Senior High School

11

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Quarter 2 – Module 2:

4Ms of Operation

Grissil P. Babon
Compiler / Contextualizer

1
 Second Quarter, Module 2, Week 2
4Ms of Operation

Content Standard : The learner demonstrates understanding of

environment and market in one’s locality/town.
Performance Standard : The learner independently creates a business
vicinity map reflective of potential market in
one’s locality/town.
Competencies : Describe the 4Ms (Manpower, Method, Machine,
Materials) of operations in relation to the business
opportunity.

Learning Outcomes : Upon the completion of the given unit, the SHS
learners are expected to understand how to
incorporate the 4M’s such manpower, method,
machine, and materials in the operation of the
business.

What I Need to Know

Business operation is the activities to be performed inside the company

to ensure that it runs efficiently and produce profit. 4M’s of Operations must be
considered in the business as it is the four operational aspects that influence on
results of any process within the organization.

This Module 2, will enable you to:

 Select/pinpoint potential suppliers of raw materials and other

inputs necessary for the production of the product or service;

 Discuss the value/supply chain in relation to the business

enterprise; and

 Recruit qualified people for one’s business enterprise.

2
 What I Know

Instruction: Circle T if the statement is TRUE and F if the statement is FALSE.

T F 1. Operations management controls the implementation of the

business plan.
T F 2. A commercial space gives the entrepreneur a more specialized
and suited manufacturing site than manufacturing at home.
T F 3. The entrepreneur's ultimate objective for all the operational
processes are to ensure that maximum efficiency is met from the
requisition of materials to processing them into finished goods
up to the distribution to the customers.
T F 4. Services are intangible products that a customer can appreciate
by remembering how pleasant his or her experience was.
T F 5. Distributors are entrepreneurs who often buy products or
services to the manufacturers and sell them at a markup price
to either wholesalers or retailers.
T F 6. Job description enumerates the duties and responsibilities of the
potential employee, including the scope, limitations, and terms
and conditions of employment.
T F 7. Method is used in developing a new products or services,
intensifying your business, looking for the right employees, and
for refining the proficiency of its process.
T F 8. Machine is a mechanical structure that uses power to apply
forces and control movement to perform an intended action.
T F 9. The process of obtaining the materials and services to be used
in production is called purchasing.
T F 10. Employee orientation must be conducted to know about the
VGMO, history, organization and SOP of the company.
T F 11. Manpower is one of the highest costs of operating a business.
T F 12. The manufacturer' handles the invention, development, and
production of the product or service.
T F 13. An efficient floor plan illustrates how raw materials and
finished goods can efficiently be transferred, processed, and
released from one processing unit to another.
T F 14. Manufacturing is the process of translating raw materials into
finished goods that are acceptable to the customer’s standards.
T 5 15. The methods aspect represents the day-to-day operations of a
business.

3
 What’s In

Instruction: Match column A with the correct answer on column B, write only the
letter of answer on the blank provided before the number.

_____ 1. Focus group discussion a. the entrepreneur ensures each

component of the product or
service must be tested
independently to identify
component failures for goods or
service failures for services
_____ 2. Legality and ethical test b. the entrepreneur must examine
every stage of the manufacturing
process
_____ 3. Safety test c. the entrepreneur must ensure that
the product is safe to use, safe to
be consumed, and safe to applied.
_____ 4. Product costing test d. the entrepreneur must ensure that
the product or service complies
with all the relevant laws and
regulations
_____ 5. Component test e. the participants will provide
relevant insights about the new
product or service.

What’s New

Instruction: Identify and encircle the 4Ms of Operation in the box.

METHODS MACHINES MARKETING

MANPOWER MANUFACTURING MANAGEMENT

MATERIALS MERCHANDISE MARKET

4
 What Is It

The 4Ms of Operations (Batisan, 2016)

The operations plan is an important part of the business plan because it

simply states the details in operating the business. Operations management, on the
other hand, controls the implementation of the business plan. A strong operations
plan should have the four operational aspects _ called the 4Ms of operations: the
methods, or the processes to be followed in effectively manufacturing or delivering a
product or service; the manpower, or the right human resources who will handle
certain business operations; the machines, or the technology used in efficiently
operating the business, and the materials to be used in creating a products or
performing a service, which includes supply chain management.

Methods

The methods aspect represents the day-to-day operations of a business. It

describes how an entrepreneur will run the business from all facets of the business
such as the manufacturing of goods, service delivery process, distribution of goods
and services, logistics for delivery of goods, and inventory management, to name a
few. The entrepreneur has to be very detailed in formulating these processes and
must ensure that the customer experience has to be very detailed in formulating
these processes and must ensure that the customer experience will be pleasant and
seamless. Internally, the processes must also abide with industry standards and
policies where the business belongs (e.g., ISO certification).

https://www.edrawsoft.com/templates/images/manufacturing-workflow.png

The entrepreneur must also set standard operating procedures (SOPs) both in
manufacturing goods and rendering of services. These SOPs must be monitored to
validate compliance. The entrepreneur must also critically consider the effects of
these processes to the environment and to the public.

5
 I. Manufacturing of Goods (Schaper and Volery, 2004)

The entrepreneur who will engage in producing his or her own products will have
to consider the basic guidelines and principles in manufacturing. Manufacturing is
the process of translating raw materials into finished goods that are acceptable to
the customer’s standards. It consists of three elements:

 Input – the materials or ingredients, skills, technology and investment to be

used in creating the product

 Process – the transformation phase where inputs are processed by manpower

and machines to come up with the final product

 Output – the final product of the process stage, which is intended to be sold to
target customers

https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_exploring-business-v2.0/section_15/b9eb79728da1ca4376960078646b6d78.jpg

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT IN MANUFACTURING

The entrepreneur must also consider the efficient manufacturing site in which the
manufacturing process will take place. Depending on the entrepreneur’s objective
and financial capacity, he or she can opt to have any of the following manufacturing
sites:

 Home-based – Most startups do not have financial capacity to establish a

manufacturing site. Thus, their only option is to manufacture goods at home.
This option is the cheapest and highly flexible.

 Commercial space for rent – this is advisable if the business really requires a
commercial space for processing of goods and if the home option is not viable

6
 anymore. A commercial space gives the entrepreneur a more specialized and
suited manufacturing site than manufacturing at home.

 Commercial space purchase – this option requires the biggest amount of

capital expenditure, but it also provides the entrepreneur substantial freedom
and flexibility to design and run the commercial space.

Once the entrepreneur has chosen a manufacturing site, he or she should

consider location, where the delivery of raw materials and finished goods will be
conducted. The transportation routes from or to the manufacturing site should be
efficient, so that the delivery of raw materials and finished goods will be seamless.
The location should also be accessible to major types of transport vehicles. Last, the
location must operate in an environmental-friendly manner so as not contribute to
various types of pollution in the environment.

The internal layout or the floor plan of the manufacturing site must also be
critically done by the entrepreneur because it affects the efficiency of the business
operation. Each space should be maximized to save on manufacturing costs
(specifically overhead costs). An efficient floor plan illustrates how raw materials and
finished goods can efficiently be transferred, processed, and released from one
processing unit to another. There are two options for the floor plan: (1) the product-
based layout where the facilities, are prearranged according to the flow_ of the
manufacturing operations, and (2) the process-based layout, where the facilities are
prearranged. The entrepreneur must prepare a manufacturing process flow, which
serves as a step-by-step guide of the employees and the manufacturing equipment.

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/82/40/45/824045063a84037a288f3e5d507e7433.gif

BAKERY KITCHEN LAY-OUT

7
 II. Service Delivery Process

The entrepreneur who will engage in a service business must be more

meticulous when it comes to the service delivery process. This is because services
are intangible, and the only way the customer can appreciate the service is by
remembering how pleasant his or her experience was. Moreover, a seamless service
saves the entrepreneur a huge chunk in operational costs.

Service entrepreneurs must prepare a detailed flowchart of the service

business, which is also called a service blueprint. Every process in the blueprint must
be relevant to the service business to minimize wastage. The service bottlenecks must
be addressed immediately to avoid customer complaints. Bottleneck is a part of the
process where there is an apparent inefficiency and where the customer waits longer.
The service entrepreneur must develop scripts that the service provider will follow to
serve the customers better and to establish standard processes. In terms of the floor
plan, the service entrepreneur must design it according to the most efficient way in
performing the service, which can be based on the internal structure of the service
business, service delivery requirements, or customer requirements. For example, a
barber shop should place the receptionist in front so that customers can easily
inquire of the service that they will avail.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Service_blueprint.jpg/440px-Service_blueprint.jpg

8
 III. Distribution Method

One of the basic processes to be considered thoroughly is the distribution

process. Distribution is the process of bringing the products or services to customers.
In selling physical goods, the entrepreneur must plan the location, the processes,
and the distribution of the products to the customers. The entrepreneur may also
buy the finished goods from the manufacturers and plan how to distribute them
efficiently to target distribution centers or the customers. Distribution is not a
straight process from the entrepreneur to customers; thus, the term supply chain or
distribution channel was coined. The manufacturer will deliver the products to the
distributors, to the wholesalers, to the retailers, and then finally to customers. Each
member in the supply chain will have a fair share in the profits, which may be
squeezed if the supply chain grows longer. This is why there is a tendency to impose
higher markups on the product price. It is now up to the entrepreneur on what
distribution channel strategies he or she will employ depending on the product or
service he or she will offer.

https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/onlineImages/erp-supply_chain_management_mobile.png

IV. Payment Process

The entrepreneur must also establish a seamless payment process. Generally,

there are no problems if the customers pay in cash. But there are instances when
they do not want to pay in cash and are usually attracted by flexible and customer-
friendly payment terms such as credit cards, installment plans, or a simple account
payable or pautang. The entrepreneur must ensure that credit payments are
seamless and that the customers are aware of the terms and conditions of the credit.
Some entrepreneurs put point-of-sale (POS) machines in their shops to accommodate
those who will pay through their credit or debit cards. For traditional ones, they put
the credit purchase in a ledger and indicate the due dates. Once the due date arrives,
the entrepreneur has to collect payments from the customers. The objective for all
entrepreneurs is to ensure efficient collection of accounts receivables and avoid bad

9
debts. He or she must conduct due diligence first before allowing a customer to
purchase via credit.

https://my-live-03.slatic.net/cms/hc-op-3.jpg

TYPE OF PAYMENT

Manpower

Manpower is one of the highest costs of operating a business but is also the
most instrumental to its success. Having the right people encompasses a myriad of
advantages.

I. Job Description

Job description enumerates the duties and responsibilities of the potential

employee, including the scope, limitations, and terms and conditions of employment.
The heading of a job description is the job title, which is the summary of what the
employee will do. The entrepreneur should devise a respectable and decent job title
because the title boosts the self-confidence of the employee.

https://www.managementstudyguide.com/images/job-description-purpose.gif

10
 II. Employee Qualification

In hiring suitable employees for the job needed, entrepreneurs will have to look
for the following criteria:

1. Educational background — This gives the entrepreneur an idea on the degree

of the candidate's knowledge of basic things. However, it is not the sole factor
in selecting a candidate.
2. Work experience — This will tell him or her what to expect from the applicant
and what he or she can potentially contribute to the business based on his or
her past positions and experiences. This will also establish the training needs
of the candidate.

3. Specific skill or knowledge - This one is important especially on technical jobs

that require high proficiency. It will be easy for entrepreneurs to place highly
skilled people into specialized jobs because they can help right away.

4. Work attitude - This deals with the worker's integrity and how he or she deals
with his or her coworkers, bosses, and customers. Entrepreneurs also need
people with relationship skills because communication is important in
applying their expertise.

III. Selection of Job Applicants

Here are some common questions being asked in an interview. However, it will
be up to the entrepreneur or the HR personnel to ask relevant questions to the
interviewee.

1. What are your strengths that you can contribute to our organization?

2. What are your weaknesses that can prevent you from working effectively in
our organization?

3. What exactly did you do in your previous job(s)? How will these past
experiences contribute to our organization?

4. What were your significant milestones in your previous job(s), and why do you
consider them as such?

5. Can you discuss the things you know about our organization? Why are you
interested to join our organization?

6. What are your career plans for the next five years if given the chance to work
with our organization?

7. Can you describe your work ethic? How do you work with a team and with
your superior?

11
 IV. Job Offer

Once the entrepreneur or the hiring manager has been convinced already of
the credentials and the interview answers of the candidate, the job contract is now
prepared. A job contract generally summarizes the terms and conditions of the
candidate's employment with the business. It usually includes the following details:
(1) rank or position of the candidate, (2) a list of responsibilities or deliverables and
its scope and limitations, (3) the salary and benefits including vacation and sick
leaves, and qualifications to become (4) work schedule, (5) probationary period if any
a regular employee, (6) the duration of the contract, and (7) resignation procedure
(e.g., 30-day notice or leave immediately.

https://www.thebalancecareers.com/thmb/JQHlztdbfKz0g-8FA0HjdVeK3iM=/950x0/filters:max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/job-offer-letter-
2061695-Final2-7281ba64aacc4f0892ae0d38a0bf59d9.png

V. Employee Development

Training people is one of the biggest investments of an entrepreneur or a

businessman. Therefore, he or she must devise strategies on how to keep employees
satisfied working in the company. Training starts with employee orientation.
Employee orientation is usually a one--to two-day session that summarizes the
history of the business, its vision and mission, policies and procedures, culture, and
norms of the business This also includes introduction to the co-employees and
superiors, the tour of the work place, and the discussion of daily responsibilities and
accountabilities including key performance indicators (KPI) and key result areas
(KRA) of the employee. KPIs and KRAs are the bases of the entrepreneur for rating
the. performance of the employee—if the employee is exceeding meeting expectations,
or seldom meeting expectations.

12
Machines

Machines are not only limited to physical equipment but can also pertain to
new technologies that help business operations become standardized and seamless.
Without machines, business operations will be cumbersome, costly, and with low
quality.

I. Equipment and Other Facilities

Depending on the product that the entrepreneur produces or the service that
he or she offers, the facilities must be strategically placed in the manufacturing site
or in the service delivery area. The entrepreneur must prepare a facility plan that
details the most economical way to manufacture the product or offer the service by
placing the facilities where they can be efficiently used.

The sizes and shapes of the facilities and equipment affect the entire
operations process, so the site must adapt to how big or small the pieces of
equipment are. The site must also be conducive, well-ventilated, and well-lit, so that
the employees can manage the machines efficiently. There should be fire exits and
safety reminders on how to use the facilities to ensure safety of the employees. The
equipment to be used should all be compliant with safety ensure safety requirements
to prevent accidents.

https://www.thebalancesmb.com/thmb/tDXk9xIuwGxZ0GIA__8fy-xSOMY=/1500x1000/filters:fill(auto,1)/commercial-kitchen-equipment-checklist-
2888867-v7-5ba4fe764cedfd0050db4afa.png

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/facilityplanning-kitchenlayoutandplanning-
170314091912/95/facility-planning-kitchen-layout-and-planning-18-638.jpg?cb=1489483230

FACILITY PLANNING KITCHEN LAY-OUT

13
 II. Telecommunications and Information Technology

Regardless of any business the entrepreneur will venture into,

telecommunications and information technology equipment is mandatory. These
pieces of equipment include mobile phones or smartphones, tablet computers,
phablets (phone and tablet in one), landline phones, laptops or desktop computers,
POS machines, software programs, and business Web sites. These tools aid the
entrepreneur in making business processes fast and convenient. Here are the
advantages of having telecommunications and information technology equipment in
a business:

• Landline phones — order-taking, telemarketing, and teleconferencing with business

partners and customers.

• Mobile phones (smartphones, tablet computers, phablets) — mobile application for

order-taking, mobile application for payments, mobile marketing, social media
marketing, teleconferencing with business partners and customers, marketing
research, mobile banking, and Internet promotions.

• Laptop and desktop computers — order-taking, Internet marketing, making

conference calls with business partners and customers, marketing research, online
banking, preparing reports such as financial statements, business case, inventory
reports, and legal and compliance reports.

• POS machines — charging customers' debit or credit card, tracking

analyzing purchases sales, storing data,

• Accounting and inventory software — accounting all business transactions

and profitability, monitoring sales and inventory

• Web site — order-taking, 24/7 marketing, having online conversations with

customers, tracking customer activities online, collecting customer information.

The responsibility of the entrepreneur is to protect these pieces of equipment

physically and against fraudsters who will be using this information to malign or
steal from the business. These machines carry confidential information. Therefore,
they should be protected with strong passwords and used only by authorized
employees. Employees must be trained to keep every piece of important information
confidential, including passwords. Software programs must always be updated and
checked against viruses and hackers. POS machines must always be in working
condition and must be referred to the banks when not properly working.
equipment should be covered in the event of loss of property due to accidental
events and accidents, machine breakdown, manual faults, or interruption of
business.

14
Materials

Whether the entrepreneur will offer products or cater services, he or she has
to pinpoint a number of dependable suppliers of quality raw materials and supplies.
The supplier must have a consistent and sufficient amount of raw materials and
supplies that can accommodate the demand of the entrepreneur. In short, the
selection of suppliers depends largely on how the suppliers will not cause
interruptions in the production of goods or serving the customers. From the onset,
the entrepreneur should decide on what route to choose when it comes to materials
requisitioning. Options include the following:

(1) Manufacturing own products or offer services

A huge chunk of capital must he prepared because all the expenses in
manpower, machines, and materials will be borne by the entrepreneur. The
entrepreneur must have studied the business feasibility thoroughly, as the risk is
larger with this option. A set of competent employees can be augmented because the
machines or service the customers. But these challenges entrepreneurs can be very
specific in the details that he or she wants for the product or service lie or she can
also closely monitor the quality of products or services, strategically design the
production or service blueprint, as well as its schedule, and be more flexible in
deciding on the' production quantity.

https://technologystudent.com/joints/forest16a.png

SUMMARY –RAW MATERIALS AND PROCESSING TO PRODUCT

15
2) Outsourcing of manufacturing or service activities to a third party

Outsourcing is the process of appointing a third party manufacturer to do the

manufacturing operations of the business. These third-party companies already have
an expertise in handling and manufacturing these products, supplies, or inventories,
and because they manufacture, they produce goods in bulk. These drive the
companies to create products or services tailored to the entrepreneur's needs at a
lower cost. Some outsource companies offer to provide the services for the
entrepreneur.

https://www.thebalancesmb.com/thmb/RZF5oXdb1hV4hFFJTi-
MS2ifw4k=/1500x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/what-is-outsourcing-2533662-FINAL-5bad44ae46e0fb00261e05c6.png

3) Purchasing own product or service from present suppliers

Purchasing finished products from a manufacturer or offering the services of

another company is another viable option for the entrepreneur. In this setup, the
entrepreneur cannot own the brand name of the product or service. Moreover, the
manufacturer or the original service provider is allowed to sell to the entrepreneur's
competitors. In short, the entrepreneur is just one of the many distribution hubs of
the manufacturer or the original service provide. This setup is prevalent in
distribution businesses, finished retailers, sari-sari stores, and franchises.

Logistics

Entrepreneurs/manufacturers can also venture into distributing their

products on their own without the aid of a distributer or agent. This is where the
entrepreneur must understand and implement efficient logistics management. As
discussed earlier, the entrepreneur/manufacturer is responsible for manufacturing,
warehousing, transportation, inventory management, marketing, and selling the
product or service.

16
 https://businesspartnermagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Significant-Processes-Involved-In-Business-Setup-of-Logistics.png

Warehousing is storing the finished goods manufactured in a facility until they

are distributed to end users. Warehousing cost is usually substantial. Therefore, the
entrepreneur should think of ways on how to reduce the cost of warehousing by
either buying an economical warehouse or renting an inexpensive space.
Transportation will also be a major cost in logistics management. It is the
process of efficiently transferring the products to retailers or consumers. The
entrepreneur/manufacturer must purchase energy-efficient vehicles that can carry
a reasonable amount of merchandise to prevent inefficient trips. The
entrepreneur/manufacturer can also use the presence of distribution hubs. The
distribution hub is where the entrepreneur/manufacturer combines the goods before
delivery to retailers or end consumers. Consolidating different products in the
distribution hub elicits efficiency because, more often than not, a manufacturer
carries multiple products. Instead of delivering per product to retail outlets, the
entrepreneur/manufacturer can consolidate all the products needed by the retail
outlet and deliver just once.
Inventory should also be tracked religiously by the
entrepreneur/manufacturer. Each of the inventories in the warehouse, distribution
hubs, and manufacturing sites should be monitored. The law of supply and demand
must always be taken into account. There shouldn't be a surplus of inventory
especially if the entrepreneur is selling perishable goods. The entrepreneur must be
knowledgeable about the life span of the products that will be sold. The
entrepreneur/manufacturer must also ensure that there is enough space to store
and stock inventory, depending on storage requirements (e.g., product is required to
be stored in cold temperature).

17
 What’s More

ACTIVITY 1
Instruction: In this time of pandemic, people buy only the most needed
products. Identify those basic needs. Find suppliers available in your area using the
format below.

INGREDIENTS SUPPLIER PLACE PRODUCT SPECIFICATION PRICE ( Php )

Anna's Store Minglanilla Small 6.00
Ben's Store Minglanilla Small 8.00
#1. Egg Charlie's Store Minglanilla Small 7.00

#2.

#3.

#3.

ACTIVITY 2

Instruction: Discuss the illustration comprehensively. Use separate paper for

your answer.

https://www.process.st/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Value-Chain-vs-Supply-Chain-2.png

18
ACTIVITY 3

Instruction: If you are an entrepreneur looking for additional manpower.

How will you advertise it showcasing all the qualifications you are looking
Present it in the box below?

19
 What I Have Learned

Instruction: Read the questions below and write your answers on the
blank.

1. Among the 4 M's of Management, which do you think is the most

important to Production and Operations Management? Why?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

2. Are 4M’s interrelated or it can stand alone even if there is only one
element involved?

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Instruction: Prepare an operational plan using the 4Ms of operations.

Use the same product on what you decided in Quarter 2, Module 1.

OPERATIONAL PLAN OUTLINE

A. MANPOWER
o Manpower Requirement
o Selection Process
o Job Description
o Job Offers
o Training Plan

B. MATERIAL
o List of Materials
o Logistic Process Flow

C. MACHINE
o List of Equipment & Technology
o Facility Lay-out

20
D. METHOD
o Manufacturing process
o Service process
o Distribution process
o Type of Payment
o Payment process

21
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the asset and the most significant factor in the production?
A. Machine
B. Method
C. Manpower

2. What is the equivalent term of Process in 4Ms?

A. Material
B. Machine
C. Method

3. Which one does not belong to 4Ms?

A. Method
B. Marketing
C. Manpower

4. Which of the following is not considered as qualification of the employee?

A. Work experience
B. Curriculum Vitae
C. Educational Background

5. What is the equivalent term of People in 4Ms?

A. Material
B. Machine
C. Manpower

6. What is the term that controls the implementation of the business plan?
A. Business Operation
B. Bottleneck
C. Distribution Method

7. What is recruitment?
A. Hiring staff
B. Training staff
C. Rewarding staff

8. What purpose of job description classified as specific?

A. Job Title
B. Job Duties
C. Sub Tasks

22
9. Which of the following factors reflected by the entrepreneur to accept
the risks in business?
A. Time
B. Effort
C. All of the above

10. What is the term for selecting suppliers and purchasing things?
A. Outsourcing
B. Distribution
C. Procurement

11. What are activities involved in logistics?

A. Procurement of resources
B. Distribution of products
C. All of the above

12. What is the main purpose of any supply chain in terms of pleasing
customer needs?
A. Profit
B. Expenses
C. Commercial

13. What is the management of the flow of goods?

A. Distribution Method
B. Supply Chain Management
C. Standard Operating Procedure

14. What is SOP stands for?

A. Sale of Point
B. Sales of Product
C. Standard operating Procedure

15. Is outsourcing increases costs of the products?

A. True
B. False

23
24
What’s In
1. E
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. A
Answer Key
References
Books:
Batisan,Ronaldo S. (2016). Entrepreneurship. Makati City, Philippines: Diwa
Learning Systems Inc.

Internet:
Value-Chain-Vs-Supply-Chain. 2019.
https://www.process.st/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Value-Chain-vs-Supply-
Chain-2.png
https://www.edrawsoft.com/templates/images/manufacturing-workflow.png
https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_exploring-business-
v2.0/section_15/b9eb79728da1ca4376960078646b6d78.jpg

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/82/40/45/824045063a84037a288f3e5d507e7433.
gif
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Service_blueprin
t.jpg/440px-Service_blueprint.jpg
https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/onlineImages/erp-
supply_chain_management_mobile.png

https://my-live-03.slatic.net/cms/hc-op-3.jpg
https://www.managementstudyguide.com/images/job-description-purpose.gif
https://www.thebalancecareers.com/thmb/JQHlztdbfKz0g-
8FA0HjdVeK3iM=/950x0/filters:max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/job-
offer-letter-2061695-Final2-7281ba64aacc4f0892ae0d38a0bf59d9.png
https://www.thebalancesmb.com/thmb/tDXk9xIuwGxZ0GIA__8fy-
xSOMY=/1500x1000/filters:fill(auto,1)/commercial-kitchen-equipment-checklist-
2888867-v7-5ba4fe764cedfd0050db4afa.png
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/facilityplanning-kitchenlayoutandplanning-
170314091912/95/facility-planning-kitchen-layout-and-planning-18-
638.jpg?cb=1489483230
https://technologystudent.com/joints/forest16a.png
https://www.thebalancesmb.com/thmb/RZF5oXdb1hV4hFFJTi-
MS2ifw4k=/1500x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/what-is-
outsourcing-2533662-FINAL-5bad44ae46e0fb00261e05c6.png
https://businesspartnermagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Significant-
Processes-Involved-In-Business-Setup-of-Logistics.png

25