International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

Woundedness of Sex Workers in the Light of

St.Augustine's Theology of Grace: Basis for a
Psycho-Spiritual Formation Program on Inner
Healing
Reynold B. Navares
Abstract: This creative qualitative-exploratory study deals with the free lance sex-workers directly involved in prostitution. It is
anchored in St. Augustine’s theology of grace. The study aims to unveil the sex-workers various subjective experiences of Woundedness
and the movement of grace within them which were identified by various indicators. The respondents are five female and five male sex-
workers. This seek to a.) Explore the Woundedness of sex-workers b.) Identify the indicators of grace in the light of St. Augustine’s
theology of grace, and 3.) Propose a psycho-spiritual formation program for inner-healing. Study shows that sex-workers were born in
adverse life experiences that led them to the flesh trade. But despite of it, they are aware that there is somebody who unconditionally
loves them, who understands, who provides and answers prayers that results to the perception that they have to change opportunity
comes. The study further was able to formulate a psycho-spiritual formation program on inner-healing that may remediate the sex-
workers plight to inner freedom coming from their responses. They are to be helped, hence this study.

Keywords: St. Augustine Grace Transformation Woundedness Inner-healing

1. Introduction the light of St. Augustine’s theology of grace. Specifically,

this study will
This qualitative research deals with sex-workers, persons 1) Explore the Woundedness of sex-workers
who are involved in the trade of the flesh, both male and 2) Identify the indicators of Grace in the light of St.
female in the light of St. Augustine’s theology of grace. Augustine’s theology of grace
They are said to be a social scourge, that kind of lifestyle 3) Propose s a psycho-spiritual program for inner-healing
which usually involves women, but also men, children and
the adolescents (CCC 2355). They are considered demeaned 2. Literature Survey
in society because of the type of work they are in, and are
neglected members of the Church since there are few, or St. Augustine (354 C.E-430 C.E) is a perfect model of man.
even rare missionaries who are reaching out to them to the He portrays the weakness of man by giving in to his fleshly
path of grace that would lead them to inner transformation desire not until he was moved by grace in which he
and a change of heart. dynamically responded and rose to sanctity. After
conversion, he became a priest and then a bishop in which
In line with the biblical anthropology, man is the highest and he wrote his Confessions, an autobiographical book which is
most loved creature of GOD created in His image and a product of retrospection of his past life. He reveals the
likeness (Genesis 3:26), thus good and perfect in the original sexual weakness of man which he mirrors in himself where
state. St. Augustine avers that human nature was in the others find the opportunity to enter as prostitutes to gratify
beginning created blameless and without any defect (Nature sexual longings for money. They are the sex-workers.
and Grace 3.3). Man was in harmony with GOD not until his
fall by the enticement of the serpent which separated man Sex-workers trade the “self” for sexual gratification in
from GOD (Genesis 3). Fallen nature and brokenness in all exchange for money. They ride in the universal human
things came as a consequence. This is explicitly inscribed in weakness in the parlance of immoral sex. St. Augustine says
St. Augustine’s Confessions as he revealed his fallen nature, that sexual passion sometimes does not just affect the body.
brokenness and subjective experiences. At times it takes control of the whole man, both physically
and emotionally. It causes the most erotic pleasure which at
As participators in this apostolate in leading the sex-workers the peak of its ecstasy practically paralyses all power of
to an awareness of their need of GOD and the necessity for a deliberation (City of God 14.16).
change of life, one must have a new way of looking at them,
looking at them as persons with dignity only imprisoned in Man becomes irrational, loses his way from identifying good
themselves by sin and ignorance. They are to translate the and evil. St. Augustine firmly believes that the act of coitus
message of GOD’s love, mercy, compassion and become is not evil in itself. It becomes wrong because it is performed
channels of God’s grace, and to propose a psycho-spiritual in improper circumstances or immoderate passion (City of
formation program for inner-healing...hence, the God 14.18). Sex act in itself is man’s participation in the
significance of this study. preservation of the human race but must be in sacramental
marriage.
General objectives:
The goal of this study is to determine and identify St. Augustine’s book the Confessions is a rich spiritual
Woundedness and indicators of Grace among sex-workers in document that reveals the real nature of man as both

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Paper ID: ART20174544 DOI: 10.21275/ART20174544 2011
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
biological and psychological. St. Augustine said that I wish man two distinct free gifts, that which he bestowed in
to bring back to mind my past foulness and the carnal creating human nature and that he continues to give acts of
corruption of my soul (Confessions 2.1.1). It simply shows grace which assist the sinner to avoid or resist evil. He
that he wants to reveal his experiences t us before being believed that grace act to counter the damage sin has done to
called to a life of grace. He is tied to the urgings of his human nature, by cooperating with the good which remains
fleshly desires and thus blinded and lost his moral judgment. in his created nature, so as to make a person completely
good again. We therefore need to respond in once one feel
According to St. Augustine, they clouded and darkened my moved into His love and thus, participate in the Divine life.
soul, so that I would not distinguish the calm light of chaste
love from the fog of lust. Both kinds of affection burned Sex-workers in whatever reasons why they are there, needs
confusedly within me swept my feeble youth over the crags to be helped. As baptized Christians, we are invited to
of desire and plunged me into a whirlpool of shameful participate in bringing them to the life with GOD.
deeds...I have been defeated by the clanging chains of my
mortality, the penalty of my pride of soul. I was split out and 3. Research Design
tossed about my fornications. I flowed out and boiled over in
them (Confessions 2.2.2). The researcher employed the qualitative-exploratory
research method for it is a type of scientific research which
This describes the real weakness of man for sexual pleasure consist of an investigation that seeks to answer a question,
is enslaving. St. Augustine described it as sexual systematically uses a pre-defined set of procedures to answer
gratification which fettered me like a tight-drawn chain, and the question, collects evidence, produce findings that are
from the enslavement to worldly affairs (Confessions 8.6.13) applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study
being imprisoned to the self. He further admitted that the (George, 2013). It explores the world of the sex-workers and
flesh lusts against the spirit and the spirit against the flesh. the researcher exhaustively employed observation and
He further said that he was aligned with both, but more with interview. Buhler avers that it is the only way of
the desires...it becomes a habit and it becomes fiercer documenting their statement (Flick, 2009) and to take into
(Confessions 8.11.1). consideration the sensitivity of the moral issues of the
respondents.
Sexual pleasure in itself is enslaving where the sex-workers
enter into this human weakness with the desire to earn Sample size
money...thus prostitution. Creswell suggests five (5) to twenty five (25) participants
(Creswell, 1998). Morse (1998) on the other hand suggests
GOD comes to our rescue, and St. Augustine says that only six (6) participants. The researcher decided for ten (10)
human nature in the beginning created blameless and participants for the researcher is satisfied as to the saturation
without any defect but human nature, in which each of us is of needed datum of the research.
born of Adam, now needs a physician because he is not in
good health...it came from original sin which was committed Participants of the study:
by free choice. And thus a nature subject to punishment is Participants of the study are ten sex-workers, five of whom
part of the punishment that is completely just...but GOD are male and five female sex-workers frequenting the
who is rich in mercy, on account of the great love with Bacolod Public Plaza where they offer themselves for sex in
which he loved us, even we are dead by sins, brought us to exchange for money. Their age bracket is between 20 to 40
life with Christ by whose grace we have been saved years old. According to Eric-Erikson they are young adult
(Ephesians 2:3-5)(Nature and Grace 3.3). who struggle to form a relationship and gain the capacity or
intimate love or they feel isolated (D. Myers; 1998).
GOD continuously calls man back to Himself in million of
ways through grace. St. Augustine shed light that GOD gave

Matrix 1: Demographic Profile of Sex-Workers

Name of Participants Age Sex Civil Status Children Educational Attainment
Saturn 39 years old Male Separated 2 Secondary level
Mars 39 years old Male Single 0 Secondary level
Jupiter 31 years old Male Single 0 Secondary level
Pluto 31 years old Male Single 0 Secondary level
Earth 30 years old Male Single 0 Elementary level
Santan 40 years old Female Separated 2 Secondary level
Sampaguita 23 years old Female Separated 2 mos. Pregnant College level
Calachuchi 38 years old Female Separated 1 Secondary level
Bougainvilla 37 years old Female Single 1 Elementary level
Daisy 20 years old Female Single 0 College level

Data show that two (2) sex-workers reached the college 4. Methodology
level, six (6) secondary level and two (2) elementary level
and four (4) are separated. Observation was employed by the researcher in order to
explore and understand the phenomena as a way to acquire

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Paper ID: ART20174544 DOI: 10.21275/ART20174544 2012
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
needed data. The researcher was sensitive in discerning what interviews serve the purpose of implying consent in the
information is relevant and significant in the research absence of a signed consent. The benefit of this particular
process. The researcher opts to use the unstructured style of informed consent is the elimination of any record of
observation and the semi-structured interview method since the subject’s names. This procedure is particularly helpful
it is open and flexible. The researcher observes using his when interviewing people who might refuse to take part in
senses and is not restricted by an observation guide. The the study (Beig; 2001). Pseudo-names was used to safeguard
researcher does not impose structure on the situation but confidentiality and strict anonymity is assured to protect the
instead attempts to provide an analysis of the true privacy of the participants identity after the information is
complexities found in the situation (Ardales; 2008. Covert gathered (Neuman; 2012).
observation is applied in which the observed persons are not
informed that they are being observed (Flick; 2009). This The researcher opted for a one major interview encounter
kind of observation is practiced in open and public places. It and follow-up informal interview on selected participants for
is then recorded in the field notes after each engagement. the researcher is satisfied with the information extracted.
Glasser and Strauss (1967) do not recommend a specific
Semi-structured interview was likewise used with the number of interview or observation but say that the
purpose of obtaining descriptions of the life world of the researcher should continue until a state of theoretical
interviewee in order to interpret the meaning of the saturation is achieved. Responses are audio-recorded and
described phenomena (Steinar, K; 2009). It also includes transcribed for analysis.
open-ended question and paraphrasing of the question with
the same meaning to suite the participant’s level of Triangulation method was employed. Triangulation is used
understanding. Interview is a way to identify, understand to name the combination of different methods, study groups
and describe their commonality called essence (Fraenkl & and local settings, and different theoretical perspective in
Wallen; 2006). Face to face interview have the highest dealing with a phenomena, a strategy for promoting the
response rate and permit the longest questionnaires quality of qualitative research (Flick, U, 2009).
(Neuman; 2012).
Interview guide was presented to the experts for comments
The researcher employed eclectic method in interviewing to know whether they will have the capacity to extract data
with the participants. Therapeutic approach were used for it on Woundedness and indicators of Grace.
aims at change through emotional personal interaction...and
change sought are not primarily conceptual but emotional Data analysis:
and personal (Kvale, S. & Brinkman, S; 2009).The
researcher aimed at this will be an encounter and at the same Content analysis was utilized in order to analyze interview
time a way to evangelize the participants creatively, indirect responses. The methodological procedure includes three
approach. Roger’s client-centered interview method likewise phases. In content analysis the material is paraphrased,
was used for it is closed to the psychoanalytic interview which means that relevant passages are paraphrased, which
practice (Kvale, S, & Brinkman, S; 2009) for there are means that less relevant passages and paraphrases with the
interview questions that touches on the past experiences of same meaning are shaped and similar paraphrases are
respondents for it can influence current behaviour. bundled and summarized. This is a combination of reducing
the material by skipping statements included in the
Proper eye contact was done in order to convey a message to generalization in the sense of summarizing the material on a
the participants as to the sincerity of the interviewer. It higher level of abstraction (Mayring; 1983). Themes were
should not be prolonged for more than ten seconds for it identified and inferences are given analysis.
signals aggressiveness and should have frequent breaks for it
sends a message that he is listened to (Cormier, S The researcher actively listened to the interview recorded in
&Hackney, H; 2009). Body gestures and voice intonation by the cellphone voice recorder several times and put into
the participants as well as facial expressions were noted for writing participants responses as close as possible. Then the
it is a way for people to communicate information about textual notes were analyzed and paraphrased without
their emotional state (Knapp & Hall; 2009). Facial missing its meaning for clarity. The tone of message which
expressions can reveal discomfort and when the researcher are similar are grouped together labeled as the first
notice it, questions asked were paraphrased with the same reduction. Noted similar phrases was further grouped
meaning is done. Verbal and non-verbal cues are referred to together and summarized and this is labeled as the second
as leakages for they communicate messages the client reduction.
deliberately intent to have communicated. They are referred
to as affective leakage and it is important to account for 5. Results and Discussion
inferences (Cormier, S., & Hackney, H.; 2005). The
researcher is fully aware that a participant message includes Matrix II
both verbal and non-verbal elements.
Identified Woundedness
Ethical consideration in an interview was observed. Implied Kinds of Percentage of
consent was employed by the researcher to consider the Explanation
Woundedness Occurrence
sensitivity of the subject of the research undertaken. It All of the participants are in
replaced signed consent. The researcher explained the nature Poverty 100% prostitution due to economic
of the interview and affirmative responses and completed reasons

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Paper ID: ART20174544 DOI: 10.21275/ART20174544 2013
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ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
Separation from loved one and They are feeling uncomfortable and bad
Awareness of
various negative life experiences 30% which can be a wake-up call that they have
being dirty
Emotional pain 100% are buried in their to do something to change.
unconsciousness and now Feeling shame can be a kind of guilt since
Being
becomes 20% where they are in this morally and socially
ashamed
They are forcing themselves to un-acceptable trade.
Dislike the work 90% be in such Immoral act just to They admitted that they don’t have a
earn money. decent work in order to survive unlike
Positive envy 10%
Relational problems becomes a others who have dignified work and a
Family conflict 70% reason for them to be in motivation for them to find one.
prostitution They self-accept that on their own they
They are feeling unhygienic for Helpless 10% cannot improve or change the situation of
Feels dirty 20% they do not know who their their lives, hence they need God
partners are How they look at God
They experienced physical hurt God who They feel and believed that despite of the
from their significant others answers 50% sinful situation they are in still God listens
Physical violence 20% which lead them to separation prayers to them by answering their prayers.
and to prostitution for financial They believed that God is mercy that
support. Merciful God 30% understands them since they are but
Shows that she feels victims of circumstances.
Does not like to be
10%
uncomfortable when sexually God who They can feel and experience God’s
sexually molested engaged but give in to it for 20%
provides provision in their daily needs.
money God who They also believe that God will aid them in
Not supported to have an 20%
Family helps crisis situation
10% education unlike his other That they are convinced that God will not
discrimination
brothers who were sent to school God who leave them alone in whatever situation they
She wants to hide her shadow 10%
Does not like her cares will be since He understands their
and lives in fear because of the difficulties.
family to know her 10%
shame it would
prostitution
result if her family discover it. Data revealed the following indicators of grace: Believes
Sexual molestation Tearfully admitted that she was
that God loves them, renewal of self, and not to stay in this
from others and from molested by significant others
her own father when
10%
and by her own father and lost
kind of work rank first, followed by acceptance of poor self-
she was a child her innocence image, awareness of being dirty, being ashamed, positive
envy, and helpless. On how they look at God, rank first is
Woundedness are various adverse life experiences which God answers prayers, followed by merciful God, God who
leaves a scar in the innermost being. Data shows that the provides, God who helps, God who cares and God who
expressed Woundedness of the sex-workers are poverty and gives comfort.
emotional pain ranks first followed by they dislike to work,
family conflict, feels dirty, physical violence, does not like Not to say in this kind of work is a direct acceptance by the
to be sexually molested, family discrimination, does not like sex-workers that they are in a dishonourable state and
her family to know about her prostitution and was sexually therefore must renew the self and to find a source of decent
molested when she was a child. work in order to live. The acceptance of having poor self-
image and awareness of being dirty is a kind of self-
Grace is God’s gratuitous gift given to man and it works knowledge that will allow them to reflect about their state
within in order to move persons to be good and avoid evil. and may come to find out ways on how to improve the self
The following indicators were identified as revealed by the and finally positive self envy for it will ultimately move the
participants. sex-workers to struggle in order to somehow attain
something good to become persons with dignity equal to that
Matrix III of others.

Identified Percentage God answer prayers, who provides, who helps are the actual
Movement of of Explanation encounter of the sex-workers and understanding that God is
Grace Occurrence mercy is the actual understanding of the sex-workers that
Despite the fact that they are in such allows them to discover God in their lives.
Believes that
sinful situation still they believed that God
God loves 100%
loves and understands them for they are St. Augustine avers that human nature was in the beginning
them
but victims of circumstances. created blameless and without any defect, in which each one
Renewal of That they want to have a changed lifestyle of us is born of Adam, now needs a physician, because he is
100%
the self opportunity comes
not in good health. (Nature and Grace 3.3). It revealed that
Not to stay in All of them desires not to stay in this kind
this kind of 100% of work for they know the health hazards it
by Adam’s sin contaminated all. Man is helpless and he
work will bring them. needs a physician that is Christ to be well again. All that is
They feel low of themselves as prostitutes. in man-his life, senses and faculties were badly distorted.
Acceptance We need God’s action to remedy his condition since man
It can be God’s way of letting them realize
of poor self- 30% cannot do it in himself. Ephesians states that we were,
of their need of God working in them that
image
will move them to eventually change. nonetheless, by nature children of anger, just as others. But

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Paper ID: ART20174544 DOI: 10.21275/ART20174544 2014
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God is rich in mercy, on account of the great love which he act of humility and a sign of grace. In one of his sermons, he
loved us, even when we are dead by sins; brought us to life shared that the Lord suffers, his precious blood is shed, the
with Christ, by whose grace we have been saved (Nature and sinner is redeemed, grace is granted to the one who sins
Grace 4.4). Christ, is God’s remedy to men in order for us to and says wretched man that I am, who will deliver me from
be reconciled with Him...an incomprehensible expression of the body of his death? The grace of God through our Lord
His steadfast love. It points to us that the fullness of God’s Jesus Christ (Romans 7:24-25). That’s what the pool was
gift to us is Christ without which neither infants nor adults like, you see, one to step down into, not to step up. I suppose
can be saved is not a recompense of our merits, but a free there could also be such pool, so constructed that you
gift. This is the reason it is called grace (Nature and Grace stepped up to it. But why was this one so made that you had
4.4). to step down into it? Because Lord’s passion demands the
humble person. You must step down humbly, you musn’t be
God’s love and mercy cannot be fathomed by human proud if you want to be healed. (Sermons 125.6).
understanding. St. Augustine highlights various indicators of
grace which are: Faith infused the moment one receives The pool that St. Augustine mentioned is the one used in
baptism, but like a seed, it needs to germinate watered by adult baptism in the olden times. Baptism is done through
God. St. Augustine avers that the very will to believe is immersion. It is a way of being bathed to become clean from
God’s gift (The Spirit and the Letter 33, 57). Mere fact of the tarnish of original sin that caused man’s “woundedness”
believing is a movement of grace. Confidence in the is washed away and healing comes. Baptism is an act of
provision of God is another one and St. Augustine reflected humility in itself since one submits himself to God.
upon Psalm 23.1, the book of David says the Lord is my
guide, and I shall lack nothing. This points to God’s Good works is also an act of grace. St. Augustine avers these
provision in various ways in our life for he cares for us, two things I have heard: that power belongs to God and to
supplying our need in this temporal life. you Lord, belongs mercy; you repay all according to their
works (Psalm 62:12-13)...those who believe and entrust
Hope and the reliance on the mercy of God is another themselves to God to be forgiven all their sins and to be
indicator of grace. It is a clear indicator that one must healed from all their wounds and to be enkindled and
acknowledge his nothingness that everything is dependent enlightened by warmth and light will have good works as a
on God’s mercy and compassion. St. Augustine tells the result of grace (The Spirit and the Letter 33, 58).
wounded man that you have great comfort of God’s glory
accompanying you. That is to say, on account of your Worth mentioning is aging. It is through this one that one
miserably weak condition, the mercy of God follows behind becomes aware that his life is ending and serves as a wake
you. But first, in order to show you the route to eternal up call that he needs to finally change for the good...St.
life...it attracts you while you are a slave of sin...so you have Augustine counsels us that you never had nor will have
the hope and the glory, not in yourself but in the mercy of such days in this life. In this life your days are fading away
God (Sermons 366.7). It shows that in whatever condition like smoke (Psalm 102.3). As days go by the self seem to
man is, though he wandered too far away from the embrace become more diaphamous. As days grow in length they
of God, he is continually invited to return to the path of life become fewer. The ascending course of our days has led to
which is grace expressing the merciful love of God to us. their vanishing away (Sermons 216.4). These are some
Connected to this after one has the hope and longing for the indicators of grace...and preparation to receive grace is
mercy of God must have the willingness to show mercy already a work of grace (CCC 2001).
towards others. St. Augustine’s reflection on the parable of
Lazarus and the rich man (Luke 16:25) pictures that in the 6. Recommendations and Conclusion
bounty of food at the table he failed to share it with the
beggar Lazarus waiting even the scrap of food to be fall In view of the above findings, the following
from his table. They both died and the rich man found recommendations were presented
himself in hell and Lazarus in the bossom of Abraham
enjoying eternal bliss. St. Augustine concluded that the 1) That the Church in the Philippines, specifically the
reason the rich man is refused mercy in his pain is that while Catholic Bishop Conference of the Philippines(CBCP)
he lived he neglected to show mercy. The reason the rich will revisit their mission of evangelization and to
man plea’s in his torment is ignored is that he ignored the seriously consider the apostolate to the sex-workers.
poor man’s pleas on earth (Sermons 367.2). 2) To invite spiritually matured, formed layman to the
apostolate.
Forgiveness is an act of the “will” and not a feeling. It is 3) To form lay missionaries to the sex-workers to be
hard to forgive because man’s will is darkened by sin. St. prepared spiritually-emotionally-psychologically in the
Augustine emphasizes that you ought to forgive, because rescue mission.
God too forgives (Sermons 114.2). We must be imitators of 4) That Lay missionaries should be properly instructed on
Christ (Sermons 114), who taught us forgiveness. He further how to conduct spiritual counselling
said that I want you to be forgiving, because I’ve caught you 5) To encourage Psychothrerapist, Psychiatrist as well as
begging pardon. You asked, forgive, just as you too will be Psychologist and Guidance Counsellor to be trained
asking to be forgiven yourself (Sermons 114.5). spiritually to be dynamically involved in the apostolate
as a direct participation in evangelization.
Self-acceptance and acknowledgement of the difficult
situations one is in, is an admission of one’s limitation is an
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Paper ID: ART20174544 DOI: 10.21275/ART20174544 2015
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ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391
6) To come up with a psycho-spiritual laden formation [15] Hill, E. OP (tr.) (1995).The Works of Saint Augustine.
module both to the future missionaries formation and a Sermons 367.2.Sermons III/10. New City Press, New
separate module to be used in the sex-workers. York, USA. In Rotelle (ed.)
7) Not to discriminate sex-workers but relate to them with [16] Kvale, S. & Brinkman S. (2009). Interviews. SAGE
caution and compassion knowing that they are the most Publications Inc. USA
neglected segment in society, and be an instrument of [17] Neuman, L. (2012). Basics for Social Research.
leading them back to the path of grace. PEARSON. USA
[18] Mayring (1983).Qualitative Inhaltsanalyze. Grundlagen
7. Conclusion und Technike (7th edu.1997).Weinheim: Deutscher
Studien Verlag
The love, mercy and compassion of God embraces all men [19] Myers, D. (1998). Psychology 5th Edition.Worth
and He desires that all must come to His Fatherly embrace. Publishing. USA
One segment of the Church or society in general is the [20] Teske, R. SJ (tr.)(1997). Answer to the Pelagians.
existence of sex-workers, male and female who are in the I/23.The Spirit and the Letter.New City Press. New
trade of the flesh. They are so much degraded as to the kind York, USA. In Rotelle (ed.)
of undertaking they are in. It is a fact that they are the
neglected ones since it is a reality that none or if not few are Author Profile
directly engage in such rescue mission that will lead them to
change of life. It also cannot be denied that this is a serious Reynold B. Navares, Ph.D is Theology Professor,
and hard apostolate since deep spirituality and preparation is University of San Agustin, Iloilo City, Philippines
needed for one to venture in such missionary work. This
study is an eye-opener that we have to do something in order
to reach out to them, to bring them to a life with God.

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Paper ID: ART20174544 DOI: 10.21275/ART20174544 2016