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    Is411 8

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    amoghimi
    The document discusses how adding small amounts of cement to soils and aggregates can significantly improve their engineering properties for use in pavement construction. It provides examples where adding 3% cement increased the CBR from 10 to adequate levels, increased the R-Value from 65 to 89, and increased the sand equivalent from 11 to meeting the minimum requirement of 30. Laboratory freeze-thaw and field load tests showed the increases in strength and load-bearing capacity were maintained even after several years of exposure.

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    Is411 8

    Uploaded by

    amoghimi
    22 views1 page
    The document discusses how adding small amounts of cement to soils and aggregates can significantly improve their engineering properties for use in pavement construction. It provides examples where adding 3% cement increased the CBR from 10 to adequate levels, increased the R-Value from 65 to 89, and increased the sand equivalent from 11 to meeting the minimum requirement of 30. Laboratory freeze-thaw and field load tests showed the increases in strength and load-bearing capacity were maintained even after several years of exposure.

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    is411 8

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    The document discusses how adding small amounts of cement to soils and aggregates can significantly improve their engineering properties for use in pavement construction. It provides examples where adding 3% cement increased the CBR from 10 to adequate levels, increased the R-Value from 65 to 89, and increased the sand equivalent from 11 to meeting the minimum requirement of 30. Laboratory freeze-thaw and field load tests showed the increases in strength and load-bearing capacity were maintained even after several years of exposure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views1 page

    Is411 8

    Uploaded by

    amoghimi
    The document discusses how adding small amounts of cement to soils and aggregates can significantly improve their engineering properties for use in pavement construction. It provides examples where adding 3% cement increased the CBR from 10 to adequate levels, increased the R-Value from 65 to 89, and increased the sand equivalent from 11 to meeting the minimum requirement of 30. Laboratory freeze-thaw and field load tests showed the increases in strength and load-bearing capacity were maintained even after several years of exposure.

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    of 1

    The raw material (0% cement) represented in Fig.

    7 has a classified by the AASHTO system as an A-2-4, primarily a fine


    CBR of only 10 due to the excessive clay content, which upon sand with an appreciable quantity of silt and clay making it
    saturation during the test, significantly weakens the material. somewhat marginal in stability. The R-Value of 65 for the
    As shown in the figure, a small amount of cement increases the untreated sand increased to 89 with the addition of 3%
    CBR to a level that is adequate for base and subbase courses. cement—a stability level suitable for a base or subbase layer.
    Table 6 shows the permanence of the CBR increase. After Triaxial Compression. The triaxial compression test18 is used
    many cycles of laboratory freeze-thaw tests, the CBR values did by a few state highway agencies for pavement design or to
    not decrease; in fact, the value at 4% cement increased classify an aggregate’s suitability for use in pavement construc-
    substantially due to additional cement hydration during the tion. The test is used to determine the shearing resistance of a
    thaw cycles. material, which is the sum of two components—internal
    Sand Equivalent (SE). Some agency specifications for granular friction and cohesion.
    base and subbase courses include a requirement for a mini- A clean granular material derives most of its strength from
    mum Sand Equivalent value.15 This is determined by a test internal friction, (particle to particle contact resists shearing
    developed to detect the presence of undesirable clay-like movement) while the cohesion component of strength is very
    materials in soils and aggregates. The method tends to magnify low or zero. Dirty granular materials have some cohesion but
    the volume of clay in a sample somewhat in proportion to its have lower total strength because the fine silt and clay
    detrimental effects. Clean crushed stones and sands have SE particles, when wet, act as a lubricant decreasing the internal
    values of about 80; very expansive clays have SE values of 0 to friction.
    5. A western state highway agency specifies a minimum SE of When cement is added, both cohesion and internal friction
    30 for base course materials. are substantially increased. An example for a dirty bank-run
    The sand equivalent of a material can be increased by the gravel is shown in Fig. 8,19 where the vertical scale represents
    addition of a small quantity of cement. Data from tests made cohesion and the angle f is the internal friction. This increase
    by the Utah Department of Transportation on a soil having a PI in stability due to the addition of cement would modify the
    of 11 and having 33% passing the No. 200 sieve are shown in substandard or marginal material to one of acceptable quality.
    Table 7.16 This material containing 2% cement would meet the Field Load Tests. Data on the load-carrying capacity of
    SE requirement. Incidentally, the PI was correspondingly cement-modified granular soils have been determined by tests20
    reduced from 11 to 0 for the material containing 3% cement. of outdoor test panels. Fig. 9 shows the increase in plate
    Resistance R-Value. Some agencies make use of the Resistance bearing value of a 7-in.-thick base with increasing cement
    R-Value test,17 also called the Hveem Stabilometer test, to contents. At 1.5% cement the load bearing capacity was
    determine the stability of a material used as a roadway base, approximately doubled. Panels were tested each spring for a
    subbase, or subgrade. An R-Value of about 78 is considered period of five years. Data from these tests also show the
    equivalent to a good crushed stone. Some agencies specify an substantial increase in load-carrying capacity obtained even at
    R-Value of 72 for base course materials. the very low cement contents. Some loss in load-carrying
    An example of how the addition of cement increases the R- capacity occurred at the lower cement contents after exposure
    Value is shown in Table 8. The data are for a Colorado sand to freezing and thawing. However, after five years of exposure,

    Table 6. Permanence of Bearing Value of Cement-Modified Granular Soil 1


    CBR CBR
    (percent)

    Raw soil 43

    2 percent cement by weight, age 7 days 255


    2 percent cement by weight after 60 cycles of freeze-thaw 258

    4 percent cement by weight, age 7 days 485


    4 percent cement by weight after 60 cycles of freeze-thaw 574

    1
    A-1-b(0) disintegrated granite from Riverside County, Calif.

    Table 7. Sand Equivalent Values of Cement-Modified Soil

    Percent Cement by Weight Sand Equivalent

    0 11
    1 18
    2 36
    3 59

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