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    PARASITOLOGY

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    Br1nfo
    This document summarizes key intestinal protozoa including Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, and Trichomonas. It outlines the diseases caused, life cycles, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical findings, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment for each protozoan. Prevention focuses on avoiding fecal contamination of food and water and observing good hygiene practices. The document also briefly mentions major blood and tissue protozoa such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Pneumocystis, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania, as well as minor pathogens like Acanthamoeba and Naegleria.

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    PARASITOLOGY

    Uploaded by

    Br1nfo
    26 views12 pages
    This document summarizes key intestinal protozoa including Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, and Trichomonas. It outlines the diseases caused, life cycles, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical findings, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment for each protozoan. Prevention focuses on avoiding fecal contamination of food and water and observing good hygiene practices. The document also briefly mentions major blood and tissue protozoa such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Pneumocystis, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania, as well as minor pathogens like Acanthamoeba and Naegleria.

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    This document summarizes key intestinal protozoa including Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, and Trichomonas. It outlines the diseases caused, life cycles, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical findings, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment for each protozoan. Prevention focuses on avoiding fecal contamination of food and water and observing good hygiene practices. The document also briefly mentions major blood and tissue protozoa such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Pneumocystis, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania, as well as minor pathogens like Acanthamoeba and Naegleria.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    26 views12 pages

    PARASITOLOGY

    Uploaded by

    Br1nfo
    This document summarizes key intestinal protozoa including Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, and Trichomonas. It outlines the diseases caused, life cycles, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical findings, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment for each protozoan. Prevention focuses on avoiding fecal contamination of food and water and observing good hygiene practices. The document also briefly mentions major blood and tissue protozoa such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Pneumocystis, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania, as well as minor pathogens like Acanthamoeba and Naegleria.

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    PARASITOLOGY

    Intestinal Protozoa
    1. Entamoeba
    Diseases

    - Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery and liver abscess

    Important Properties

    - Trophozoite found within the intestinal and extraintestinal lesions and in diarrheal stools
    - Cyst found in nondiarrheal stools- not highly resistant and are readily killed by boiling but not by
    chlorination of water supplies
    - Cyst has four nuclei, an important diagnostic criterion

    Pathogenesis & Epidemiology

    - Ingestion of cysts, fecal-oral route in contaminated food and water


    - Anal-oral transmission also occurs
    - Cysts differentiate into trophozoites in the ileum but tend to colonize the cecum and colon
    - Flask-shaped ulcers

    Clinical findings

    - Dysentery (i.e., bloody, mucus-containing diarrhea) accompanied by lower abdominal


    discomfort, flatulence, and tenesmus.
    - Chronic – low-grade symptoms such as occasional diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue also occurs
    - In some patients, a granulomatous lesions called an ameboma may form in the cecal or
    rectosigmoid areas of the colon.
    - Some are asymptomatic carriers.
    - Amebic abscess of the liver is characterized by ruq pain, weight loss, fever, and a tender,
    enlarged liver.
    - Aspiration yields brownish-yellow pus (anchovy paste)

    Laboratory Diagnosis

    - Stool exam
    - Can be distinguished from other amebas by two major criteria:
    (1) Tropozoite nucleus has a small central nucleolus and fine chromatin granules along the
    border of the nuclear membrane. The nuclei of other amebas are quite different.
    (2) Mature cycsts of E. histolytica are smaller than those of Entamoeba coli and contain four
    nuclei, whereas E. coli cysts have eight nuclei.
    - Serologic testing is useful for the diagnosis of invasive amebiasis. (positive indirect
    hemagglutination test)

    Treatment

    - DOC: metronidazole (Flagyl) or tinidazole.


    - Hepatic abscesses need not be drained.
    - Asymptomatic cyst carriers – iodoquinol or paromomycin.
    Prevention

    - Avoiding fecal contamination of food and water


    - Observing good personal hygiene such as handwashing
    - Purification of municipal water supplies is usually effective, but outbreaks of amebiasis in city
    dwellers still occur when contamination is heavy
    - Use of “night soil” (human feces) for fertilization of crops should be prohibited
    2. Giardia
    Disease

    - Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis

    Important Properties

    The life cycle consists of two stages:

    - Trophozoite – pear shape with two nuclei, four pairs of flagella, and a suction disk with which it
    attaches to the intestinal wall
    - Cyst – oval, thick walled with four nuclei and several internal fibers. Each cyst gives rise to two
    trophozoites during excystation in the intestinal tract.

    Pathogenesis & Epidemiology

    - Cysts – fecal-oral
    - Trophozoite causes inflammation of the duodenal mucosa, leading to malabsorption of protein
    and fat.
    3. Cryptosporidium
    4. Trichomonas
    sd
    Blood and Tissue Protozoa

    1. Plasmodium
    2. Toxoplasma
    3. Pneumocystis
    4. Trypanosoma
    5. Leishmania
    Minor Protozoan Pathogens

    1. Acanthamoeba & Naegleria

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