BSMWDB MSBKD WMW

SPECIAL SENSES
VISION
External Anatomy
External Anatomy
Conjunctiva
Conjunctiva
 Covers the inner
surface of the
eyelids and the
anterior surface
of the eye.
 Membrane which
produces mucous
that lubricates the
eye and prevents
dryness.
 Protects the eye.
Fibrous Tunic
Fibrous Tunic
 Sclera Functions:
 Cornea Functions:
 Protects eye
 Transparent window
for light entry
 Shapes eye
 Refracts light
 Anchors eye
muscles
Vascular Tunic
Vascular Tunic
 Choroid Functions:
 Provides nutrients to all eye tunics.
 Absorbs light preventing reflecting & scattering
of light within the eye.
 Ciliary Body Functions:
 Ciliary processes secrete aqueous humor.
 Suspensory ligaments hold lens in place.
 Ciliary muscles pull on the ligaments to change
the thickness of the lens.
 Iris Functions:
 Constricts or dilates to adjust the amount of light
entering the eye.
Vascular Tunic
Ciliary Muscles
Ciliary Processes
Aqueous Humor
 Helps support the eye internally due to the
intraocular pressure it produces inside the
eye.
 Supplies nutrients & oxygen to the cornea,
lens and portions of the retina.
 Carries away metabolic wastes from the
cornea, lens and portions of the retina.
The iris constricts or dilates to adjust size of the pupil.
The pupil allows light to enter the posterior

segment of the eye.
Vitreous Humor
 Transmits light within the posterior

segment.
 Supports the lens posteriorly.
 Holds the retina in place.
 Contributes to intraocular pressure.
Sensory Tunic
Retina
 Pigmented Layer  Neural Layer
 Absorbs light  Contains
 Carries out photoreceptors (rods
phagocytosis and cones) for visual
perception
 Stores Vitamin A
 Contains bipolar cells &
ganglion cells for visual
impulse transmission
Retina
 Fovea Centralis  Other areas of Retina
 Contains only closely  Contain only rods
packed cones  Provide night, dim light
 Provides acute color & peripheral vision
vision in bright light  Shades of grey only
 Macula Lutea  Optic Disc

 Contains more widely  Contains no receptors
spaced cones
 Blind spot
Retina
Optic Disc
Photoreceptors
Cones
 Are located in macula lutea but are most
highly concentrated in the fovea centralis.
 Are sensitive to bright light (daylight)
situations in which light is very intense.
 Each cone synapses with a single bipolar
cell which synapses with a single
ganglion cell.
 The axons of ganglion cells form the optic
nerve to conduct visual images to the
brain.
 Provide acute (sharp) color images
Photoreceptors
Rods
 Most highly concentrated in the retina
outside the macula lutea
 Many rods synapse with a single bipolar
cell
 Many bipolar cells may synapse with a
single ganglion cell which carries stimuli to
brain
 More sensitive & function only in dim light,
night and peripheral vision
 Images are blurry and only in shades of
gray
Lens
 Refracts (bends) light
 Focuses precise image on the retina
(fovea) through accommodation (changing
thickness)
Accommodation and associated
disorders
 Accommodation of the lens is limited and age
dependent
 With age, lens becomes stiffer and less
compliant.
 Age related loss of accommodation
called presbyopia
 Accommodation accompanied by adaptive
changes in size of pupil
28
Myopia (Nearsighted)
 Eyeball too long
 Distant objects focused in front of retina
 Image striking retina is blurred
Correction:
• Concave lens or
• laser surgery to slightly flatten the cornea
Hyperopia (Farsighted)
 Eyeball too short, lens too thin or too stiff.
 Nearby objects are focused behind
retina.
 Image striking the fovea is blurred.
Correction:
• Convex lens
Astigmatism
 Irregular Curvature in parts of the cornea
or lens
 Causes blurry image
 This may be corrected by specially

ground lenses which compensate for the
irregularity or laser surgery.
Cararact
 Clouding of lens due to aging, diabetes
mellitus, heavy smoking, frequent
exposure to intense sunlight or congenital
factors
Treatment: Lens Implant

Conjunctivitis
 Inflammation of the conjunctiva by:
 Bacteria, fungi or viruses
 Trauma
Glaucoma
 Most common cause of blindness.
 Increasing intraocular pressure
compresses retina, optic nerve & blood
vessels.
 Late symptoms include blurred vision &
halos around bright objects
Canal of Schlemn
Glaucoma
Color Blindness
 Congenital lack of one or more cone
types
 Deficit or absence of red or green cones
most common
 Sex-linked trait
 Most common in males
What numbers can you see in each of these?

Night Blindness
 Impaired vision at night or in dim light
situations
 Rhodopsin deficiency affecting rods
 Most common cause - prolonged Vitamin A
deficiency
 Rods degenerate
Macular Degeneration
 Most common cause of vision loss after
65.
 Progressive deterioration of macula
causing loss of central vision
•Dry Form - due to accumulation of pigments in macula due

to reduced phagocytosis of cone debris by pigmented layer
•Wet Form - due to invasion of macula with new blood
vessels from choroid causing scarring & retinal detachment

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SPECIAL SENSES

The pupil allows light to enter the posterior

 Transmits light within the posterior

 Macula Lutea  Optic Disc

 This may be corrected by specially

Treatment: Lens Implant

What numbers can you see in each of these?

•Dry Form - due to accumulation of pigments in macula due

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