HSB Form 5 The Eye

THE EYE
Structure of the Eye
• Cornea: Light enters through the cornea, the transparent outer

covering of the eye. The eyeball is rounded, so the cornea acts as
a lens. It bends or refracts light.
• Iris: It is the colored part of the eye. The size of the pupil is
determined by the iris as it is capable of dilating (get bigger) and
contracting. This changes the amount of light entering the eye.
• Pupil: the opening in the eye through which light enters
• Lens: While most of the focusing of light is done by the cornea,
the lens allows the eye to focus on either near or distant objects.
• Sclera: is the opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the
human eye.
Structure of the Eye
• The Retina and the Optic Nerve

• The coating on the interior back of the eye is called the retina.
When light strikes the retina, two types of cells are activated.
• Rods detect light and dark and help form images under dim
conditions. Cones are responsible for color vision. The three
types of cones are called red, green, and blue.
• When you focus clearly on an object, light strikes a region
called the fovea. The fovea is packed with cones and allows
sharp vision.
• Rods and cones convert light into an electric signal and it is
the job of the optic nerve is to transfer visual information
from the retina to the vision centers of the brain via electrical
impulses.
• The optic nerve enter retina at a point called blind spot. It
does not contain any rods or cone cells. It is least sensitive to
light and forms no image when light falls on blind spot.
How We See
The Eye
• Common Vision Problems

• The most common vision problems are myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness),
presbyopia (age-related farsightedness or lack of accommodation), and astigmatism.
Astigmatism results when the curvature of the eye isn't truly spherical, so light is focused
unevenly. Myopia and hyperopia occur when the eye is too narrow or too wide to focus light
onto the retina. In nearsightedness, the focal point is before the retina; in farsightedness, it is
past the retina. In presbyopia, the lens is stiffened so it's hard to bring close objects into focus.
• Other eye problems include glaucoma (increased fluid pressure, which can damage the optic
nerve), cataracts (clouding and hardening of the lens), and macular degeneration
(degeneration of the retina).
The Eye
• Myopia - it is a refractive error, meaning that the eye

is unable to bend, or refract, light correctly. The eye
does not focus the light that enters it properly, so
images in the distance appear blurry and unclear.
This blurred effect is due to incoming light being
focused in front, instead of on, the retina wall due to
insufficient accommodation by the lens.
• It happens when the eyeball is too long, or the lens
is thickened or too curved causing light from distant
objects to into focus in front of the retina and not on
it.
• Shortsightedness/Myopia is corrected using a
concave (curved inwards) lens which is placed in
front of a myopic eye, moving the image back to the
retina and making it clearer.
The Eye
Treatment of Myopia
• Glasses – use of concave lenses; They work by refocusing
light rays on the retina, compensating for the shape of the
lens, concave lens work because they diverge the rays of
light form far away, so they appear to come from a point
close to the eye.
• Orthokeratology –for people with mild forms of myopia
orthokeratology, or corneal refractive therapy might be
best. This treatment involves wearing a series of rigid
contact lenses to reshape the cornea.
• These lenses put pressure on the cornea to flatten it. This,
in turn, changes how light focuses as it enters the eye.
People tend to wear these contact lenses while sleeping.
• This process can help people experience clear vision
temporarily. However, it also carries a risk of eye infections.
The Eye
Treatment of Myopia
Surgery
• Laser surgery, a powerful beam of
light is used to change the shape
of the cornea.
• Laser surgery adjusts how the eye
focuses light, meaning that images
that were once blurry should now
be clear.
The Eye
Hyperopia – also know as far-sightedness, is a

condition of the eye where distant objects
are seen clearly but near objects appear
blurred. This blurred effect is due to incoming
light being focused behind, instead of on, the
retina wall due to insufficient
accommodation by the lens.
Eyeglasses used to correct far-sightedness
have convex lenses. The convex lens makes
the light from close objects appear further
away . The eye can then focus the rays so
that it falls directly unto the retina.

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THE EYE

Structure of the Eye

• Cornea: Light enters through the cornea, the transparent outer

• The Retina and the Optic Nerve

• Common Vision Problems

• Myopia - it is a refractive error, meaning that the eye

Hyperopia – also know as far-sightedness, is a

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