure energy. by
is that the fluid flow is in direction opposite to thatFrancis centrifugal
turbine.
in ththe e But Bu
But thepumps.
But the The
difference
in
PARTS OFA turbine. difference
MAIN CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
The parts of a cei trifugal pump are similar to
three important parts offa
those of
centrifugal a

and Delivery pipes (Fig. 8.la).

pump are (1)
Impellercentrifugal
(2) Casingcompressor.
and (3)
The ssor. The
Suction
1. Impeller
The rOtating part of the
cenirirugal pump is
rotating solid disc with curved blades called the
standing out
'Impeller, The impeller is a
The tins of the
blades in the impeller are vertically from the face of the disc.
to give shrouded blades, sometimes covered by another flat
otherwise the blade disc
Dump itself forms the solid outer ups are left open and the
wall of the blade casing of the
shrouded blade is that flow is prevented from passages. The advantage of the
passage to another. leaking across the blade tips from one
The impeller is mounted on a shaft connected to the shaft
the impeller rotates, the fluid of an electric motor. As
that is drawn into the blade
is accelerated as it is passages at the impeller inlet
forced radially outwards. In this
IS raised. way, the statie pressure of fluid
 338TURBo MacHINES

Delivery
pipe

Delivery valve

Impeller

Casing

Suction pipe

Sump

Foot valve and

strainer

Figure 8.1(a) Centrifugal pump

2. Casing
Iis an air-tight passage surrouning
nc mpeler which converts the K.E of water
leaving the impeller into pressure energy Detore the waler leaves
the
ne casing and enters
casing
the delivery pipe. The three commonly used casingsare

(a) Volute casing allvCasing"The surroundsinthe impeller, is of spiral type in which

that increase
The increase arca of or a
flow area increases gradually. llow, decreases the velocity
 HYDRAULIc PUMPs < 339
dthus increases
fflow and thus the
pressure of water. The efficiency of
of
this casing is reduced due to the formation of eddies. centrifugal pump
b) Vortex casing (Fig 8.1 (b)) If a circular chamber is introduced between the
ing and the impeller, then that casing is known as vortex casing. This considerably
asing.
es the loss of energy due to the formation of eddies. Thus, the efficiency of the
nis p more than the efficiency of volute
casing centrifugal pump.
icl Casing with guide blades (Fig. 8.1 (c)) In this
xshrouded by a series ofguide blades mounted on a ring which type of casing, the impeller
iss is known as
'diffuser'.
The guide vanes are designed in such a way that the water from the impeller enters
the guide vanes without shock. The area of the guide vanes
increases, thus, reducing
the flow velocity through guide vanes and consequently increasing the pressure of
water. The water from the guide vanes then passes
through the surrounding casing,
which is in most cases concentric with the impeller. The diffuser is
be present in a particular design depending
optional and may
not
upon the size and cost of the pump.
Vortex
chamber
Impeller
Guide vanes
Figure 8.1(b) Vortex casing Figure 8.1() Casing with guide vanes
3. Suction Pipe and Delivery Pipe
Apipe whose one end is connected to tne inlet of the pump and other end dipped into
the water in a sump is known as the suctlon pipe. A foot valve, fitted at the lower end
of the suction pipe, opens only n ne upward direction. A strainer to remove dehris
of the
suction fitted at the lower end of the suction pipe. The
from water, is also pipe whose one
end is connected to the outlet ot the pump ancd the other end delivers the water at a
known as delivery pipe.
required height is
wORK DONE AND VELOCITY TRIANGLES
2 shows the velocity triangles at the inlet and outlet tins ofthe tan Ca
5:14PM 4.1 KB/s
Quora Open in App

HR

Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump

where a certain volume of liquid is collected in an
enclosed volume and is discharged using pressure.
Reciprocating pumps are more suitable for low volumes
of flow at high pressures.

The main components of the reciprocating pump are as

follows:

1. Suction Pipe
2. Suction Valve
3. Delivery Pipe
4. Delivery Valve
5. Cylinder
6. Piston and Piston Rod
7. Crank and Connecting Rod
8. Strainer
9. Air Vessel

Outlet

Inlet

1
 5:14 PM 5.5KB/s l

Quora Open in ApPp Q

HR
Kow

Pulsation Suppression Device

Since flow from the reciprocating pump is not uniform,

disturbance (pulsations) are created. It is created due to
the oscillating motion of the plungers that travel at the
speed of sound from the pump cylinder to the piping
system. Pulsations cause the pressure level of the
system to fluctuate with respect to time.

Pulsation at the suction pump can cause the pressure

level to drop instantaneously below the vapour pressure
of fluid which results in cavitation. Cavitation can cause
failure in pump parts and high piping vibration which
leads to failure of vents, drains, and gauge. To solve this
problem pulsation dampener is instaled at suction and
discharge of the pump to attenuate the effect of
pulsation flows.

1 1
 380 400 420 440 460 480 500
Blade tip speed (m/

Figure 3.8 Overall pressure ratio versus

impeller tip speed

STAGE PRESSURE RISE AND LOADING COEFFICIENT

The statuc pressure rise in centritugal stage occurs in the inpeller, diffuser and the

volute
No change in stagnation enthalpy occurs in the diffuser and volute. In this section, the
pressure nse or pressure ralio across the stage for an isenstropic process is determined
 86TURBO MACHINES
Work supplied ho2, - ho1

= Cp(To2,- To1)

CpTo12 -1)
To
( Po2
= CpToPo1

CrTu- (3.8)
where Ro-stagnation
pressure ratio
From Euler's equation,
Work supplied
U2Cr
=
U2(U2 -

Cr2 cot B2)

u (1-cot)
U~(1 - d2 cot B2)
(3.9)
Equating (3.8) & (3.9).

CpTo1(R -

1) =
U~(1 -

¢2 cot B2)
where 'o2' is the flow coefficient at the impeller exit.

C2
U2

Ro=1 a cosz)U3]
CpTo1 (3.10)
The loading or pressure coefficient is defined as

WP
Work done/kg

From the outlet velocity triangle [Fig. 3.8(a)],

C2= U2-C2 cot B

 CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS AND FANS 87

U-

C
W
C
Figure 3.8 (a) Velocity triangle

From Euler's equation

W
=
Uz x C,2 = Uz(U2 -

C cot B2)
m

W
U1-d2cot B:)
m

P
U(-¢2 cot Ba)
U
VP (1 - ¢2 cot B:) (3.11)

Substituting cquation (3.11) in equauon (3.10), get

we

Po2
Ro
Po1 1CPTo
In terms of static pressures, following the
same procedure, we get

R
1+CPT
ratios.
These two ratios are known as stage pressure

Pressure Coefficient
work to
n n e
ficient is also defined as
the ratio of isentropic