Adolescent Health and Development (AHD) MO Handout Full

ORIENTATION PROGRAMME
for Medical Officers

to provide Adolescent-Friendly Reproductive and Sexual Health Services
HANDOUTS
CONTENTS
Handout Topic Page No.
Handout I Handout II
Introduction Adolescent Growth and Development and its Implications on Health Communicating with the Adolescent Client Adolescent-Friendly Reproductive and Sexual Health Services Sexual and Reproductive Health Concerns of Boys and Girls during Adolescence Nutrition and Anaemia in Adolescents-friendly Reproductive and sexual Health Services
I-1 to I-13 II-1 to II-17
Handout III Handout IV
III-1 to III-25 IV-1 to IV-38 V-1 to V-19
Handout V
Handout VI
IV-1 to IV-38
Handout VII Pregnancy and Unsafe Abortions in Adolescents Handout VIII Contraception for Adolescents Handout IX Handout X RTI, STIs and HIV/AIDS in Adolescents Concluding Module
VII-1 to VII-26 VIII-1 to VIII-10 IX-1 to IX-12 X-1 to X-6
Introduction Intr oduction
Handout I
CONTENTS
1. Adolescent-Friendly Reproductive and Sexual Health Services and Orientation Programme 2. Specific Objectives of the Orientation Programme 3. Overall aim of the Orientation Programme 4. Intended Participants 5. Orientation Programme Modules 6. Methodology
Handout I
Introduction
This handout provides information to complement the material covered in the Introductory Module to the Orientation Programme on adolescent-friendly health services. The facilitator may refer to the text in this handout during the sessions and read some extracts.
Adolescent-friendly Reproductive and Sexual Health Services

India has initiated the Reproductive Child Health Care (RCH) Phase II Programme as scheduled from 1st April 2005. This Programme implies a paradigm shift looking upfront at performance and upholding the desired standards of quality and client sensitivity. This Programme evolves a shared vision and a common Programme encompassing the entire Family Welfare sector, lending a strong focus on results, especially improving the use of RCH services by the poorest and the underserved populations and thereby contributing to the national and international goals. This takes into account needs as identified in the district plans and available capacities. This Programme also allows states to have greater flexibility to use the allocated funds and enhance accountability to results by allocating a part of funds to the achievement of agreed results especially among the poorest. At the same time, use of innovative approaches and enhancing the participation of the private and the Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) sector are hallmarks of this Programme. This Programme was designed in a process of extended and intensive consultation with the states, development partners, NGOs, experts and other stakeholders.
Adolescent Health
Adolescents (10-19 years) in India represent over one-fifth of the population. A large number of them are out of school, get married early, work in vulnerable situations, are sexually active, and are exposed to peer pressure. These factors have serious social, economic and public health implications. Adolescents are not a homogenous group. Their situation varies by age, sex, marital status, class, region and cultural context. This calls for interventions that are flexible and responsive to their growth scenario. It is important to influence the health-seeking behaviour of adolescents as their situation will be central in determining Indias health, mortality and morbidity; and the population growth scenario. Some of the public health challenges for adolescents include pregnancy, excess risk of maternal and infant mortality, sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections in adolescence, and the rapidly rising incidence of Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) infection in this age group. In context of the RCH Programme goals, with special reference to reduction in IMR, MMR and TFR, addressing adolescents in the Programme framework will yield dividends in terms of delaying the age at marriage, reducing the incidence of teenage pregnancy, the prevention and management of obstetric complications including access to early and safe abortion services and the reduction of unsafe sexual behaviour. The use of services by adolescents is limited. Poor knowledge and a lack of awareness are the main underlying factors. Pregnancy is associated with significantly higher obstetric risks in adolescent girls and yet they are no more likely than older I-2 Handout for Medical Officers
Handout I
women to obtain antenatal care or experienced institutional or skilled attendance at delivery. Few understand the importance of prompt pregnancy related care. Studies show that pregnancy in the early teens, before 16 years, is associated with an adverse effect on maternal nutrition, birth weight and survival of the offspring. Many adolescents suffer from malnutrition and anaemia. Many may not have received tetanus immunization. Anaemia during adolescence can get worse during pregnancy. Thus, ill health during adolescence has profound implications for maternal perinatal, neonatal and infant mortality. . Service provisions for adolescents are influenced by many factors. For example, at the level of the health system, a lack for adequate privacy and confidentiality and the judgmental attitudes of service providers, who often lack counseling skills, are barriers that limit access to services.
Strategy for addressing Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH) in RCH Phase II
A two-pronged strategy will be supported. Strategy One falls within the overall scale and coverage of the RCH Phase II Programme. The Department of Health and Family Welfare (DoH&FW) will incorporate adolescent issues in all the RCH training Programmes and all RCH materials developed for communication and behaviour change. This will entail that interventions for addressing unmet need for contraception and pregnancy care, prevention of STIs including HIV/AIDS will have specific activities to reach out to adolescents. Strategy Two will be implemented in select districts. This strategy will require special efforts to reorganize services at the PHCs on dedicated days and dedicated timings for adolescents. This will depend on local capacities to deliver, staff availability and orientation.
Policy and Institutional Framework

Both the National Population Policy 2000 and the Tenth Five Year Plan highlight the need for catering to the reproductive and sexual health needs of the underserved population group such as adolescents. This policy framework will guide the implementation of the operational plan for ASRH service delivery through the existing public health system. Policy level actions would need to be considered by the DoH&FW to facilitate implementation of the operational plan. These relate to for example, administrative guidelines for providing contraceptives to unmarried adolescents, consistency and clarity with regard to contraceptive delivery and access to services, the identification of a core package of services for adolescents at all levels of health care. The Department of Family Welfare (DFW) will need to steer policy dialogue and partnerships with other departments for intersectorial activities. At the district level, the district RCH society will be responsible for the overall implementation and regular monitoring. The district RCH officer will be the focal point. Medical and health care needs will be met through the existing network of CHCs, PHCs and sub-centers. Depending on the presence of the private sector especially in rural areas, private providers can be engaged in the provision of ARSH services. The possibility of engaging private providers for organizing Teen Clinic on dedicated days/time can be explored. Pediatricians and general practitioners could be engaged through their respective associations for providing free counseling services once a week for the adolescents. Handout for Medical Officers I-3
Handout I
Partnerships will also be attempted with members of Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Societies of India (FOGSI), local chapters of the Indian Academy of Paediatrics, NGOs and other departments and stakeholders groups. Synergy with other health initiatives, in particular, the National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO), will need to be promoted, especially with school health Programmes.
Coverage
Any operational model to provide ARSH services of necessity will have to take into cognizance the diversity of the Programme and maturity of health systems in the states. Hence, the specifics will need to be worked out, while developing state specific plans for RCH Phase II. On a priority basis, it will be useful to pilot service delivery interventions in selected districts. One of the possible criteria for selection of districts could be the age at marriage for girls and recent Rapid Household Survey (RHS) data can be used to identify districts where more than 60% girls marry below the age of 18 years. It is presumed that in these districts the incidence of adolescent pregnancy shall also be high.
Operational Framework for ARSH

ARSH service delivery through the public health system: A framework is proposed for operationalising ARSH services within the context of public health systems. Actions are proposed at the levels of the sub-center, PHC, CHC and district hospital for delivering services to adolescents through routine OPDs, and a dedicated time (for example, once a month clinic for addressing the needs of unmarried and newly married adolescent girls). The matrix below outlines service provision at each level of care. Proposed Service delivery provision at the level of Sub-Centre and PHC/CHC Service Level of centre care provider Sub-centre (SC) HW (F) When During routine sub-center clinics Services Enroll newly married couples Provision of spacing methods Routine ANC care and institutional delivery Referrals for early and safe abortion STIs/HIV/AIDS prevention education Nutrition counselling including anaemia prevention (Management) TT Immunization Provision of Contraceptives Management of menstrual disorders RTI/STI preventive education and management Counselling and services for pregnancy termination Nutritional counselling and treatment of Anaemia. Counselling for sexual problems TT Immunization Handout for Medical Officers
Primary Health Centre (PHC)/ Community Health Centre (CHC)
Health Assistant (F)/LHV Medical Officer
Once a week: Teen Clinic will be organised at PHC for 2 hrs
I-4
Handout I
Key Interventions for Operationalising ARSH:
In order to facilitate provision for adolescents, the key interventions are explained below. These include the orientation of service providers, environment building activities and Management Information System (MIS).
Orientation of Service Providers

Equipping service providers with knowledge and skills so as to enable them to cater to the reproductive and sexual health needs of adolescents is critical. The core content would include vulnerabilities of adolescents, need for services, and how to make existing services adolescent friendly. Based on the package of services chosen for implementation, theses orientations could be modified. A self-learning module for peripheral service providers has been developed by DoH&FW and can be used in the orientation Programme for service providers. These orientations would need to be integrated with other RCH Phase II skill development trainings. At the district level the RCH officer would be the nodal person responsible for organizing quality reproductive and sexual health services.
Environment Building Activities

Prevailing social barriers restrain adolescents from using the services. There is need to conduct some environment building activities so as to reach out to a broader range of gatekeepers with appropriate messages. The key audiences could include district officials, panchayat members, womens groups and civil society. The communication activities would essentially focus on the vulnerabilities of adolescents, the need for ARSH and a suggested package of services. For each group of stakeholders, communication material will have to be developed in the local language. It is proposed that the District Health Officer/Reproductive Child Health Officer (DHO/RCHO) at the district level and the Medical Officer (MO) at the block level takes the lead in organizing such communication activities. In each district, the capacity of institutions and Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) for conducting such communication Programmes can be assessed. An intensive national campaign to generate awareness on key adolescent issues could provide an ideal backdrop for the launch of services in pilot districts.
Management Information System (MIS)

Current health MIS does not analyse data in terms of adolescents as a separate client group. The revised MIS suggested in RCH Phase II will disaggregate information on key indicators to monitor the coverage of adolescents with preventive and promotive interventions. The main focus will be to monitor the teenage pregnancy rate, institutional delivery and the prevalence of STIs.
Evaluation and Operations Research

Adolescent health is a new component of the RCH Programme. In order to convert this initiative into a sustainable activity, it will be important to carefully monitor and evaluate its implementation. It is important that operational research studies are built into the Programme to develop new strategies.
Logical Framework
A logical framework for ARSH in RCH Phase II is presented on the next page. It spells out the outcomes, outputs, activities and the key indicators and means of verification. Handout for Medical Officers I-5
I-6
Handout I
Objectives/Outputs Level Activity/Input

Increase supportive attitude towards ARSH through: Orientation of state and district Programme Managers Behaviour Change Communication (BCC), communication activities and mass media campaigns
Activity Input Level OVIs/MOV* % knowing benefits of providing adolescent friendly health services. MOV: Rapid assessment % of sub-centres having communication material for adolescents. MOV: Reports of supervisory visits Percentage of planned group meetings held MOV: Sub centre/PHC report
Purpose/ Outcomes
Objectives/ Outputs
OVIs/MOV*
Logical Framework
Improved reproductive health status of adolescent girls and boys
To increase utilization of reproductive health services by adolescent girls and boys
Adolescent pregnancy rate Prevalence of RTIs/STIs Use of condoms during the last sex among age group 15-19 years Incidence of anaemia in girls aged 15-19 years Mean age at marriage Incidence of anaemia among pregnant teenage mothers No. of maternal deaths among teenage mothers Proportion of HIV positives among 10-19 years age group Increase provision of ARSH services (including maternal health, RTI/STI management, contraceptives, MTP, and counselling services) through Sub-centre PHC
Increase capacity and skills for providing information and services % of public providers trained in providing adolescent friendly through: services Orientation of service providers. MOV: Training reports Improving MIS for data collection on ARSH.
Handout for Medical Officers
MOVs for above MIS/Rapid Household survey, MIS/PRI (Panchayati Raj Institutions) reports, Sentinel surveillance reports.
No. of newly married couples registered during the month Proportion of pregnant adolescent girls attending ANCs Proportion of pregnant adolescent girls elivering in the institutions Proportion of pregnant adolescent girls availing MTP services Proportion of adolescent boys and girls seeking RTI services MOV for above: Sub-centre/PHC report
* OVIs = Output Verification Indicators MOV = Means of Verification
Handout I
Background and Objectives of the Orientation Programme
India is the largest democracy is the world. In absolute terms. India is the fastest growing country globally with 18 million people added annually. It is a nation of contrasts, diversity, and tremendous development potential, with a society that is multilingual and multi religious with a multitude of castes, ethnic groups, and cultures. Indias population today is over 1 billion. The large and rapidly growing population affects all aspects of life including the environment, the political arena, health, economics and social life and has had negative impact on all efforts towards development. The number of adolescents (age 10-19) is increasing and comprises over one-fifth of the population. Adolescent girls have limited choices and are caught is the cycle of early marriage, repeated pregnancies and childbearing. In India, early marriage receives religious and social sanction. Despite laws increasing the legal age of marriage to 18 for girls, there are strong cultural pressures on parents to marry their daughters early. 15.4% girls are married by age 13 years. 33.3% by the time they are 15 and 64.6% girls are married by age 18 (Source: NFHS 1998-99). The median age at first marriage is 16.4 years (18.4 in urban and 15.8 in rural girls) and age at first cohabitation is 17 years (18.6 for urban and 16.6 for rural girls). In addition to the psychological immaturity of an adolescent bride, very often her body is not prepared to accommodate the early onset of childbearing. For young girls in India, poor nutrition, and early childbearing and reproductive health complications compound the difficulties of adolescent physical development. Anaemia is one of the primary contributors to maternal mortality (maternal mortality is five times higher in anaemia women) and is associated with the progressive physical deterioration of girls aged 10-19 years. Nutritional deprivation, increased demand of her body, excessive menstrual loss, and early/frequent pregnancies all aggravate and exacerbate anaemia and its effects. Young boys in India face different set of problems and have needs, equally sensitive as those of girls. However, the entrenched patriarchal familial, societal, institutional practices in India and their own geographical areas and cultures do not allow them to express their problems and needs easily. Their issues and concerns require acknowledgement and response which is empathetic and positive. Identifying boys' needs is a difficult task, as boys do not necessarily easily express their needs. Workers involved in boys' Programmes need to be sensitive and clientcentred, that is, they would have to be male centered and male-positive. This means acknowledging and responding whole heartedly, empathetically and positively to boys issues and concerns rather than discounting, avoiding, displacing and/or side-stepping these concerns. In India, the HIV infection rate of 0.7% masks the reality of the epidemic. Young people are 30% of Indias population, and those aged 10-25 make up 50% of all new HIV infections in the country. Given Indias large population, a mere 0.1 percent increase in the prevalence rate would mean an additional half a million people would be infected. As mentioned earlier adolescents are not a homogeneous group. Their situation varies by age, sex, marital status, class, region and cultural context. This calls for interventions that are flexible and responsive to their needs. Handout for Medical Officers I-7
Handout I
Use of services by adolescents is limited. Poor knowledge and lack of awareness are the main underlying factors. Service provision for adolescents is influenced by many factors. For example, at the level of the health system, lack adequate privacy and confidentiality and judgmental attitudes of services providers, who often lack counselling skills, are barriers that limit access to services. Shortcomings in their professional training often result in service providers being unable and sometimes unwilling to deal with adolescents in an effective and sensitive manner. To address this need, "Orientation Programmes" for Programme Managers, Medical Officers, ANMs and LHVs have been developed to enhance skills of Programme Managers to implement and service providers to deliver adolescent-friendly health services.
Objective
The objective of this programme is to orient Medical Officers at the PHCs/CHCs and ANMs/LHVs at sub-centres and PHCs to the special needs and concerns of adolescent boys and girls and to design appropriate approaches to address them. This will strengthen the abilities of health-services providers to be able to respond to adolescents' needs more effectively and with greater sensitivity.
Intended Participants
The Orientation Programmes are intended for Programme Managers (for 1 day) and for other health service providers (Medical Officers (MOs) for 3 days and ANMs, LHVs for 5 days) to help them provide preventive, promotive and curative health services to adolescents.
Programme Objectives and Expected Outcomes

It is expected that MOs and ANMs/LHVs who participate in this programme will be: More knowledgeable about the characteristics of adolescent development. Able to understand the needs of adolescents. Better equipped with information and resources, thereby be able to provide adolescent-friendly health services and refer them to appropriate facility, if required. Able to make a Plan of Action to deliver adolescent-friendly health services through organisation of special clinics at the PHC level and through routine clinics at sub-centre level.
The orientation is not intended to equip participants with specific clinical skills in adolescent health care. In practical terms, this Orientation Programme will provide participants with ideas and practical tips for the key questions:
I-8
Handout I
For MOs and ANMs the two key questions answered will be: What do I, as an MO or ANM/LHV, need to know and do differently if the person who walks into my health centre is aged 10-19 years, rather than 6 or 36? How can I help? In the Health centre? Away from the health centre? Are there other influential people in my community who understand and respond better to the needs and problems of adolescents.
Components of the Orientation Package

The Orientation Programme is designed to be implemented mainly in a workshop setting. It is intended to be a dynamic and interactive programme in which facilitators actively engage the participants in the teaching/learning process. A range of teaching and learning methods has been carefully selected to enable this to happen in an effective manners. The Orientation Package consists of two documents: Facilitators Guide Handout
The Facilitators Guide is for the facilitators. It providers all the information and material needed to conduct the orientation. It includes the workshop schedule and the step-by-step instructions to the facilitator to conduct each of the sessions in a module. It also includes all the support materials needed to conduct the sessions, such as flipcharts and their contents, and case study materials with notes on issues that may be raised during discussion. It also includes "Tips for Facilitators" to help facilitators respond to questions that may be raised by participants, identify matters that may be sensitive and about how to deal with them. The Handout consists of support materials for each module including the SelfAssessment Tool in handout for MOs and a pre/post test for ANMs/LHVs. The Handout is to be given to each participant, so that they can refer to it at a later date for leisure reading and better understanding of issues related to adolescent health and development. The facilitators will also have a copy of the Handout to refer to during preparation for the session and while conducting the session.
I-9
Handout I
Orientation Programme Modules & Agenda
Figure 1 shows the list of modules which have been prepared and the Agenda for 3 days. All participants in the Orientation Programme must follow all the modules.
Schedule of the Orientation Programme for Medical Officers

Day 1 Module I Module II Module III Introductory Module Adolescent Growth and Development and its Implications on Health Communicating with the Adolescent Client
Day 2 Module IV Module V Module VI Adolescent-friendly Health Services Sexual and Reproductive Health Concerns of Boys and Girls Nutritional Needs of Adolescents and Anaemia
Day 3 Module VII Module VIII Module IX Module X Pregnancy and Unsafe Abortions in Adolescents Contraception for Adolescents RTIs, STIs and HIV/AIDS in Adolescents Concluding Module
I-10
Handout I
Schedule of the Orientation Programme for ANMs/LHVs
Day 1 Module I Module II Introductory Module Adolescent Growth and Development
Day 2 Module III Module IV Communicating with the Adolescent Client Adolescent-friendly Health Services
Day 3 Module V Module VI Sexual and Reproductive Health Concerns of Boys and Girls Nutritional Needs of Adolescents and Anaemia
Day 4 Module VII Module VIII Pregnancy and Unsafe Abortions in Adolescents Contraception for Adolescents
Day 5 Module IX Module X RTIs, STIs and HIV/AIDS in Adolescents Concluding Module
I-11
Handout I
Methodology
The teaching and learning methods used throughout the Orientation Programmes are participatory and appropriate to working with adults who always bring a wealth of personal experience to any learning event. It is recognized that the main group of intended participants already have extensive clinical and/or other experience of working with adolescents and adolescent health issues. A participatory approach enables the individual to draw on his/her own experience and learn in an active way. It also enables a more equal relationship between participants and facilitators, than is possible in more conventional trainer-learner or teacher-student approaches. The Programme uses a range of methods and approaches, from direct input in the form of short mini lectures to problem-solving in small groups and role-play sessions.
Ground rules for participatory learning

Experience has taught us that it is sometimes necessary to establish some ground rules when using participatory approaches. The following are some examples of such rules: Treating everyone with respect at all times, regardless of gender, age or cultural difference; Ensuring and respecting confidentially so that facilitators and participants are able to discuss sensitive issues (such as those relating to sexual and reproductive health, mental health and substance use) without fear of repercussions; Agreeing to respect and observe time-keeping and to begin and end the sessions on time; Making sure that everyone has the opportunity to be heard; Willing to accept and give critical feedback; Drawing on the expertise of other facilitators and the participants in difficult situations;
Adherence to these rules will help to ensure an effective and enjoyable learning environment.
Evaluation method to measure changes in participants practice (expected post training)

After having undertaken this Orientation, it is hoped that some of what participants learn will influence how they work in the future with adolescents. One way to support this is to help the participants translate what they have learned into changes that they intend to make. This should improve the chances that they will put what they have learned into practice. Developing a personal Plan of Action in the Concluding Module will help participants to provide adolescent friendly health services at their clinics. The Concluding Module focuses on changes and leads the participants through the process of making their personal plans to change the way they work with and for adolescents. The process is important for two reasons. First, it helps the participants apply what they have learned in practical ways, enabling them to think of realistic changes that they can make, or new things that they can do, in order to improve the way in which they work with adolescents. It is definitely best for them to do this as part of the Orientation Programme, with the support of the facilitators and other participants, rather than leaving them to do it when they will be busy back at work. Second, by making personal plans the participants provide the facilitator and themselves with goals, against which the changes that they make may be measured. Handout for Medical Officers
I-12
Handout I
As Medical Officers you will have to provide the services to adolescents and supervise ANMs at PHCs and Sub-centres during the implementation of the Programme. The indicators by which the services will be monitored will be from the log frame discussed earlier.
I-13
Handout IV
Alternative ways to access information, counselling and services are provided: Some young people prefer to learn about sensitive issues on their own by using written or audio-visual materials. Such material can be used while clients are waiting to be seen. Some materials should be available to take home, too, so that they can refer to them later when needed. Peer counsellors: Evidence shows that many young people prefer talking with their peers about sensitive issues. It is, therefore, useful and effective to have peer counsellors available as alternatives or supplements to some aspects of counselling activities.
Adolescent-friendly service provider(s) (Medical officers and ANMs/LHVs)

Trained and empathetic staff on adolescent issues: Having specially trained staff at the clinic is the single most important condition for establishing youth friendly services. Acquired skills must include familiarity with adolescent physiology and development, interpersonal skills, attitude and performance of all the staff. Respect for adolescents: Some providers bring to their job deeply entrenched biases against sexual activity of adolescents and find it difficult to relate to adolescents in a respectful way. Given this reality, clinic managers should carefully consider such attitudes as they select their staff to work with young persons. They should be non-judegemental, considerate, easy to relate and trustworthy. They welcome and interact with all adolescents irrespective of age, gender, socio-economic background or other considerations. Maintains privacy and confidentiality: Privacy and confidentiality rank very high among the young people. Privacy must be arranged for counselling sessions and physical examinations. Young people must feel confident that their important and sensitive concerns are not retold to other persons. A common fear expressed by young people is that the nurse, doctor or other staff will tell their parents or acquaintances that they came to the clinic for RH care. Adequate time for client and provider interaction: The young people need more time than adults to open up and to reveal very personal concerns and require strong reassurances and active encouragement to speak freely. Time is needed to bring myths to the surface, to discuss them, and to dispel them. In addition to responding to client concerns provider should be able to cover questions about body image and development, sex, relationship, condom negotiation and contraceptive method options. Therefore, an adequate time should be allotted for each client. Providers should inform and support adolescent clients to enable them to make free choices for his or her need.
Adolescent-friendly health centre

Separate space and special time set aside: Creating separate space, special times, or both for adolescent clients appears more important for certain clients such as young teenagers, first time clinic users, non-sexually active clients and marginalized young people. A separate service can also facilitate providers efficiency in arranging specialized youth friendly features. Convenient hours: Having clinics open at times when young people can conveniently attend is fundamental to effective recruitment. Such times include late afternoons (after school or work), evenings and weekends. Convenient location: New facilities can easily be planned with this requirement in mind. Young people do not want to or cannot travel too far to reach service sites. Sometimes, they desire to go out of their neighbourhoods. In any case, the location
IV-6
Handout IV
should be in safe surroundings and, ideally, should be approachable by public transport. Adequate space and sufficient privacy: Adequate space is needed to assure that counselling and examinations can take place out of sight and sound of other people. This requires separate rooms with doors and policies that support minimal interruptions and intrusions. Comfortable surroundings: The service environment may vary in important details with the specific target audience to be served. In general, young people prefer a setting that is comfortable, has posters or dcor that relate to their taste and interests, and does not present an overlay Required supplies are available: Adequate supply of medicines, equipment are available for basic services and necessary procedures. Educational material is also available on site.
[Source:
'SHAHN' Safdarjang Hospital Adolescent Healthcare Network]
IV-7
Handout IV
How are services best delivered to adolescents?
Adolescent-friendly health services can be delivered in hospitals, at health centres, in schools, or in community settings. They may be planned from above or started by groups of dedicated healthcare professionals who see that the needs of adolescents are not being met, and who believe that services can be more effective. This section gives examples in a range of different settings. A judicious mix of different (but complimentary to each other) delivery models and settings may be required to cover all groups of adolescents in a geographic area, e.g. a district.
Services at health centres or hospitals

Basic health services are usually delivered at ordinary health centres and there is no reason why this should not also meet the needs for many adolescents. One important task is to train and support staff in this setting, to improve skills and to develop an empathetic approach, so that young people are willing to attend. These skills can be sustained through regular post-qualification training, and through a system of clinical protocols and guidelines, together with peer assessment and good quality supervision and management. Privacy may be improved by holding special sessions outside normal opening hours, by creating a separate entrance for young people and by improving confidentiality once inside. A number of hospitals have developed specialist adolescent services or clinics in outhouses or as part of the main building. Hospital based services have skilled specialists on site and can offer a full range of medical services. However, they are limited to centres of population, and may be constrained by competing demands for funds.
Services located at other kinds of centres

Because some adolescents are reluctant to visit health facilities, services can also be taken to places where young people already go. In youth or community centres, a nurse or doctor may periodically hold special clinics, and peer educators can put young people in touch with relevant health or social support services. One advantage is that such centres are already used by adolescents so that they do not have to make a special effort to go there. One drawback is that a particular centre may only attract particular group of the adolescent population, being used mainly by boys or by girls or by one age group.
Outreach services
In both urban and rural areas there is a need to provide services away from hospitals and health centres, to reach out to young people who are unlikely to come to health centres. Increasingly in towns and cities services are being provided in shopping malls, as well as in community or youth centres. Some countries have promoted services on the Internet to catch the attention of young people who have access to computers. Adolescents in remote rural areas are often excluded from routine health services. Health-care workers from local centres can take mobile services to visit villages to reach adolescents over a wide area. Services provided in village halls can include screening and immunization with a discrete follow-up appointment service for those who need further treatment or counselling. Visiting health-care providers can also provide health education talks and materials aimed at young people. Outreach services are also needed for adolescents who slip through the net although they may be geographically close to an existing health facility. Young people living on the streets find it difficult to access mainstream services but will respond to services targeted on this vulnerable client group. Such outreach services may be run from health clinics or provided by NGOs. Once contact is made with young people who are outside the system it is important to find a way to create links between the outreach team and mainstream services.
IV-8
Handout IV
Health services linked to schools
Schools provide a natural entry point for reaching young people with health education and services. Schools are ideal places to screen for or treat a range of common illnesses, to provide vaccines such as booster tetanus shots, and for health and hygiene education. However, in practice this potential is seldom realized. Schools are short of resources and teachers have neither the training nor the equipment to deliver health education on top of their existing workload. To turn this around requires effective training to build the motivation and skills of staff, and may require outside support for sex education lessons. Some successful schemes train young people as peer educators in schools. As with outreach work, it is important to link school health services to local health services, so that students who need follow-up care receive it, and so that efforts are not duplicated. It is also important to ensure that services provided at school have community support. Many head teachers are concerned that they will open themselves to criticism if they provide services for young people. Efforts among the school and community are required to ensure that such moves are supported. There is much evidence that parents welcome other responsible adults talking to their children about sensitive issues, as they often feel unable to deal with these issues at home. Community level assistance for awareness, enabling environment and marketing of services: Schools Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) Self-help Groups (SHGs) Mahila Mandal Youth clubs NGOs working in their area Literacy programmes (continued education) Saas-Bahu groups (eg. in Chittor) Parent groups Nehru Yuvak Kendra (NYKs) National Service Scheme (NSS) Scouts and Guides Media to create awareness and an enabling environment
Life Skills: Role of Health Sector

Background
Adolescents have numerous concerns and problems. Numerous such issues (Tobacco and Alcohol use, Early initiation of Sexual activity, Depression) are linked and may have common origins and driven by common Risk Factors (WHO). Most of these problems and concerns not only impact the adolescents as individuals but also have a significant Public Health Impact. Many national indicators like TFR, MMR, IMR etc have a significant component contributed by the adolescent age group. Adolescents have certain well-defined needs to negotiate adolescence and its attendant issues. It is increasingly being recognized that, since the problems may have common origins, we need to address the identified risk factors and holistically address the needs of the adolescents to make a dent on these and other public health indicators. It is important to recognize that many of the identified risk factors can be understood and their impact reduced or even neutralized by the skillful and well-informed adolescents.
Adolescents require Information and Skills

There is growing evidence that access to age and sex appropriate information and health and counseling services is necessary, but information alone is not sufficient to prevent the problems. In addition to these they need skills to use this information in order to remain healthy. Handout for Medical Officers IV-9
Handout IV
There is a growing body of research focusing on protective factors and resiliency to deal with the prevailing risk factors (WHO) experienced by the adolescents. The research emphasizes the importance of caring and supportive adults in the lives of adolescents, connectedness with parents, safe and supportive learning environments, community support and opportunities for community service, values and a spiritual element to their lives. Resiliency and protective factors that are present in the community, become an important aid to the healthy adolescent development and wellness when the adolescents and the communities are able to learn and practice life skills like Self Awareness, Critical thinking, Empathy, Coping with stress and emotions and practice improved Inter-personal relationship and Effective Communication among others..
What are Life Skills?

Life skills are abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour that enable individuals to deal with the demands and challenges of every day living (WHO). Life skills are individual skills/abilities that each one of us possess and yet, need to enhance in order to meet the challenges of life. Effective acquisition of life skills can influence the way one feels about oneself and others and can enhance ones productivity, efficacy, self-esteem and self-confidence. They also provide tools and techniques to improve interpersonal relations. Life skills are needed for creating a demand and effectively utilising the existing education, health and other services.
Life Skills Life skills are abilities for adaptive and positive behavior that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life (WHO definition). In particular, life skills are a group of psycho-social competencies and interpersonal skills that help people make informed decisions, communicate effectively, and develop coping and self-management skills to lead a healthy and productive life. Life skills may be directed toward personal actions or actions toward others, as well as to actions to change the surrounding environment to make it conducive to health. Three broad areas of life skills are social, thinking/reflective, and negotiation skills. Social skills establishing relationships, communicating effectively Thinking/reflective skills self awareness, social awareness, goal setting & planning, problem solving & decision making Negotiation skills with self, with others
Core Life Skills Self Awareness Critical Thinking Decision making Effective Communication Coping with Stress Empathy Creative Thinking Problem Solving Interpersonal Relationship Coping with Emotions
IV-10
Handout IV
Different life skills are utilized for different purposes. For instance, critical thinking and decision making skills are important to analyze and resist peer and media influences to use tobacco; interpersonal communication skills are needed to negotiate sexual activity.
How is Life Skills Education (LSE) relevant to adolescents?

The Skills Based Health Education (SBHE) approach states that LSE helps children and adolescents learn how to deal with the difficulties of daily life, growing-up and deal with risk situations- by protecting themselves from risks and when in trouble seeking appropriate help . A well-designed and implemented LSE curriculum within the school and the community addresses diverse needs and problems through learning and application. Life skills education is an essential component of promoting healthy and socially accepted individuals. Experiences in South-East Asia of implementing LSE have highlighted the following operational definitions: Life skills put adolescents in a better position to translate their dreams and values into constructive actions. LSE provides inner power and strength to deal with daily life. Life skills process transfers knowledge, skills, attitudes that one has acquired intoapplication/strategies for a healthy life. Life skills are effective tools to empower young people to act, take initiative and take control/charge of their lives. LS lay the foundations for good health & mental well-being Adolescent Wellness. LSE also impacts on adults (trainers, teachers, administrators and health professionals) when they improve upon their life skills.
Impact of LSE Interventions:

Life skills are a vehicle for health and mental health promotion. Implementing LS programmes in the school and community provides the following benefits: LS interventions build enabling environments in schools and the community. LS interventions promote better communication between teachers and students and enhanced interaction between teachers who have been trained and the teaching community. Sensitive and critical issues difficult to handle by adults (sexuality, Sexual abuse, addictions etc) is facilitated by the LSE approach. Life Skills education is expected to improve Health Seeking Behaviour and Help seeking Behaviour It may provide synergy to the AFHS initiatives and improve utilization of the clinics and facilities.
Role of Health Sector in Promoting LSE:

The health sector is one of the major stakeholders in promoting LSE. Though the health sector in India at present- for many reasons may not be in a position to have direct involvement in imparting LSE training, it needs to play a major role for its advocacy and upscaling. In addition, it needs to work closely with the education and social sector to assist and guide their LSE initiative so that they can incorporate the
IV-11
Handout IV
specific health sector agenda. The health sector can play a major role in capacity building of the master trainers and others for promoting LSE in education and social sector. The recent examples of LSE initiatives for Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH) in many states of India (supported by UNFPA), and the YUVA initiative on holistic Adolescent Wellness by the Directorate of Education, GNCT of Delhi are some commendable and successful examples of synergy between the Education and Health sector for promoting adolescent Health. As many determinants of risk behaviours are outside the control of the health sector, it has more at stake in promoting SBHE initiatives than it seems obvious on superficial examination. Evidence for LSE based Interventions: Interventions that have proven more effective are the ones that are based on life skills approach. In addition to knowledge, adolescents need psychosocial competencies to deal with situations that arise in their day-to-day life. Such skills prove to be critical in determining whether the adolescent will indulge in a particular health risk activity. The Boston Violence Prevention Project involved a community approach using a 10-session educational approach to present information on violence, teach conflict resolution techniques and create a nonviolent environment to serve as a role model (Prothrow-Sith, 1991). While attitudes towards violence changed, behavioral outcomes did not. A school based sexual risk reduction programme included not only risk information and perceived vulnerability, benefits of practicing prevention activities, but also focused on enhancing self-efficacy and sexual negotiation skills (Walter & Vaughan 1993). Evaluation based on a 3 month follow up indicated that compared to control group, programme participants reported fewer sexual contacts with high-risk partners, fewer partners and increase in consistent condom use. Overall, the accumulation of findings indicate that theory-based approaches that include skills training, are based on social learning theory and address salient peer, social and media pressures to engage in risky sexual behavior can be effective (Kirby and Diclemente, 1994). A fifteen-session curriculum included well-prepared teachers to deliver a cognitive component (consequences of smoking, ways to improve making exercises, relaxation training and assertiveness training (Botvin, Renich and Baker 1983). Findings indicate a 50% reduction in smoking. Recently the Institute of Health management Pachod (IHMP) Maharashtra, India has reported that LSE programs have postponed the age of marriage by TWO years for the girls who underwent the LSE program. The intervention was also able to positively impact the attitudes of the parents on matters related to adolescent development. The program was carried out in the Aurangabad district of the state. While the health sector can not take life skills development as a primary responsibility it can certainly help others like education and sector and NGOs in implementing such programmes in schools and community.
IV-12
Handout IV
SUMMARY
1. Health services can help to meet adolescent needs, only if they are part of a comprehensive programme. Adolescents need: A safe and supportive environment that offers protection and opportunities for development; such as education, nutrition physical development, mental/emotional development, vocational training; Information on growing up process, and skills to understand and interact with the outside world; Develop life skills for problem identification, decision making, problem solving and negotiation skills; Health services and counselling - to address the health problems and deal with personal difficulties. Health service providers cannot meet all these needs alone. They can join or create networks that act together and maximise resources. Inter sectoral approach is best Education and Health to work together. There is no single "fixed menu" suitable for every region. Each district/ state must develop its own package, according to economic, epidemiological and social circumstances. A package of basic health services must be tailored to local needs, Reproductive health services and counselling are a high priority in most places, Information and counselling are important elements to support adolescents.
2.
3.
IV-13
IV-14
Handout IV
Stakeholders
Communities
Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies District/State Programme Manager Catalysts and watch agents
1. Communities are adequately consulted while finalizing plans for maternal and child health 1. Gather needs of the beneficiaries and views of communities about the program 1. Prepare comprehensive district plans building on PHC plans 2. Ensure the feedback is 2. Form comprehensive relayed to decision district/state program makers through teams ensuring monthly reports and adequate delegation other M&E instruments and accountability. 3. Counsel communities on appropriate health care requirements 4. Deliver basic RCH services following the standard protocols to ensure quality and responsiveness
Female and male Multipurpose Workers, AWWs and ASHAs Mobilisers and basic service providers at community level
Elected Representatives
Role
Primary stakeholders (may rightfully demand that:)
Manager of decentralized Mobilizers and advisors RCH programme responsive to local needs
1. Mobilise public opinion about the programme 2. Participate in consultations to finalise district/state plans 3. Monitor the reach of services to the poorest and vulnerable groups and provide feedback to Programme Managers 3. Improve financial management as per programme requirement and ensure timely submission of statements of expenditure and maintain accounts as per finance manual. 4. Ensure timely supply of programme inputs and funds 5. Monitor programme performance and results. 4. Participate in social mobilization activities
Responsibilities
1. Priority needs of the poor and the vulnerable well addressed through local representatives and government authorities
2. Programme inputs reach groups who are 2. Female and male health the most needy and workers are available poorest groups to all community 3. Communities continue members, including the as key decision poor and the makers throughout the vulnerable project cycle 4. Provision of RCH services meet the local client needs
3. Service providers remain accountable for the coverage and quality of services
Role of Programme Managers and Other Stakeholders
4. Better household practices especially for caring of newborn children and seeking care for women during pregnancy and childbirth
5. Establish rapport between communities, local governments and other stakeholders of the programme
Source: RCH Phase II National Programme Framework Document, MOHFW, GOI.
Handout IV
'Quality of Care' and Quality Implementation in AFHS
What do we mean by quality?
To provide good quality adolescent health services, we first need to define what quality means that is, identifying the particular aspects of service provision that we need to address in order to provide the best possible outcome for adolescent patients. Quality is conformance to specifications specified standards or expectations of a certain level of performance. Dimensions of quality health services are related to recipient (user), provider and system in which the service is provided.
Dimensions of Quality:
a) b) c) Quality Dimensions Relating to the Recipients of Services Accessible: Individuals who need the services, are able to obtain them Acceptable: Individuals who need the services, are willing the obtain (i.e. it meets their expectations) Equitable: Different population groups in the area who need the services are able obtain them (No discrimination) Quality Dimensions Relating to the Providers of Services Appropriate: The required services are provided; services that are not needed (even if harmless) as well as harmful services are not provided Comprehensive: The services cover all the needed aspects (i.e. bio-medical as well as psycho-social aspects) Effective: The services bring about positive changes in health status Quality Dimensions Relating to the System in which Services are provided Efficient: The services are provided at the lowest possible cost.
Although dimensions of quality are similar for all age groups, for adolescents the two As- Accessibility and Acceptability are the aspects equated with adolescent friendliness. Criteria for adolescent friendliness have been identified in many surveys and are specified in the Global Consultation document (WHO 2001). Not all aspects of the two As are of equal importance to adolescents. Adolescents of both sexes rated criteria indicative of client-provider attitudes as most important, with the highest importance scores given to listening, friendliness, and aspects, followed by understanding of the counsellor, freedom to ask questions and privacy. Confidentiality was ranked slightly lower and was less important to young men than to young women. Criteria for accessibility: (subdivided into geographic, economic and administrative) scored rating by sex and residence (urban/rural). These findings suggest that changing provider attitudes should be a first priority. It may be feasible to structure the Quality improvement process so as to prioritize areas for improvement rather than giving equal weight to all dimensions of quality. It is assumed that accomplishment of the three Es Equity, Effectiveness and Efficiency is best determined at the level of the network although it would also be important to determine how different organizations contribute to their attainment. To measure the three Es requires management information systems for generation of routine data on service outcome indicators. These have been only partially defined for adolescent services and are of three main types: (a) process
1. Source: ADOLESCENT FRIENDLY HELATH SERVICES: MAKING IT HAPPEN, Developed for the World Health Organisation, By Siobhan Peattie, Save the Children UK, Draft for discussion and field review; October 2002
IV-15
Handout IV
measures (e.g. level of participation of organizations within the network, range of services offered, protocols developed etc. (b) those relating to utilization, such as who comes, for what, when, how often, to which facility (c) intermediate outcome measures which relate to the health outcomes that the overall strategy seeks to improve (e.g. contraceptive/condom uptake vaccination rates, treatment compliance etc.). Targets for some rates (e.g. contraceptive uptake) could be set in order to help identify weak links in the network and to signal a need for action to address underlying problems. The cost of the Quality Improvement process should be measured in relation to intermediate indicators and eventually, health outcomes. Quality implementation: Quality implementation process involves these steps: Choose an element of service - define standards - define criteria for meeting the Standard - identify gaps in implementation - improve implementation to remove gaps.
'Standard' of Quality: Standard is a statement of required quality - an expectation of a certain level of performance. It gives a basis of achieving a particular level and also for assessing the performance. A gap between actual performance and stated level (standard) represents the scope of improvement. National standards in respect of adolescent friendly health services under RCH-II ARSH strategy have been laid down by means of a national consultation process. 'Criteria' to meet the laid down standards: Criteria are the actions that need to be taken at the levels of input, process and output to achieve the laid down standards. These actions need to be specified and must be achievable within the constraints of the local setting. By focusing on the input, process and output (the elements of criteria to meet standards) of services within each broad definition of the dimension or quality we can go some way to achieve good quality health services for adolescents. The input of care refer to features to the setting in which services are delivered, such as the building/rooms policies outlining clients rights or clinical guidelines, the staff available or the type of equipment used. The process of care relates to the activities and experience of delivering and receiving care, such as registration and referral procedures, history taking and physical examination procedures and adolescent patient's or client's experience of receiving care. The agreed procedures and practices then have to be carried out consistently and reliably by staff- this is part of the process of provision. The output of care are the impact that the use of health services has on the adolescent patient, that is, on their physical and psychological health, their satisfaction with the service or their quality of life.
Means of Verification: We need to use tools for assessing whether the criteria at the level of input, precess and output are in place.
IV-16
Handout IV
We can really only achieve better health for adolescents if we focus on the input, process and output of care together. If we address the process and input of service provision without looking at the output, we wont be able to tell whether the process and input changes we have made have had any impact on the quality of services or on adolescents health in general. For example, one way of trying to improve adolescents access to sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS) could be to set up teen centre based services, in which specially trained staff provide services and information and lively printed information materials are given out (i.e. the input and process aspects of provision). By looking at overall utilization rates (one of the output of services provision) and any differences between the rates of use by girls and boys, and by asking the views of the adolescents who use and dont use the services, we can then get some idea of whether our strategy has worked. We may find that utilization has increased only amongst adolescent boys and that girls dont use the service because they feel uncomfortable going to a place where large groups of boys go to socialize or that their parents forbid them from going there. Looking at outputs in this way will tell us that a more effective approach to improving the access and equity of services for adolescent boys and girls might be to provide a broader range of service delivery points.
IV-17
Handout IV
Quality Implementation Process:
Quality implementation process involves the following steps:
Select issues for quality improvement. Identify the relevant standards. Deciding criteria to meet the standards related to input, process and output. Verify the quality/improvement by measuring appropriate indicators.
This process is explained in Annexure 1 'Making Health Services Adolescent Friendly - Using a 'Quality of Care' Framework'. Annexure 2 describes the seven national standards and criteria related to input process and output at the level of service delivery point and district as well as national/ state level.
IV-18
Handout IV
Annexure 1: Quality Implementation Process Session 4, Activity 2
Making Health Services Adolescent Friendly
Using a 'Quality of Care' framework
Dimensions of quality health services for adolescents

Accessibility, acceptability and equity Adolescent friendly policies: Adolescent friendly procedures: Adolescent friendly health care providers: Adolescent friendly support staff. Adolescent friendly health facilities. Adolescent involvement. Community involvement. Provision of outreach/ peer-to-peer services. Effectiveness Health workers have the required competencies. Provider practices are guided by evidence-based protocols and guidelines. Health facilities have the required equipment, supplies and functioning basic services.
Efficiency Appropriate and comprehensive Management information Adolescents are addressed as system and a system to utilise individuals not just as cases of the information generated from a health problem. this is in place. A comprehensive package of A system by which the cost of health services and other services for adolescents can be relevant services are provided monitored is in place. or secured through referral linkages... A participative quality improvement process is in place.
Quality Implementation Process

Select an issue for quality improvement: Identify which dimension of health service provision is inadequate Identify the standard: Specify the desired quality to be achieved Formulate the Criteria: Specify what needs to happen for the standard to be compiled with Verify the quality/improvement by using 'means of verification'.
Criteria
Input Features of the Clinic Area: Staff, equipment, procedures followed in the clinic Process The activities of providing and utilizing services: Clinical exam of client, referral etc. Output Impact of services on the clients their physical & mental health; satisfaction level IV-19
Handout IV
Means of Verification for the above 3 criteria/actions
What data is to be gathered? How is the data to be gathered? (When, from where, from whom?, by whom) How will the data be analysed & put to use ?
Quality Improvement: Process

Define, adapt relevant standards Identify the or revise standards
Implement and monitor interventions or strategies
Quality health services
Assess compliance with standards by using 'Means of Verification'
Define interventions to address the causes of gaps
Analyze gaps between actual performance and standards
IV-20
Handout IV
Example: Quality Implementation Process
Select an issue for quality improvement: Adolescents in our community are not aware of what health and counselling services are available. Identify the standard: Adolescents are well informed about the availablity of
good quality health services from the service delivery points (SDPs).
Formulate the Criteria/Actions: Input SDP will have a signboard welcoming adolescents & informing them about the availability of good quality health services. SDP staff will have visited educational institutions to inform adolescents about the availability of quality health services. Organizations (e.g. NGOs working with children/adolescents on the street) will have informed the adolescents they come into contact with about the availability of quality health services. Local performing groups will have provided information about the availability of quality health services for adolescents, through folk media. Information about the availability of quality health services will have been posted in pharmacies and shops in the area. Information about the availability of quality health services will have been provided through the media. Process SDP staff are visiting educational institutions to inform adolescents about the availability of good quality health services. Organizations which come into contact with adolescents are briefing them about the availability of quality health services. Local performing groups are providing information about the availability of quality health services through folk media. Output Adolescents are well informed about the availability of good quality health services Criteria
Input SDP will have a signboard welcoming adolescents & informing them about the availability of good quality health services. SDP staff will have visited educational institutions to inform adolescents about the availability of quality health services. Process SDP staff are visiting educational institutions to inform adolescents about the availability of good quality health services. Organizations which come into contact with adolescents are briefing them about the availability of quality health services. Output Adolescents are well informed about the availability of good quality health services
For complete table refer to Annexure 2 (Standard 2)
Means of Verification
Observation.
Report of the SDP. Interviews with SDP staff. Observe selected sessions.
FGD with adolescents in the catchment area of the SDP.
IV-21
Handout IV
Quality Improvement: Principles
A continuous, cyclical process - NOT a one-time activity Applicable to all levels of health services and systems Focuses on processes, structures and systems - NOT people (staff) - as the root of health service delivery problems Participatory: Involves key stakeholders (e.g. clinicians, patients, managers, policy makers) to ensure that multiple perspectives of quality are addressed Evidence-based and appropriate: Uses local data to identify local solutions to local problems Requires continuous, committed and active leadership
Quality Improvement
QI methods & tools have been successfully applied in reproductive health & child health service provision. They can be useful in our efforts to make health services friendly to adolescents.
IV-22
Quality Implementation in Adolescent-friendly Health Services
Standard 1. An enabling environment exists in the community for adolescents to seek the health services they need.
District level National / state level Key partners Means of verification
Criteria
SDP
Input Criteria - Ensure that communicating about the value of providing adolescents with the health services they need is addressed in teaching/learning materials. - Develop a tool that district officials could use to communicate on this matter key institutions and networks that need to be engaged to influence public opinion. Interviews with heads of key institutions/ networks. - Interviews with SDP staff.
Session 4, Activity 3
1. All adult patients visiting SDP will have been informed about the value of providing adolescents with the health services they need.
Communicate with all adult patients about the rational for providing health services to adolescents. - Identify key institutions and networks that need to be engaged to influence public opinion. - Identify other players (e.g. other government departments/NGOs) best suited to reach out to these institutions/ networks. - Brief them about the rationale for providing adolescents with the health services they need.
Annexure 2: National Standards of Quality for AFHS and Criteria for meeting standards
2. Community members will have been briefed about the rationale for providing adolescents with the health services they need.
SDP - Service Delivery Point
Contd/-....
Handout IV
IV-23
IV-24
Handout IV
3. Information about the rationale for providing adolescents with the health services they need will have been communicated through the mass media.
- Develop messages and have them approved. - Conduct a national/ state level publicity campaign.
- Articles in the print media. - Programmes on radio and television.
Process Criteria - Observe selected interactions.
1. Service providers communicate effectively about the rationale for providing health services to adolescents in their interactions with adult patients. -
2. The rationale for the provision of health services to adolescents is discussed in community meetings.
- Observe selected meetings.
Output criteria - Interviews with gatekeepers. Interviews with gatekeepers.
1. Community members are aware of the value of providing health services to adolescents. -
2. Community members support the provision of health services to adolescents.
Standard 2. Adolescents are well informed about the availability of good quality health services from the service delivery points.
Criteria
SDP
District level
National/state level
Key partners
Means of verification
Input Criteria - Develop sign boards. - Put up the sign boards. - Design logo and text for the sign board and have it approved. Local businessmen could be engaged to participate in this. - Send a letter to the district educational officer about the initiative. - Observation.

- Send a letter to heads of educational institutions about the initiative. - Send a list of educational institutions SDP. - Organize meetings to brief organizations which come into contact with adolescents. (Note: Particular efforts will need to be made to establish linkages with NGOs working with adolescents at greatest risk/vulnerability). - Report of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP staff. - Interviews with heads of selected organizations.
1. SDP will have a signboard welcoming adolescents & informing them about the availability of good quality health services.
2. SDP staff will have visited educational institutions to inform adolescents about the availability of quality health services.
- Make a plan to visit educational institutions. - Visit them according to the plan.
3. Organizations (e.g. NGOs working with children/adolescents on the street) will have informed the adolescents they come into contact with about the availability of quality health services.
Contd/-....
Handout IV
IV-25
IV-26
Handout IV
4. Local performing groups will have provided information about the availability of quality health services for adolescents, through folk media. - Identify and engage performing groups. - Develop a plan for their performances. - Support them in conducting their performances. - Select the pharmacies and shops in which posters are to be displayed. - Send out the posters for display. - Performing groups.
5. Information about the availability of quality health services will have been posted in pharmacies and shops in the area.
- Develop posters and send them to the districts. - Voluntary organizations such as Rotary or Lions could be engaged in this work. -
- Observation.
6. Information about the availability of quality health services will have been provided through the media.
- Brief media persons periodically about the initiative.
- Develop messages and have them approved. - Conduct a national/state level publicity campaign.
- Articles in the print media.
Contd/-....
Handout IV
- Observe selected sessions. - Observe selected sessions. - Observe selected performances. - FGD with adolescents in the catchment area of the SDP. -
Criteria
SDP
District level
Key partners
nput Criteria - Develop sign boards. - Put up the sign boards. - Design logo and text for the sign board and have it approved. - Send a letter to the district educational officer about the initiative. Local businessmen could be engaged to participate in this. -
1. SDP will have a signboard welcoming adolescents & nforming them about the availability of good quality health services.
-
-O
- Make a plan to visit educational institutions. - Visit them according to the plan. 2. Organizations which come into contact with adolescents are briefing them about the availability of quality health services. -
- Send a letter to heads of educational institutions about the initiative. - Send a list of educational institutions SDP. - Organize meetings to brief organizations which come into contact with adolescents. (Note: Particular efforts will need to be made to establish linkages with NGOs working with adolescents at greatest risk/vulnerability). Output criteria 1. Adolescents are well informed about the availability of good quality health services. -
-R SD - In SD
1. SDP staff are visiting educational institutions to inform adolescents about the availability of good quality health services.
5. Information about the availability of quality health services will have been posted in pharmacies and shops in theHandout for Medical Officers area.
Process Criteria
4. Local performing groups will have provided information about he availability of quality health services for adolescents, through olk media.
3. Local performing groups are providing information about the availability of quality health services through folk media.
3. Organizations (e.g. NGOs working with children/adolescents on the street) will have informed he adolescents they come into contact with about the availability of quality health services.
-
- In he org
- Identify and engage performing groups. - Develop a plan for their performances. - Support them in conducting their performances. - Select the pharmacies and shops in which posters are to be displayed. - Send out the posters for display.
- Performing groups.
- Develop posters and send them to the districts. - Voluntary IV-27 organizations such as Rotary or Lions could be engaged
-O
IV-28
Handout IV
Standard 3.
SDP District level National /state level Key partners
Service delivery points provide the specified package of health services that adolescents need.
Criteria
Input Criteria - Provide the health services. - Inform all SDP about the package of health services that they need to deliver. - Specify the package of health services to be delivered at each level (i.e. sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre and district hospital). - Report of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP staff.
1.SDP provide the defined package of health services to adolescents or make them available through referral: Promotive Services Preventive Services Curative Services Referral
(Note: The services to be provided at the sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre and district hospital will need to be specified).
2. Mechanisms are in place to ensure effective referral to other SDP which provide services not provided on the spot (where applicable).
- Work to build/strength en referral linkages.
- Assist SDP in developing referral linkages.
Other SDP in the public and private sector.
- Report of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP staff..
Process Criteria - Record review. - Interviews with managers and service providers.
1. Health services are provided on the spot in line with the package. If services are not available on the spot, patients are referred elsewhere. Both these actions are carried out in line with standard operating procedures.
Output criteria -"-
1. The specified package of health services are provided to adolescents.
Standard 4.
Service delivery points deliver effective health services to adolescents.
Criteria
SDP
District level
National / state level
Key partners
Input criteria - Report of the SDP. - Observation of SDP. - Work with the national authorities to ensure that staff are deployed in line with the profile. - Ensure that the SDP has the job descriptions. - Prepare/update job description. - Define the staffing profile for each SDP, and communicate this to the districts. - Deploy staff to the SDP in line with the defined profile.

- Report of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP staff. - Implement the competency building plan. - Develop a competency building plan that addresses competencies relating to both clinical management as well as interpersonal communication. Note: The competency building plan should include elements of self learning, training, follow up after training, mentoring, and continuous learning to address gaps that have been identified. - Develop materials to implement the plan. - Make materials and resource persons available to the districts to implement the competency building plan. - Report of the SDP on the involvement of SDP staff in competency building activities.
1. Service providers are in place.
2. Service providers are clearly aware of their roles and responsibilities in relation to the functioning of the SDP.
- Ensure that every staff member has his/her respective job description.
3. Service providers have the competencies required to provide the specified health services effectively
Contd/-....
Handout IV
IV-29
IV-30
Handout IV
4. Clinical management guidelines and standard operational procedures are in place for the provision of the specified health services. - Work with the national authorities to ensure that the equipment, supplies and basic amenities are in place. - Specify the supplies, equipment, and basic amenities that need to be in place in each type of SDP, and communicate this to the districts. - Make resources available for the above mentioned items to be in place. The government departments responsible for this
- Distribute the tools to the SDP.
- Develop the tools. - Distribute them to the districts.
- Observation of the SDP.
5. Supplies, equipment and basic amenities (e.g. water, sanitation and electricity) required to provide the specified health services are in place.
- Work with the district authorities to ensure that the supplies, equipment and basis amenities are in place. - If/when needed, try to find local solutions to problems such as equipment breakdown, erratic supplies, and water supply interruptions. - Distribute them to the SDP. - Develop partnerships with NGOs to provide informational materials. - Develop the materials and send them to the districts.
- Report of the SDP. - Observation of the SDP.
6. Informational/educational materials directed at adolescents are available.
- Display and/or distribute informational materials.
NGOs producing educational materials for adolescents.
-"-
Process criteria - Record review. - Observation of service provider-patient interaction.
1. Service providers manage adolescents who seek help effectively.
Output criteria Exit interview with adolescent patients.
1. Adolescents receive effective promotive, preventive and curative services.
Standard 5.
Service providers are sensitive to the needs of adolescents and are motivated to work with them.
Criteria
SDP
Input criteria Distribute them to the SDP. - Develop a policy statement (on the need to deal with all adolescents with understanding and empathy) and the corresponding standard operating procedures, and send them to the districts. - Develop the mechanism, have it approved and sent it to the districts. - Report of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP managers/staff. - Report of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP staff.

- Orient SDP managers to the mechanism. Panchayati Raj institutions could be involved in this. - Observation. - Interviews with SDP staff. - Observation of completed performance assessment forms. - Individual interviews with SDP managers/staff. Individual interviews with SDP staff. Individual interviews with SDP staff.
1. Service providers are fully aware of national policies and policies and procedures on the dealing with their adolescent patients with understanding and emphathy.
- Heads of SDP should discuss the policies and procedures with SDP staff.
2. A mechanism is in place to recognize and reward good performance.
- Apply the mechanism.
Process criteria
1. Service providers apply the procedures in their dealing with their adolescent patients.
2. Good performance of service providers is recognized and rewarded.
Output criteria
1. Service providers feel motivated to provide services to young people.
2. Service providers feel valued by their colleagues & supervisors.
Handout IV
IV-31
IV-32
Handout IV
Standard 6.
Adolescents feel at ease with the surroundings and procedures of the SDP.
SDP
District level
Key partners
Means of verification - Businesses could be invited to contribute to this work. - Observation.
Input Criteria - Develop sign boards. - Put up the sign boards. - Design logo and text for the sign board and have it approved.
1. SDP will have a signboard welcoming adolescents & informing them about the availability of good quality health services. - Orient SDP managers on the guidelines. - Support SDP in developing plans and in carrying out follow up action. - Distribute posters and informational materials. - Work with the SDP to develop a plan for this. -
2. At a minimum, the following amenities will be in place: clean premises, drinking water, functional toilet seating in the waiting area attractive posters and informational materials
- Carry out improvements to the SDP as per the guidelines.
- Develop guidelines for making the surroundings making the surroundings appealing to adolescents and send them to the districts. - Develop posters/informational materials, and send them to the districts.
- Observation
3. Services are provided to adolescents at specified days/timing convenient to them; in addition they are free to obtain services at any other time.
- Provide services.
- Observation -Report of the SDP manager
Contd/-....
Handout IV
- Exit interviews with adolescent patients.
District level
- Report of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP staff.
- Observation - Interviews with SDP staff -
- Observation. - Interviews with SDP staff
- Develop the policy statement and the standard operating procedures, and send them to the districts. Note: The standard operating procedures will cover actions that relate to registration, the waiting area, the examination area, record keeping and referral.
- Orient SDP managers on the policy statement and the standard operating procedures. - Support SDP in applying the procedures.
SDP
Key partner
nput Criteria
- Develop sign boards. - Put up the sign boards.
- Design logo and text for the sign board and have it approved.
- Businesses could be invite to contribute t this work. -
- Discuss the policy statement and procedures with SDP staff and work as a team to apply them.
- Orient SDP managers on the guidelines. - Support SDP in developing plans and in carrying out follow up action. - Distribute posters and informational materials.
- Develop guidelines for making the surroundings making the surroundings appealing to adolescents and send them to the districts. - Develop posters/informational materials, and send them to the districts. -
2. SDP staff apply the standard operating procedures on respecting the privacy and confidentiality of their adolescent patients.
4. SDP staff are fully aware of national policies and recommended procedures on respecting the privacy and confidentiality of their adolescent (and other patients).
Process Criteria
Process Criteria
1. Services are provided on the days/times that they are meant to be.
Output criteria
1. Adolescents feel comfortable with the surroundings and procedures when they visit SDP
3. Services are provided to adolescents at specified days/timing convenient to hem; in addition they are free to obtain services at any other time.
- Provide services.
- Work with the SDP to develop a plan for this.
IV-33
-
IV-34
Handout IV
Standard 7.
SDP District level National / state level Key partners
Management systems are in place to improve/sustain the quality of health services.

Criteria
Input Criteria - Distribute the selfassessment tools to the SDP, and orient the SDP manager/staff to it. - Develop a plan to visit the SDP. - Provide supportive supervision. - Develop a monitoring system that includes the following elements: - weekly selfassessment by SDP managers, - monthly external assessment by district coordinators, - six monthly external assessment by the state level coordinators. - Develop monitoring tools and distribute them to the districts. - Develop a competency building plan (which includes. self learning, training, follow up after training and ongoing learning). - Implement the competency building plan. 'Resource institutions' (e.g. departments of community medicine in medical colleges) could be engaged to make a valuable contribution to this. - Observe monitoring plan. - Interviews with SDP manager/staff.
1. Mechanisms are in place to monitor the performance of SDP (including SDP staff) and to identify needs for corrective/ameliorative actions.
- Weekly assessments carried out.
2. State and district coordinators have the competencies needed to provide facilitative & supportive supervision in a respectful manner.
- Participate in competency building.
- Observe monitoring plan. - Interviews with SDP manager/staff.
Contd/-....
Handout IV
- Interviews with SDP managers/staff. - Minutes of meetings held to discuss the implications of the findings for the work of the HSDP. -Observing an assessment exercise. - Reports of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP managers/staff.. - Observe monitoring plan. - Interviews with SDP manager/staff. - Observe monitoring plan. - Interviews with SDP manager/staff. - Interviews with SDP managers/staff.
- Develop the mechanism and sent it to the districts.
Criteria
- Distribute the revised format to SDP. - Orient SDP managers to their use. - Monitor their use.
- Review the existing management information systems. - Develop ways and means of strengthening it. - Orient district coordinators to the revised format, and distribute it to them.
SDP
District level
Key partners
Mea
- Orient SDP managers to the mechanism.
nput Criteria
1. Mechanisms are in place to monitor the performance of SDP (including SDP staff) and o identify needs for corrective/ameliorative actions.
- Apply the revised system.
- Distribute the selfassessment tools to the SDP, and orient the SDP manager/staff to it. - Develop a plan to visit the SDP. - Provide supportive supervision.
- Develop a monitoring system that includes the following elements: - weekly selfassessment by SDP managers, - monthly external assessment by district coordinators, - six monthly external assessment by the state level coordinators. - Develop monitoring tools and distribute them to the districts. - Develop a competency building plan (which includes. self learning, training, follow up after training and ongoing learning). - Implement the competency building plan. - Develop the mechanism and sent it to the districts.
'Resource institutions' (e.g. departments of community medicine in medical colleges) could be engaged to make a valuable contribution to this.
- Obs plan. - Inter mana
3. A mechanism is in place for service providers to participate in discussions/actions aimed at discussing how they could deal with challenging situations in their work with adolescents, more effectively.
4. A strengthened management information system is in place that gathers information on the following issues: Age, Sex Reason for visit (i.e. the presenting issue/problem)
1. Assessments are carried out as specified.
Process Criteria
Output criteria
2. Service providers participate in problem identification and solving activities.
1. Data are collected, analyzed and used to make health services more adolescent friendly.
4. A strengthened management information system is in place that gathers information on the following issues: Age, Sex Reason for visit (i.e. the presenting Handout issue/problem) for Medical Officers
IV-35
Handout IV
SUMMARY
Adolescent-friendly health services can be delivered in health centres, in the community, through outreach services or at school; Hospital or clinic based services can become more adolescent-friendly; Community settings include services provided at community or youth centres, in shopping malls or even over the Internet; Outreach services are needed in cities to contact adolescents who do not attend clinics and those, like street children, who are marginalized; Outreach services in rural areas can be devised to reach young people living in isolated communities Schools offer a critical entry point to bring services to young people who are in school; Young workers, including adolescents, can be reached with health education or screening services targeted on the workplace; Services can be located anywhere where young people go no single setting should become the only model. It is imporatnat to ensure quality of service to ensure optimal utilization of services. Standards for quality implementation and criteria (actions required) to achieve these standards are provided in implementation guide.
IV-36
Annexure 1 Self-Assessment Tool (SAT)

1. Health facilities should reach out to adolescents and become adolescentfriendly because... (i) (ii) (iii) ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
Handout IV
2.
Adolescents often do not make the best use of available health services because. (Please tick ( ) 3 of the most important reasons) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) They fear that staff will inform their parents They do not like waiting or filling OPD cards They are not interested They do not recognise illnesses They want to spend money on other things They do not like the way health staff deal with them
(vii) They do not want to draw attantion to themselves (viii) They find it easier to talk to their friends than to health care workers (ix) They do not know where to go
3.
What are the most important characteristics of adolescent-friendly health services (i) (ii) ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
(a) Related to staff
(iii) ___________________________________________________________ (b) Related to health center (i) (ii) ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
IV-37
Handout IV
(c) Related to services provided at the health center (i) (ii) ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
4.
What is 'Quality of Care'? (i) (ii) ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
5.
What are the three dimensions of 'Quality of Care'? (i) (ii) ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
IV-38
Adolescent Gro Growth and Dev Development and Implications its Implications on Health
Handout II
CONTENTS
1. Definition of "Adolescence" 2. Developmental Characteristics of Adolescents and Health Implications 3. The Nature and Sequence of Changes in Adolescence 4. Why Invest in Adolescent Health and Development? 5. Annexures
Handout II
Introduction
Adolescence (10-19 years) is a phase of life which has recently gained recognition as a distinct phase of life with its own special needs. This phase is characterized by acceleration of physical growth and, psychological and behavioural changes thus bringing about transformation from childhood to adulthood. This module defines adolescence and it aims at generating an understanding of what is special about adolescence and provides an overview of important matters concerning adolescent health and development. It examines the perceptions of adolescents and of adults regarding adolescents' health concerns and explores the rationale for investing in adolescent health. This module is a foundation for all the subsequent modules wherein issues pertaining to adolescent health and development have been dealt with in greater depth.
Definition of "adolescence" and related age groups

Adolescence
Adolescence has been described as the transition period in life when an individual is no longer a child, but not yet an adult. It is a period in which an individual undergoes enormous physical and psychological changes. In addition, the adolescent experiences changes in social expectations and perceptions. Physical growth and development are accompanied by sexual maturation, often leading to intimate relationships. The individual's capacity for abstract and critical thought also develops, along with a sense of self-awareness when social expectations require emotional maturity.
Age Groups
Adolescents are defined as individuals in the 10-19 year age group. The Government of India, however, in the National Youth Policy defines adolescents as 13-19 years. "Youth" covers ages 15 to 24 years. GOI defines this age group as 15-35 years. "Young people" covers age 10 to 24 years. "Young adults" covers ages 20 to 24 years. "Adolescence" is recognised as a phase rather than a fixed time period in an individual's life. As indicated above, it is a phase of development on many fronts: from the appearance of secondary sex characteristics (puberty) to sexual and reproductive maturity; the development of mental processes and adult identity; and the transition from total socio-economic and emotional dependence to relative independence. It is important to note that adolescents are not a homogenous group. Their needs vary with their sex, stage of development, life circumstances and the socio-economic conditions of their environment.
II-2
Handout II
The Nature of Changes during Adolescence
Adolescence is characterised by a rapid rate of growth and development. During this period, the body develops in size, strength and reproductive capabilities, and the mind become capable of more abstract thinking. Social relationships move from being centered on the family base to a wider horizon in which peers and other adults come to play significant roles in the adolescent's life. It is also a time when new skills and knowledge are acquired and new attitudes are formed. Although the decade of life from 10 to 19 years provides a time-bound definition of adolescence, it is important to realise that the changes occurring during this period may not correspond neatly with precise ages. This is because variation is perceived differently by different cultures; its perception is clearly mediated by social, economic and cultural factors. Hence, the experience of adolescents differs among individuals and by sex in any given society, and by varying conditions and circumstances such as disability, illness, socioeconomic status and poverty. Peak rates of growth and development during adolescence are exceeded only by those during foetal life and infancy. However, as indicated above, in comparison with infancy and early childhood, there is much greater individual variation both in the timing of developmental milestones, and in the degree of changes in rates of growth. Adolescence is sometimes divided into early, middle and late periods, which are respectively the 10-14, 15-17 and 18-19 year age groups (see table on next page). These periods roughly correspond with the phases in physical, social and psychological development in the transition from childhood to adulthood. While these changes are not universally accepted, and vary as above, they provide a basic framework to understand adolescent development. Pubertal development starts 1-2 years earlier in girls as compared to boys. There is a wide variation in age and velocity with which growth and development proceeds. In a group of adolescents who are growing together this wide variation leads to development of anxiety "Am I normal?" and needs a lot of reassurance. Appearance of secondary sexual characters before the age of 8 years in girls and 9 years in boys, and non-appearance of secondary sexual characters by the age of 13 years in girls and 14 years in boys is considered abnormal. Such cases should be referred to higher center for management. A girl who does not start menstruation by 16 years age should also be referred.
II-3
Handout II
Changes during Adolescence
Early 10-14 years
Secondary sexual characteristics appear growth accelerates and reaches a peak Concentrate on Concrete thinking Long-range implications of actions not perceived Preoccupied with: - Rapid physical growth - Body image Defining boundaries of independence/dep dependence endence Seeks affiliation to counter instability Self exploration and evaluation
Middle 15-17 years

Secondary sexual characteristics advanced Growth slows down, approximately 95% of adult stature attained Thinking is more abstract Capable of longrange thinking Reverts to concrete thinking when stressed Re-established body image Preoccupation with fantasy and idealism Sense of allpowerfulness Conflicts over control Needs identification to affirm self image Peer group define behavioural code Preoccupation with romantic fantasy Testing ability to attract opposite sex
Late 18-19 years

Physically mature Established abstract thinking Future-oriented Perceives longrange options Intellectual and functional identity established Transposition of child-parent relationship to adulthood relationships Peer group recedes in favour of individual friendship Forms stable relationships Plans for future
II-4
Handout II
Developmental Characteristics of Adolescents
Adolescence, the transition between childhood and adulthood, is a stressful period of life characterised by discernible physical, mental, emotional, social and behavioural changes. Physical development: Rapid and dramatic physical development and growth mark adolescence, including development of sexual characteristics. Marked morphological changes in almost all organs and systems of the body are responsible for the accelerated growth and the changes in contours and sexual organs. In case of boys, active acceleration in growth of coarse pubic hair and facial hair usually precede other signs of puberty such as voice changes. In girls, development of breasts, broadening of hips and rapid growth in height usually begins about two and a half years before menarche. Emotional development: Adolescents have to cope, not only with changes in their physical appearance, but also with associated emotional changes and emerging and compelling sex urges. Bodily changes cause emotional stress and strain as well as abrupt and rapid mood swings. Getting emotionally disturbed by seemingly small and inconsequential matters is a common characteristic of this age group. Hormonal changes are likely to result in thoughts pertaining to sex, irritability, restlessness, anger and tension. Sexual attraction leads to a desire to mix freely and interact with each other. However, in reality, this may not always be possible, partly due to societal restrains on pre-marital sexual expressions and also because of other priority needs in this period, viz. education, employment, etc. Hence, it becomes almost necessary for adolescents to learn how to face and deal patiently with the turbulence they face. It requires development of a sense of balance and selfimposition of limits on expression of one's needs and desires. An inability to express their needs often leads adolescents to fantasize and daydream that helps them to at least partially fulfil their desires. Adolescence is also marked by development of the faculty of abstract thinking that enables them to think and evaluate systematically and detect and question inconsistencies between rules and behaviour. Parents as well as service providers often overlook this development, one of the basic reasons for the popularly known 'generation gap'. Socially, adolescence consists in shifts from dependency to autonomy, social responses to physical maturity, the management of sexuality, the acquisition of skills and changes in peer groupings. The need to be a part of a gang or a large group is replaced by a preference for maintaining fewer, more steady and binding relationships.
II-5
Handout II
Physical events/changes BOYS Growth spurt occurs Muscles develop Skin becomes oily Shoulders broaden Voice cracks Underarm and chest hair appears Pubic hair appears Facial hair appears Penis and testes enlarge GIRLS Growth spurt occurs Breasts develop Skin becomes oily Hips widen Waistline narrows Underarm hair appears Pubic hair appears External genitals enlarge Uterus and ovaries enlarge
Emotional and Social events/ changes Preoccupied with body image Want to establish own identity Fantasy / daydreaming Rapid mood changes, Emotional instability Attention seeking behaviour Sexual attraction Curious, Inquisitive Full of energy, Restless Concrete thinking Self exploration and evaluation Conflicts with family over control Seek affiliation to counter instability Peer group defines behavioural code Formation of new relationships
Sexual Development
Sexual organs enlarge and mature Erections in boys Sexual desire Sexual attraction Menarche, Ovulation Sperm Production, Ejaculation Initiation of sexual behaviours
II-6
Handout II
Annexure 1: Group Exercise Session 2, Activity 2
Changes during Adolescence Health Implications
II-7
Handout II
Possible health implications of adolescent development:

Physical Changes Normal growing-up Increase in height and weight Breasts Development Skin becomes oily Desire to be thin, have a good figure Sexual Development Desire to have sex
Health Implications
Undue anxiety and tension Increase nutrition requirement if inadequate, undernutrition and anemia Stooping of shoulders, poor posture, back pain Acne Protein-energy malnutrition, anemia, Stunting
Ejaculation Menstruation
Unsafe sex leading to unwanted pregnancy, STIs, HIV; Need of health education and services Fear, guilt, myths - emotional problems Dysmenorrhea, Menorrhagia - Anemia, RTI (Menstrual Hygiene)
Emotional changes and Social development Dvelopment of Identity Very curious Peer pressure Confusion, moodiness, irritation Experimentation, Risk taking behaviour Effect on life styles Unhealthy eating habits leading to obesity Smoking and alcohol use leading to ill health Speed driving, accidents
II-8
Handout II
Vulnerability of Adolescents
Adolescents are Vulnerable by virtue of: Normal Developmental Processes. Family/ Peer/ Environmental Influences that may be positive (protective) as well as negative (e.g. broken family, alcoholism in family members or peers). Life style Patterns that they choose;
and are At Risk because of Certain Behaviours. Some adolescents are more Vulnerable and need special attention. Special Attention Groups of Adolescents are: Out of school adolescents and street adolescents. Sexually abused adolescents. Commercial sex workers. Adolescents with mental and physical disabilities. Orphan Adolescents, those in foster care and institutions. Adolescents in conflict with the law. Working Adolescents.
The adolescents who fall in the special attention groups are more at risk of identity crisis and low self esteem, guilt, frustration and mental problems. They are also the group who can be moulded and helped to change their erratic behaviours to more responsible ones to improve their self worth and esteem. Given the turbulent period and the multiple challenges it is not strange that adolescents have unmet needs in many areas: regarding nutrition, sexuality, reproductive health, managing emotions and stress, mental health, substance abuse, etc. They require appropriate information and skills to negotiate adolescence safely. Adolescents need to be empowered with correct, age appropriate and current information and skills in all these areas to develop and practice responsible behaviours to protect themselves from risks as well as to help them seek appropriate services. Information for parents, teachers and social workers is equally important as they play key roles in adolescent health and development. The various issues related to adolescence, growing up, body image etc. have not only a huge socio-economic impact but also impact the National Health Indicators.
II-9
Handout II
Adolescent Sexual Behaviour and its Health Implications
Most young people (10-24) initiate sexual behaviour during this age and have many misconceptions and myths related to sexual and reproductive health. There are numerous myths attached to sexuality and reproductive health (concept of "manhood", STIs and virginity, semen myths etc.) that are at the root of High Risk Sexual behaviour in this particular age group. In addition many mental health and social problems (anxiety, depression, poor body image, stigma, suicides) may result from myths about masturbation, body image, erectile dysfunction, illegitimate pregnancy and sexual problems (eg. Premature Ejaculation). In addition, most adolescents lack relevant information and skills to practice safe sex. This situation has its impact not only on adolescent/young individual but also on their families and the society. Adolescents are exposed to sexual imagery and messages in today's media but lack accurate and useful information concerning sexuality and reproductive health. Implications of Early Sexual Involvement in Adolescence: Adolescents who start having sex early are more likely to have sex with : high risk partners, or multiple partners.
They are less likely to use condoms. Contraceptive usage is likely to be low.
Consequences of Unsafe Sexual Behaviour among Adolescents Early pregnancy and Parenthood (early marriage and sometimes 'out of wedlock') Higher percentage of low birth weight (LBW) babies and increased infant morbidity and mortality Abortions and its related complications RTI/STI including HIV/AIDS Consequence that are more in adolescents even if it has been 'safe sex' Emotional impact guilt, stress, anxiety, suicide Social impact - Stigma (especially if unmarried) Economic impact - hindrance to academic and career progression Emotional, social and economic impact may be more in case of adolescents (even if it is safe sex) because they are not mature enough to handle these consequence.
Negative Impact due to lack of Awareness and Skills related to Sexuality and HIV: Whether they are married or unmarried, adolescents can face potentially serious physical, social and economic consequences from unprotected sexual relations such as: unintended and too early pregnancy and childbirth, 'unsafe abortions' and STIs including HIV. These events can also cut short educational and job opportunities; and negatively affect social and cultural development especially of adolescent girls. For boys too, early fatherhood can disrupt educational plans and increase economic responsibilities. Adolescents, both male and female belonging to most countries of South East Asia, need to deal with multiple issues arising out of these areas to lead a healthy, II-10 Handout for Medical Officers
Handout II
responsible, safe, joyful and guilt free sexual life. Psychologists have termed this to be one of the main developmental tasks of healthy adolescence. Not having achieved comfort with sex and sexuality as adolescents could lead to a number of serious problems not only in adolescence but also in adulthood. Adolescent Sexuality, if not dealt with properly, has serious repercussions. The lack of accurate information regarding sexual anatomy and physiology may lead to sexual ill-health. In many cases, adolescents are ignorant about sexuality largely because they have a negative emotional attitude toward sex organs and matters related to sexuality. It is not uncommon for adolescents to perceive their sexual organs as dirty and to refrain even from looking at them. Such negativism is particularly common among females, but males, too, may have negative feeling about sex organs. The innumerable myths attached to the organs and their functioning are usually picked up early in childhood and adolescence from peers or available, unscientific literature and may lead to irreparable harm later in life. Lack of sexual health education (i.e. Information PLUS Skills) contributes to the health and pyscho-social problems of the adolescents. They are likely to be curious yet ill-informed, bold yet vulnerable and have numerous myths related to sexual anatomy and functioning. Many adolescents adopt high risk behaviour due to the numerous myths and lack of skills especially ability to negotiate and to deal with peer pressure effectively. The anxiety attached with masturbation, "small" penis or breasts, can lead to negative body image, premature ejaculation and complex problems related to sexual functioning. Ignorance about sexual functioning and STI, curiosity about sex, peer pressure and lack of appropriate skills may facilitate transmission of STI/HIV and lead to unwanted pregnancy. Alternatively it may lead to primary "infertility" purely because of ignorance regarding physical aspects of sexual intercourse. Many of these factors / determinants are linked and feed on each other. Adolescence is the Last Chance to catch up on lost growth and development due to childhood malnutrition.
Role of the Health System to help Adolescents attain and maintain optimum health:
Provide accurate information to adolescents, families, media Address groups of adolescents/teachers/parents, schools, colleges, clubs Provide needed services in a friendly manner (AFHS) Utilize the media Facilitate the provision of "Life Skills education", help postpone early marriage and early pregnancy
Remember health sector alone cannot achieve all this. It has to enable other sectors like departments of education, youth, women and child, social work etc., political and religious leadership and media etc.
II-11
Handout II
W hy Invest in Adolescent Health and Development?
The following points are compelling reasons for investing in adolescent health and development: Adolescents comprise a sizeable population there are 225 million adolescents comprising nearly one-fifth of the total population (22%) Adolescents in the age group 10-14 years contribute more than half of the adolescent population (Census 2001). Composition varies by age and sex Of the total population, 12.1 percent belong to 10-14 age group and 9.7 percent are in the 15-19 age group. Female adolescents comprise 47 percent and male adolescents 53 percent of the total population (Census 2001). The sex ratio is 880 females for 1000 males, lower than the overall sex ratio of 933 (Census 2001). The present adverse sex ratio in 0-6 years (927 girls for 1000 boys), will affect the adolescent population in the coming years. Early marriage is common Forty-three percent of the ever-married females are below 18 years of age even though the legal age of marriage for girls is 18 years. Nearly twenty percent of the 1.5 million girls under the age of 15 years are already mothers (Census 2001). Continuing of education pursuits delays age at marriage and has a direct bearing on fertility reduction supporting the need for education of girls. Female mortality rates are higher than males Gender differentials in mortality rates exist during adolescence. Female mortality rates are higher as compared to males during 15-24 years and across initial stages of development (0-9 years). The pervasiveness of discrimination, lower nutritional status, early marriage and complications during pregnancy and childbirth among adolescents result in a high level of female mortality (CSO 2002, SRS 1999). Maternal mortality of teenage mothers is a grave cause for concern. Adolescents from rural areas and girls are disadvantaged in education Twenty five percent of the 15-19 years age group in rural areas and ten percent in urban areas are illiterate. The male-female differences grow with each level of education (NSSO 55th Round, 2001). Enrolment figures in schools have improved, but gender disparities persist. Girls account for less than fifty percent enrolment at all stages of schooling. Rural girls are most disadvantaged. The challenge is to keep students in schools. The dropout rate from class I to X is around seventy percent. Economic compulsions force many to work Nearly one out of three adolescents in 15-19 years is working 21 percent as main workers and 12 percent as marginal workers (Census 2001). Economic compulsions force adolescents to participate in the workforce resulting in high dropout rate for education. Despite adult unemployment, employers like to engage children and adolescents because of cheap labour. Malnutrition and Anaemia are rampant Intake of nutrients is less than the recommended daily allowances for adolescents below the age of 18 years both for boys and girls in rural India (NNMB 2001). More than seventy percent girls in the age group of 10-19 years suffer from severe or moderate anaemia (DLHSRCH 2004). Adolescent mothers are at a higher risk of miscarriages, maternal mortality and giving birth to stillborn and underweight babies. Iodine Deficiency Disorders can lead to growth retardation and retard mental development. Only half of the households are using Iodised salt for cooking in India (MICS 2000). Handout for Medical Officers
II-12
Handout II
Drug abuse is emerging as a problem A major section of drug users are below 20 years. Forty percent of them started taking drugs when they were between 15 to 20 years of age (UNDOC, 2002). Social factors such as illiteracy, economic background, unemployment, rural residence and family disharmony increase vulnerability to drug abuse. Crimes against adolescents are prevalent Limited empirical evidence indicates that in most of the cases, the abuser is a known person. Sexual abuse of both boys and girls cuts across economic and social classes. According to a survey, in 84 percent cases, the victims knew the offenders and 32 percent of the offenders were neighbours (NCRB, 2001). Crimes against girls range from eve teasing to abduction, rape, prostitution and violence to sexual harassment. Most rape victims are in the age group 14-18 years and a significant number are under 14 years of age (NCRB 2002). Unfortunately, social taboos prevent these crimes from being registered. Even when registered, prosecution rarely takes place. In case of sexual abuse of boys (12-17 years), they are mainly victims of homosexual abuse. Unmet need for contraceptives While knowledge of family planning is being promoted, the availability and use of contraceptives is not publicized. Even amongst currently married women there is an unmet need of contraception, being the highest in the age group 15-19 years. Nearly 27 percent of adolescents have reported unmet need for contraception. 19% of TFR is contributed by adolescent mothers in the age group of 15-19 years (NFHS 2). Trafficking and Sex Work has increased Extreme poverty, low status of women, lax border checks and complacency of law enforcement agencies has lead to increase in sex work. Expansion of trafficking and clandestine movement of young girls has also increased across national and international borders. Premarital sexual relations are increasing Most sexually active adolescents are in their late adolescence. Incidences of unintended teenage pregnancies and abortions have shown a steady increase. Unsafe abortions are a major source of reproductive mortality and morbidity. Increase in age at marriage, increased mobility and negative peer pressure makes the young people vulnerable to indulge in unsafe sexual behaviour. Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS are widespread There is a high level of awareness about HIV among young people especially among those who are more literate. However, misconceptions on certain modes of transmission are widespread. 73 percent of young people were unaware that a healthy looking person could transmit infection. Many are unaware of the correct way of using a condom. Negative attitudes exist towards HIV positive individuals only 40.7 percent of young people were willing to share food with infected persons (National Behavioural Surveillance Survey, 2001). A large percentage of HIV infected persons are between 20-40 years and had contacted the virus early in life indicating the importance of educating during adolescence. For awareness of AIDS, India ranks 123 among countries of the world. Injuries contribute to morbidity and mortality Unintentional injuries (accidents, sports injuries etc.) and intentional injuries (suicide and homicide) are very common cause of adolescent morbidity and mortality.
II-13
Handout II
References
Census 2001. Office of the Registrar General India. CSO, 2002. Women and Men in India. DLHS-RCH (District Level Health Survey - Reproductive and Child Health) 2002. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. IIPS and ORC Macro, 2000. National Family Health Survey 1998-99. MICS (Multiple Indicator Survey), 2001. DWCD, GOI and UNICEF. NACO and UNICEF, 2001. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of young adults (15-24 years) NCRB (National Crime Records Bureau) 2001. Ministry of Home Affairs, GOI. NNMB (National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau), 2001. NSSO (National Sample Survey Organisation), 2001. 55th Round. SRS (Sample Registration System Statistical Report) 1999. Registrar General, India. UNODC and Ministry of Social Justice, 2003. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.
Priority Health Problems of Adolescents are: Sexual and reproductive health problems Nutritional problems Mental health problems Substance abuse Injuries and accidents Acute and chronic diseases (like asthma, TB, Diabetes etc.)
Adolescent Issues - Different Perspectives: Parents Perspective: examination marks, growth, career, happiness, good citizen Teachers Perspective: examination marks, all round development, career, civic sense, safe behaviour Health Sectors Perspective : growth, health protection and promotion, safety, HIV/STI Administrators/Policy makers' Perspective: Healthy and productive population Adolescents themselves: Body image, career, sexuality, general health
It is noteworthy that priorities of adolescents themselves are at variance from adults' perspectives.
Benefits of investing in adolescent health

Health benefits for the individual adolescent: in terms of his/her current and future health, and in terms of the intergenerational effects. Economic benefits: improved productivity, return on investments, avert future health cost. As a human right: adolescents (like other age groups) have a right to achieve the highest attainable level of health.
II-14
Handout II
The behaviours and lifestyles learned or adopted during adolescence will influence health both in the present and in the future. Tobacco use is a good example of how a behaviour, almost always adopted during adolescence, leads to disease and death later in life. Further, the benefits of adolescent health and development accrue not only to the adults that emerge from the process, but also to future generations. Reasons for investing in adolescent health and development: To develop their capacity to cope up with the situation and deal with it positively. To increase relationship building capacity for happy and healthy married life. To reduce morbidity and mortality among adolescents. A healthy adolescent grows into a healthy adult, physically, emotionally and mentally. To build self-esteem in adolescents resulting in confident adults in a society. To inculcate healthy habits and positive thinking. As a human right adolescents have a right to achieve highest level of health.
Investing in adolescent health and development will reduce the morbidity and mortality in this age group. It will maximize their opportunity to develop to their full potential and to contribute the best they can to society. Investing in adolescent health and development will also reduce the burden of morbidity and mortality in later life because healthy behaviours and practices adopted during adolescence tend to last a lifetime. Today's adolescents are tomorrow's parents, teachers and leaders. What they learn today, they will teach to their own children and to other children tomorrow. This positive and responsible behaviour of adolescents for self and their children later will help improve the maternal and child health profile of India. Therefore, investing in adolescents now will lead to a 'demographic bonus' later with less inputs of health sector in terms of cost and curative care. Main focus of health care will be preventive and promotive. Investing in Adolescent Health and Development (AHD) makes economical sense: better-prepared and healthy adolescents will result in productivity gains when they enter the workforce. Return on investments made in early childhood health and development are being safeguarded by continuing attention to AHD. When adolescents develop suboptimally or die prematurely this means a waste of earlier investments. Investing in prevention and promotion during adolescence also averts future health costs: smoking prevention averts health costs much later in life. Promoting and safeguarding adolescent health should not only be regarded as an investment, but also as a basic human right. Young people have the right to preventive health care and require specific protection for those living in exceptionally difficult conditions or with disabilities. This means that governments have the responsibility to ensure that health and other basic services essential for good health are provided.
II-15
Handout II
Annexure 2: Self-Assessment Tool (SAT)
1. What are the important changes that take place in the individual as he/ she goes through adolescence?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
2.
What are the implications of these 'normal' changes on adolescents' health?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
3.
What are the health related concerns of adolescents in your work area?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________ II-16 Handout for Medical Officers
Handout II
4. We should invest in adolescents because...
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii)
___________________________________________________________
II-17
Communica unicating Comm unicating with the Adolescent Client
Handout III
CONTENTS
1. Communication 2. Verbal/Non verbal Communication 3. Barriers to Communication 4. Challenges in Counselling the Adolescent 5. Counselling the Adolescent Client for Behaviour Change 6. Fostering Good Communication 7. Communicating and Counselling about Sexuality 8. Annexures
Handout III
Introduction
Communication plays a vital role in everybodys life. Communication is a process through which we convey our thoughts and feelings to other people. One of the major components of communication is to listen and to understand others points of view and feelings. Communication is more effective if it is two-way rather than oneway. The exercises in this module involve discussion, behaviour change and roleplays. It will help Medical Officers to understand the realities and the mindset of their adolescent client and will foster better communication and responsiveness to their needs.
Communication
It is the art of expressing and exchanging ideas, thoughts and feelings in speech or writing. Communication is both a tool and a vehicle to reach out to adolescents. Health providers need to use communication effectively so that information and counselling can be provided to adolescents and their doubts can be cleared. This section will help Medical Officers: To enhance their verbal and non-verbal communication To help understand key non-verbal cues that would help them to become better communicators.
Communication a two-way street Communication is an exchange of information, knowledge, ideas or feelings. In a face-to-face situation, communication is not just exchange of information. It also conveys ones feelings by use of gestures, facial expressions, language, and the manner of tome. Message Sender Medium Receiver
Feedback Listen, Look Communication is a two-way street the Sender sends a message to a Receiver. In turn the Receiver gives a feedback to suggest that the message has been understood. For transmitting the message, as well as the feedback, a medium is used that commonly is a spoken or a written word or just plain gestures. Communication occurs in a context and within an environment that influences the communication process. Depending on the medium, communication is of two kinds that which uses a medium (such as radio or television) to reach a large audience, is called mass communication. The other kind of communication does not use any kind of electronic or mechanical medium. This is called interpersonal communication. During interpersonal communication listening is an important element. Thus communication is much more than the words we use. It is the art of connecting with others, of breaking down the walls and building bridges. Those who communicate effectively build a strong and healthy relationship with one another. But positive communication is a skill that requires practice.
Source: 'SHAHN' Safdarjung Hospital Adolescent Health Care Network, New Delhi
III-2
Handout III
Communication has a definite purpose. The main purpose of communication is to change or guide the other persons behaviour. There are various functions of communication informative, commanding, influencing or entertaining. 1. Informative Function: The basic function of communication is to provide or receive information. Communication is not going to occur unless someone is acquiring and consuming some information about himself or his environment. Command or Instructive Function: Another function of communication is to command or instruct a person as to how a work is to be done. Those who are hierarchically superior (in family, business, office) are both privileged and obligated to command and to control certain task-related behaviour of their subordinates. This function is sometimes used by health providers also. Influence or Persuasive Function: Communication influences ones ideas, feelings, knowledge, thoughts and behaviour. The purpose of influencing a person would be to alter his general beliefs, understanding, values, orientation etc., in some desired way, e.g., to encourage them to practice healthy behaviour, avoid risky practices, etc.
2.
3.
As doctors, adults or parents, we most often use all three functions. However, some may use the first two functions more than others. Whereas while working with adolescents the persuasive function is most useful. Conversation is verbal communication. Communication can be non-verbal also, such as gestures (waving to somebody or frowning to show that you are angry). You may, use a gesture to emphasize what you are saying. It is also important to interpret others gestures and body movements so that you can understand what your client is trying to convey. Gestures (such as head nods or direct eye contact) help you to understand whether your audience has understood what you want to say. Nonverbal communication (gestures and body language) is as important as verbal communication (what we say or speak). Remember that the client watches your body language just as you are able to tell when your client is getting bored or restless. When more than two people are involved in communication, it is called small group communication. For instance your are talking to your friend and his/her family joins you. From two your number goes up to five or six, your conversation includes all the people present. That is an example of small group communication. It is important to remember that communication does not occur in a vacuum. Communication should always have a context. For example if you are convinced about the importance of what you have learnt, then you should share it with others. When you have gone to a seminar or to a training, you have learnt something. You think that maybe your colleagues will benefit from what you have learnt so you ask them to join you for a discussion. That becomes the context of your communication. When you share specific things, in a sustained manner with other people it creates what is known as a ripple effect. The term comes from the ripples (small disturbances) created when you throw something solid into a mass of water. Ripples are best seen in pond or a big tank full of water. E.g. when you share a positive experience with your clients and their parents, may be some of them will discuss the issues with their families and friends thus creating a ripple effect. Communication that is targeted, has a specific purpose and seeks to influence people is known as advocacy. Young people make the best advocates, because they are sincere, creative and innovative in their approach to problems. Adults also become good advocates if they are convinced that the subject is important, interesting and relevant.
III-3
Handout III
An important part of communication is listening!
Listening to understand: Most of us dont listen to understand; rather we listen to reply. Active listening means listening carefully to understand the clients point of view. It means listening for feeling and for meaning. By trying to understand each others feelings, we open the door for further communication. Too often we try to listen while our minds are not on the subject, the phone is ringing, or were feeling rushed. As others speak, we do chores, interrupt clients while they are speaking, and give advice they didnt ask for, or even tune out. When we do get our adolescents to talk, we need to put aside our own purposes and just listen really listen. If you rearrange the letters in the word listen, you can discover an important characteristic of an effective listener-the word silent! If we as listeners interrupt the flow with our own thoughts and opinions, we lose the opportunity to fully appreciate the clients point of view. Before trying to evaluate or prescribe, seek first to understand. Adolescents, just like the rest of us, need to be heard and feel understood. Tips on effective listening Effective listening means that you: 1. Give your undivided attention. When an adolescent walks into the room give him your undivided attention. You will be able to detect his mood and disposition. 2. Tune in to the feeling being expressed. Listen not only for what is said, but also how it is said, and watch for the body language that goes with it. Listening between the lines helps you understand the meaning behind the words. 3. Check for understanding. To make sure you understand your client correctly on key points, occasionally rephrase what you think youve heard; It sounds like you think your parents are being unfair, or Are you saying that you are unable to control your anger? Rephrasing allows a client to re-hear what he or she is communication, and, if necessary, clarifies any misunderstandings. 4. Put aside judgment, criticism, and your own stories. Step outside yourself and try to understand what your adolescent is saying. This means holding back your own opinions and not interrupting. 5. Encourage more talk. Use questions or phrases that encourage your client to keep going. Ask, Then what happened? or repeat the last words,you did not think that I would mind? Often a simple Mmmhmm,is all you need to say to keep the conversation ball in your adolescents court.
Elements of interpersonal communication

Communication is not merely talking and listening. As mentioned above, verbal communication is only one component of the communication between people. We use sounds to communicate. Some of these sounds are non-verbal, like grunts, moans, sighs, laughter, giggles, chuckles and many others sounds that we produce. Verbal communication consists of the sounds that are structured by language. Speech, the verbal component of interpersonal communication, is described in this section. Reading this section alone will not make you a better communicator. It is the practice of these principles that create the skill. The elements of verbal communication have been separated so that you can train yourself. III-4 Handout for Medical Officers
Handout III
Verbal Communication Speech is used for a variety or purposes-to describe feelings, to communicate ideas, to reason and to argue. Without speech we are handicapped in our ability to inform, comment, question, instruct and persuade others. To improve our conversation skills let us tackle elements one by one. Talking Each person has a set of experiences, feelings and knowledge, which are shared through conversations. Most of our conversations are about everyday matters. People also talk about what they have done or are involved in. When you meet the client for the first time you may start the conversation, which starts with general conversation about family, friends, school, etc. This is followed by specific statements enquiring details of what concerns him/her. It thus moves on to include the expressions of feelings, attitudes and opinion. Listening Listening is not a passive or just a non-verbal attitude. It is an active way of providing feedback to the patient who needs to know how his/her messages are being received; whether it is being understood and accepted or rejected. Listening is used not only to understand but also to communicate interest in, and feeling about, what the other person is saying. Non-verbal skills like eye contact, facial expression, raising an eyebrow, a nod, all communicate their own signals but the verbal communication can over-ride them. The verbal aspects include isolated words of agreement or encouragement. Comments like that sounds terrible or Oh, that must have been exciting! etc. play a major role in verbal communication. Voice Each person has a unique voice. Yet it may change tone and quality depending on situations. Besides what is actually being said we learn more about the speaker by his voice. The tone of the voice can signal a message, which may actually be the opposite of what is being said. Non verbal communication Without using words, we communicate with a look, an expression, a gesture or a grunt. Appearance, facial expression, posture, gesture etc. tell us more about people than words. These elements of communication are non-verbal, mostly unconscious and occur at instinctive levels. Yet, we can train ourselves to bring it to consciousness and take control of these elements. We communicate with our eyes Eyes are windows through which you see the persons inside. Eyes express emotions and attitudes. Eye contact is a common means of expressing attentiveness. Gaze aversion is interpreted as unwillingness to interact. A strong gaze may indicate dominance or aggression and a person with little eye contact is seen as submissive or shy. Eye movements indicate that we are attending to others. It is used to open and close communication channels between people while speaking in turns. A period of eye contact often starts an interaction during which you look at the client who is talking to you. The client looks away while she/he is talking, once is a while checking whether you are looking (listening) at him/her. After she/he has finished, the gaze is returned to you to signify your turn to talk. Facial Expression When we look at people we are not looking only at their eyes. Facial expression is the most important means of non-verbal communication. By looking at a face we Handout for Medical Officers
III-5
Handout III
can say whether the person likes or dislikes, understands or not. Faces can communicate interest and involvement. It can also express emotional status ranging from happiness to despair. Feelings are often reflected on the face even if the person wishes to disguise them. Your face responds instantaneously and is the most effective feedback to another person. Facial expression as an action may be difficult to control, but is possible by a little practice. Hand Gesture Hand gestures are second in importance to facial expression in non-verbal communication. Some deaf and dumb people do manage very well in interpersonal communication using gestures. So the power of this element is not to be misjudged. We do use gestures normally to repeat, emphasize or sometimes even to contradict our verbal messages: You wave and also say good-bye: This is an example of both verbal and non-verbal signals in daily use. A clenched fist with wide-open eyes and loud voice: Here the verbal and non-verbal components emphasize one another, that is, anger. Says she is all right but throws her hand in despair: Here, there is an element of contradiction between the verbal and non-verbal components. Like the look, gesture can be used to put the ball in the others court; when you are speaking in turns. Health care providers need to exhibit many different nonverbal and verbal behaviors when communicating with clients. Sometimes, without realizing it, providers communicate one message verbally, while communicating the opposite message nonverbally. Nonverbal communication is a complex and often unconscious mixture of actions, behaviors, and feelings, which reveal the way we really feel about something. Nonverbal communication is especially important because it communicates to clients the level of interest, attention, warmth, and understanding we feel towards them. Positive nonverbal cues include: Leaning toward the client. Smiling without showing tension. Facial expressions which show interest and concern. Maintaining eye contact with the client. Encouraging supportive gestures such as nodding ones head. Not making or maintaining eye contact. Glancing at ones watch obviously and more than once. Flipping through papers or documents. Frowning. Fidgeting. Sitting with the arms crossed. Leaning away from the client.
Negative nonverbal cues include:
Communication skills are the basic but essential attributes of a health provider, especially those who work with adolescents. Inter-personal communication is the backbone of the counselling process.
III-6
Handout III
Barriers to communication
Sometimes communication just does not take place. Any disturbance or harshness in any one or more component of the two-way street of communication acts as a barrier to communication.
Message Sender Medium Receiver
Feedback (Listen, Look) Even if two persons want to communicate there can be some situations which prevent an easy communication process. Factors which are barriers to communication are: Too much noise and distraction Lack of audio and visual privacy Inability to make the adolescent feel comfortable Use of medical terms-complicated, unfamiliar words for the adolescent Too much information given by the provider Own perception, beliefs and values clash with the adolescent's needs Not enough time devoted with the adolescent client to elicit complete history and provide services 1. Ordering, directing, commanding 2. Warning, threatening directly or indirectly 3. Preaching, moralizing 4. Advising, judging, criticizing, blaming 5. Name calling, ridiculing, shaming 6. Teaching, instructing Giving feedback Feedback is a part of communication that gives information to the client or another person about how s/he is functioning or how their behaviour is affecting others. Feedback can be positive or negative. If its positive, it lets the person know what s/ he is doing correctly and encourages the person or group to continue with that behaviour. If its negative, it helps people to change their behaviour to something more acceptable. One of the roles of medical officers is to supervise the work of LHV & ANMs. To monitor the ARSH services of ANMs & LHVs, medical officers will need to provide supportive & effective feedback to help them perform better.
Here are some issues that block the process of communication.
III-7
Handout III
The most important thing to remember about feedback is that feedback should be helpful. Telling a client its your background is finding fault with something he/ she is unable to change. On the other hand, letting someone know you appreciate her/his skills and attempt to resolve problems is a helpful feedback it encourages. How to make your feedback helpful 1. Make sure your feedback is descriptive. It should paint a clear and specific picture of the behaviour you are trying to encourage or change. E.g. Can you try not to argue with your father when he is angry? In general, give your feedback at the earliest appropriate time. If you wait too long, you may not remember specifics and the person may not remember the situation either. Be consistent in giving feedback. Work it into your interactions with others on a regular basis. E.g. The last time we spoke If the feedback is negative, add constructive ideas on how to improve and offer your assistance in making changes. Dont assume that the person getting the negative feedback can figure out what went wrong and then how to correct it by him/herself. Especially to adolescents you have to explain what went wrong and how to make amends.
2.
3. 4.
Doing all these things at one go may not be possible. Also it may take time to develop these skills. Try and work with colleagues to practice these skills that way you will get more help and create an enabling atmosphere. Time invested in empathic communication skills ensures that clients share their problems and fears with you.
Feelings of the Adolescent

Understanding the realities and mind-set of the adolescent client will foster better communication and responsiveness to her/his needs. When an adolescent is face-to-face with a provider (or an adult staff member) s/he may feel: Shy about being in a clinic (especially for sexual and reproductive health) and about needing to discuss personal matters. Embarrassed that s/he is seeking SRH care. Worried that someone s/he knows might see her/him and tell the parents. Inadequate to describe what is concerning her/him and ill-informed about SRH matters in general. Anxious that s/he has a serious condition that has significant consequences (e.g. STI, pregnancy). Intimidated by the medical facility and/or the many authority figures in the facility. Defensive about being the subject of the discussion or because s/he was referred against her/his will. Resistant to receiving help because of overall rebelliousness or other reasons fostering discomfort or fear.
Establishing Trust with the Adolescent

The adolescent is going through dramatic biological and psychological changes in general. Seeking health care may be challenging and difficult for her/him. Each staff person who may interact with adolescents must understand these circumstances and feelings and must be prepared to assist in a helpful, nonjudgmental way. III-8 Handout for Medical Officers
Handout III
The following are tips for good communication: Be genuinely open to an adolescents question or need for information (ranging from "where is the toilet? to Should I use birth control?) Do not be judgmental in words or in body language that suggest disapproval of her/him being at the clinic, of her/his behaviour, or of her/his questions or needs. Understand that the young person has various feelings of discomfort and uncertainty. Be reassuring in responding to the adolescent, making him or her feel more comfortable and confident. If sensitive issues are being discussed, help ensure that conversations are not overheard. Assure the adolescent about confidentiality during the first meeting.
Increasing an adolescents trust in and rapport with the counsellor/provider will facilitate discussion and enhance the likelihood that needs will be revealed and addressed. Important conditions for trust and rapport include: Allowing sufficient time for the adolescent client to become comfortable enough to ask questions and express concerns. Showing an understanding of and empathy with the clients situation and concerns. Demonstrating sincerity and willingness to help. Exhibiting honesty and forthrightness, including an ability to admit when one does not know the answer. Appreciating and reinforcing his decision to seek counselling and/or health care for felt concerns. Expressing non-judgmental views about the clients needs and concerns. Demonstrating responsibility for fulfilling her/his professional role in assisting the adolescent client. Exhibiting confidence and professional competence in addressing ARSH issues.
Challenges in Communication with the Adolescent

During communicating with an adolescent, there are two actors: The person who is communicating, who may be a counsellor and/or a service provider, and the adolescent. Just as the counsellors personal characteristics and skills can facilitate or hinder the process, so can the adolescents behaviour or mood. The following are some situations that require appropriate handling: Silence: Silence can be a sign of shyness or may signify anger or anxiety. If it occurs at the beginning of a session, the provider can say, I realize its hard for you to talk. This often happens to people who come for the first time. If s/he seems angry, the counsellor can say, Sometimes when someone comes to see me against her/his will and doesnt want to be here, it is difficult to speak. Is that what is going on?
III-9
Handout III
If the client is shy, the provider can legitimize the feeling by saying, Id feel the same way in your place. I understand that its not easy to talk to a person youve just met. If the adolescent has difficulty expressing her/his feelings or ideas, the counsellor can use some brochures or posters to encourage discussion or refer to a story or anecdote so the adolescent can talk about others rather than her/himself. If the adolescent cannot or will not talk, the counsellor should propose another meeting.
Crying: The counsellor should try to evaluate what provoked the tears and assess if it makes sense in the given situation. If the crying is consistent with the situation, the counsellor should allow her/him to freely express emotions and not try to stop the feeling or belittle its importance. If the client is crying to relieve tension, the counsellor can give the adolescent permission to express her/his feelings by saying, Its okay to cry since its the normal thing to do when youre sad. If the client is using crying as manipulation, the counsellor can say, Although Im sorry you feel sad, its good to express your feelings.
Threat of suicide: All suicide threats or attempts must be taken seriously. It is essential to determine if attempts were made in the past, if s/he is really considering suicide, and the reasons for doing so-or if its something that was said without thinking. It is best to refer the adolescent to a psychiatrist or psychologist and accompany her/him to the appointment.
Refusal of help: The counsellor should discreetly try to find out why the adolescent feels this way. If the client has been sent against her/his will, the counsellor can say, I understand how you feel. Im not sure I can help you, but maybe we could talk for a minute and see what happens.
Need to talk: Challenges in counselling may also include a situation where the client is very vocal and wants an outlet to express other concerns that may not be directly related to the immediate counselling need as perceived by the service provider. Give the client the opportunity to express her/his needs and concerns. If you cannot help the client, show that you are listening to the concerns that s/he is trying to express. When possible, direct the client to someone who can help with the problem. The counsellor may say, I can see that you are very concerned about this problem. I wish that I could do something to help you. Have you discussed this with . . . If you cannot help the client or direct her/him to someone who can provide assistance, then demonstrate care and concern about the clients problem. However, be clear when you cannot help with the problem.
III-10
Handout III
Responding to the Adolescent Client
While all clinic staff must be supportive and helpful to the adolescent, those who provide services have additional challenges. Important among these are fostering comfort and encouraging trust and rapport. Fostering Comfort The more an adolescent client can be made comfortable, the more likely s/he will open up about her/his concerns, play a role in determining treatment and follow-up, and comply with medical decisions. Three important aspects of comfort for the adolescent client are: Privacy: This characteristic relates primarily to the facility and requires a separate space where counselling and/or examination can take place without being seen (visual privacy) or overheard (audio privacy) and where the interaction is free from interruptions. Confidentiality: This characteristic relates to the provider and requires assurance to the client that all discussions and matters pertaining to the visit will not be transmitted to others. If, in some circumstances, the counsellor/provider believes it necessary to share information with others (for example, to prevent further sexual abuse), the counsellor/provider should explain to the client why it is important and explain to whom, when, and how the information will be shared.
Respect: This characteristic involves the way in which the counsellor/provider relates to the adolescent, requiring recognition of the clients humanity and dignity and right to be treated as capable of making good decisions. Respect also assumes that one can be different and have varying/alternate needs that are legitimate and deserve a professional response.
III-11
Handout III
Counselling
It is helping people to identify problem, make decisions and giving them confidence to put their decisions into practice. Counselling is based on the following principles: Helps the client to identify the problem and make decisions for himself or herself The client (not you as service provider) has the right to choose his or her own action Accurate information is provided Is strictly confidential Takes into account psycho-social, financial and spiritual needs of the client The GATHER approach: G A T H E R = = = = = = Greet the person Ask how can I help you Tell them any relevant information Help them to make decisions Explain any misunderstanding Return for follow up or referral
III-12
Handout III
The GATHER approach for counselling
reet the adolescents
put them at ease, show respect and trust emphasize the confidential nature of the discussion
sk how can I help you
encourage them to bring out their anxieties, worries and needs, determine their access to support and help in their family and community; find out what steps they have already taken to deal with the situation encourage the person to express their feelings in their own words show respect and tolerance to what they say and do not pass judgement actively listen and show that you are paying attention through your looking encourage them through helpful questions
ell them any relevant information they need provide accurate and specific information in reply to their questions give information on what they can do to remain healthy. Explain any background information they need to know about the particular health issue keep your language simple, repeat important points and ask questions to check if the important points are understood provide the important information in the form of a leaflet, if possible, that they can take away
elp them to make decisions
explore the various alternatives raise issues they may not have thought of be careful of letting your own views, values and prejudices influence the advice you give ensure that it is their own decision and not one that you have imposed help them make a plan of action
xplain any misunderstanding ask questions to check understanding of important points ask the adolescent to repeat back in his/her own words the key points
eturn for follow-up or Referral
make arrangements for a follow-up visit or referral to other agencies if a follow-up visit is not necessary, give the name of someone they can contact if they need help III-13
Handout III
Counselling the Adolescent Client for Behaviour Change
Counselling is a person-to-person, two-way communication during which the counsellor: Provides adequate information to help the adolescent make an informed decision, and then implement it. Enables the client to identify his problem and possible solutions. Helps the adolescent evaluate her/his feelings and opinions regarding the problem for which help was sought. Acts as emotional support for the adolescent.
Counselling is not: A method to provide solutions to the adolescents problems. A method for giving instructions or advise. The promotion of a life plan that has been successful for the counsellor.
The purpose of counselling the adolescent on reproductive health issues is to help the adolescent to: Exercise control over her/his behaviour. Make decisions using a rational model for decision-making. Cope with her/his existing situation.
Achieving control over behaviour, understanding oneself, anticipating consequences of actions, and making long-term plans are characteristics of maturity-one of the goals of adolescent counselling.
III-14
Handout III
Fostering Good Communication during Counselling
Several principles help assure effective counselling with adolescents: The service provider must accept responsibility for leading the analysis and reflection of the issues troubling the young person, encouraging her/him to explore and express feelings. The counsellor avoids giving advice and recipes or magic formulas for solving problems. Rather, the counsellor helps the adolescent to evaluate her/ his own behaviour and the possible solutions to the problem. The provider respects the adolescent, encouraging her/his ability to help her/himself, to trust in her/himself, and to take responsibility for her/his decisions. Counsellors should consider adolescents as individuals, emphasizing their qualities and potential, respecting their rights as people, and promoting the exercise of their capacity to think and make decisions. The counsellor must accept adolescents as they are and not judge them as good or bad. The counsellor should help adolescents to examine their conduct and make the changes they consider necessary. This will promote ownership of the decisions, greater self-confidence, and self-control.
Several techniques help assure good communication with adolescents: Create a good, friendly first impression Start on time; dont make the client wait. Smile and warmly greet the adolescent client. Introduce yourself and what you do. Ask her/his name and what s/he likes to be called.
Establish rapport during the first session Face the adolescent, sitting in similar chairs. Use the adolescents name during the session. Demonstrate a frank and honest willingness to understand and help. Begin the session by allowing the adolescent to talk freely before asking directive questions. Praise the adolescent for seeking help.
Eliminate barriers to good communication Avoid judgmental responses of body or spoken language. Respond with impartiality, respecting the adolescents beliefs, opinions, and diversity or expression regarding her/his sexuality.
III-15
Handout III
Use active listening with the client
Handout II
Show your sincere interest and understanding and give your full attention to the client. Sit comfortably; avoid movements that might distract the adolescent. Put yourself in the place of the adolescent while s/he speaks (empathy). Assist the client to be more aware of the problem without being intrusive or taking away her/his control over the issue. Observe the tone of voice, words used, and body language expressed and reflect verbally to underscore and confirm observed feelings. Give the adolescent some time to think, ask questions, and speak. Be silent when necessary and follow the rhythm of the conversation. Periodically repeat what youve heard, confirming that both you and the adolescent have understood (paraphrasing). Clarify terms that are not clear or need more interpretation. Summarize the most relevant information communicated by the adolescent, usually at the end of a topic or session.
Provide information simply Use an appropriate tone of voice. Speak in an understandable way, avoiding technical terms or difficult words. Understand and use where appropriate the terms/expressions adolescents use to talk about their bodies, dating, and sex. Use short sentences. Do not overload the adolescent with information Provide information based on what the adolescent already knows or has heard. Gently correct misconceptions. Use audiovisual materials to help the adolescent understand the information and to demonstrate information in more concrete terms.
Ask appropriate and effective questions Use a tone that shows interest, attention, and friendliness. Begin sessions with easy questions, gradually moving up to more difficult questions. Try not to take notes except in a structured interview that has an established order for special cases. Ask a single question and wait for the response. Ask open-ended questions that permit varied responses and require thought. Allow for explanations of feelings or concerns. Examples: How can I help you?, Whats your family like?
III-16
Handout III
Ask in-depth questions in response to a previous question and to solicit more information. Example: Can you explain that better? Avoid biased questions that lead the client to respond in a pre-determined way. Example: Have you heard that the condom makes sex less pleasurable? Avoid questions that begin with the word Why since the adolescent may think you are incriminating her/him. Ask the same question in different ways if you think the adolescent has not understood. Recognize and take advantage of teachable moments Use a positive approach when discussing developmental change. Evaluate learning by asking the adolescent to describe a healthy SRH behaviour that s/he is practising. Reinforce health messages from other settings. Provide printed or other materials that are developmentally and culturally appropriate. Provide practical advice, encouragement, and factual information. Dont underestimate the potential usefulness or effectiveness of education and counselling.
III-17
Handout III
Communicating and Counselling about Sexuality
Communicating and counselling with adolescents about sexuality can be challenging because it is a sensitive topic about which adolescents often feel shy, embarassed, emotional, defensive, and insecure. Good communication and counselling about sexuality requires: Considering the adolescents age and sexual experience. Demonstrating patience and understanding of the difficulty adolescents have in talking about sex. Assuring privacy and confidentiality. Respecting the adolescent and her/his feelings, choices, and decisions. Ensuring a comfort level for the adolescent to ask questions and communicate concerns and needs. Using language and terms the client uses and can understand. Responding to expressed needs for information in understandable and honest ways. Exploring feelings as well as facts. Encouraging the adolescent to identify possible options. Leading an analytical discussion of consequences, advantages, and disadvantages of options. Assisting the client to make an informed decision. Helping the adolescent plan how to implement her/his choice.
These approaches will foster the making of good decisions by the adolescent. When the adolescent makes a decision with appropriate information, s/ he will feel a sense of satisfaction and will feel capable of voluntarily modifying her/his behaviour. Adolescents must often make significant decisions on the following sexual and/or reproductive health matters: How to discourage and prevent unwanted sexual advances. Whether or when to engage in sexual relations. How to prevent pregnancy and STI/HIV. Whether or when to conceive a child. Whether to continue or terminate a pregnancy. What kind of antenatal care to seek and where to go. How to deal with sexual abuse and/or violence.
Most of these decisions can be worked through during counselling sessions that follow the described approach. Sexual abuse and violence are more difficult and require additional help like from social workers, psychologists etc.
III-18
Handout III
Counselling in Cases of Sexual Abuse and/or Violence Sexual abuse is any sexual activity carried out against a persons will. Often, sexual abuse is perpetrated by an adult (often known to the victim), whether by deceit, black mail, or force, against a child or someone not mentally or physically mature enough to understand or prevent what is happening. Sexual abuse has a significant impact on an adolescents health, mental state and life in general. It can cause serious future sexual and reproductive health problems. If violence is associated with the abuse, even more severe physical and emotional problems can result. A qualified, multi-disciplined staff should deal with these cases. But it is the duty of first line provider to suspect and uncover the sexual abuse as early as possible. The objectives of the counselling session addressing sexual abuse are: Provide psychological and emotional support. Be understanding but not pitying. Explore feelings of guilt. Tell the adolescent s/he is not responsible for what happened. To regain self-confidence. To trust others. Help the adolescent to not feel guilty.
Help the adolescent recover her/his sense of self-esteem.
Counteract anxiety or depression. Refer her/him to a specialist. Explain why it is necessary to do so. If possible, accompany the adolescent to the referral appointment.
III-19
Handout III
Annexure 1: Role Play Session 2, Activity 3
Scenario 1
Sheela is a 14 year old girl who comes hesitatingly to the PHC. The MO calls her into the room and asks Sheela what is her problem? He does not ask Sheela to sit on a stool or chair and his expression is also very firm. Sheela is feeling very shy and is not saying anything. The MO asks her again about the problem. There is a lot of noise outside the clinic room. Anxious and shy, Sheela tells that she is having a lot of pimples on her face. The MO asks for how long is she having pimples. Sheela says for the last 2-3 months'. A PHC staff comes to get a paper signed by the MO, which he signs. The MO asks her age. Sheela says 14 years. The MO tries to explain to her that pimples are normal during her age. An adult patient comes in to confirm how he is to take his medicines. The conversation between the MO and Sheela is interrupted as the MO explains to the patient how to take the medicines. He again turns to Sheela and says that she should not worry as the pimples will disappear as she grows older. He asks Sheela to leave. She is still hesitant to go and is trying to linger in the room. The MO again reassures her not to worry and asks Sheela to go home as she does not require any medicine. Reluctantly, Sheela goes out of the clinic. Sheela was mainly worried because she had irregular preiods with pain in the lower abdomen. The MO failed to identify the fact that Sheela has some other problem.
III-20
Handout III
Annexure 2: Case Studies Session 2, Activity 4
Case Study 1
Ramesh is a 17 years old boy who lives in Kalyanpuri, a slum in Delhi. His friend Raghu, who studies in his class, keeps boasting about the many girl friends he has. Raghu laughs at Ramesh for not having engaged in sexual activity. Raghu jokingly says that Ramesh is not man enough. Ramesh feels embarrassed about this and thinks, may be he is not normal but he is not able to talk to anybody about his fears. Of late, Ramesh has developed some blotchy brownishred patches in the groin. Ramesh suspects that he has some deadly disease but is scared to talk to any one as they may think he is a bad boy. There is a health clinic in his area that runs in the morning hours. He used to be a bright student in his class but slowly he has started lagging behind the other students as he lives with fear that he is soon going to die of some deadly disease. One day he decides to go to the clinic and waits for his turn to discuss his problem with the doctor. However, the doctor calls him in when he has 3-4 patients in the room and asks Ramesh about his complaint. When Ramesh hesitantly starts telling his problem, when the doctor tells him to hurry up as he has so many other things to do. Q.1 Why did Rameshs status change from that of a bright 17 years old school boy to a dull student full of fears? Q.2 What are the communication barriers in this case? Q.3 What could have been done to enable Ramesh to obtain the sexual and reproductive health information and services he needed?
Case Study 2
Surekha, a 12 years old girl, lived with two younger brothers and her parents in Ahmedabad, a city in Western India. Hers was a middle-class family, and her parents cared for and loved their children very much. Surekha was a happy child. She was a good student and was liked by her teachers and her class mates. One day, when Surekha was in class, she noticed that her underpants were feeling wet and uncomfortable. When she looked down at her dress, she noticed that it was splotched with blood. She was scared and did not know what was happening to her. On her way home, Surekha met the ANM. She wanted to ask the ANM about her problem but as other women were also standing nearby, she felt shy and was not sure how the ANM would react to her question. She went home and started crying. Q.1 Why was Surekha so unprepared for this important event in her life? Q.2 What are the communication barriers in this case? Q.3 What could have been done to enable Ramesh to obtain the sexual and reproductive health information and services she needed?
III-21
Handout III
Annexure 3: Role Play Scenarios Session 3, Activity 2
Scenario 1
A 19 year old girl comes to your health centre because she had unprotected sex last night and she is worried about becoming pregnant. How will you counsel the client?
Scenario 2
A 16 year old married adolescent girl, with a three month-old baby wants to postpone her next pregnancy. Her sister uses oral contraceptive pills and likes that method very much. She says she wants to use it. How will you counsel the client?
Scenario 3
A young couple accompanied by the husbands mother, comes to see you. They have been married for 3 months. The wife is 17 years old. The mother-inlaw insists that they should have a child as soon as possible as she wants a grandson. The couple wants to postpone pregnancy for at least 2 years. How will you counsel the client?
Scenario 4
A 16 year old boy comes to you saying that he masturbates several times a day and is worried that he will become "impotent" when he becomes an adult. He cannot stop himself from masturbating. How will you counsel the boy?
Scenario 5
An 18 year old, unmarried adolescent girl comes to you. She explains that she is engaged to be married and her fiance is pressing her to have sex with him. How will you counsel her?
Scenario 6
A 17 year old boy comes for counseling. He has a girlfriend and all his friends are pressuring him to have intercourse with her. He has strong sexual feelings for his girlfriend and doesnt know what to do. How will you counsel him? III-22 Handout for Medical Officers
Handout III
Annexure 4: Obeserver Role play Checklist Session 3, Activity 2
Note: Please mark a ' ' in the appropriate column while observing the tasks and characteristics of the communication of the provider during the role play. TASK Non-verbal Communication Friendly/ welcoming/ smiling? Non-judgemental/ empathetic? Listens/attentive/ nods head to encourage and acknowledge client's responses? Allows client enough time to talk? Verbal Communication Greats client Asks clients about themselves Tells clients about their choices/options Helps clients choose Explains what to do Counsels to return for follow-up Language was simple and brief What did you learn from observing this role-play? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ PERFORMED YES NO
Please record your comments/observations for feedback to participants (both positive and negative): ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________
III-23
Handout III
1. How do you think an adolescent feels when he/she walks into your health centre?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
(iv)
___________________________________________________________
2.
How would you strike a rapport with an adolescent client?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
(iv)
___________________________________________________________
3.
What are the barriers to good communication?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
(iv) III-24
___________________________________________________________ Handout for Medical Officers
Handout III
4. How effectively can you communicate with an adolescent girl/boy? (Please mark your answer with a cross (x) anywhere along the line)
Very effectively
Average
Not effective
III-25
AdolescentFriendl y riendly Repr oductive producti oductiv and Sexual Sexual Health Ser vices Services
Handout IV
CONTENTS
1. What Health Services do Adolescents Need? 2. Characteristics of Adolescent-Friendly Reproductive and Sexual Health Services 3. How are Services Best Delivered to Adolescents? 4. Quality of Care
Handout IV
Introduction
Services for adolescents must demonstrate relevance to the needs and wishes of young people. This handout looks at how to implement and make health services adolescent-friendly. It keeps in view the adolescent needs, perspectives of different stakeholders, characteristics and approaches to making health services more adolescent-friendly.
Definition
Gatekeepers People who interact with adolescents on a regular basis (parents, teachers, youth leaders) People who do not interact with adolescents on a regular basis (policy makers, administrators)
What health services do adolescents need?

Adolescents have in many surveys expressed their views about what they want from health services. They want a welcoming facility, where they can drop in and be attended to quickly. They insist on privacy and confidentiality, and do not want to have to seek parental permission to attend. They want a service in a convenient place at a convenient time that is free or at least affordable. They want staff to treat them with respect, not judge them. They want a range of services, and not to be asked to come back or referred elsewhere. Of course, those who plan and provide services cannot only think about the wishes of adolescents, however, it must be ensured that services are appropriate and effective, and they must be affordable and acceptable for the community. Health Services play a critical role in the development of adolescents when they: Treat conditions that give rise to ill health or cause adolescents' concern; Prevent and respond to health problems that can end young lives or result in chronic ill health or disability; Support young people who are looking for a route to good health, by monitoring progress and addressing concerns; Interact with adolescents at times of concern or crisis, when they are looking for a way out of their problems; Make links with other services, such as counselling services, which can support adolescents.
Young people in crisis need counselling and community support beyond what health services alone can offer. This support comes from parents, families, teachers, trained counsellors, religious or youth leaders and other adults and from their own peers. However, if these links break down, early signs of crisis may become apparent during contact with health services. Health-care staff needs to be sensitive to signs of anxiety, and know how to deal with young people in crisis, or where to refer them. Services also need to include information and education to help adolescents to become active participants in their own health and develop positive life skills.
IV-2
Handout IV
Programmes monitoring growth and development should provide a golden opportunity for adolescents to request help and for health-care staff to give them information. However, such programmes are rarely provided at school and even when health checks do take place, they seldom give young people this kind of opening. Sexual development is the most dramatic dimension of adolescence. People working with adolescents need to address several issues related to adolescent sexuality.
IV-3
Handout IV
Barriers that prevent utilization of services by adolescents
Barriers related to clients (adolescents): Discomfort with real or perceived clinic conditions Discomfort with real or perceived attitudes of providers Belief that the services are not intended for them Concern that the staff will be hostile or judgemental Fear of medical procedures Concern over lack of privacy and confidentiality Embarrassment at needing or wanting RH services Shame, especially if the visit follows coercion or abuse Fear of being examined by provider of opposite sex Ignorance or lack of information about health risk and services available - Poor understanding of their changing bodies and needs. - Insufficient awareness of pregnancy and STI/HIV risks - Lack of information of what services are available and location of services
Barriers related to health providers and policy : Provider factors: Untrained providers and staff for adolescent health and development issues Providers and staff not sensitive to adolescents' needs Judgemental and/or unempathetic attitude of providers and staff towards adolescent needs and concerns Providers and/or staff refuse services to adolescents (this factor may be more in government health settings as compared to private settings) Providers unwilling to provide sufficient time to the adolescent client for interpersonal communication Provider attitude biased towards boys versus girls Discrimination against adolescents, sometimes by requiring minimum age or parental consent. Unclear laws and policies regarding adolescents, both married/unmarried and boys/girls Not involving adolescent boys and girls during formulation of policies related to their needs and concerns Cost of services is high and unaffordable by adolescents Lack of designated or special health services for adolescents at the facility Lack of privacy and confidentiality Unfriendly environment Timings are not suitable and convenient to adolescents Cost of services is high and unaffordable by adolescents
Policy factors:
Barriers related to health facility:
IV-4
Handout IV
Characteristics of Adolescent-Friendly Reproductive and Sexual Health Services
Adolescent-friendly programmes
Adolescents are involved in programme design and continuing feedback: It is fundamental to ensure participation of young people in identifying their needs and preferences for meeting those needs. Involving youth in the planning of the facility / programme and in continuous feedback will enhance their ownership of the programme. This feeling of ownership will motivate young people to recruit their peers and to advise on needed adjustments. Both boys and girls (married/unmarried) are welcomed and served quickly: We are quite used to drop-in clients arrangement, which does not need prior appointments. It is very good because the adolescents are present-minded and rarely plan ahead to seek prior appointments for receiving services. With young people, it helps to seize the opportunity when they show up for getting RH care. However, when requested an early appointment should be made available. No overcrowding and short waiting times: Having to wait for a long time to be served in a clinic, partic olescent clients. A long wait dissuades them and they tell this to the peers-the prospective clients and this gives a bad reputation to the facility. Affordable fees: cost can be a significant barrier to potential adolescent client. The services should be free or affordable. Some studies have shown that adolescents want to pay something for services or else they will not value what is provided. Publicity: The adolescents must be informed about the existence of the clinic and other service programmes and also what services are provided. They must be reassured that they are welcome and will be served respectfully and confidentially. Boys and young men welcomed and served: In case of RH care clinics it is commonly presumed that the services are meant only for females. For a young woman, the accompaniment of her boyfriend to the clinic can be an important element in the decision to seek services. This support should not be dampened by feelings of discomfort. Wide range of services available: while it is not always possible, attempts should be made to identify and provide most needed services as one-stop shopping. These services should include: Nutrition Counselling, Growth and Development Monitoring, RH and sexual counselling, Contraceptive counselling and provision, Sexual abuse counselling, Substance abuse counselling etc. and anticipatory guidance. Necessary referrals available: Effective working arrangements should be established to ensure that youth receive the services they are referred to and assure that referral sites provide appropriate, youth friendly treatment. Parental involvement is encouraged: Many younger adolescents may be accompanied by parents and they are a good support system for adolescents in any case. Services are well promoted in areas where adolescents gather: Information exchange in the form of group discussion with peers can be quite useful. It helps adolescents realize that they are not unique in their fears and can provide peer support to obtain needed care or seek solutions to problems. Linkages are made with schools, youth clubs and other adolescent-friendly institutions: Clinics can increase their reach by other means of contact with clients. Telephone help lines can be operated by trained counsellors from the clinic site. Clinics can also set up smaller branches or satellite clinics closer to where young people congregate or that are linked to schools. Handout for Medical Officers IV-5
Handout IV
Alternative ways to access information, counselling and services are provided: Some young people prefer to learn about sensitive issues on their own by using written or audio-visual materials. Such material can be used while clients are waiting to be seen. Some materials should be available to take home, too, so that they can refer to them later when needed. Peer counsellors: Evidence shows that many young people prefer talking with their peers about sensitive issues. It is, therefore, useful and effective to have peer counsellors available as alternatives or supplements to some aspects of counselling activities.
Adolescent-friendly service provider(s) (Medical officers and ANMs/LHVs)

Trained and empathetic staff on adolescent issues: Having specially trained staff at the clinic is the single most important condition for establishing youth friendly services. Acquired skills must include familiarity with adolescent physiology and development, interpersonal skills, attitude and performance of all the staff. Respect for adolescents: Some providers bring to their job deeply entrenched biases against sexual activity of adolescents and find it difficult to relate to adolescents in a respectful way. Given this reality, clinic managers should carefully consider such attitudes as they select their staff to work with young persons. They should be non-judegemental, considerate, easy to relate and trustworthy. They welcome and interact with all adolescents irrespective of age, gender, socio-economic background or other considerations. Maintains privacy and confidentiality: Privacy and confidentiality rank very high among the young people. Privacy must be arranged for counselling sessions and physical examinations. Young people must feel confident that their important and sensitive concerns are not retold to other persons. A common fear expressed by young people is that the nurse, doctor or other staff will tell their parents or acquaintances that they came to the clinic for RH care. Adequate time for client and provider interaction: The young people need more time than adults to open up and to reveal very personal concerns and require strong reassurances and active encouragement to speak freely. Time is needed to bring myths to the surface, to discuss them, and to dispel them. In addition to responding to client concerns provider should be able to cover questions about body image and development, sex, relationship, condom negotiation and contraceptive method options. Therefore, an adequate time should be allotted for each client. Providers should inform and support adolescent clients to enable them to make free choices for his or her need.
Adolescent-friendly health centre

Separate space and special time set aside: Creating separate space, special times, or both for adolescent clients appears more important for certain clients such as young teenagers, first time clinic users, non-sexually active clients and marginalized young people. A separate service can also facilitate providers efficiency in arranging specialized youth friendly features. Convenient hours: Having clinics open at times when young people can conveniently attend is fundamental to effective recruitment. Such times include late afternoons (after school or work), evenings and weekends. Convenient location: New facilities can easily be planned with this requirement in mind. Young people do not want to or cannot travel too far to reach service sites. Sometimes, they desire to go out of their neighbourhoods. In any case, the location
IV-6
Handout IV
should be in safe surroundings and, ideally, should be approachable by public transport. Adequate space and sufficient privacy: Adequate space is needed to assure that counselling and examinations can take place out of sight and sound of other people. This requires separate rooms with doors and policies that support minimal interruptions and intrusions. Comfortable surroundings: The service environment may vary in important details with the specific target audience to be served. In general, young people prefer a setting that is comfortable, has posters or dcor that relate to their taste and interests, and does not present an overlay Required supplies are available: Adequate supply of medicines, equipment are available for basic services and necessary procedures. Educational material is also available on site.
[Source:
'SHAHN' Safdarjang Hospital Adolescent Healthcare Network]
IV-7
Handout IV
How are services best delivered to adolescents?
Adolescent-friendly health services can be delivered in hospitals, at health centres, in schools, or in community settings. They may be planned from above or started by groups of dedicated healthcare professionals who see that the needs of adolescents are not being met, and who believe that services can be more effective. This section gives examples in a range of different settings. A judicious mix of different (but complimentary to each other) delivery models and settings may be required to cover all groups of adolescents in a geographic area, e.g. a district.
Services at health centres or hospitals

Basic health services are usually delivered at ordinary health centres and there is no reason why this should not also meet the needs for many adolescents. One important task is to train and support staff in this setting, to improve skills and to develop an empathetic approach, so that young people are willing to attend. These skills can be sustained through regular post-qualification training, and through a system of clinical protocols and guidelines, together with peer assessment and good quality supervision and management. Privacy may be improved by holding special sessions outside normal opening hours, by creating a separate entrance for young people and by improving confidentiality once inside. A number of hospitals have developed specialist adolescent services or clinics in outhouses or as part of the main building. Hospital based services have skilled specialists on site and can offer a full range of medical services. However, they are limited to centres of population, and may be constrained by competing demands for funds.
Services located at other kinds of centres

Because some adolescents are reluctant to visit health facilities, services can also be taken to places where young people already go. In youth or community centres, a nurse or doctor may periodically hold special clinics, and peer educators can put young people in touch with relevant health or social support services. One advantage is that such centres are already used by adolescents so that they do not have to make a special effort to go there. One drawback is that a particular centre may only attract particular group of the adolescent population, being used mainly by boys or by girls or by one age group.
Outreach services
In both urban and rural areas there is a need to provide services away from hospitals and health centres, to reach out to young people who are unlikely to come to health centres. Increasingly in towns and cities services are being provided in shopping malls, as well as in community or youth centres. Some countries have promoted services on the Internet to catch the attention of young people who have access to computers. Adolescents in remote rural areas are often excluded from routine health services. Health-care workers from local centres can take mobile services to visit villages to reach adolescents over a wide area. Services provided in village halls can include screening and immunization with a discrete follow-up appointment service for those who need further treatment or counselling. Visiting health-care providers can also provide health education talks and materials aimed at young people. Outreach services are also needed for adolescents who slip through the net although they may be geographically close to an existing health facility. Young people living on the streets find it difficult to access mainstream services but will respond to services targeted on this vulnerable client group. Such outreach services may be run from health clinics or provided by NGOs. Once contact is made with young people who are outside the system it is important to find a way to create links between the outreach team and mainstream services.
IV-8
Handout IV
Health services linked to schools
Schools provide a natural entry point for reaching young people with health education and services. Schools are ideal places to screen for or treat a range of common illnesses, to provide vaccines such as booster tetanus shots, and for health and hygiene education. However, in practice this potential is seldom realized. Schools are short of resources and teachers have neither the training nor the equipment to deliver health education on top of their existing workload. To turn this around requires effective training to build the motivation and skills of staff, and may require outside support for sex education lessons. Some successful schemes train young people as peer educators in schools. As with outreach work, it is important to link school health services to local health services, so that students who need follow-up care receive it, and so that efforts are not duplicated. It is also important to ensure that services provided at school have community support. Many head teachers are concerned that they will open themselves to criticism if they provide services for young people. Efforts among the school and community are required to ensure that such moves are supported. There is much evidence that parents welcome other responsible adults talking to their children about sensitive issues, as they often feel unable to deal with these issues at home. Community level assistance for awareness, enabling environment and marketing of services: Schools Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) Self-help Groups (SHGs) Mahila Mandal Youth clubs NGOs working in their area Literacy programmes (continued education) Saas-Bahu groups (eg. in Chittor) Parent groups Nehru Yuvak Kendra (NYKs) National Service Scheme (NSS) Scouts and Guides Media to create awareness and an enabling environment
Life Skills: Role of Health Sector

Background
Adolescents have numerous concerns and problems. Numerous such issues (Tobacco and Alcohol use, Early initiation of Sexual activity, Depression) are linked and may have common origins and driven by common Risk Factors (WHO). Most of these problems and concerns not only impact the adolescents as individuals but also have a significant Public Health Impact. Many national indicators like TFR, MMR, IMR etc have a significant component contributed by the adolescent age group. Adolescents have certain well-defined needs to negotiate adolescence and its attendant issues. It is increasingly being recognized that, since the problems may have common origins, we need to address the identified risk factors and holistically address the needs of the adolescents to make a dent on these and other public health indicators. It is important to recognize that many of the identified risk factors can be understood and their impact reduced or even neutralized by the skillful and well-informed adolescents.
Adolescents require Information and Skills

There is growing evidence that access to age and sex appropriate information and health and counseling services is necessary, but information alone is not sufficient to prevent the problems. In addition to these they need skills to use this information in order to remain healthy. Handout for Medical Officers IV-9
Handout IV
There is a growing body of research focusing on protective factors and resiliency to deal with the prevailing risk factors (WHO) experienced by the adolescents. The research emphasizes the importance of caring and supportive adults in the lives of adolescents, connectedness with parents, safe and supportive learning environments, community support and opportunities for community service, values and a spiritual element to their lives. Resiliency and protective factors that are present in the community, become an important aid to the healthy adolescent development and wellness when the adolescents and the communities are able to learn and practice life skills like Self Awareness, Critical thinking, Empathy, Coping with stress and emotions and practice improved Inter-personal relationship and Effective Communication among others..
What are Life Skills?

Life skills are abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour that enable individuals to deal with the demands and challenges of every day living (WHO). Life skills are individual skills/abilities that each one of us possess and yet, need to enhance in order to meet the challenges of life. Effective acquisition of life skills can influence the way one feels about oneself and others and can enhance ones productivity, efficacy, self-esteem and self-confidence. They also provide tools and techniques to improve interpersonal relations. Life skills are needed for creating a demand and effectively utilising the existing education, health and other services.
Life Skills Life skills are abilities for adaptive and positive behavior that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life (WHO definition). In particular, life skills are a group of psycho-social competencies and interpersonal skills that help people make informed decisions, communicate effectively, and develop coping and self-management skills to lead a healthy and productive life. Life skills may be directed toward personal actions or actions toward others, as well as to actions to change the surrounding environment to make it conducive to health. Three broad areas of life skills are social, thinking/reflective, and negotiation skills. Social skills establishing relationships, communicating effectively Thinking/reflective skills self awareness, social awareness, goal setting & planning, problem solving & decision making Negotiation skills with self, with others
Core Life Skills Self Awareness Critical Thinking Decision making Effective Communication Coping with Stress Empathy Creative Thinking Problem Solving Interpersonal Relationship Coping with Emotions
IV-10
Handout IV
Different life skills are utilized for different purposes. For instance, critical thinking and decision making skills are important to analyze and resist peer and media influences to use tobacco; interpersonal communication skills are needed to negotiate sexual activity.
How is Life Skills Education (LSE) relevant to adolescents?

The Skills Based Health Education (SBHE) approach states that LSE helps children and adolescents learn how to deal with the difficulties of daily life, growing-up and deal with risk situations- by protecting themselves from risks and when in trouble seeking appropriate help . A well-designed and implemented LSE curriculum within the school and the community addresses diverse needs and problems through learning and application. Life skills education is an essential component of promoting healthy and socially accepted individuals. Experiences in South-East Asia of implementing LSE have highlighted the following operational definitions: Life skills put adolescents in a better position to translate their dreams and values into constructive actions. LSE provides inner power and strength to deal with daily life. Life skills process transfers knowledge, skills, attitudes that one has acquired intoapplication/strategies for a healthy life. Life skills are effective tools to empower young people to act, take initiative and take control/charge of their lives. LS lay the foundations for good health & mental well-being Adolescent Wellness. LSE also impacts on adults (trainers, teachers, administrators and health professionals) when they improve upon their life skills.
Impact of LSE Interventions:

Life skills are a vehicle for health and mental health promotion. Implementing LS programmes in the school and community provides the following benefits: LS interventions build enabling environments in schools and the community. LS interventions promote better communication between teachers and students and enhanced interaction between teachers who have been trained and the teaching community. Sensitive and critical issues difficult to handle by adults (sexuality, Sexual abuse, addictions etc) is facilitated by the LSE approach. Life Skills education is expected to improve Health Seeking Behaviour and Help seeking Behaviour It may provide synergy to the AFHS initiatives and improve utilization of the clinics and facilities.
Role of Health Sector in Promoting LSE:

The health sector is one of the major stakeholders in promoting LSE. Though the health sector in India at present- for many reasons may not be in a position to have direct involvement in imparting LSE training, it needs to play a major role for its advocacy and upscaling. In addition, it needs to work closely with the education and social sector to assist and guide their LSE initiative so that they can incorporate the
IV-11
Handout IV
specific health sector agenda. The health sector can play a major role in capacity building of the master trainers and others for promoting LSE in education and social sector. The recent examples of LSE initiatives for Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH) in many states of India (supported by UNFPA), and the YUVA initiative on holistic Adolescent Wellness by the Directorate of Education, GNCT of Delhi are some commendable and successful examples of synergy between the Education and Health sector for promoting adolescent Health. As many determinants of risk behaviours are outside the control of the health sector, it has more at stake in promoting SBHE initiatives than it seems obvious on superficial examination. Evidence for LSE based Interventions: Interventions that have proven more effective are the ones that are based on life skills approach. In addition to knowledge, adolescents need psychosocial competencies to deal with situations that arise in their day-to-day life. Such skills prove to be critical in determining whether the adolescent will indulge in a particular health risk activity. The Boston Violence Prevention Project involved a community approach using a 10-session educational approach to present information on violence, teach conflict resolution techniques and create a nonviolent environment to serve as a role model (Prothrow-Sith, 1991). While attitudes towards violence changed, behavioral outcomes did not. A school based sexual risk reduction programme included not only risk information and perceived vulnerability, benefits of practicing prevention activities, but also focused on enhancing self-efficacy and sexual negotiation skills (Walter & Vaughan 1993). Evaluation based on a 3 month follow up indicated that compared to control group, programme participants reported fewer sexual contacts with high-risk partners, fewer partners and increase in consistent condom use. Overall, the accumulation of findings indicate that theory-based approaches that include skills training, are based on social learning theory and address salient peer, social and media pressures to engage in risky sexual behavior can be effective (Kirby and Diclemente, 1994). A fifteen-session curriculum included well-prepared teachers to deliver a cognitive component (consequences of smoking, ways to improve making exercises, relaxation training and assertiveness training (Botvin, Renich and Baker 1983). Findings indicate a 50% reduction in smoking. Recently the Institute of Health management Pachod (IHMP) Maharashtra, India has reported that LSE programs have postponed the age of marriage by TWO years for the girls who underwent the LSE program. The intervention was also able to positively impact the attitudes of the parents on matters related to adolescent development. The program was carried out in the Aurangabad district of the state. While the health sector can not take life skills development as a primary responsibility it can certainly help others like education and sector and NGOs in implementing such programmes in schools and community.
IV-12
Handout IV
SUMMARY
1. Health services can help to meet adolescent needs, only if they are part of a comprehensive programme. Adolescents need: A safe and supportive environment that offers protection and opportunities for development; such as education, nutrition physical development, mental/emotional development, vocational training; Information on growing up process, and skills to understand and interact with the outside world; Develop life skills for problem identification, decision making, problem solving and negotiation skills; Health services and counselling - to address the health problems and deal with personal difficulties. Health service providers cannot meet all these needs alone. They can join or create networks that act together and maximise resources. Inter sectoral approach is best Education and Health to work together. There is no single "fixed menu" suitable for every region. Each district/ state must develop its own package, according to economic, epidemiological and social circumstances. A package of basic health services must be tailored to local needs, Reproductive health services and counselling are a high priority in most places, Information and counselling are important elements to support adolescents.
2.
3.
IV-13
IV-14
Handout IV
Stakeholders
Communities
Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies District/State Programme Manager Catalysts and watch agents
1. Communities are adequately consulted while finalizing plans for maternal and child health 1. Gather needs of the beneficiaries and views of communities about the program 1. Prepare comprehensive district plans building on PHC plans 2. Ensure the feedback is 2. Form comprehensive relayed to decision district/state program makers through teams ensuring monthly reports and adequate delegation other M&E instruments and accountability. 3. Counsel communities on appropriate health care requirements 4. Deliver basic RCH services following the standard protocols to ensure quality and responsiveness
Female and male Multipurpose Workers, AWWs and ASHAs Mobilisers and basic service providers at community level
Elected Representatives
Role
Primary stakeholders (may rightfully demand that:)
Manager of decentralized Mobilizers and advisors RCH programme responsive to local needs
1. Mobilise public opinion about the programme 2. Participate in consultations to finalise district/state plans 3. Monitor the reach of services to the poorest and vulnerable groups and provide feedback to Programme Managers 3. Improve financial management as per programme requirement and ensure timely submission of statements of expenditure and maintain accounts as per finance manual. 4. Ensure timely supply of programme inputs and funds 5. Monitor programme performance and results. 4. Participate in social mobilization activities
Responsibilities
1. Priority needs of the poor and the vulnerable well addressed through local representatives and government authorities
2. Programme inputs reach groups who are 2. Female and male health the most needy and workers are available poorest groups to all community 3. Communities continue members, including the as key decision poor and the makers throughout the vulnerable project cycle 4. Provision of RCH services meet the local client needs
3. Service providers remain accountable for the coverage and quality of services
Role of Programme Managers and Other Stakeholders
4. Better household practices especially for caring of newborn children and seeking care for women during pregnancy and childbirth
5. Establish rapport between communities, local governments and other stakeholders of the programme
Source: RCH Phase II National Programme Framework Document, MOHFW, GOI.
Handout IV
'Quality of Care' and Quality Implementation in AFHS
What do we mean by quality?
To provide good quality adolescent health services, we first need to define what quality means that is, identifying the particular aspects of service provision that we need to address in order to provide the best possible outcome for adolescent patients. Quality is conformance to specifications specified standards or expectations of a certain level of performance. Dimensions of quality health services are related to recipient (user), provider and system in which the service is provided.
Dimensions of Quality:
a) b) c) Quality Dimensions Relating to the Recipients of Services Accessible: Individuals who need the services, are able to obtain them Acceptable: Individuals who need the services, are willing the obtain (i.e. it meets their expectations) Equitable: Different population groups in the area who need the services are able obtain them (No discrimination) Quality Dimensions Relating to the Providers of Services Appropriate: The required services are provided; services that are not needed (even if harmless) as well as harmful services are not provided Comprehensive: The services cover all the needed aspects (i.e. bio-medical as well as psycho-social aspects) Effective: The services bring about positive changes in health status Quality Dimensions Relating to the System in which Services are provided Efficient: The services are provided at the lowest possible cost.
Although dimensions of quality are similar for all age groups, for adolescents the two As- Accessibility and Acceptability are the aspects equated with adolescent friendliness. Criteria for adolescent friendliness have been identified in many surveys and are specified in the Global Consultation document (WHO 2001). Not all aspects of the two As are of equal importance to adolescents. Adolescents of both sexes rated criteria indicative of client-provider attitudes as most important, with the highest importance scores given to listening, friendliness, and aspects, followed by understanding of the counsellor, freedom to ask questions and privacy. Confidentiality was ranked slightly lower and was less important to young men than to young women. Criteria for accessibility: (subdivided into geographic, economic and administrative) scored rating by sex and residence (urban/rural). These findings suggest that changing provider attitudes should be a first priority. It may be feasible to structure the Quality improvement process so as to prioritize areas for improvement rather than giving equal weight to all dimensions of quality. It is assumed that accomplishment of the three Es Equity, Effectiveness and Efficiency is best determined at the level of the network although it would also be important to determine how different organizations contribute to their attainment. To measure the three Es requires management information systems for generation of routine data on service outcome indicators. These have been only partially defined for adolescent services and are of three main types: (a) process
1. Source: ADOLESCENT FRIENDLY HELATH SERVICES: MAKING IT HAPPEN, Developed for the World Health Organisation, By Siobhan Peattie, Save the Children UK, Draft for discussion and field review; October 2002
IV-15
Handout IV
measures (e.g. level of participation of organizations within the network, range of services offered, protocols developed etc. (b) those relating to utilization, such as who comes, for what, when, how often, to which facility (c) intermediate outcome measures which relate to the health outcomes that the overall strategy seeks to improve (e.g. contraceptive/condom uptake vaccination rates, treatment compliance etc.). Targets for some rates (e.g. contraceptive uptake) could be set in order to help identify weak links in the network and to signal a need for action to address underlying problems. The cost of the Quality Improvement process should be measured in relation to intermediate indicators and eventually, health outcomes. Quality implementation: Quality implementation process involves these steps: Choose an element of service - define standards - define criteria for meeting the Standard - identify gaps in implementation - improve implementation to remove gaps.
'Standard' of Quality: Standard is a statement of required quality - an expectation of a certain level of performance. It gives a basis of achieving a particular level and also for assessing the performance. A gap between actual performance and stated level (standard) represents the scope of improvement. National standards in respect of adolescent friendly health services under RCH-II ARSH strategy have been laid down by means of a national consultation process. 'Criteria' to meet the laid down standards: Criteria are the actions that need to be taken at the levels of input, process and output to achieve the laid down standards. These actions need to be specified and must be achievable within the constraints of the local setting. By focusing on the input, process and output (the elements of criteria to meet standards) of services within each broad definition of the dimension or quality we can go some way to achieve good quality health services for adolescents. The input of care refer to features to the setting in which services are delivered, such as the building/rooms policies outlining clients rights or clinical guidelines, the staff available or the type of equipment used. The process of care relates to the activities and experience of delivering and receiving care, such as registration and referral procedures, history taking and physical examination procedures and adolescent patient's or client's experience of receiving care. The agreed procedures and practices then have to be carried out consistently and reliably by staff- this is part of the process of provision. The output of care are the impact that the use of health services has on the adolescent patient, that is, on their physical and psychological health, their satisfaction with the service or their quality of life.
Means of Verification: We need to use tools for assessing whether the criteria at the level of input, precess and output are in place.
IV-16
Handout IV
We can really only achieve better health for adolescents if we focus on the input, process and output of care together. If we address the process and input of service provision without looking at the output, we wont be able to tell whether the process and input changes we have made have had any impact on the quality of services or on adolescents health in general. For example, one way of trying to improve adolescents access to sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS) could be to set up teen centre based services, in which specially trained staff provide services and information and lively printed information materials are given out (i.e. the input and process aspects of provision). By looking at overall utilization rates (one of the output of services provision) and any differences between the rates of use by girls and boys, and by asking the views of the adolescents who use and dont use the services, we can then get some idea of whether our strategy has worked. We may find that utilization has increased only amongst adolescent boys and that girls dont use the service because they feel uncomfortable going to a place where large groups of boys go to socialize or that their parents forbid them from going there. Looking at outputs in this way will tell us that a more effective approach to improving the access and equity of services for adolescent boys and girls might be to provide a broader range of service delivery points.
IV-17
Handout IV
Quality Implementation Process:
Quality implementation process involves the following steps:
Select issues for quality improvement. Identify the relevant standards. Deciding criteria to meet the standards related to input, process and output. Verify the quality/improvement by measuring appropriate indicators.
This process is explained in Annexure 1 'Making Health Services Adolescent Friendly - Using a 'Quality of Care' Framework'. Annexure 2 describes the seven national standards and criteria related to input process and output at the level of service delivery point and district as well as national/ state level.
IV-18
Handout IV
Annexure 1: Quality Implementation Process Session 4, Activity 2
Making Health Services Adolescent Friendly
Using a 'Quality of Care' framework
Dimensions of quality health services for adolescents

Accessibility, acceptability and equity Adolescent friendly policies: Adolescent friendly procedures: Adolescent friendly health care providers: Adolescent friendly support staff. Adolescent friendly health facilities. Adolescent involvement. Community involvement. Provision of outreach/ peer-to-peer services. Effectiveness Health workers have the required competencies. Provider practices are guided by evidence-based protocols and guidelines. Health facilities have the required equipment, supplies and functioning basic services.
Efficiency Appropriate and comprehensive Management information Adolescents are addressed as system and a system to utilise individuals not just as cases of the information generated from a health problem. this is in place. A comprehensive package of A system by which the cost of health services and other services for adolescents can be relevant services are provided monitored is in place. or secured through referral linkages... A participative quality improvement process is in place.
Quality Implementation Process

Select an issue for quality improvement: Identify which dimension of health service provision is inadequate Identify the standard: Specify the desired quality to be achieved Formulate the Criteria: Specify what needs to happen for the standard to be compiled with Verify the quality/improvement by using 'means of verification'.
Criteria
Input Features of the Clinic Area: Staff, equipment, procedures followed in the clinic Process The activities of providing and utilizing services: Clinical exam of client, referral etc. Output Impact of services on the clients their physical & mental health; satisfaction level IV-19
Handout IV
Means of Verification for the above 3 criteria/actions
What data is to be gathered? How is the data to be gathered? (When, from where, from whom?, by whom) How will the data be analysed & put to use ?
Quality Improvement: Process

Define, adapt relevant standards Identify the or revise standards
Implement and monitor interventions or strategies
Quality health services
Assess compliance with standards by using 'Means of Verification'
Define interventions to address the causes of gaps
Analyze gaps between actual performance and standards
IV-20
Handout IV
Example: Quality Implementation Process
Select an issue for quality improvement: Adolescents in our community are not aware of what health and counselling services are available. Identify the standard: Adolescents are well informed about the availablity of
good quality health services from the service delivery points (SDPs).
Formulate the Criteria/Actions: Input SDP will have a signboard welcoming adolescents & informing them about the availability of good quality health services. SDP staff will have visited educational institutions to inform adolescents about the availability of quality health services. Organizations (e.g. NGOs working with children/adolescents on the street) will have informed the adolescents they come into contact with about the availability of quality health services. Local performing groups will have provided information about the availability of quality health services for adolescents, through folk media. Information about the availability of quality health services will have been posted in pharmacies and shops in the area. Information about the availability of quality health services will have been provided through the media. Process SDP staff are visiting educational institutions to inform adolescents about the availability of good quality health services. Organizations which come into contact with adolescents are briefing them about the availability of quality health services. Local performing groups are providing information about the availability of quality health services through folk media. Output Adolescents are well informed about the availability of good quality health services Criteria
Input SDP will have a signboard welcoming adolescents & informing them about the availability of good quality health services. SDP staff will have visited educational institutions to inform adolescents about the availability of quality health services. Process SDP staff are visiting educational institutions to inform adolescents about the availability of good quality health services. Organizations which come into contact with adolescents are briefing them about the availability of quality health services. Output Adolescents are well informed about the availability of good quality health services
For complete table refer to Annexure 2 (Standard 2)
Means of Verification
Observation.
Report of the SDP. Interviews with SDP staff. Observe selected sessions.
FGD with adolescents in the catchment area of the SDP.
IV-21
Handout IV
Quality Improvement: Principles
A continuous, cyclical process - NOT a one-time activity Applicable to all levels of health services and systems Focuses on processes, structures and systems - NOT people (staff) - as the root of health service delivery problems Participatory: Involves key stakeholders (e.g. clinicians, patients, managers, policy makers) to ensure that multiple perspectives of quality are addressed Evidence-based and appropriate: Uses local data to identify local solutions to local problems Requires continuous, committed and active leadership
Quality Improvement
QI methods & tools have been successfully applied in reproductive health & child health service provision. They can be useful in our efforts to make health services friendly to adolescents.
IV-22
Quality Implementation in Adolescent-friendly Health Services
Standard 1. An enabling environment exists in the community for adolescents to seek the health services they need.
Criteria
SDP
Input Criteria - Ensure that communicating about the value of providing adolescents with the health services they need is addressed in teaching/learning materials. - Develop a tool that district officials could use to communicate on this matter key institutions and networks that need to be engaged to influence public opinion. Interviews with heads of key institutions/ networks. - Interviews with SDP staff.
Session 4, Activity 3
1. All adult patients visiting SDP will have been informed about the value of providing adolescents with the health services they need.
Communicate with all adult patients about the rational for providing health services to adolescents. - Identify key institutions and networks that need to be engaged to influence public opinion. - Identify other players (e.g. other government departments/NGOs) best suited to reach out to these institutions/ networks. - Brief them about the rationale for providing adolescents with the health services they need.
Annexure 2: National Standards of Quality for AFHS and Criteria for meeting standards
2. Community members will have been briefed about the rationale for providing adolescents with the health services they need.
SDP - Service Delivery Point
Contd/-....
Handout IV
IV-23
IV-24
Handout IV
3. Information about the rationale for providing adolescents with the health services they need will have been communicated through the mass media.
- Develop messages and have them approved. - Conduct a national/ state level publicity campaign.
- Articles in the print media. - Programmes on radio and television.
Process Criteria - Observe selected interactions.
1. Service providers communicate effectively about the rationale for providing health services to adolescents in their interactions with adult patients. -
2. The rationale for the provision of health services to adolescents is discussed in community meetings.
- Observe selected meetings.
Output criteria - Interviews with gatekeepers. Interviews with gatekeepers.
1. Community members are aware of the value of providing health services to adolescents. -
2. Community members support the provision of health services to adolescents.
Standard 2. Adolescents are well informed about the availability of good quality health services from the service delivery points.
Criteria
SDP
District level
Key partners
Input Criteria - Develop sign boards. - Put up the sign boards. - Design logo and text for the sign board and have it approved. Local businessmen could be engaged to participate in this. - Send a letter to the district educational officer about the initiative. - Observation.

- Send a letter to heads of educational institutions about the initiative. - Send a list of educational institutions SDP. - Organize meetings to brief organizations which come into contact with adolescents. (Note: Particular efforts will need to be made to establish linkages with NGOs working with adolescents at greatest risk/vulnerability). - Report of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP staff. - Interviews with heads of selected organizations.
- Make a plan to visit educational institutions. - Visit them according to the plan.
3. Organizations (e.g. NGOs working with children/adolescents on the street) will have informed the adolescents they come into contact with about the availability of quality health services.
Contd/-....
Handout IV
IV-25
IV-26
Handout IV
4. Local performing groups will have provided information about the availability of quality health services for adolescents, through folk media. - Identify and engage performing groups. - Develop a plan for their performances. - Support them in conducting their performances. - Select the pharmacies and shops in which posters are to be displayed. - Send out the posters for display. - Performing groups.
5. Information about the availability of quality health services will have been posted in pharmacies and shops in the area.
- Develop posters and send them to the districts. - Voluntary organizations such as Rotary or Lions could be engaged in this work. -
- Observation.
6. Information about the availability of quality health services will have been provided through the media.
- Brief media persons periodically about the initiative.
- Develop messages and have them approved. - Conduct a national/state level publicity campaign.
- Articles in the print media.
Contd/-....
Handout IV
- Observe selected sessions. - Observe selected sessions. - Observe selected performances. - FGD with adolescents in the catchment area of the SDP. -
Criteria
SDP
District level
Key partners
nput Criteria - Develop sign boards. - Put up the sign boards. - Design logo and text for the sign board and have it approved. - Send a letter to the district educational officer about the initiative. Local businessmen could be engaged to participate in this. -
1. SDP will have a signboard welcoming adolescents & nforming them about the availability of good quality health services.
-
-O
- Make a plan to visit educational institutions. - Visit them according to the plan. 2. Organizations which come into contact with adolescents are briefing them about the availability of quality health services. -
- Send a letter to heads of educational institutions about the initiative. - Send a list of educational institutions SDP. - Organize meetings to brief organizations which come into contact with adolescents. (Note: Particular efforts will need to be made to establish linkages with NGOs working with adolescents at greatest risk/vulnerability). Output criteria 1. Adolescents are well informed about the availability of good quality health services. -
-R SD - In SD
1. SDP staff are visiting educational institutions to inform adolescents about the availability of good quality health services.
5. Information about the availability of quality health services will have been posted in pharmacies and shops in theHandout for Medical Officers area.
Process Criteria
4. Local performing groups will have provided information about he availability of quality health services for adolescents, through olk media.
3. Local performing groups are providing information about the availability of quality health services through folk media.
3. Organizations (e.g. NGOs working with children/adolescents on the street) will have informed he adolescents they come into contact with about the availability of quality health services.
-
- In he org
- Identify and engage performing groups. - Develop a plan for their performances. - Support them in conducting their performances. - Select the pharmacies and shops in which posters are to be displayed. - Send out the posters for display.
- Performing groups.
- Develop posters and send them to the districts. - Voluntary IV-27 organizations such as Rotary or Lions could be engaged
-O
IV-28
Handout IV
Standard 3.
SDP District level National /state level Key partners
Service delivery points provide the specified package of health services that adolescents need.
Criteria
Input Criteria - Provide the health services. - Inform all SDP about the package of health services that they need to deliver. - Specify the package of health services to be delivered at each level (i.e. sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre and district hospital). - Report of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP staff.
1.SDP provide the defined package of health services to adolescents or make them available through referral: Promotive Services Preventive Services Curative Services Referral
(Note: The services to be provided at the sub-centre, primary health centre, community health centre and district hospital will need to be specified).
2. Mechanisms are in place to ensure effective referral to other SDP which provide services not provided on the spot (where applicable).
- Work to build/strength en referral linkages.
- Assist SDP in developing referral linkages.
Other SDP in the public and private sector.
- Report of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP staff..
Process Criteria - Record review. - Interviews with managers and service providers.
1. Health services are provided on the spot in line with the package. If services are not available on the spot, patients are referred elsewhere. Both these actions are carried out in line with standard operating procedures.
Output criteria -"-
1. The specified package of health services are provided to adolescents.
Standard 4.
Service delivery points deliver effective health services to adolescents.
Criteria
SDP
District level
Key partners
Input criteria - Report of the SDP. - Observation of SDP. - Work with the national authorities to ensure that staff are deployed in line with the profile. - Ensure that the SDP has the job descriptions. - Prepare/update job description. - Define the staffing profile for each SDP, and communicate this to the districts. - Deploy staff to the SDP in line with the defined profile.

- Report of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP staff. - Implement the competency building plan. - Develop a competency building plan that addresses competencies relating to both clinical management as well as interpersonal communication. Note: The competency building plan should include elements of self learning, training, follow up after training, mentoring, and continuous learning to address gaps that have been identified. - Develop materials to implement the plan. - Make materials and resource persons available to the districts to implement the competency building plan. - Report of the SDP on the involvement of SDP staff in competency building activities.
1. Service providers are in place.
2. Service providers are clearly aware of their roles and responsibilities in relation to the functioning of the SDP.
- Ensure that every staff member has his/her respective job description.
3. Service providers have the competencies required to provide the specified health services effectively
Contd/-....
Handout IV
IV-29
IV-30
Handout IV
4. Clinical management guidelines and standard operational procedures are in place for the provision of the specified health services. - Work with the national authorities to ensure that the equipment, supplies and basic amenities are in place. - Specify the supplies, equipment, and basic amenities that need to be in place in each type of SDP, and communicate this to the districts. - Make resources available for the above mentioned items to be in place. The government departments responsible for this
- Distribute the tools to the SDP.
- Develop the tools. - Distribute them to the districts.
- Observation of the SDP.
5. Supplies, equipment and basic amenities (e.g. water, sanitation and electricity) required to provide the specified health services are in place.
- Work with the district authorities to ensure that the supplies, equipment and basis amenities are in place. - If/when needed, try to find local solutions to problems such as equipment breakdown, erratic supplies, and water supply interruptions. - Distribute them to the SDP. - Develop partnerships with NGOs to provide informational materials. - Develop the materials and send them to the districts.
- Report of the SDP. - Observation of the SDP.
6. Informational/educational materials directed at adolescents are available.
- Display and/or distribute informational materials.
NGOs producing educational materials for adolescents.
-"-
Process criteria - Record review. - Observation of service provider-patient interaction.
1. Service providers manage adolescents who seek help effectively.
Output criteria Exit interview with adolescent patients.
1. Adolescents receive effective promotive, preventive and curative services.
Standard 5.
Service providers are sensitive to the needs of adolescents and are motivated to work with them.
Criteria
SDP
Input criteria Distribute them to the SDP. - Develop a policy statement (on the need to deal with all adolescents with understanding and empathy) and the corresponding standard operating procedures, and send them to the districts. - Develop the mechanism, have it approved and sent it to the districts. - Report of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP managers/staff. - Report of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP staff.

- Orient SDP managers to the mechanism. Panchayati Raj institutions could be involved in this. - Observation. - Interviews with SDP staff. - Observation of completed performance assessment forms. - Individual interviews with SDP managers/staff. Individual interviews with SDP staff. Individual interviews with SDP staff.
1. Service providers are fully aware of national policies and policies and procedures on the dealing with their adolescent patients with understanding and emphathy.
- Heads of SDP should discuss the policies and procedures with SDP staff.
2. A mechanism is in place to recognize and reward good performance.
Process criteria
1. Service providers apply the procedures in their dealing with their adolescent patients.
2. Good performance of service providers is recognized and rewarded.
Output criteria
1. Service providers feel motivated to provide services to young people.
2. Service providers feel valued by their colleagues & supervisors.
Handout IV
IV-31
IV-32
Handout IV
Standard 6.
Adolescents feel at ease with the surroundings and procedures of the SDP.
SDP
District level
Key partners
Means of verification - Businesses could be invited to contribute to this work. - Observation.
Input Criteria - Develop sign boards. - Put up the sign boards. - Design logo and text for the sign board and have it approved.
1. SDP will have a signboard welcoming adolescents & informing them about the availability of good quality health services. - Orient SDP managers on the guidelines. - Support SDP in developing plans and in carrying out follow up action. - Distribute posters and informational materials. - Work with the SDP to develop a plan for this. -
- Develop guidelines for making the surroundings making the surroundings appealing to adolescents and send them to the districts. - Develop posters/informational materials, and send them to the districts.
- Observation
3. Services are provided to adolescents at specified days/timing convenient to them; in addition they are free to obtain services at any other time.
- Provide services.
- Observation -Report of the SDP manager
Contd/-....
Handout IV
- Exit interviews with adolescent patients.
District level
- Report of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP staff.
- Observation - Interviews with SDP staff -
- Observation. - Interviews with SDP staff
SDP
Key partner
nput Criteria
- Develop sign boards. - Put up the sign boards.
- Design logo and text for the sign board and have it approved.
- Businesses could be invite to contribute t this work. -
- Orient SDP managers on the guidelines. - Support SDP in developing plans and in carrying out follow up action. - Distribute posters and informational materials.
- Develop guidelines for making the surroundings making the surroundings appealing to adolescents and send them to the districts. - Develop posters/informational materials, and send them to the districts. -
Process Criteria
Process Criteria
Output criteria
1. Adolescents feel comfortable with the surroundings and procedures when they visit SDP
3. Services are provided to adolescents at specified days/timing convenient to hem; in addition they are free to obtain services at any other time.
- Provide services.
- Work with the SDP to develop a plan for this.
IV-33
-
IV-34
Handout IV
Standard 7.
SDP District level National / state level Key partners
Management systems are in place to improve/sustain the quality of health services.

Criteria
Input Criteria - Distribute the selfassessment tools to the SDP, and orient the SDP manager/staff to it. - Develop a plan to visit the SDP. - Provide supportive supervision. - Develop a monitoring system that includes the following elements: - weekly selfassessment by SDP managers, - monthly external assessment by district coordinators, - six monthly external assessment by the state level coordinators. - Develop monitoring tools and distribute them to the districts. - Develop a competency building plan (which includes. self learning, training, follow up after training and ongoing learning). - Implement the competency building plan. 'Resource institutions' (e.g. departments of community medicine in medical colleges) could be engaged to make a valuable contribution to this. - Observe monitoring plan. - Interviews with SDP manager/staff.
1. Mechanisms are in place to monitor the performance of SDP (including SDP staff) and to identify needs for corrective/ameliorative actions.
- Observe monitoring plan. - Interviews with SDP manager/staff.
Contd/-....
Handout IV
- Interviews with SDP managers/staff. - Minutes of meetings held to discuss the implications of the findings for the work of the HSDP. -Observing an assessment exercise. - Reports of the SDP. - Interviews with SDP managers/staff.. - Observe monitoring plan. - Interviews with SDP manager/staff. - Observe monitoring plan. - Interviews with SDP manager/staff. - Interviews with SDP managers/staff.
- Develop the mechanism and sent it to the districts.
Criteria
SDP
District level
Key partners
Mea
nput Criteria
1. Mechanisms are in place to monitor the performance of SDP (including SDP staff) and o identify needs for corrective/ameliorative actions.
- Distribute the selfassessment tools to the SDP, and orient the SDP manager/staff to it. - Develop a plan to visit the SDP. - Provide supportive supervision.
- Develop a monitoring system that includes the following elements: - weekly selfassessment by SDP managers, - monthly external assessment by district coordinators, - six monthly external assessment by the state level coordinators. - Develop monitoring tools and distribute them to the districts. - Develop a competency building plan (which includes. self learning, training, follow up after training and ongoing learning). - Implement the competency building plan. - Develop the mechanism and sent it to the districts.
'Resource institutions' (e.g. departments of community medicine in medical colleges) could be engaged to make a valuable contribution to this.
4. A strengthened management information system is in place that gathers information on the following issues: Age, Sex Reason for visit (i.e. the presenting issue/problem)
1. Assessments are carried out as specified.
Process Criteria
Output criteria
2. Service providers participate in problem identification and solving activities.
1. Data are collected, analyzed and used to make health services more adolescent friendly.
4. A strengthened management information system is in place that gathers information on the following issues: Age, Sex Reason for visit (i.e. the presenting Handout issue/problem) for Medical Officers
IV-35
Handout IV
SUMMARY
Adolescent-friendly health services can be delivered in health centres, in the community, through outreach services or at school; Hospital or clinic based services can become more adolescent-friendly; Community settings include services provided at community or youth centres, in shopping malls or even over the Internet; Outreach services are needed in cities to contact adolescents who do not attend clinics and those, like street children, who are marginalized; Outreach services in rural areas can be devised to reach young people living in isolated communities Schools offer a critical entry point to bring services to young people who are in school; Young workers, including adolescents, can be reached with health education or screening services targeted on the workplace; Services can be located anywhere where young people go no single setting should become the only model. It is imporatnat to ensure quality of service to ensure optimal utilization of services. Standards for quality implementation and criteria (actions required) to achieve these standards are provided in implementation guide.
IV-36

1. Health facilities should reach out to adolescents and become adolescentfriendly because... (i) (ii) (iii) ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
Handout IV
2.
Adolescents often do not make the best use of available health services because. (Please tick ( ) 3 of the most important reasons) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) They fear that staff will inform their parents They do not like waiting or filling OPD cards They are not interested They do not recognise illnesses They want to spend money on other things They do not like the way health staff deal with them
(vii) They do not want to draw attantion to themselves (viii) They find it easier to talk to their friends than to health care workers (ix) They do not know where to go
3.
What are the most important characteristics of adolescent-friendly health services (i) (ii) ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
(a) Related to staff
(iii) ___________________________________________________________ (b) Related to health center (i) (ii) ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
IV-37
Handout IV
(c) Related to services provided at the health center (i) (ii) ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
4.
What is 'Quality of Care'? (i) (ii) ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
5.
What are the three dimensions of 'Quality of Care'? (i) (ii) ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
IV-38
Sexual Sexual and producti oductiv Re pr oducti ve Concerns Health Concer ns Boys of Boys and Girls Gir ls during dolescence A dolescence
Handout V
CONTENTS
1. Sex & Sexuality 2. Definitions of sexual and reproductive health 3. Promoting sexual and reproductive health of adolescents 4. Menstruation 5. What can health-care providers do to improve adolescents' access to sexual and reproductive health information and services? 6. Annexures
Handout V
Introduction
This module on adolescent sexual and reproductive health provides an introduction to the growing up process of adolescents and addresses issues that concern adolescents on the road to adulthood, which is marked by the onset of puberty. Menstruation and initiation of sperm production are important milestones that result in development of sexual and reproductive capacity of girls and boys respectively. This module addresses the socio-cultural issues related to menstruation and masturbation while dealing with the myths and misconceptions related to them. It also explores the barriers that diminish the access of adolescents to sexual and reproductive health care information and services. This module is the backdrop in which adolescent-friendly health services in the next module are to be contextualized.
Definitions
Sex
Sex is the biological difference between women and men. The term 'sex' is also used commonly to refer to sexual intercourse.
Sexuality
Includes the sum total of a person's personality, thinking and behaviour towards sex.
Sexuality means different things to different people. Many people equate mating, being able to reproduce and common sexual behaviour (romance, kissing, physical relations, provocative behaviour, marriage) with sexuality. But it is more than this. Sexuality is a very broad term, which includes the sum total of a persons personality, thinking and behaviour towards sex. It includes the identity, emotions, thoughts, actions, relationships, affection, intimacy, body image, touch, feelings, caring, sharing, intimacy that a person has and displays. The negative aspects of sexuality also exist and include sexual coercion, eve teasing, sexual harassment, rape and prostitution. There are innumerable ways of being sexual - from looking at each other to holding hands, going for walks, kissing, fondling. Sexual intercourse is just one of the ways but not the only one. Once we understand that having a sexual dimension to our personality is normal, we can build more options of a responsible sexual behaviour. Sex is a basic drive upon which race preservation and personal happiness depend. If sexuality does not develop and evolve properly, the whole process of growth and development is affected adversely. Suppression of sexuality tends to impair freedom and the proper functioning of an individual whereas too much freedom can interfere with normal demonstration of love and affection. Disturbances in sexual development can lead to personal and social maladjustments. Sex has more than reproductive functions; it is an important factor in the partnership between man and woman to lead a happy life by: sharing interests and ideas mutual acceptance of responsibilities self realisation love
V-2
Handout V
Human sexuality is also defined as a function of your whole personality that begins at birth and ends at death It includes: genital and reproductive processes such as intercourse and childbearing how you feel about yourself as a person how you feel about being a man or a woman how you get along with members of the same sex and the opposite sex it also includes communicating your needs to others and respect for others.
Sexuality: Some Facts

The sexual and reproductive organs are related but not the same Sexual responsiveness exists throughout life Boys may be more responsive to physical stimuli Girls may be more responsive to emotional stimuli. The sexual response systems of males and females are different female response is often slower to begin but lasts longer male response tends to be quicker but of a shorter duration
For a simultaneous orgasm during sexual intercourse the partners have to work together
A persons gender has an impact on expressing sexuality

Gender influences the traditional roles, reproduction and parenthood, behaviour and interaction with other gender, language being used, work and job taken and social roles. Males are under pressure to perform, hide feelings, females are under pressure to have children, be sexually appealing and so on. Stereotyped sex hinders people from developing their natural abilities and personalities. It is best to take people as persons rather than boys and girls.
Sexuality and the adolescent

The adolescent has an awakened sexual drive, a certain restlessness of character, variable moods, difficulty in concentration leading even to a decrease in their school performance. The adolescent does not understand that sex has physiological, psychological, emotional, moral, social and legal consequences. The sex drive in adolescents is usually manifested by sexual attraction having crushes on people, hero- worship, dating, going steady and similar behaviour. The goal of the sex-drive is biological sexual maturity i.e. the capacity to love, mate, reproduce and care for the young ones. Sexual changes in adolescents Sexual desire increases Sexual activities begin Onset of masturbation Homosexual experimentation Heterosexual relations
V-3
Handout V
Change in attitude to sexual behaviour: the tendency to experiment and explore Change in attitude of others to adolescent sexual behaviour Attitudes may differ between: Boys/girls Men/women Older/younger Urban/rural
Sexually healthy adolescents Appreciate and take care of their bodies. Take care of their reproductive health through checkups. Avoid manipulative relationships. Identify with ones own values and act in accordance with them. Take responsibility for ones own actions. Communicate effectively with family and friends Negotiate sexual limits Accept refusal for sex If indulging in sexual intercourse protect against unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. Seek information, resources and services about sexuality as and when needed.
Key messages
Sexuality includes the sum total of a persons personality, thinking, attitude and behaviour. Sexuality is a normal part of human behaviour. Sexuality is a positive behaviour and need not be suppressed. Individuals are responsible for their own sexual health.
[Source: 'SHAHN' Safdarjang Hospital Adolescent Healthcare Network, New Delhi]
Definitions of sexual and reproductive health

Sexual health
The term sexual health is used to describe the absence of illness and injury associated with sexual behaviour, and a sense of sexual well-being. Sexuality influences thoughts, feelings, interactions and actions among individuals, and motivates people to find love, contact, warmth and intimacy. It can be expressed in many different ways and is closely linked to the environment in which people live.
Reproductive health
Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. Reproductive health therefore implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide when and how often to do so. Implicit in this last condition are the rights of girls and boys (adolescents) to be
V-4
Handout V
informed and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of family planning of their choice, as well as other methods of their choice for regulation of fertility which are not against the law, and the right to access appropriate healthcare services that will enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant.
Gender
Is the socially constructed roles and responsibilities assigned to women and men in a given culture or location and the societal structures that support them. Gender is learned and changes over time.
Female Reproductive System
V-5
Handout V
Promoting the Sexual and Reproductive Health of Adolescents
The concerns of different groups of adolescents may not be the same. For instance, boys and girls, married and unmarried adolescents, urban and rural adolescents may have different issues of interest and concern. The needs of adolescents 13-14 are more regarding pubertal development and menstruation, while those of 15-19 years is more regarding sex, pregnancy and contraception. Understanding what their interests and concerns are, and the underlying reasons for this, may help adults deal with them more effectively. Adolescent concerns tend to revolve around the immediate future, while the concerns of adults are for the longer term. Information helps adolescents understand how their bodies work and what the consequences of their actions are likely to be. It dispels myths and corrects inaccuracies. Adolescents need social skills that will enable them to say no to sex with confidence and to negotiate safer sex, if they wish to. If they are sexually active, they also need physical skills such as how to use condoms. Counselling can help adolescents make informed choices, giving them more confidence and helping them feel in more control of their lives. Health services can help healthy adolescents stay sexuality healthy, and ill adolescents get back to good health. As adolescents undergo physical, psychological and social change and development, a safe and supportive environment in their families and communities can enable them to undergo these changes in safety, with confidence and with the best prospects for health and productive adulthood.
It is worth stressing that adolescents are a diverse group. For example, a boy of 12 is at a very different stage of personal development than a boy of 18. Similarly, he is different in psychological and social terms from a girl of 12, in addition to obvious physical differences. Social circumstances can influence personal development; for example, the health and development of a boy of 12 who is part of a caring middleclass family is likely to be very different from those of a boy of the same age who is fending for himself on the street. Finally, even two boys of the same age, growing up in very similar circumstances, may proceed through adolescence in different ways, and at different "speeds". The sexual and reproductive health service needs of adolescents are correspondingly heterogeneous. Adolescents who are not yet sexually active have different needs from those who are; sexually active adolescents in stable, monogamous relationships may have different needs from those in more casual relationships. Quite different needs characterise those faced with unwanted pregnancies or infection, or those who have been coerced into sex. It is important therefore to be aware of the diversity of sexual and reproductive health needs of adolescents, and to tailor our responses to their specific needs.
V-6
Handout V
Menstruation
Menstruation is a natural body function. This is one of the processes, which prepares a girl's body to conceive a baby in the future. Menstruation is a sign that her reproductive system is functioning healthy and well. The right age for menarche (onset of menstruation) has a wide range of normalcy. Onset of menstruation before 10 years or the absence of menstruation after 16 years in a girl is an alert sign. These girls are likely to be normal, but must be seen by a Medical Officer or lady doctor to rule out serious problems. The periods usually last 5-7 days + 2 days but may be longer or shorter in exceptional cases. A girl loose 50-80 ml blood on an average during a period. This is equal to 46 tablespoons. If she soaks more than 3-4 pads/day in the initial 2-3 days, it may be considered excessive bleeding. It is usual that during the first few years after initiation of menstruation, the girl may skip a few cycles. This should not be of much concern unless the girl is sexually active when she may be at risk of pregnancy. It is important to talk about this normal body function since a significant number of adolescent girls have concerns related to the menstrual cycle, most of which require only reassurance or counselling. Also a number of myths and misconceptions in the society have led to it being perceived as something, which is unclean or polluted. Many traditional cultural beliefs and practices, which are followed even today, are not very helpful or sometimes harmful for the growing girl.
Menstrual Cycle
Menstruation (also called periods because they occur every month), marks the onset of sexual maturity in girls. Menstruation is a normal body function. It usually begins (menarche) in the pubertal process, when the physical growth spurt is at its peak and breasts are fairly developed. This is one of the processes, which prepares a girl's body to conceive a baby in the future. Menstruation is the periodic shedding of blood and tissue from the female reproductive organ called the uterus. Each month an egg (ovum) matures in one of the ovaries under the influence of hormones. This travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. The uterine lining becomes thick as a preparation of the uterus for receiving the fertilised egg (which grows into a baby). This can happen if the egg meets a sperm. If the egg does not get fertilised by sperms, the inner lining of the uterus begins to break away. It is this lining which flows out like menstrual blood. This cycle is repeated every month and has a duration of about 28 days+- 2 days. Average duration of bleeding is 4 to 5 days and estimated blood loss is between 50-80 ml in each cycle.
Menstrual Cycle
V-7
Handout V
Common Concerns and problems related to menstruation
Irregular periods
It is possible that during adolescence, sometimes a girl may only bleed every few months, or have very little bleeding or too much bleeding. Their cycle usually becomes more regular with time. What you can do: Reassurance to such girls or/and their mothers is sufficient until the girl is 16 years old. After 16 years if the problem continues, she should be referred to a lady doctor at the district women's hospital for investigation and treatment. During menstrual bleeding, the uterus squeezes to push out the lining. The squeezing can cause pain in the lower belly or lower back. The pain may begin before bleeding starts or just after it starts. Reassure the girl that the pain will be relieved spontaneously in a day or two. Counsel her to keep doing her daily work, exercise and walk.
Pain with menstrual bleeding:
What you can do:
Pre-menstrual Syndrome: Some girls feel uncomfortable a few days before their menstrual bleeding begins. They may have one or more of a group of symptoms known as pre-menstrual syndrome. Girls who suffer from pre-menstrual syndrome may notice: pain in breasts a full feeling in the lower belly constipation emotions that are especially strong or hard to control. What you can do: Reassure the girl that these symptoms will go once her periods start. Counsel her to continue doing her regular work and exercise.
Hygiene and cleanliness during menstruation

To maintain menstrual hygiene, girls can use cloth or sanitary pads. If using cloth, clean cotton cloth should be used to soak the menstrual blood. Cotton has a good absorbing capacity. A synthetic cloth should not be used as it may not absorb well and may cause skin reactions. Sanitary pads can be used along with the undergarments. The cloth or pads should be changed 2 or 3 times a day. The cloth and panties should be property washed with soap and water and dried in the sun. Sunlight kills all bacteria. After every period the washed and dried cloth should be stored in a clean bag in a clean place till the next period. If pads are used, they should be wrapped in a paper bag and disposed. The girl should take a bath every day during menstruation. Lack of menstrual and personal hygiene may cause vaginal discharge, burning during urination and genital itching in girls. Maintenance of menstrual hygiene is very important for a girl to protect herself from infections. But it is equally important for girls to have a feeling of well-being even during periods and not see them as a monthly punishment or sickness.
V-8
Handout V
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
My periods are not regular. Why? Periods in the first few years after menarche may be irregular. This does not indicate any abnormality. The adolescent girl needs reassurance to be able to adjust to the periodicity. She needs to be told that it will normalise in the course of a few years. Emotional stress because of the cycles itself or otherwise needs to be addressed. The cycles are more likely to be longer than a month but in a few cases they may even be shorter or with no fixed pattern. What if there is excessive or prolonged bleeding? Sometimes adolescent girls may experience heavy bleeding (need to use 3-4 pads/day, passage of clots) or it may last for a longer duration than the normal 5-7 days. This is likely to normalise as the cycles become regular and are accompanied by maturation of the egg. Excessive loss of blood may lead to anaemia which can be prevented or treated by dietary counselling and if required, iron supplementation. Treating worm infestation (if a common problem in the area) can help in preventing aggravation of anaemia. This may need referral for medical checkup by gynaecologist. Is scanty menstruation a matter of concern? The amount of bleeding varies and is different from girl to girl. Even a lesser menstrual flow is normal especially if it is regular in occurrence and is not associated with any other problem. Reassuring the girl about her fertility is important. How do I handle discomfort? Young adolescent girls may face a few discomforts during menstruation. The usual discomforts are: Severe/incapacitating pain or cramps in lower abdomen Swelling of feet, breast, face Weakness and exhausted feeling Backache Breast Discomfort Itching in genital area Weakness, feeling of exertion, tiredness and headache may be due to lack of proper nutrition. Since adolescent girls are growing they need a nourishing diet, especially rich in iron, to make up for blood loss during menstruation. Lack of iron intake/absorption leads to anaemia. A commercial preparation of the drug Mefenemic Acid, aspirin or paracetamol can be given 2-3 times for pain during periods and the girl can be told the name of the drug so that she can procure it. Itching may be due to lack of cleanliness. Daily bath and maintaining hygiene and use of clean cloth should be encouraged. Explanation of menstrual process, correction of constipation, physical exercise and reassurance are important aspects of management. If the pain interferes with the daily routine of the girl and is not improving with the above mentioned measures she should be referred to a doctor. Why do I feel so low? Seven to ten days before menstruation girls may experience: Irritability, restlessness Gastro intestinal tract upset - constipation, colon spasm Feeling of fullness in breasts, abdomen, face and feet Some weight gain of 1 to 1.5 kg Handout for Medical Officers V-9
Handout V
Most girls will benefit by reduction of salt intake, regular exercise and emotional support. Severe cases may need treatment and should be referred to a doctor. Can I become pregnant? An adolescent girl can become pregnant anytime after she starts having her periods. As a fully mature egg is not released in the first few years after menarche the likelihood of her conceiving is very less. However, adolescent girls must know that even a single act of sexual intercourse can lead to pregnancy. It is important for all adolescents to know that sexual activity without the use of a contraceptive carries with it the risk of getting pregnant. In some parts of our country, girls are married before menarche and as soon as they attain menarche, the marriage is consummated and they are expected to bear a child. This may not happen, as the earlier cycles are not producing a mature egg. The family of the married adolescent and she herself will need reassurance and counselling to tackle the related social pressures of proving her fertility. Is it normal to have discharge from the genital tract? A certain amount of discharge is normal during the middle of the cycle at the time of the release of the egg and a few days before the beginning of the periods. This discharge is clear and not foul smelling. It could be profuse and accompanied
Male Reproductive System
by itching if it is due to poor personal or menstrual hygiene. Care should be taken to exclude sexually transmitted infections, if there is history of sexual activity.
The Male genital tract is designed to

V-10 Produce and store sperm Release sperm as required
Handout V
Add regulatory components and fluid to sperm Produce testosterone (male sex hormone)
The sequence of events in Sperm Formation and Ejaculation

Sperm spend their life in the male body in a continuous series of tubes much like the plumbing (water pipes) in a house. Spermatogenesis, occurs in the testes after which the full formed sperm leave the seminiferous tubules to enter the epididmyus where they remain stored until the appropriate moment. Certain secretions are released in the epididymus that alter the sperms environment and its surface characteristics, among other things. In preparation for ejaculation, the sperm leaving the epididymus enter the vasa efferentia. The sperm move along each vas deferens and enter the vas deferens. As the sperm move along the vas deferens material are added to the sperm and to the extracellular fluid (forming semen) that surrounds them. The prostate gland and seminal vesicles add fluid and nutrients at the time of sperm ejaculation providing most of the volume of the ejaculate. This complex of fluid and sperm cells (semen) travels up the urethra to be released externally through the penis.
Glands and Secretions

Epididymus: stores sperm from seminiferous tubules; adds secretions; adds surface glycoprotein to sperm. Prostate gland and seminal vesicles: add fluid, nutrients, etc. at the time of ejaculation of the semen. Testosterone secreted by testes is responsible for development of male secondary sex characters and desire to have sex and attraction towards opposite sex.
Night Falls or Wet Dreams

In adolescent boys, once sperm formation starts and semen is formed, it sometimes gets ejaculated during sleep even without sexual intercourse. This is called night fall and is a normal growing up process. In absence of its knowledge, it is of great concern and worry for boys.
Counsel about hygiene in boys

Wash genitals daily. Gently retract foreskin back and wash the tip of the penis. Secretions accumulate under the foreskin and could cause infection if not cleaned regularly. Change underwear daily. Use cotton undergarments only. Synthetic garments to not absorb moisture and also increase the temperature. Wash undergarments everyday and dry in the sun.
Masturbation
Masturbation is stimulation of sexual organs penis, vagina, breasts to derive sexual pleasure without penetrative sex. Both boys and girls (men and women) can relieve sexual feelings and experience sexual pleasure through masturbation. There are a lot of myths and misconceptions related to masturbation and night fall. Myths about Masturbation and Nightfall: 1. Myth: Most boys masturbate, but very few girls masturbate.
V-11
Handout V
Fact: This is not true. It is natural for both girls and boys to masturbate. 2. Myth: If an adolescent boy masturbates too much, his adult sex life will be affected. Fact: False. Masturbation does not affect sex life. Myth: Most people stop masturbating after they get married. Fact: False. People may or may not continue to masturbate after marriage. It is quite normal. They may feel the need when the partner is away or is unwell for sometime. Myth: People who masturbate too much are tired and irritable most of the time. Fact: False. Irritability and tiredness are not increased by masturbation. Myth: Masturbation is considered more acceptable today than it used to be. Fact: Still, it is common for people who masturbate to feel guilty about it. It is unnecessary to feel guilty. It is true that masturbation is more accepted now that before. Myth: Masturbation can cause pimples, acne, and other skin problems in teens. Fact: False. It has nothing to do with these changes. Acne and pimples are due to oily skin and go away after a few years spontaneously. Myth: Loss of semen during nightfall leads to weakness of body. Fact: This is normal among adolescent boys. It does not cause tiredness. Myth: People who masturbate too much when they are young may, as result, have mental problems when they get older. Fact: False. Only if they are not aware that it is normal to masturbate, they will develop guilt and mental problems. Myth: Boys with bad thoughts have nightfall and it is dangerous for their health. Fact: False. It is normal for boys to have nightfall not only in the night but also sometimes during the day while sleeping. The penis may get erect during the day also without any sexual urge.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
9.
10. Myth: If the penis is small in size, the man is impotent and cannot have sex. Fact: False. The size of the penis has nothing to do with sexual intercourse. If the penis does not get erect for any reason at the time of sex then it is difficult to have sexual intercourse. 11. Myth: Masturbation results in curvature of penis. Fact: False. Penis normally may be little bit curved or stand to one side.
V-12
Handout IV
What can health-care providers do to improve adolescents' access to sexual and reroductive health information and services?
Adolescents seek information and clues about sexual life from a variety of sources parents, siblings, peers, magazines, books, the mass media, etc. Whilst they receive a great deal of information from diverse sources, not all of it is correct and complete. Many adolescents lack information concerning the physical changes that occur during adolescence, their implications, and how to take care of themselves. This is often because the subject of sexuality is a sensitive one in many societies. As a healthcare provider, you can be a valuable source of accurate information and support to the adolescents you serve. You can present them with facts, respond to their questions, and provide reassurance. In many societies, parents and other community members are concerned that the provision of information on sexuality can do more harm than good. As a health-care provider, it is important that you are very well aware that this is not true. Failure to provide adolescents with appropriate and timely information represents a missed opportunity for reducing the incidence of unwanted pregnancy and STIs, HIV and their negative consequences. Reassurance and counselling to provide correct and complete information about sexuality and growing up process, dispelling myths and misconceptions related to menstruation, masturbation and night fall are critical for the adolescent. Parents, gatekeepers and other functionaries in the community should be involved to communicate with the adolescents and make them feel comfortable and normal. Involving gatekeepers, teachers, Anganwadi Workers (AWW) and peers for counselling adolescents
Handout V
V-13
Handout V
V-14
Handout V
Case Study 1 Pain during Menstruation
Rupa is a 15 year old girl. For the last three years, she has been having her periods every month. They come with a lot of pain and heavy bleeding, which scares Rupa very much. Bimla, her friend, says she does not have pain and heavy bleeding. Rupa is very worried about her condition and has spoken to her mother about it, who gave her a concoction to drink, which did not help her. Rupa thinks she has a deadly disease. Discuss: What is Rupa's problem? What can an ANM/LHV do for her? What can a Medical Officer do for her?
Case Study 2
Missed Period
Meera is a 17 year old girl. She has not been getting her periods for the last two months. She is scared that she might be pregnant. Meera does not have the courage to tell her mother as she thinks that her mother will kill her if she comes to know that Meera may be pregnant. Discuss: What is the problem in this case? What more information is required to understand Meera's problem better?
Case Study 3
Young Couple with Contraceptive Needs
Baldev is an 18 year old boy. He was married to Sudha, a 16 year old girl, due to a lot of family pressure. They do not want a baby for three years or so but Baldev's mother is keen that they become parents at the earliest and 'settle down'. Baldev and Sudha are frustrated and are scared to have sex. They wish somebody would listen to them and understand their needs and tell them how they could postpone having their first baby. Discuss: What is good about this case? What are the problems in this case? What can a Medical Officer do to help Baldev and Sudha?
V-15
Handout V
Case Study 4 Size of Breasts
Preeti is an 18 year old girl living in a small town in Punjab. She is thin and small built. Two weeks ago, Preeti went with her friends to see the mela. Preeti wore a ghagra-choli. That day all the girls made fun of her and said that she did not look like a girl, as Preeti is flat chested, and that no boy would ever look at her. Preeti felt very bad and has been crying a lot since then. Preeti does not want to talk to her mother or her sister-in-law about it as she feels they will think she is a bad girl. Preeti keeps wondering why she is so abnormal and what will her future be like? Discuss: What is Preeti suffering from? What kind of a problem is this? How can it be addressed?
Case Study 5
Drug Addiction
Mohan is a 16 year old boy living in an urban slum in Delhi and feels very happy that he has met a friend, Sohan, whom he likes very much. They play football and go to the cinema together. Days ago, Mohan discovered that Sohan was eating Gutka. Mohan is terrified about this, because he has heard that Gutka could have serious consequences on one's health. Mohan is not easily led to do things he does not approve of. Mohan certainly knows that he would never use any such thing or drugs. His worry is that if his parents find out about what Mohan's friend is involved in, they will not permit him to be friends with Sohan any more. Mohan really does not want to lose Sohan as a friend. Mohan does not know if he can help Sohan stop using the Gutka. Discuss: What is the problem in this case? What adolescent characteristic is reflected in this case? What is good in this case? What can be done in this case to help the two boys?
Case Study 6
Unsafe Abortion
Madhu is a 15 year old girl married to Hari, a 17 year old boy from a village in Uttar Pradesh. Six months after their marriage, Madhu became pregnant. Her husband and Madhu didn't want a child so soon, so she went to a village woman who does abortions. The village woman put in some kind of stick inside Madhu. Madhu bled a lot and since then she has not been feeling well. Madhu has not told this to anyone in her family. When her mother-in-law gets to know of this she will get very angry. Now Madhu wants to know what to do? Discuss: What is/are the problems in this case? What can be done to help Madhu?
V-16
Handout IV
Annexure 2: Situation Cards Session 4, Activity 2
Problem Cards What is the cause of the problem? How would you deal with it if such a case comes to you?
Reassure her, give iron supplement, if needed. Tell her to report if no periods by age 16.
Handout V
1. Kajal is a 14 year old girl. She is worried since she has not started having her periods. 2. Lakshmi is 16 years old and has normal periods. She is very worried because her breasts are not as developed as her friends'. 3. A 13 year old unmarried girl complains of foul smelling vaginal discharge, accompanied by itching in the genital region. Her periods started six months back and she is not sexually active. 4. Saroj is 15 years old and has a lot of thin, white discharge from vagina.
It is not a problem and most probably she will begin having periods soon.
It is not a problem because her periods are normal. Her breasts will develop gradually.
Reassure her, counsel her to take balanced diet.
It is a case of infection Give treatment for RTI, of the reproductive counsel about genital/ tract. menstrual hygiene
It is a case of normal white discharge (no infection)
Reassure her that it is normal at this age and is not an infection/disease. Give some supplements like multi-vitamin, calcium, iron. Counsel her for genital hygiene. Reassure her that it is not a disease, give symptomatic treatment for bleeding and pain, give iron supplement. Counsel her that if she soaks more that 4-5 pads in a day and her bleeding is on for more that 7 days she needs to consult a lady doctor. Counsel that girls of her age do miss their periods. She will have her periods spontaneously.
5. Fatima is 16 years old and has a lot of bleeding and pain abdomen during periods every month. She feels very weak.
It is a menstrual disorder which is common in girls. Her weakness may be due to anaemia because of excessive loss of blood.
6. Kamla is 15 years old and started her periods 2 years ago. She has not had her period for the last 2 months. She is not sexually active.
It may just be a case of missed or skipped periods.
V-17
Handout V
1. What problems are caused by lack of menstrual hygiene?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
2.
What should be done to remove socio-cultural taboos related to menstruation?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
3.
Do you think masturbation is not a safe way to deal with the sexual urges for adolescent boys and girls?
(i)
Agree, because ______________________________________________
(ii)
Disagree, because ___________________________________________
(iii) Can't Say, because ___________________________________________
V-18
Handout V
4. Adolescents can get the information and health services they need (i) Yes, because________________________________________________
(ii)
No, because_________________________________________________
(iii)
Don't know __________________________________________________
(iv)
Not sure ____________________________________________________
5.
What can be done to make information and health services accessible to adolescents?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii)
___________________________________________________________
(iv)
___________________________________________________________
(v)
___________________________________________________________
V-19
Nutrition and Anaemia in Adolescentsriendly Friendl y producti oductiv Repr oductive Sexual and Sexual services Health ser vices
Handout VI
CONTENTS:
1. Growth and Devlopment in Adolescence 2. Nutritional Anaemia 3. Role of Healthcare Providers 4. Annexures
Handout VI
Growth and Development in Adolescence
Adolescence is a significant period for physical growth and sexual maturation. Nutrition being an important determinant of physical growth of adolescents, is an important area that needs attention. Growth retardation is one of the most important health concerns for adolescents and their parents as well as health care workers. Inadequate nutritional intake during adolescence can have serious consequences throughout the reproductive years and beyond. Poor nutrition during adolescence can impair the work capacity and productivity of adolescent boys and girls in their later years. Further, an undernourished girl is at the risk of developing complications during pregnancy and the chances of her giving birth to a low birth weight baby increases, thus perpetuating a vicious cycle of malnutrition and ill-health, and an intergenerational effect. Increased nutritional needs at this juncture relate to the fact that adolescents gain upto 50% of their adult weight, more than 20% of their adult height, and 50% of their adult skeletal/bone mass during this period. Adolescent girls also need additional requirement of iron to compensate for menstrual blood loss and calcium which gives strength to bones. Sub-optimal nutrition slows the growth process and the rate of sexual maturation. Malnutrition affects development - More than two thirds of the adolescent girls suffer from anaemia. Two thirds suffer from Chronic Energy Deficiency of the third degree with Body Mass Index (BMI) below 16. Married women aged 15-49 are also reported to have BMI below 18.5 (NFHS 2). Iodine Deficiency Disorders can lead to growth retardation and retard mental development. Only half of the households are using Iodised salt for cooking in India (Multiple Indicator Survey (MICS) 2000). Meal missing, junking and food fads are equal in rural and urban girls. Boys also have food fads which affect their health adversely. This is driven by fancy towards role models and publicity from the media. Junking may cause both over nutrition and under weight. Anaemic adolescent mothers are at a higher risk of miscarriages, maternal mortality and giving birth to stillborn and underweight babies. Therefore, nutritional deficiency has an inter-generation effect also. To decrease low birth weight babies, take care of adolescents to support their growth.
Nutrients of food
Major nutrients of food include protein, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins which perform different functions.
Function of various
Proteins are of greatest importance in nutrition. Proteins are required for bodybuilding and help in repair and maintenance of body tissues. Fats are high-energy foods and a source of energy. They also make the food more palatable and provide fat-soluble vitamins. Carbohydrates form the major component of most diets and are the main source of energy. Vitamins and minerals are required in small quantities. They do not yield energy but enable the body to use other nutrients and also play an important role in growth, repair and regulation of vital body functions. Requirements for iron and calcium are particularly increased in adolescence. - Calcium needs during adolescence are greater than they are in either childhood or adulthood because of rapid increase in lean body mass and skeletal growth - Zinc is especially important in adolescence because of its role in growth and sexual maturation. Some sources of zinc are grains, nuts, meat, cheese and milk. VI-2 Handout for Medical Officers
Handout VI
Balanced Diet
A balanced diet is one that provides all nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals) in required amounts and proportions for maintaining health and general well being and also makes a small provision for extra nutrients to withstand short duration of leanness. It can be achieved through a blend of four basic food groups, i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. As these are present in different types of food items like pulses, chapati or rice, green vegetables and milk it is important to eat these food items in the right mix everyday.
Recommended Dietary Allowance of Nutrients for adolescents in 24 hours

MALE 10-12 Yr Energy (Kcal) Protein (gms) Calcium (Mg) Iron (Mg)
Source: ICMR (1998)
FEMALE 16-18 Yr 2700 78 500 50 10-12 Yr 2000 57 600 19 13-15 Yr 2100 65 600 28 16-18 Yr 2100 63 500 30
13-15 Yr 2500 70 600 41
2200 54 600 34
Eating right and nutritious food during adolescence

Helps in achieving rapid growth and full growth potential Helps in timely sexual maturation Ensures adequate calcium deposition in the bones and helps in achieving normal bone strength Establishes good eating habits and sets the tone for a lifetime of healthy eating. This prevents obesity, osteoporosis (weak bones due to deficiency of calcium), health disease and diabetes in later life. Young girls who have inadequate nutrition do not grow well and become stunted women. Adolescent girls often suffer from anaemia because of poor consumption of iron rich foods and also due to worm infestation and frequent infections. Because of severe malnutrition and repeated illness, the normal growth spurt in early adolescence does not occur and a slower and prolonged pubertal growth period is observed in adolescents from lower socio-economic status. Hence, any damage to the body physiology during adolescence places extra nutritional demand on the body. Early pregnancy is detrimental as it places an extra demand on the growing body and growth is permanently asserted. Adolescent mothers are more likely to deliver low birth babies. Due to poor milk production the infant may not be able to gain enough weight and remain malnourished. If these babies are girls, they are likely to continue the cycle by being stunted in adulthood, and so on, if something is not done to break this cycle. Support is needed for nutrition at all stages - infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood.
VI-3
Handout VI
Factors influencing Nutrition of Adolescents
Common Factors
Conditioning factors: Infectious diseases are an important factor responsible for malnutrition, particularly in children and adolescents. Diarrhoea, intestinal parasites, malaria and tuberculosis all contribute to malnutrition. Poor environmental sanitation also leads to repeated bouts of infections. Girls lose a considerable amount of iron (average 1 mg daily) during menstruation. Therefore, they require additional iron rich foods and supplements. Food habits, customs, beliefs, traditions and attitudes: Food habits are among the oldest and most deeply entrenched aspects of any culture. The family plays an important role in shaping food habits and these habits are passed from one generation to the other. Rice is the staple cereal in eastern and southern India, whereas wheat is the staple cereal in the north. Papaya is avoided during pregnancy because it is believed to cause abortions. There are also beliefs about hot and cold foods, light and heavy foods. Religion: Religion has a powerful influence on food habits. Hindus do not eat beef, while Muslims do not eat pork. Orthodox Hindus and Jains do not eat meat, fish, eggs and certain vegetables like onions. These are known as food taboos which prevent people from consuming nutritive ironrich foods even when these are easily available. Food fads: In the selection of foods, personal likes and dislikes may stand in the way of correcting nutritional deficiencies. Cooking practices: Draining away the rice water at the end of cooking, prolonged boiling in open pans and peeling of vegetables all influence the nutritive value of foods. Social customs: In some communities, men eat first and women eat last and poorly.
Cultural factors: -
Socio-economic factors: Malnutrition and anaemia are largely a by-product of poverty, ignorance, insufficient education, lack of knowledge regarding nutritive value of foods, large family size, etc. These factors bear most directly on the quality of life and nutritional status of an individual.
Gender issues: Girls and young women are discriminated against in both quantity and quality of food. On top of this, they are married early and suffer early pregnancy and child birth further compromising their nutritional status.
VI-4
Handout VI
Factors specific to adolescents
Adolescents have a world of their own and have a different eating pattern that influence their nutrition
Typical Eating Pattern of Adolescents
Adolescence is a period of emergence of an individual into a more independent phase of life, which influences food behaviour also There is a lack of a sense of urgency regarding future health limited future perspective Family meals become less important Break away from family eating patterns into improper dietary habits Succumb to unbalanced diets under influence of peers, mass media, socio cultural norms in their gangs / cliques Personal self esteem and body image guide the eating behaviour Missing meals especially breakfast is extremely common. SHAHN Survey 2002 among Delhi school students, reveals that 30% boys and 40% girls skip one meal everyday and breakfast is the commonest casualty (54%) Snacks are eaten by over 75% of all adolescents and provide them a fourth to a third of their calorie intake (Jenkins, 1987). SHAHN Survey-2002 reveals that 40% girls and 50% boys recall having consumed junk food in last 24 hours. However snacking provides the relaxing atmosphere important for group interactions among the teens Fast food joints are mainly patronized by adolescents - with soft drinks, burgers and pizzas being the favourite foods. These spoil the appetite for regular meals and are high on calories and low on nutrients. Food selection is based mainly on availability, convenience, time, rather than food value
VI-5
Handout VI
Nutritional Anaemia
The need for iron increases with rapid growth and expansion of blood volume and muscle mass in both boys and girls. The onset of menstruation imposes additional needs for girls. Adolescents should be encouraged to consume iron rich foods (green leafy vegetables, jaggery, meat) complemented with a Vitamin C source like Citrus fruits (oranges, lemon) and Indian gooseberry (Amla). Adolescent girls need additional requirement of iron to compensate for menstrual blood loss. What is anaemia? Anaemia is the decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood due to deficiency of haemoglobin in the red blood cells for particular age and sex. Iron deficiency anaemia is a major nutritional problem in adolescent boys and girls in India. Signs and symptoms of Anaemia are: Tiredness, weakness and poor physical capacity Breathlessness Lack of concentration and poor mental capacity Pale face, nails, tongue and conjunctiva of eyes Stunted growth The ill effects of anaemia can be seen as: Reduced capacity to work and thus decreased productivity Increased risk to pregnant girls/women. (In India, 20-40% of maternal deaths are due to anaemia). Miscarriage, low-birth weight babies, premature labours, Ante-partum Haemorrhage/Post-partum Haemorrhage (APH/PPH) and Puerperal Sepsis Anaemia may increase susceptibility to infections by impairing the immune functions. How can anaemia be prevented? Anaemia can be managed through proper diet and iron supplementation. To prevent anaemia, increase the intake of iron rich foods like green leafy vegetables whole grains, jaggery, nuts etc. If an adolescent looks pale, fatigued or listless and anaemia is suspected. Anaemia is treated by giving iron and folic acid tablets on a daily basis till 2-3 months after haemoglobin levels have returned to normal. Both boys and girls require adequate and good quality food during adolescence since their bodies undergo continuous and rapid growth and development. In actual practice, boys are provided with more and better food than girls, as families give more importance to their dietary needs and link the discriminatory practice with the future of the boys (of studying hard, going out to earn, etc.). However, girls too require balanced and adequate food in order to compensate for blood loss during menstruation; to shoulder the extra burden of housework and at times outside work to supplement the family income. Also, they have to perform the duties of child bearing and rearing in the future. Because of their gender and social conditioning, girls are more vulnerable to poor nutritional status. Consequently, they are likely to suffer from chronic anaemia, suffer miscarriages, or give birth to low birth weight babies. Their efficiency or capacity to work goes down, and learning and thinking skills are affected. Anaemia is considered as a contributory factor to maternal mortality. Severe anaemia may even lead to death, especially if there is bleeding due to any cause. Both boys and girls when given nutritional diet during adolescence gain height and body mass. Girls in India lag behind only because of gender discrimination. VI-6 Handout for Medical Officers
Handout VI
Other deficiency states Inadequate nutrition during adolescence can potentially retard growth so that the adolescent remains short and thin. The full height potential may not be reached and the adolescent may remain stunted. The sexual maturation may be delayed with late onset of puberty. Poor nutrition impairs work capacity and the boy/girl may feel tired all the time. Zinc deficient diet results in growth failure and delayed sexual maturation. Iodine deficiency leads to a much wider spectrum of disorders commencing with intrauterine life and extending through childhood to adulthood with serious health and social implications. Iodine deficiency disorders include mental deficiency impaired mental functions, neurological defects, increased stillbirths, and perinatal and infant mortality.
Role of a healthcare provider in adolescent nutrition The health care provider holds a key position in advising the adolescent about good nutrition. He should promote healthy lifestyle, physical exercise and eating practices. Activities like individual nutritional assessment, detection and treatment of micronutrient deficiency, management of severe under-nutrition, antenatal nutrition education and management of clinical condition should be undertaken in an adolescent clinic or even in schools and communities. Remember that the nutrition of an adolescent is a major determinant of the future health of the societies in which they live. Role at community level Healthcare providers must educate the community to provide education on importance of adolescent nutrition and influence the adverse socio-cultural practices. Education regarding balanced diet for both boys and girls: Provide education on the importance of nutrition for adolescents themselves and on their offsprings Promote good food selection and safe cooking practices Promote concept of kitchen garden where green leafy vegetables etc. can be grown at a very low cost Create awareness in community to factors contributing to malnutrition and nutritional anaemia, especially in girls Involve other functionaries like AWW, Schoolteachers, ASHAs to identify and tackle nutritional problem. Create awareness in community about role of malaria and hookworm infestation in causing and aggravating anaemia
Role in Individual Counselling Following tips can be used for counseling parents and adolescents themselves:
Food should be attractively served, with variety in colour, shape, size and texture. Likes and dislikes of the adolescent should be kept in mind. Impress upon them that the growing bodies of the adolescents need balanced and wholesome diet; missing meals is deleterious for health and breakfast is very important for a good beginning of the day. Snacks should be wholesome and nutritious. Most of whole pulses should be included in diet. Occasional consumption of Junk food may be allowed. VI-7
Handout VI

Highly fatty foods should be avoided. Adolescent should be encouraged to exercise their choice and responsibility of foods. The diets of girls need special emphasis on iron rich food, like leafy vegetables, whole gram cereals, dry fruit, egg, jaggery etc. The iron requirement is high because of menstrual losses and growing phase. Adolescents also need high amounts of calcium in diet because their bones are growing and getting mineralized.
VI-8
Handout VI
Annexure 1: Case Study Session 2, Activity 3
Case Study 1 Sheela
Sheela is a 15 year old girl. Her family comprises of her parents, two brothers and a younger sister. Sheela goes to school and also helps her mother with all the household work. Her normal diet is made up of rice and watery dal twice a day. Vegetables are cooked once a while. As per the social custom in her family, Sheela and her sister eat after her father and brothers have eaten. Two months back, she suffered from malaria and since then has been feeling very weak and is always exhausted. She was brought to the PHC after she fainted on her way to school one day. Discuss: 1. 2. 3. What do you think has happened to Sheela? How can her condition affect her future? How can you help Sheela?
Case Study 2
Raju
Raju is 14 years old and lives in a village. Every morning he goes barefoot to the fields to defecate. He has an upset stomach most of the time and has loose motions. He dislikes vegetables, dal and roti and eats only rice with sugar everyday. He also likes to eat chat/pakori sold in the market. He is feeling very weak and low since last 15 days. His mother brings Raju to the Medical Officer. Discuss: 1. 2. 3. What do you think has happened to Raju? What investigations are required? How will you counsel/treat him?
VI-9
Handout VI
Scenario 1
A 13 year old boy, Rajiv, is brought by his mother to your clinic with a respiratory infection. On examination you note that he is of thin built, looks short for this age and pale. He is at the early stage of puberty. They belong to lower middle class family. How do you manage this case?
Scenario 2
A 16 year old girl, Neha, is brought to your centre by her mother who complains that Neha does not eat enough even after repeated requests, which angers her. The mother says that Neha needs to be given some tonic. Neha herself is very quiet. How do you handle this situation?
Scenario 3
The principal of a nearby government school has come to see you. She would like to begin some nutrition education in her school. She requests you to help her in this activity. How would you help her?
VI-10
Handout VI
1.
Why is nutrition important during adolescence?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii)
___________________________________________________________
2.
Are the nutritional needs of boys more than that of girls? (please mark you answer with a cross ( ) anywhere along the line)
boys have more nutritional needs
about the same for boys and girls
girls have more nutritional needs
3.
What diseases can be caused by lack of proper nutrition?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii)
___________________________________________________________
(iv)
___________________________________________________________
VI-11
Handout VI
4. What are the consequences of nutritional anaemia?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
(iv)
___________________________________________________________
5.
What can be done to improve the nutritional status of adolescent girls?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
(iv)
___________________________________________________________
VI-12
Pr e gnancy and Pregnancy Handout Unsafe Abortions Unsafe Abor tions VII in Adolescents
CONTENTS
1. Magnitude of Problems related to Adolescent Pregnancy 2. Factors Influencing Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbirth 3. Why are Complications More Common in Pregnancy, Childbirth and Abortions in Adolescents 4. Care of Adolescents during Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Postnatal period 5. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act 6. Nature and Scope of Unsafe Abortions in Adolescents 7. Factors Contributing to Post-abortion Complications in Adolescents 8. Diagnosis and Management of Post-abortion Complications, including Prevention of Unsafe Abortions 9. Annexures
Handout VII
Introduction
Introduce the topic to the participants. In India, where adolescent pregnancy is common, health service providers need to be familiar with the risks and complications that such pregnancies are associated with. This module will introduce Medical Officers to the factors influencing such pregnancies and the critical issues involved.
Magnitude of problems related to adolescent pregnancy

50% of Indian women are married before they attain 18 years of age (NFHS 2) TFR amongst 15-19 years olds is 19% of the total fertility (NFHS 2) Half of the women in India have had their first child before their 20th birthday Unmet need of family planning in the 15-19 age group is 27% (NFHS 2) 31.7% of pregnant girls below 20 years of age have had NO antenatal checkup 58.8 % of pregnant girls below 20 years of age have been given iron & folate tablets as part of antenatal care 68.1% of all deliveries below 20 years of age are home deliveries 28.2% of pregnant adolescent girls are delivered by doctors, 12.6% by ANM/ Nurse/Midwife/LHV and 34.7% by TBAs Only 18.1% of adolescent mothers have had a post partum checkup within 2 months after birth Maternal mortality due to teenage pregnancy is high (Census 2001) MMR is 2-5 times more in adolescents than in adults.
Both adolescent pregnancy and birth rates have declined in India over the last few decades but since many adolescents do not have access to contraceptives, the decline has not matched developed countries. Pregnancy-related complications are the main cause of deaths for 15-19 year old girls and maternal mortality among adolescent girls under 18 years is several times higher than in those aged 18-25 years. Children born to adolescent mothers also face a higher risk of death, especially during the neonatal and perinatal periods. An important contributory factor to maternal morbidity and mortality among adolescents is their lack of access to safe abortion services and HIV/AIDS is an ever increasing danger that sexually active adolescents face.
VII-2
Handout VII
Factors influencing adolescent pregnancy and childbirth
A range of social, cultural, biological and service delivery factors contribute to the high levels of adolescent pregnancy and childbirth: Declining age of menarche The age of menarche has declined, especially in urban areas. Duration of education and societal demands A growing number of adolescent girls are allowed to go for higher education and marry late as a result. But in rural areas, marriage still occurs very early for young girls. They are then pushed into early motherhood. Early initiation of sexual activity is on the increase. possibly because of influence of media, cross-cutural influences, decreased supervision by adults (nuclear families, migration), more opportunities etc. Ignorance regarding sexuality and reproduction predisposes married and unmarried adolescents to get pregnant. Sexual coercion and rape, figures prominently in the lower socio-economic strata. Pregnancies are not the only result, but also serious physical and psychological consequences. Disruption of education also influences adolescent childbearing as women with little or no education are more likely to become mothers early. Socio-economic factors often force young girls into sexual exploitation and prostitution and compounded by lack of access to contraceptive services and inability to negotiate condom use, the young girl may soon become pregnant. Lack of access to information has a significant bearing on early pregnancy and childbirth. Adventurous nature, poor negotiation skills and sexual coercion predisposes unmarried girls for sexual activity and unwanted pregnancy. Adolescent pregnancies tend to be highest in areas with the lowest contraceptive prevalence. Contraceptive prevalence has increased mostly among older, married women and not adolescents. Lack of access to services leads to risky pregnancy and unsafe abortion, etc. Pregnancy and childbirth carry more risks in adolescents than in adults because the adolescent girl is not yet mature physically and emotionally for motherhood. The risks are high throughout the antenatal period, labour, childbirth and the postpartum period. Babies born to adolescent mothers have a higher risk of being of low birth weight. This makes them predisposed to higher morbidity and mortality. Risk of poor pregnancy outcome is more common in adolescent pregnancy than adults. The highest maternal mortality in adolescents is in those aged 15 years and under. Pregnancy and the responsibility of child rearing could reduce the ability of the girl to continue with her education and with exploring employment opportunities. Unwanted pregnancy in unmarried girls may stigmatise them leading to poor self esteem. Un-intended pregnancy in both married and unmarried girls may prompt them to resort to illegal and unsafe abortions. This is more pronounced in unmarried girls. Possibility of being taken out of school and social stigma especially of pregnancies in unmarried girls. VII-3
Risks of pregnancy in married and unmarried adolescents
Handout VII
Why are complications more common in adolescent pregnancy and childbirth?
Pregnancy and childbirth in adolescence is risky for the health of both mother and baby
Biologically, an adolescents body is still developing and not yet ready to take on an added strain. The pelvic bones are not fully mature, and cephalo-pelvic disproportion could occur. Her body has special nutritional needs and when pregnancy occurs, it is a strain on already depleted reserves, especially if she belongs to a low socio-economic background. The young girl may not be mentally prepared for motherhood with all its added responsibilities, etc. and this could give rise to mental health problems like depression. Socio-culturally, pregnancy outside of marriage bears a terrible stigma and the above situation worsens when the girl is not married, in which case she does not get the emotional support she needs as well as support in terms of nutrition, rest, antenatal check-ups, etc. Shortcomings in service delivery deter adolescents from seeking timely medical help and intervention. At many health centers, pregnant adolescents who are unmarried are treated with none or very little respect by all staff, some of whom may not be aware of the risks associated with such pregnancies. So, even if the girl is able to access health services of some kind, she does not necessarily get the benefit of a sensitive and technically competent check up. This is the reason unmarried adolescents hide their pregnancies for as long as they can and medical help is delayed at great risk to their lives. This situation is not unique to unmarried adolescents as the married ones also may not be aware of the importance of antenatal care. For various reasons, the adolescent woman is more likely to deliver at home. The older women in the home feel that a traditional birth attendant is equipped to carry out the delivery, her services are cheaper and she is easily accessible. A trained birth attendant or a hospital is usually thought of when things get out of hand and complications have already set in. The risks are high, starting from the antenatal period, through labour and the postpartum period. Adolescent mothers are most likely to give birth to low weight babies and both the mother and child face higher mortality and morbidity.
Complications of pregnancy and childbirth that occur more commonly in adolescents than in adults
VII-4 Pregnancy-induced hypertension Anaemia during antenatal period HIV: Higher incidence of mother to child transmission Higher severity of malaria Pre-term birth Obstructed labour Anaemia during postpartum period Pre-eclampsia Postpartum depression Too early repeat pregnancies Low birth weight Perinatal and neonatal mortality Inadequate child care and breastfeeding practices Handout for Medical Officers
Handout VII
Problems in the antenatal period

Pregnancy-induced hypertension: Studies report an increased incidence of the condition in young adolescents, when compared with older women. Anaemia: There is an increased risk of anaemia in adolescents because of nutritional deficiencies, especially of iron and folic acid, and by malaria and intestinal parasites.
- STIs/HIV: Sexually active adolescents are at an increased risk of contracting STIs, including HIV infection, owing to their biological and social vulnerability. There is also the increased risk of parent-to child transmission of HIV in adolescents, because the HIV infection is more likely to be recent, and therefore associated with higher viral loads. The presence of other STIs (syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia) with local inflammation may increase viral shedding, thereby increasing the risk of transmission during labour. - Higher severity of malaria is often seen in first time pregnant women (which includes many adolescents) and is a common cause of anaemia in this group. This puts them at risk and their unborn babies at risk of intrauterine death.
Problems during labour and delivery

- Pre-term birth is common in women under twenty years of age because of immaturity of the reproductive organs, social factors such as poverty, at play. - Obstructed labour in young girls (below 15 years of age) occurs due to the small size of the birth canal leading to cephalopelvic disproportion. Lack of access to medical and surgical care can result in complications like vesicovaginal and recto-vaginal fistulae and other birth injuries like cervical, vaginal and perineal tears and lacerations.
Problems in the postpartum period

- Anaemia is commoner and further aggravated by blood loss during delivery thereby also increasing the risk of infection. - Pre-eclampsia: Several studies report that pre-eclampsia occurs more often in young adolescents. The symptoms may worsen and sometimes recognized only during the first postpartum days. - Postpartum depression and common mental health problems are common due to reasons described above. - Too early repeat pregnancies, especially in unmarried adolescents can occur because of the difficulty in accessing reliable contraception.
Problems affecting the baby

- Low birth weight: There is a higher incidence of low birth weight (weight <2500 grams) among infants of adolescent mothers. - Perinatal and neonatal mortality is increased in infants of adolescent mothers, compared with infants of older mothers. - Inadequate childcare and breastfeeding practices: Young mothers, especially those who are single and poor, may find it hard to provide their children with the adequate care. This is reflected in their poor child feeding, including breastfeeding, practices.
VII-5
Handout VII
Consequences of pregnancy and childbirth in adolescent girls:
MARRIED Immediate More likely to seek or receive ANC May get safe MTP services Less likely to seek or receive ANC May resort to illegal and unsafe abortions with associated complications Ill health or death due to complications of pregnancy, childbirth and post-partum period, especially birth injuries. Guilt and depression due to social stigma UNMARRIED
Ill health or death due to complications of pregnancy, childbirth and post-partum period, especially birth injuries. Depression due to stress of child rearing Long term Chronic ill health and depression due to complications during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period Marital dischord and divorce due to impaired sexual life resulting from child birth injuries
Chronic ill health and infertility due to complications during abortion
Interruption of education/career
Care of adolescents during pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal period

Adolescent pregnancies and deliveries require much more care than adult pregnancies and all efforts must be made to reduce the occurrence of problems. This includes early diagnosis of pregnancy, effective antenatal care, effective care during labour and delivery, and during the postpartum period.
Early diagnosis of pregnancy

Health service providers and other adults like family members in more regular contact with the adolescent, have the shared responsibility of creating an environment in which she feels able to share information about her situation, especially if she is unmarried. She may not know that she is pregnant because she may not remember the dates of her last menstrual period, or because her periods are not regular. She may even want to hide her pregnancy or seek ways of terminating it. Being aware of these issues, and being on the lookout for telltale signs of early pregnancy such as nausea will help ensure an early diagnosis of pregnancy so that care is started early and complications are avoided.
VII-6
Handout VII
Antenatal care
At least four antenatal checkups are recommended for all pregnant ladies under RCH Programme. This provision must be especially implemented for teenage pregnancies because they need extra care. Many complications can be detected and many can be avoided if the adolescent is able to access good antenatal services. Pregnancy-induced hypertension can easily be detected and uncomplicated hypertension can be managed on an outpatient basis. In case of more serious complications (such as preeclampsia, eclampsia, and abruptio placentae), referral to a hospital is essential. Anaemia and malaria too can be detected and treated during routine antenatal care. Screening for STIs can lead to early treatment, if required. Iron and folic acid supplements will prevent anaemia to a large extent. Most importantly, antenatal visits could help identify those adolescents, who are at risk of preterm labour, though interventions to address this are limited.
Antenatal care also provides a valuable opportunity for the provision of information and counselling support that adolescents need. This is especially important in the case of adolescents, especially unmarried ones, because of their greater need for support.
Counseling during pregnancy

Information and counseling support is the right of every pregnant woman who reaches a health centre and pregnant adolescents have special needs and questions and concerns of their own. They must be given an opportunity to raise and discuss these issues. Their needs must be matched with competent and sensitive counseling support in terms of the socio-cultural environment that has to be faced, the options available in terms of the pregnancy; the access to health services for routine antenatal care and in case of emergency; the danger signs that need to be aware of, etc. Counseling should also include care of the newborn including exclusive breast feeding and prevention of an early repeat pregnancy. Since adolescents are more at risk of STIs including HIV/AIDS, voluntary counseling and testing services should be made available to them.
Management of labour and delivery

If the pregnancy in an adolescent is normal and with no complications and anaemia is treated adequately, labour starts at term, and the infant is in cephalic presentation, labour is not at increased risk. However, if the adolescent is severely anaemic, postpartum haemorrhage can be a dangerous possibility. In very young adolescents, pre-term labour as well as obstructed labour are more likely to occur. Such adolescents are at high risk and it is advisable to encourage hospital delivery. The family should be advised to make arrangements for transportation to the hospital, when needed. Besides observing and monitoring, supporting the woman is very important and studies have shown that continuous empathetic support during labour, provided by a technically qualified nurse or midwife results in many benefits both to the mother and the baby.
Postpartum care
This includes the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of postnatal complications in the mother and her baby. It also includes information and counselling on breastfeeding, nutrition, contraception and care of the baby. The adolescent mother will require special support on how to care for herself and her baby.
VII-7
Handout VII
Contraception: It is very important that too early repeat and unplanned pregnancies should not occur for lack of access to contraceptive services. The postpartum period presents a good opportunity for taking steps towards pregnancy prevention and for promoting dual protection by encouraging condom use. Nutrition of the mother: The lactating adolescent needs adequate nutrition to meet her own as well as the extra needs required for breast-milk production. Breastfeeding: WHO has made recommendations concerning breast feeding. A young adolescent, especially one who is single would require extra support in achieving breastfeeding successfully. Many adolescents need ongoing contact through home visits on their return with their babies, especially if they are unmarried. In the latter case, both they and the babies are at a higher risk of abuse and maltreatment. Family counselling is therefore vital and provides a lifeline to the adolescent and her baby.
Role of the health sector regarding pregnancy in adolescents girls

Avoid early marriage Work with community If early marriage
Delay the first pregnancy
If teenage pregnancy
Take promotive measure
Make pregnancy safer
Complete ANC
Ensure institutional delivery
Provide postnatal care Good child rearing practices - breast feeding - immunisation Delay next pregnancy
Contraceptive counselling and provision of a method
VII-8
Handout VII
SUMMARY
Adolescent pregnancy is common in India Many factors contribute to adolescent pregnancy Adolescents have higher maternal mortality than adults Their babies also have higher mortality Many of the complications during pregnancy and delivery have worse outcomes in adolescents There are important issues for health-care providers to be aware of in caring for adolescents throughout pregnancy, labour, delivery and the postpartum period Promoting safe pregnancy and childbearing in adolescence requires concerted actions beyond the health sector, like increasing the social and nutritional status of girls and increasing their access to education and job opportunities
Prevention of pregnancy in unmar ried adolescent girls:

Provide health education Information regarding problems of pregnancy in adolescents Skills to say 'NO' to sex by creative thinking eg. having periods, ignore; value system of family Train boys also to respect the decision of the girl if she says 'NO' Inform about contraceptive choices Inform about available services and how to access them Inform about dangers of seeking help from unskilled people When pregnant discuss about the merits of involving parents/guardians in further management
VII-9
Handout VII
Unsafe Abortions in Adolescents
Introduction
Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before the foetus has become capable of sustaining an independent extra-utrine life. The non-viability of the foetus is considered as long as the pregnancy is <22 weeks. Abortion can be spontaneous or as a result of outside intervention. Adolescent pregnancy very often leads to unsafe abortion especially if the girl is unmarried. The consequences of this type of abortion can be life threatening. Although abortion is legal in India, it is estimated that four million Indian women a year still resort to illegal abortions because of social stigma, lack of awareness and the lack of access to health facilities that offer technically competent services.
Medical Termination of Pregnancy ACT

The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act was passed in 1971. The Act was intended to grant women freedom from unwanted pregnancies, especially when there was social censure or medical risk involved. Apart from these benefits, it also ensured that abortion services became easily accessible. The aim of the Act is to allow for the termination of certain pregnancies by registered medical practitioners. If a pregnancy is terminated by someone who is not a registered medical practitioner, it would constitute an offence punishable under the Indian Penal Code.
When MTP is permitted

According to the Act, abortion may be permitted only in certain cases: (a) Where the length of the pregnancy does not exceed twelve weeks or (b) Where the length of the pregnancy exceeds twelve weeks but does not exceed twenty weeks, if not less than two registered medical practitioners are, of opinion, formed in good faith, that (i) the continued pregnancy would pose a risk of injury to the womans physical or mental health; or
(ii) there exists a substantial risk that the foetus would suffer from a severe physical or mental abnormality; or (iii) the pregnancy resulted from rape or incest; or (iv) the continued pregnancy would significantly affect the social or economic circumstances of the woman; or (c) After the 20th week of the gestation period if a medical practitioner, after consultation with another medical practitioner or a registered midwife who has completed the prescribed training course, is of the opinion that the continued pregnancy (i) Would endanger the womans life; (ii) Would result in a severe malformation of the foetus; or (iii) Would pose a risk of injury to the foetus. As long as the above conditions are fulfilled, a doctor can terminate a pregnancy without fear of being prosecuted under the Indian Penal Code.
VII-10
Handout VII
Whose consent is required?

A pregnancy can be terminated only with the informed consent of the pregnant woman; no other persons consent needs to be obtained. In the case of a pregnant woman, less than eighteen years old, and in the case of a pregnant woman, more than eighteen years old but of unsound mind, the consent of her guardian must be obtained in writing.
Where can a MTP be performed?

MTPs can be performed only at the centres certified by the government. These centers could be located in public or private sector.
The rights of the pregnant woman

Whenever a woman requests that her pregnancy be terminated, she must be informed of her rights under the Act. Also, whenever a pregnancy has been terminated, the medical practitioner should record the prescribed information. However, the name and address of the woman, who has requested or obtained a termination of pregnancy, should be kept confidential, unless she herself chooses to disclose that information.
Penalisation
If a person who is not a medical practitioner, who has not completed the prescribed training course, performs the termination of a pregnancy, can be convicted and penalised with a fine or imprisonment for a period not exceeding 10 years.
VII-11
Handout VII
The Nature and Scope of Unsafe Abortions
In India, though abortion has been legalized since 1971, illegal and unsafe abortions are very common due to various reasons. Legal abortion: implies termination of pregnancy by trained provider in Government approved health facility for the purpose and fulfilling the conditions mentioned in the Medical Termination Act. Illegal abortion: implies termination of pregnancy by trained provider violating the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act. Unsafe abortion: implies interference of pregnancy by persons without the necessary knowledge and skills, or in conditions that are not conducive to good health. It can be within or outside of the law. Apart from the women who die due to post-abortion complications, there are many more who survive but have to live with chronic health problems, and in many cases infertility. Unsafe abortions are commoner among adolescents as they are easier to access, in terms of convenience of location and confidentiality (of prime importance in the case of unmarried girls or those who have been coerced or raped). India was one of the first countries in the world to legalize induced abortion under the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (1972). It is estimated that each year nearly 6 million abortions are performed outside the ambit of the Act. Several categories of providers ranging from qualified providers (unregistered) to non-allopathic practitioners, paramedics or even traditional dais, offer these services on demand, often jeopardizing the life of the woman. Unfortunately many facilities offer both sex determination and abortion services despite legislation to the contrary (Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques, Regulation and Prevention of Misuse Act, 1994). Sex selective abortion is prohibited legally, though abortion is accepted and legally permitted. Most sexually active adolescents are in their late adolescence. Lack of contraceptives use characterises the vast majority of sexual encounter among youth. Incidences of unintended teenage pregnancies and abortions have shown a steady increase. Unsafe abortions are a major source of reproductive mortality and morbidity. Extensive practice of sex selective abortions, is a chilling indicator of gender discrimination and the unequal status of women in society. Overwhelming majority of these abortions are being sought from illegal sources. To address the growing problem of sex selective abortions, the following steps should be taken, at the minimum: RH communications and education should include specific messages highlighting the importance of girl children, gender equality, the hazards of unsafe abortions and the illegality of pre-selection of sex followed by abortion. Statutory laws, e.g. the MTP Act (1972) and the PNDT Regulation and Prevention of Misuse Act (1994), need to be strictly enforced. Law-enforcing agencies, in partnership with community-based groups, and social service organisations, should take measures to identify offenders and proceed with a logical follow up in the court of law. Advocacy initiatives should be aimed to build up alliances among all partners for social mobilization to eliminate this practice and to also facilitate implementation of laws. Professional associations should be seen as important partners for selfregulation and also bringing peer pressure on those who continue to violate provisions of Act.
VII-12
Handout VII
Incidence of unsafe abor tions, especially in adolescents
60,00,000 Indian women a year still resort to illegal abortions.
Accounts for up to 13% of all maternal deaths and 50% of all maternal deaths in the 15-19 age group. 38%-68% of abortion complications are in women under 20 years of age.
Factors influencing unsafe abortions fear of social condemnation, especially if unmarried economic factors espically in adolescents both married and unmarried belonging to marginalised section of society fear of expulsion from school failed contraception coerced sex (included rape/incest) high cost of abortion services in private clinics judgmental and non-friendly attitude of service providers
VII-13
Handout VII
Factors contributing to post-abortion complications in Adolescents
Various factors contribute to the extent and severity of post abortion complications: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. a. Delay in seeking abortion Negative attitudes of trained providers Resorting to untrained providers Use of dangerous methods Laws relating to abortion Service-delivery factors. Complications following spontaneous abortions Delay in seeking abortion is the most important factor and the commonest cause of complications and death among adolescents. Delay is again due to ignorance (Not aware that pregnancy has occurred) or hoping to hide pregnancy till it becomes too late or the costs involved. The judgemental and unwelcoming attitudes of health providers can also lead to delay in reaching them or force them to seek abortion from untrained providers. It is commoner among adolescents to go to untrained and unskilled providers especially when they are unmarried or the pregnancy is unintended and adolescent wants to get rid of it clandestinely (without informing the in-laws). The younger they are, it is more likely that they will be forced to opt for a potentially unsafe abortion conducted in an unhygienic condition by unskilled provider. Use of dangerous methods are also common in adolescents especially unmarried girls who are advised by mothers, untrained birth attendants, quacks, to insert foreign bodies into the cervix unhygienically or ingest certain potions or drugs. There is general lack of awareness among adolescents about the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Services that can be availed of in all District Womens' Hospital and some PHCs. These latter are however, inaccessible because of the familys need for secrecy and confidentiality and bowing to societal and community demands. At present, health facilities do not offer user-friendly abortion services and some are not themselves aware of the rights of clients to these. Most clinets feel that privacy and confidentiality is difficult to be maintained in public system. Even after a spontaneous abortion, an adolescent may have post abortion complications, if the abortion is not complete or some infection has set in due to retained products of conception and unhygienic practices of perineal region. The extent of problems related to unsafe abortion among adolescents varies from state to state and within communities and depends on whether: Reproductive health information and services are available and accessible to adolescents; Early and safe abortion services are available and accessible; Health-care providers are sensitive and non-judgemental towards adolescents; Community and societal norms permit frank discussion about sexuality matters in adolescents; National law and policy makers ensure the dissemination of adequate knowledge related to reproductive health information and services.
b. c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
VII-14
Handout VII
Complications due to Unsafe Abortions
Complications due to unsafe abortions are high for all women, the adolescent group is especially at risk. Within this group, those who are very young, who are primigravida, unmarried and the very poor are even worse off. These can be categorised as medical, psychological and socio economic.
Complications of abortion in adolescents

A. Major short-term medical complications: Tetanus can result from the insertion of foreign bodies like sticks, rods or using unsterilized surgical instruments. Haemorrhage is seen very commonly and is mostly the presenting complaint. It is due to retained products of conception and injuries in the birth canal. It can be fatal. This complication can also result from spontaneous and/or legally induced incomplete abortions. Localized or generalized infection. Injuries range from genital lacerations to fistulae to perforation of uterus. Major long-term medical complications are those that happen after a month or more and may leave the girl permanently unable to bear children and carry physical scars for the rest of her life: Chronic pelvic infection Secondary infertility Subsequent spontaneous abortion Increased likelihood of ectopic pregnancy Increased likelihood of premature labour in subsequent pregnancy Psychosocial complications: Guilt Depression
B.
C.
Consequences of unsafe abortions in adolescents

A. Medical consequences: infections may lead to secondary infertility and reproductive tract injuries: Medical consequences of unsafe abortion are especially high and more serious for adolescents because of the ways in which abortion is induced and also delay in care-seeking. Major emergency surgical interventions are often required and these are either not available or not accessible to the disadvantaged sections of society. Thus, in many cases, the unfortunate adolescents who are forced to resort to unsafe abortions, end up dying at a very young age or live with severely damaged reproductive tracts. The major long-term medical complications (more than a month after the procedure) include secondary infertility (Akin to a life sentence in a society that equates a womans worth with her ability to bear children), spontaneous abortion in subsequent pregnancy, and an increased likelihood of both ectopic pregnancy and pre-term labour. B. Psychological consequences: though not commonly identified or reported, do occur frequently and include depression and withdrawal. Within the confines of an unforgiving and rigid society, there is no psychological support for the adolescent recently traumatized by an unsafe abortion. In fact, even health providers do not see the need for this kind of a support. The girl is Handout for Medical Officers VII-15
Handout VII
left alone in her misery, confusion and ignorance and guilt can set in compelling her to resort to risky behaviour and even suicide. C. Socio-economic consequences: are very severe when the girl is unmarried and she can be shunned by both her family and the community in general. Girls who survive unsafe abortions face a range of social problems, from disapproval, rejection, even ostracism, from their families and communities. They can be thrown out by their families and forced into early marriage or prostitution. Their options become very limited. The family faces grave economic burden of managing complications of unsafe abortion and is at times, reduced to bankruptcy and ruin. Medical care costs will severely strain family resources and in the long run, investments made in the girls education and development are lost. Highlight about provision of MTP act expanding for adolescent. Stress that the consent of guardian in case of minor <18 years girl is required. The MOs should involve community level functionaries and gatekeepers to create awareness in the community regarding awareness in the community regarding facility for Emergency Contraception (EC) and MTP and contraceptive services at PHC level. Stress that these complications and consequences are more in unsafe abortions
VII-16
Handout VII
Diagnosis and Management of Post-abortion Complications
The diagnosis of post-abortion complications should not differ between adolescents and adult women and history of missed menstrual period(s) followed by an attempt to terminate the pregnancy or spontaneous termination should be sought. The girl is usually brought to the health facility, bleeding from the vagina and often going into shock. Unlike adult women, adolescents (particularly very young girls and unmarried girls) are often not willing and sometimes not able to give an accurate history. This is especially so when they are accompanied by their parents, relatives or other persons because of fear and embarrassment at having had sexual relations.
Compared with adults, adolescents with post-abortion complications are more likely to:
Be unmarried and or from low-socio economic group Be primigravida Have a longer gestation up to the time of abortion Have used dangerous methods to terminate pregnancy or ingested substances that interfere with treatment Have resorted to illegal providers Come to the health facility alone or with a friend Delay seeking help and therefore have more entrenched complications. It is important for health-care providers to bear in mind that unwanted pregnancy may be the real underlying problem, though other symptoms may be reported, so they should observe the adolescents general condition and behaviour carefully. This will assist in ensuring that the diagnosis of post-abortion complication due to unsafe abortion is not missed. It would be important to engage all the adolescent friendly attributes, employ a gentle, reassuring manner, and to tactfully ask the girls parents or guardians to wait outside the consulting/ examining room. This will enable the health-care provider to have a private and confidential conversation with the girl. The clinical presentation will obviously depend on the condition of the patient. In case infection has set in, the adolescent is likely to be feverish and dehydrated. The other likely clinical signs are: a swollen, tender abdomen, bleeding and foul-smelling discharge from the vagina, with some products of conception still in the uterus, tender adnexa, and fullness in the Pouch of Douglas. In case treatment has been delayed, the adolescent is likely to be in shock with impending respiratory and circulatory failure.
The management is based on the following principles:

Emergency resuscitation may be necessary as many adolescents present in shock. In primary level facilities, health-care workers will need to be prepared to make referrals and arrange for transport to a referral facility with effective treatment. Evacuation of the uterus is necessary to remove all the products of conception for inevitable or incomplete abortion. The technique chosen will depend on the length of gestation, stage of the abortion, uterine size and availability of skilled staff and supplies. If there are signs of infection, abdominal injury, cervical or uterine perforation, evacuation should be carried out as per the standard guidelines for termination of pregnancy in such cases. VII-17
Handout VII
National guidelines should be adhered to for performing MTP. MTP upto 6-8 weeks of gestation can be performed by trained medical officer at PHC using MVA syringe or medicines. MTP for a pergnancy of more than 8-10 weeks needs to be referred to a CHC. In the second trimester, the risk of complications is higher. Because delay is so characteristic of adolescent abortion patients, many second trimester abortions are carried out in this age group.
Management and prevention of further complications such as infection and injury is the need of the hour. Complications are more frequent and more severe in the case of self-induced abortions or those where foreign bodies have been inserted or the procedure has been done by an untrained person. Arrangements for post-abortion care should be thought of since such adolescents usually do not return for follow up. Establishing a good rapport with the patient and attendant/s and providing relevant information will facilitate a repeat visit. The patient must be given information on danger signs to look out for, such as fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain and backache, tenderness to pressure in the abdomen, heavy bleeding and foul-smelling vaginal discharge. She must also be provided with information on contraception for well-informed decision-making. Post abortion contraception councelling is extremely important to encourage the lady and her partner to practice contraception of their choice.
VII-18
Handout VII
Prevention of Unsafe Abortions
Adolescents with unwanted pregnancies continue to resort to abortions, whether or not it is safe, putting their lives at great risk. Prevention of such pregnancies must therefore be one of the key objectives in any reproductive health programme. All stakeholders like family elders and decision makers, communities, health-care providers, governments, etc., should make all efforts to:
Improve access to reproductive health information and services

The need to improve adolescents access to reproductive health information and services is of prime importance to give sexually active adolescents the right to a range of options. The contribution that emergency contraception could make in preventing unsafe abortion needs to be clearly spelt out and adolescents need to know that this method is available, and where it could be obtained when needed.
Address laws and policies on access to safe abortion services

Even in our country where abortion is legally available on demand, women (especially adolescents) experience difficulties in exercising their right to obtain these services. The reasons for this include an insensitive environment that cannot ensure confidentiality and non-judgemental behaviour, complicated administrative requirements, etc.
Train health-care providers in comprehensive abortion care

Health-care providers, both modern and traditional, need to be trained in comprehensive post-abortion care so that they can recognize the signs and symptoms of abortion-related complications and how to manage them effectively. They also need to be introduced to the concept of post abortion counselling including contraception. To be able to learn the latter, they need to examine their attitudes and beliefs, in order to prevent their own biases from hindering the provision of care. Clear guidelines need to be issued for the management of post-abortion complications due to unsafe abortion. Healthcare providers have a very important role to play in the communities they serve in providing safe abortion services to adolescents. First, however, they must overcome the barriers in their own minds about supporting and counselling (even the unmarried and girls from marginalized section of society) and providing the best technical care they can offer. They must work as 'Change-agents' and involve communities in discussions on unwanted pregnancy, unsafe abortion and its consequences, and the contribution they could make by protecting and safeguarding their adolescents.
VII-19
Handout VII
Factors that could help reduce unsafe abortion in adolescents
Availability and accessibility of contraceptive information and services including Emergency Contraceptives (now going to be available even without prescription) Availability and accessibility of safe abortion services Helpful, friendly and non-judgmental health care providers Community norms that permit open and frank discussion with parents and gate keepers about sexuality in adolescents
SUMMARY gnancy SUMMAR Y P r e gnanc y Adolescent gir ls

and
Abor tions
in
Adolescent pregnancy is common in India. Adolescents have a higher risk of poor pregnancy outcomes in the form of illness and death of themselves and their babies, especially in unmarried adolescents. Many complications of pregnancy and childbirth have worse outcomes than adults. Preventive health services should be directed towards: increasing awareness in the community regarding risks and consequences of adolescent pregnancy and childbirth and unsafe abortions. making family planning counseling and services easily available to adolescents. involve other departments to help increase social and nutritional status of girls and increase their access to education/vocational training and job opportunities. providing ANC and promoting institutional delivery and post partum care. counselling, providing or referring for safe MTP services.
Curative Health Services include: -
Unsafe abortions are those which are conducted in an unapproved facility for the purpose and/or by an untrained provider. Despite abortions being legalised in India 4 million women per year still resort to illegal abortions. Unsafe abortions are more common in unmarried girls. 50% of all maternal deaths in 15-19 year age group are due to illegal abortions. Complications due to unsafe abortions are medical and psychological. Management of post-abortion complications: Emergency resuscitation and referral to District Women's hospital or appropriate facility with effective treatment even in private sector. Evacuation of uterus in early pregnancy by simple techniques as per Government of India guidelines for MOs at PHCs. Referral to CHC or District Women's hospital if pregnancy 8 weeks or more upto 20 weeks.
VII-20
Handout VII
Management of further complications such as infection and injury. Arrangement of post-abortion care including contraceptive counselling and services. Improve access to reproductive health information and services especially simple and safe MTP services even at the PHC level. Address laws and policies on access to safe abortion services by providing an adolescents sensitive environment. Train health care providers in comprehensive abortion care, and/or counselling for referral to a safe and appropriate facility. Involve inter-sectorial departments and gatekeepers to increase community awareness and reduce stigma associated with pregnancy in unmarried girls.
Prevention of unsafe abortions: -
Unsafe abortion implies interference of pregnancy by persons without the necessary knowledge and skills, or in conditions that are not conducive to good health. It can be within or outside of the law. Adolescents opt for abortions because of socio-cultural and/or socioeconomic reasons. Adolescents undergoing unsafe abortions tend to be single, pregnant for the first time and usually obtain their abortions later in their pregnancies than adult women. They are more likely to have resorted to illegal providers and to have used dangerous methods for inducing abortion. They tend to present later, and with more entrenched complications. They tend to face more barriers than adults, in accessing and using the health services they need. They are less likely to come for post treatment follow-up. The management of post-abortion client should include management of complications, post-abortion counselling, addressing contraception and other issues.
VII-21
Handout VII
Annexure 1: Role Play Scenarios Session 4, Activity 2
Scenario 1 During an OPD session, a 16 year old unmarried girl is brought by her mother for a check up. She has been keeping unwell for a few weeks with occasional bouts of vomiting, especially in the morning. She seems to be the youngest among all the patients waiting there. You do a check up and find that the girl is twelve weeks pregnant.
How would you handle the situation?
Scenario 2 A 17 year old pregnant girl is brought to the PHC by her mother-in-law for an antenatal check up. The doctor finds that her nails and conjunctivae are very pale. She sends her to the lab. and the haemoglobin is found to be 8 gm%. How would you manage the case?
Scenario 3 A 15 year old girl has delivered a baby girl a few days ago. She is brought to the PHC by her mother-in-law as she has engorged breasts. How would you counsel her?
VII-22
Handout VII
Annexure 2: Role Plays Session 4, Activity 3
Scenario 1 Unmarried unsafe abortion
A 17 year old unmarried girl from Rampur walks into your PHC with a friend, looking anxious and disturbed. On examination, you find that she is 7 weeks pregnant. When you ask her what she would like to do with the pregnancy she says that she wants an abortion. You tell her that since she is a minor, she has to tell her family and bring her mother to give her 'consent' for the procedure. She starts crying and saying that her parents would kill her if they came to know that she was pregnant. She begs you to perform the abortion, which you cannot do since there is no adult to give the consent. The friend then intervenes and says that she knows of a local woman in the village who does abortions and that they should go to her instead, since the doctor can't do anything. What would you, as a Medical Officer, do in this case?
Scenario 2:
Unmarried adolescent accompanied by mother to PHC for MTP
Sheela, a 16 year old unmarried girl tells her mother that she has had sex with her boy friend because he was insistent. Now she has not had her periods for the last 2 months. The mother was shocked to hear this and scolded Sheela that she had not done the right thing. She spoke to Sheela's Grandma and got her advice. The Grandma decided to take Sheela to Saroj, the local ANM, for advice. Sheelas mother said that she must inform Sheelas father before going to the ANM. Sheela requests her mother not to tell her father because she fears that her father will beat her. Sheelas mother assures her that her father will not beat her. On hearing the story, Sheela's father was ashamed and angry but accompanied them to the sub-centre. At the sub-centre he requests Saroj to accompany them to the doctor and tells her that nothing should happen to his daughter. Sheela gets proper MTP services at the PHC. What else will you do to help Sheela for the future?
VII-23
Handout VII
1. What are the most common antenatal complications in adolescents?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
(iv)
___________________________________________________________
2.
In your opinion, what are the most important issues for counselling pregnant adolescents?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________
(iv)
___________________________________________________________
3.
What are the critical aspects in caring for the pregnant adolescent in the postpartum period?
(i)
___________________________________________________________
(ii)
___________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________ VII-24 Handout for Medical Officers
Handout VII
4. Roughly, what percentage of all maternal deaths are caused by unsafe abortion? (Please mark your estimate with a cross (x) anywhere along the line)
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
5. Some people say that if safe abortion services are made available and accessible to adolescents, it will encourage promiscuity. Do you agree with this? (Please mark your answer with a cross (x) anywhere along the line)
No, absolutely not
Not sure
Yes, absolutely
6. How confident do you feel about working with adolescents on the issue of abortion? (Please mark your answer with a cross (x)anywhere along the line)
Not very confident
OK
Very confident
7. A 16 year old girl presents with complications due to unsafe abortion. Which of these best describes how you feel about her situation? (Please tick ( ) the 3 most appropriate answers) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) I feel sorry for her __________________________________________ I feel angry with her ________________________________________ I feel angry with the man who is responsible ____________________ I feel we have failed because she resorted to unsafe abortion ______ I feel sadness that she didnt use safe abortion _________________ I feel pity for the life that has been aborted _____________________ I feel angry with the person who did the abortion ________________
VII-25
Handout VII
8. As health-care providers, what should we focus on to prevent unsafe abortion among adolescents? (Please tick ( ) the 3 most appropriate answers) (i) Improve confidentiality for adolescents seeking abortion
(ii) Train modern and traditional health-care providers in abortion care (iii) Support efforts to provide information about the law to expand access to safe abortion (iv) Improve access to safe abortion for adolescents (v) Improve provision of contraception to all adolescents (vi) Encourage the authorities to stop untrained people carrying out abortions (vii) Emphasize abstinence from sex before marriage (viii) Encourage adolescents to go through with their pregnancies
9. Realistically, is there more you could do with respect to unsafe abortion among adolescents? (Please mark your answer with a cross (x) anywhere along the line)
No
Perhaps
Definitely
VII-26
Contrace aception Contr ace ption for Adolescents
Handout VIII
CONTENTS 1. Why Adolescents need Contraception 2. Effectiveness of Contraceptives 3. Providing Adolescents with Contraceptive Services 4. Annexures
Handout VIII
Why Adolescents need Contraception
Contraceptive use among adolescents
Most adolescents begin their sexual activity without adequate knowledge about sexuality or contraception or protection against STIs/HIV. In India, though adolescent marriages are very common in rural areas, the couple is less likely to use contraception than adults. Most women who marry young have the first child early. For unmarried adolescents it is sometimes impossible to access contraceptives and the sexual activity often results in unintended pregnancy. Whether married or unmarried, adolescents face potentially serious physical, psychological and social consequences from unprotected sexual relations, ranging from early and unwanted pregnancy and childbirth, unsafe abortion to STIs including HIV/AIDS. The consequences can also be far reaching and affect their entire life chances and options, especially in the case of girls.
Barriers to contraceptive use among adolescents

The barriers that adolescents face in accessing contraceptives are: The unexpected and unplanned nature of sexual activity Lack of information and knowledge about contraceptives and their availability. Fear of medical procedures Fear of judgemental attitudes of providers Inability to pay for services and transport Fear of violence from partner or parents Pressure to have children.
There is much that can and must be done to address these and other barriers. In general, adolescents lack information about sexuality and specifically about contraception. Health-care providers are unaware and insensitive to the special needs of adolescents. This latter group needs to overcome its own attitudes and moral and tradition-related biases and respond to the special needs of adolescents by designing and reorienting health services to meet those needs. Health care providers need to also be aware of gender inequalities that alienate and marginalize adolescent girls in their communities and prevent them from seeking technically skilled care. Violence, as in domestic abuse or sexual exploitation often come in the way of women and reproductive health services.
Effectiveness of Contraceptives
The following Table 1 lists the effectiveness of the available contraceptive methods in preventing pregnancy and in providing protection from STIs/HIV.
VIII-2
Handout VIII
Contraceptive Methods
Method Effectiveness against pregnancy As commonly used Abstinence and nonpenetrative sex Male condom Not effective Used correctly and consistently Very effective Protective Most protective method for dual protection but needs to be used correctly and consistently Only provides limited dual protection when used correctly and consistently. Only provides limited dual protection when used correctly and consistently. Only provides limited dual protection when used correctly and consistently. Protection against STI/HIV Comments & and Considerations
TABLE 1
Somewhat effective
Effective
Protective
Female condom
Somewhat effective
Effective
Protective
Spermicides
Somewhat effective
Effective
Somewhat protective
Combined oral pills
Effective
Very effective
Not protective
Only protective against pregnancy if used correctly and consistently. If at risk of STIs/HIV, recommend switching to condoms or using condoms along with this method. Only protective against pregnancy when used correctly and consistently. If at risk of STIs/HIV, recommend switching to condoms or using condoms along with this method.
Fertility awareness based methods (Standard Day Method (SDM) Lactational amenorrhoea LAM (During first 6 months postpartum)
Somewhat effective
Effective
Not protective
Effective
Effective
Not protective
Withdrawal
Somewhat effective Very effective
Effective
Not protective
IUCD (Copper T)
Very effective
Not protective
IUCD not first method of choice for nulliparious women. Not recommended for women at risk of STIs/HIV, unless other methods are not ble availale. Only protective against pregnancy when used correctly and consistently.
Emergency contraceptive Pills
Effective
Very effective
Not protective
VIII-3
Handout VIII
Emergency Contraception
Progestin only OCPs containing the hormone levonergstrel can be used for emergency contraception. If the correct dose is started within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse, it reduces the chances of pregnancy. Now oral contraceptives are being packaged as emergency contraceptive pills, and levonorgestrel-only tablets are more effective and cause less nausea and vomiting. Emergency contraception has a special role for adolescent girls and women who are subjected to sexual violence, to prevent unwanted pregnancies. There is a need to increase access to ECPs by training healthcare providers and also by ensuring easy availability of ECPs. All adolescents are eligible for ECP, without restriction on repetative use.
VIII-4
Handout VIII
Providing Adolescents with Information and Education on Sexuality and contraception
In a country like ours where tradition and societal norms are very rigid, education on sexuality and reproductive health for adolescents has not spread beyond a handful of enlightened schools and individuals because of concerns that such knowledge would lead to promiscuity. On the contrary, failure to provide adolescents with appropriate and timely information represents a missed opportunity for reducing the incidence of unwanted pregnancy and STIs and their negative consequences. Sexual and reproductive health education needs to be formalized and tailored to suit the needs of adolescents who have not begun sexual activity, and those who are already sexually active. Research into the sexual and reproductive health of young people clearly points to the fact that information provision and education alone do not necessarily lead to behaviour change. Increasing awareness and understanding is only the first step in preventing unwanted pregnancy and STI/HIV. Also, adolescents must know where to locate such services.
Providing Adolescents with Contraceptive Services

Health care providers can contribute as change-agents within the families and communities to address these issues, thus preventing the consequences of too early and unprotected sexual activity in this group especially for newly married and lactating adolescents.
Dual protection provided by available contraceptive methods

Some adolescents are at a higher risk of STIs/HIV because of their sexual behaviour (like having multiple partners) and they specially need to be aware of the dual protection against both pregnancy and STIs/HIV offered by certain contraceptives. When used correctly, male condoms are effective method of preventing STIs/HIV/ AIDS and pregnancy. Another way of simultaneous protection against both pregnancy and STIs is the Dual use method, i.e. use of condoms along with another method such as combined oral contraceptives or injectables this is more effective than condom alone.
VIII-5
Handout VIII
Counselling
Adolescence is a critical period in an individuals life when at the threshold of adulthood, they experiment with new behaviours, and struggle with issues of independence, and peer group pressure. The first step towards counseling adolescents is to develop a rapport with them and also speak in a language they understand. A supportive and non-judgemental environment, where confidentiality is ensured, is essential but is easier said than done. Health-care providers need special training in sexuality counselling skills so that they can deal with the needs, concerns and problems of adolescents. They also need to overcome their own barriers about sexual behaviour, morality, etc. Counselling should cover responsible sexual behaviour and needs to be directed at both males and females. Male adolescents should be encouraged to share the responsibility for contraception and STI/HIV prevention with their female partners. While adolescents may choose to use any contraceptive method available to them, some may be more appropriate for a variety of social and behavioural reasons. Many of the needs and concerns of adolescents that affect their choice of a contraceptive method are similar to those of adults seeking contraception. For example, using a method that does not require a daily regimen, such as oral contraceptive pills do, may be a more appropriate choice for an individual. In helping an adolescent make a choice of which method to use, health-care providers must provide them with information about the methods, and help them consider their merits and demerits. In this way, they could guide their adolescent clients to make well-informed and voluntary choices of the method that is most suitable to their needs and circumstances (taking eligibility, practicality and legality into consideration). The information provided should address the following issues: Effectiveness of the method Information on protection against STIs/HIV Common side-effects of the method Potential health risks and benefits of the method Information on return to fertility after discontinuing use of the method Where the method can be obtained and how much it costs.
After a method is chosen, it is also important to discuss correct use of the method and follow-up information, such as signs and symptoms that would necessitate a return to the clinic. It is important to remember that even if married, adolescents may have other special information needs. They may be particularly concerned about their return to fertility after discontinuing use of a method. Most women would be under considerable pressure to have children, and thus may want to keep their contraceptive use private from their spouse or in-laws. Unmarried adolescents will be less likely to seek contraceptive services at health facilities because of the need for secrecy and fears that the staff may be hostile or judgemental. For those who do seek contraceptive services, it is important to discuss abstinence or non-penetrative sexual activity as options, even with those who have already had sexual intercourse. With support, individuals can delay sexual activity until they are older, and thus be better able to deal with its social, psychological and physical implications. This requires commitment, high motivation, self-control and negotiation skills. For the unmarried, condoms alone or in combination with another method are the best recommendation and are easily available.
VIII-6
Handout VIII
What is sexual coercion?
Sexual coercion is the act of forcing or attempting to force someone to engage in any sexual activity against his or her will. The term covers a continuum, ranging from unwanted touching to forced marriage to rape. Typically, sexual coercion is perpetrated by males against females, who are most often adolescent girls and young women.
Adolescents who are coerced into having sex

Adolescents who have been subjected to sexual coercion and abuse will require special care and support. Emergency contraception is part of a package of services that should be made available in such circumstances. Health-care providers need to be sensitive to these issues. They must also be well aware of how to access the health and social services that these adolescents may need.
SUMMARY
Most adolescents enter their reproductive years with no knowledge of how to protect and safeguard their sexual and reproductive health. Access to appropriate information and services with confidentiality is absolutely necessary for all adolescents, especially those who are unmarried. To help ensure contraceptive use among sexually active adolescents, information and services must be made easily available through community based facilities and outreach services. By providing the above-mentioned contraceptive services that respect adolescents rights and respond to their needs, the community and society at large will be benefited immensely.
VIII-7
Handout VIII
Annexure 1: Role-Play Scenarios Session 3, Activity 2
Scenario 1 Raju, an 18 year old boy comes to your PHC. He tells you that he does not fell well, he feels very weak. Apparently, you find Raju to be of a good built and healthy. He looks a little apprehensive and anxious. You feel that Raju has some other problem and is not telling you it openly. You ask further questions about his family and his neighbours. You can see Raju getting more relaxed and free in his communication. Then you ask him again about his real problem. Shyly, he says that he and Rani, his neighbour's daughter, are friends. Sometimes, they manage to have sexual relations also. Raju tells you that he is worried that some day Rani may get pregnant. He does not want his to happen as he loves Rani very much and does not want to harm her. Raju requests you for some advice to prevent pregnancy. What will you say to Raju and how will you go about to help him?
Scenario 2 Champa, a girl aged 19 and her husband Raghu, aged 21, come to the PHC. They tell you that they have been married for 2 years and that Champa has given birth to a daughter 2 months ago. Champa is breast feeding her and also feels weak. They tell you that they do not wish to have another child for the next 3 years and want to adopt a safe contraceptive method. How will you respond to their need?
VIII-8
Handout VIII
1. (i)
Which contraceptive methods should not be used by adolescents? (Please cross (x) all unsuitable method) Abstinence ...... ...... ......
(ii) Male condom (iii) Spermicide
(iv) Combined oral pill
......
(v)
Progestin-only injectable
......
(vi) Intra-Uterine contraceptive Device (IUCD) ........
(vii) Fertility-awareness based methods ......
(viii) Lactational amenorrhoea
......
(ix) Withdrawal
......
(x) Sterilization
......
(x) Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECP) ......
2.
Which contraceptive methods are protective against STI/HIV? (Please write down two examples for each method)
(i)
Protective
.................................
(ii) Not protective
.................................
VIII-9
Handout VIII
3. Which contraceptive methods are available in your PHC? (Please write down three examples) (i) ......................................................................... (ii) ......................................................................... (iii) .........................................................................
4.
Which contraceptive methods do not require the cooperation of the male? (Please write down two examples)
(i) ......................................................................... (ii) .........................................................................
VIII-10
RTIs, STIs and HIV/AIDS in Adolescents
Handout IX
CONTENTS
1. What are Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs)? 2. What are Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)? 3. What are the factors contributing to STIs in adolescents? 4. What are the consequences of STIs in adolescents? 5. What are the main factors that hinder a prompt and correct diagnosis of STIs in adolecents? 6. What are the main factors that could hinder the effective management of STIs in adolescents? 8. HIV/AIDS in Adolescents 7. Annexures
Handout IX
Introduction
Repoductive Tract Infections (RTIs), or infections of the genital tract can have far reaching effects on reproductive health. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are one of the most common infections among sexually active adolescents. STIs are an important health problem because they give rise to considerable morbidity. STIs, including HIV, are most common among young people aged 15-24 and more so in young women of that age group. Adolescents today face enhanced vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. The various dimensions of the problems of STIs, RTIs and HIV/AIDS among adolescents have been addressed in the module along with the preventive and management aspects of the problem and how Medical Officers can help adolescents to deal with the problem.
What are Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs)?

RTIs include all infections of the reproductive tract, whether transmitted sexually or not, for example, Bacterial Vaginosis or Candidiasis which are caused by a disturbance in the equilibrium of the vaginal flora or Pelvic Inflammatory Disease caused by iatrogenic infection. These are examples of reproductive tract infections that have not been sexually transmitted. On the other hand, pathogens like which are commonly transmitted by sexual contact (Human Immune Deficiency Virus, Hepatitis -B, C, D, etc.) do not always or at all cause an infection of the reproductive tract. RTIs can also be iatrogenic infections (e.g., infections introduced to the reproductive tract by improperly managed childbirth or during improper delivery of family planning services, such as IUCD insertion or unsafe abortion or improperly performed medical and surgical procedures, etc.)
What are Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)?

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) refer to infections transmitted from one person to another primarily by sexual contact. Some STIs can also be transmitted by exposure to contaminated blood, and from a mother to her unborn child. STIs are among the most common illnesses in the world, and have far-reaching health, social and economic consequences for millions of men, women and infants. In addition to their sheer magnitude, the incidence and prevalence of STIs among adolescents is increasing in both developed and developing countries. This is a major public health problem for two reasons: STIs result in serious negative medical and psycho-social effects in the infected invidual. In case of infected females, there is the added risk of infection and illness in the unborn child. STIs, especially those with genital ulcers, facilitate the transmission of HIV between sexual partners. The prevention and treatment of STIs therefore needs to be a key component of a strategy to prevent the transmission of HIV.
The four most prevalent STIs are chlamydial infection, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis. These STIs can be prevented and cured provided that adequate antibiotics are available and standardised treatment protocols are employed.
Symptoms of RTIs/STIs
Some of the suggested symptoms in an adolescent who seeks advice either from a health centre could be: IX-2 For both adolescent boys and girls: Handout for Medical Officers
Handout IX
- Genital ulcers (sores) - Burning sensation while passing urine - Swelling in the groin - Itching in the genital region For adolescent girls: - Unusual vaginal discharge - Pain in lower abdomen - Pain during sexual intercourse For adolescent boys: - Discharge from the penis
What are the factors contributing to STIs in adolescents

In today's world, adolescents face heightened risks of exposure to STIs. In many societies, sexual activity begins during adolescence, either within the context of marriage or - increasingly - before marriage occurs. Sexual relations during adolescence are often unplanned and sporadic, and sometimes the result of pressure, coercion or force. Adolescents start sexual activity before they have: Experience and skills in self-protection. Adequate information about STIs and how to avoid contracting these infections. Access to preventive services and protective supplies (such as condoms).
Adolescent girls are thought to be more susceptible to STIs than adult women because of both biological and social reasons: Protective, hormonally-driven mechanisms have not yet had time to develop fully. The inadequate mucosal defence mechanism and the immature lining of the cervix in adolescence (especially in early adolescence) provide a poor barrier against infection. Further, the thin lining and the relatively low level of acidity in the vagina render it more susceptible to infection. Because of financial pressures, adolescent girls - are forced to sell sex for favours or for cash to pay for school fees or to support their families.
Adolescent boys in many cultures feel they have to prove themselves sexually; to indicate this graduation to adulthood. Studies confirm that adolescent boys and young men often have high rates of STIs, and that they frequently ignore such infections, or rely on self-treatment. In addition to increasing the risk of STIs, unprotected sexual activity increases the risk of other reproductive health problems such as too early, unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion.
Factors leading to risks of RTIs/STIs

History of unprotected sexual activity in the recent past Partner having sore on the genital region or urethral discharge Adolescent girl pregnant or recently delivered (more so if a home delivery) History of recent abortion, spontaneous or induced, especially unsafe abortion Adolescent girl using an IUCD
IX-3
Handout IX
What are the consequences of RTIs and STIs among adolescents?
The consequences of STIs contracted during adolescence are more severe than in adults. This is especially true in the case of female adolescents.
Consequences of STIs for adolescents

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): Chlamydia infection during adolescence is more likely to result in (PID) and its sequelae (such as infertility); Cancer of the cervix: exposure to infection (such as Chlamydia and Human Papilloma virus) during adolescence is more likely to result in cancer of the cervix; Tertiary Syphilis: Heart and brain damage as a long-term consequence of an untreated Syphilis infection; Stigma and embarrassment associated with STIs can impair psychological development and attitudes towards sexuality later in life. Utertheral stricture Infertility Death Neonatal/Intrauterine infections
Prevention of RTIs/STIs
Maintaining proper genital hygiene is important. Girls should also maintain good menstrual hygiene. Practicing responsible sexual behaviour. Practicing safe sex Avoiding sexual contact, if either of the partner has an STI By not neglecting any unusual discharge seeking help early Ensuring complete treatment of self and sexual partner (partner treatment) Opting for institutional delivery or home delivery by a trained birth attendant Availing safe abortion services Awareness generation among adolescents and community Improved services: Adolescent-Friendly Reproductive and Sexual Health Services.
IX-4
Handout IX
What are the main factors thathinder a prompt and correct diagnosis of STIs in adolescents?
Adolescents often lack information about the services that are available. For example, they may not know of existing services, where and when they are provided or how much they cost. Even if they have this information, they are often reluctant to seek help for diagnosis and treatment because of embarrassment, because they do not want to be seen by people they may know, and because of fear of negative reactions from health-care workers. In many areas adolescents with STIs go to traditional healers or buy remedies from street vendors. This is likely to result in improperly and inadequately treated infections. The symptoms and signs of some STIs disappear without treatment; in these situations, adolescents may believe that the disease has resolved spontaneously when in fact it has not done so. STIs may be asymptomatic, especially in adolescent girls. Adolescents may not be aware of the differences between normal and abnormal conditions (such as normal and abnormal genital discharges), and hence do not seek help. Asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic STIs are likely to be missed when health-care providers apply the syndromic approach for diagnosis and management. Symptomatic STIs may also be missed if health-care providers do not have adequate skills to undertake a clinical examination or to elicit the needed information from adolescents who are not fully knowledgeable about their bodies.
What are the main factors that could hinder the effective management of STIs in adolescents?
As indicated above, adolescents may be reluctant to use services due to factors such as inadequate information, difficulties in accessing services, and lack of money to pay for them. They often tend to self-mediate when they believe that they have exposed themselves to the risk of an STI. Adolescents often have difficulty in complying with treatment because it may be lengthy (e.g. in the case of chlamydia) or painful (e.g. in the case of venereal warts), and sometimes they need to conceal medication so that the STI is not revealed to others. In many places, medicines for the treatment of STIs can be bought at pharmacies, without a prescription. It is therefore important for the health-care worker to ascertain if the adolescent has tried/taken any medication for the STI, before coming for help.
IX-5
Handout IX
HIV/AIDS
HIV stands for :
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
AIDS stands for

Acquired : Not genetically inherited but get it from some body Inadequancy of the body's main defence mechanism to fight external disease producing organisms A group of disease or symptoms Immuno-deficiency: Syndrome :
AIDS results from infection with HIV, which stands for human immuno-deficiency virus. HIV gradually destroys the body's capacity to fight off infections by destroying the immune system. As a result a routine infection can turn life threatening, as the body is not able to produce antibodies to protect against them. The HIV infected person becomes more susceptable to a variety of infections known as opportunistic infections like tuberculosis.
HIV is transmitted through:

Different forms of sexual contact wherein sexual fluids come in contact including unprotected anal, vaginal or oral sex From an infected mother to her child (mother to child transmission (MTCT) during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding. Sharing of infected syringes and needles contaminated with infected blood and other body fluids, such as injectable drug users, use of contaminated skin-cutting tools, needle stick injuries in health care settings. Transfusion of infected/unsafe blood or blood products.
The most common route of transmission in our country is through the sexual route and about 85% of cases have acquired HIV through this mechanism. However, in north eastern India, the epidemic is mainly among intravenous drug users.
A person cannot get HIV by:

Shaking hands and embracing Touching objects in phone booths or public transport Shared use of towels, linen, crockery, utensils Use of public toilets, swimming pools Eating and drinking from the same plate or cup Donating blood with new sterile needles Mosquito bites Caring for and touching a person with HIV/AIDS Hugging and kissing
Diagnosing HIV infection

It is not possible to tell whether or not a person has HIV or AIDS by the way he or she looks and acts. IX-6
Handout IX
Sometimes, it is possible to suspect this infection from the presence of certain symptoms either in isolation or in combination. However, these cannot be relied upon solely for the diagnosis, as they are usually nonspecific and common to other illnesses as well.
Signs and Symptoms of HIV infection or AIDS

Some of the salient features of HIV/AIDS besides signs and symptoms of specific opportunistic infection: An unexplained loss of weight lasting at least one month Diarrhoea lasting for more than one month Intermittent or constant fever for more than one month A cough that persists for more than one month Enlarged glands (lymph nodes) in the neck, armpits, or groin
Only a laboratory test can confirm the presence of HIV

Knowing one's HIV status enables an individual to make informed decisions about treatment and care and learn how to avoid passing the infection on to others. Many people infected with HIV have no symptoms, and, therefore, there is no way of knowing with certainty whether a person is infected unless he or she has repeatedly tested negative for the virus - and has not engaged in any risky behaviour between tests. ELISA test is the most common screening test used for initial testing. Whenever, this screening test is positive, a confirmatory test is done. The Western blot is used to confirm screening tests results. Both these tests detect the presence of antibodies against HIV. Sometimes it is possible to test negative in the very early stages of HIV infection. This period is called the 'window period'. This is because the test is looking for antibodies that have not yet developed. In this case the test should be repeated after a duration of three months. Maintaining confidentiality of test results is of utmost importance because disclosure of a person's status may be detrimental not only for the individual concerned but also for the people around him such as their family members. They may be alienated or stigmatised due to the lack of accurate information as well as the prevailing myths and misconceptions about the infection in the society. Testing must always be voluntary and with informed consent of the client. Pre and post-test counselling are an integral part of testing. Such voluntary counselling and testing services are now available free of cost at many government health facilities.
Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT)

HIV voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has shown as positive role in both HIV prevention and as an entry point to care. It providers people with an opportunity to learn and accept their HIV status in a confidential environment. VCT is a relatively cost-effective intervention in preventing HIV transmission. Improving information to advocate the benefits of VCT and raising community awareness will contribute greatly to promote utilization of this service. The NACO has plans for the expansion of HIV testing facilities in each district of the country in a few years. HIV testing services address multiple needs and rights of individuals at risk or already infected so that effective counselling, condom supplies and peer and community support are also available. Such efforts to reduce stigma and discrimination will normalize community perceptions of HIV infection and AIDS, and make counselling services available to all who seek them, regardless of their willingness to be tested. Handout for Medical Officers IX-7
Handout IX
Counselling guidelines clearly states that no HIV testing is to be undertaken without pretest and post test counselling. Therefore, counselling services have to be improved bearing this issue in mind. Voluntary HIV counselling and testing is the process by which an individual undergoes counselling enabling him or her to make an informed choice about being tested for HIV. This decision must be the choice of the individual and he or she must be assured that the process will be confidential. National guidelines for Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) should be adhered to.
Benefits of VCT
The potential benefits of VCT are: Better ability to cope with HIV related anxiety Motivation to initiate or maintain safer sexual practices. Earlier access to care and treatment Prevention of HIV related illness Emotional support Awareness of safer options for reproduction and infant feeding. Motivation for drug related behaviour Safer blood donation
Care and suppor t for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs)

The HIV positive person should be guaranteed equal rights to education and employment as other member of the society. HIV status of the person should be kept confidential and should not in any way affect the fundamental rights of the person. PLWHAs should be provided a continuous of comprehensive care comprising of clinical management of common illnesses, access to drugs, counselling and psychosocial support through home based care without any discrimination. Resources in the community, NGOs support should be mobilized for this purpose. Family of the PLWHAs should be counselled how to take care of the patient in terms of good sanitation, nutrition, promoting physical activity and providing psychological support.
IX-8
Handout IX
Case study 1
A 16 year old boy is brought to you by his mother. She says that he told her that he had been injured in his groin, playing football with his friends. You notice that the boy is silent and does not interrupt his mother, or add to anything that she says. You tell the mother that you would like to talk to the boy separately. Taking him to another room, you ask the boy what the problem is. The boy is silent. After a few minutes, you gently probe once again. He replies in a low voice and asks you to promise not to repeat anything he says to his mother... How would you deal with this situation? Explain why you have chosen this course of action.
Case study 2
A 19 year old boy comes to you with a urethral discharge. He tells you that he has been suffering from this, on and off, for a year. He knows that this is an STI, but does not seem very concerned about it. He says that he has had similar episodes in the past. On enquiry, you learn that the young man is married and has a wife who is 16 years old. How would you deal with this situation? Explain why you have chosen this course of action.
Case study 3
A 17 year old married girl comes to you with her mother. The girl complains of itching and genital discharge for the last 2 months. The girl reveals that her husband works in the city. Her complaint started soon after his last visit to the village a little over two months back. How would you deal with the situation? Explain why you have chosen this course of action.
IX-9
Handout IX
Role Play 1 Usha is a 19 year old girl. She is married and is pregnant for the last 2 months. Her husband is a truck driver in Bombay. He has been sick for the last 3 months complaining of weight loss, loose motions and fever. He has been diagnosed as a HIV '+' case. But he has not disclosed this to his wife and his parents. For the last 2 days he has been having high fever for which he has been brought to a local PHC by his mother and his wife. Now as a Medical Officer/ANM how will you deal with this case.
IX-10
Handout IX
1.
Why are adolescents predisposed to RTIs/STIs?
(i) ___________________________________________________________________
(ii) ___________________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________________
(iv) ___________________________________________________________________
(v) ___________________________________________________________________
2.
Are boys more vulnerable to STIs than girls, in India? (please mark your answer with cross (x) anywhere along the line)
boys are much more vulnerable
about the same for boys and girls
girls are much more vulnerable
3.
What factors make adolescents more vulnerable to HIV? (i) ___________________________________________________________________
(ii) ___________________________________________________________________
(iii) ___________________________________________________________________
(iv) ___________________________________________________________________ Handout for Medical Officers IX-11
Handout IX
4. What should Medical Officers do with regard to STI prevention among adolescents? (please tick ( )three of the most important sessions) (i) Stress to all adolescents that they should abstain from sex until marriage Stress faithfulness to sexually active adolescents
(ii)
(iii) Give condoms and information on how to use them to those who have more than one partner (iv) (v) Make STI services adolescent-friendly Ensure that all adolescent patients know about STIs and all the ways of avoiding them Make condoms and information on how to use them available to all adolescents
(vi)
5.
Factors that hinder adolescents from seeking prompt STI treatment (please tick ( ) three of the most important sessons) (i) (ii) STIs are often asymptomatic They do not have information about existing services
(iii) They do not have money to pay for services (iv) (v) (vi) Concerns about confidentiality Fear of stigma and embarrassment Afraid of being scolded by health-care workers
IX-12
Concluding Module
Handout X
CONTENTS
1. Strategy for Addressing Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH) in RCH-II 2. Providing ARSH Services through the Public Health System 3. Making a Plan of Action 4. Close of the Orientation Programme
Handout X
Introduction
This Handout is the concluding Handout in the Programme. It asks the participants to reflect on the ways they aim to improve by consolidating areas of strength and addressing areas of weakness in them or their services and draft the outline of a plan of action for implementation, which will help to improve their work for and with adolescents when they return to their respective health facilities.
RCH-II Programme
The Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Programme goals of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) of the Government of India, with special reference to the reduction of IMR, MMR, and TFR addressing adolescents in the programme framework will yield dividends in terms of delaying age at marriage, reducing incidence of adolescent, prevention and management of obstetric complications including access for early and safe abortion services and reduction of unsafe sexual behaviour.
X-2
Handout X
Providing ARSH Services through the Public Health System
Strategy for Addressing ARSH in RCH-II:
Two pronged strategy: Incorporate adolescent issues in all RCH training programmes and all RCH materials developed for communication and behaviour change Undertake special efforts to reorganise services at the PHC on dedicated days and dedicated timings in selected districts (Teen Clinic)
Under the RCH-II Programme, a frame work is proposed for operationalising ARSH Services within the context of the Public Health System. Actions are proposed at the level of sub-center, PHC and CHC through routine OPDs and a dedicated once a week Teen Clinic for few hours at the PHC. Proposed Service delivery provision at the level of sub-center & PHC/CHC Level Service of care provider centre SubCentre (SC) HW (F) When Services
During routine sub-center clinics
Enroll newly married couples Provision of spcaing methods Routine ANC care and institutional delivery Referrals for early and safe abortion STIs/HIV/AIDS prevention education Nutrition counselling including anaemia prevention (Management) T.T. Immunization Provision of contraceptives Management of menstural disorders RTI/STI preventive education and management Counselling and services for services termination Nutritional counselling and treatment of Anaemia Counselling for sexual problems T.T. Immunization
Primary Health Centre/ Community Health Centre (CHC)
Health Assistant (F)/LHV Medical Officer
Once a week: Teen Clinic will be organised at PHC for 2 hrs
X-3
Handout X
Making a Plan of Action: Improvements one can make at the workplace:
Purpose
The purpose of this exercise is to help one with designing the outline of a personal plan to improve one's work for and with adolescents. The plan incudes the following elements: The proposed changes one intends to make; The importance of the proposed changes; How to assess whether or not one is successful in making these changes; The personal and professional challenges and or problems one may face in making these changes ; The ways in which these challenges and or problems may be addressed assistance requaried
General instructions
Please use the tables entitled "Plan of Action", which appear on the following pages, to record five changes you intend making in the way you work with or for adolescents. Please designate one sheet for each change you intend to make. This way you will have extra writing space. For each change you propose in column 1, complete columns 2,3,4 and 5. In monitoring your own change and application of this plan, it would be useful to set yourself target dates to review the progress of your plans.
Specific Instructions for Making a Plan of Action
Column 1 Changes you personally plan to make in your everyday work with or for adolescents. Stress that each change could relate to something they learned during any of the modules they have worked through. Explain each remaining column in turn. Column 2 Why is this change important: who or what will benefit and in what way? Explain that the first task is to concentrate on the first two columns only. Column 3 How will you measure the extent of success of this change? Column 4 Are there any personal or professional challenges and/or problems you anticipate in carrying out the changes? Column 5 What assistance are you likely to need and who could provide you with this assistance?
PLAN OF ACTION
Column 3 Measuring the extent of success of this change. Challenges and/or problems anticipated in working with adolescents. Assistance required Assistance Column 4 Column 5
Column 1
Column 2
The changes I plan to make in my every day work with or for adolescents.
Why is this change important?
Who/what will benefit? How to measure? When to measure?
Why?
Source
SAMPLE PLAN OF ACTION - Example

Column 3 Measuring the extent of success of this change. Challenges and/or problems anticipated in working with adolescents. Assistance required Lack of interest from the school administration. Resistance from the teachers. Support from the district education authority. A seminar to convince them of the value of this work. Repeated meetings or workshops Change in time, curtain Six months after Lack of separate initiating the time/separate programme space Six months after Unaware client initiating the programme Source The director of the local hospital could request this. Leaders of the parentteachers association. Request your superior to also meet with them and encourage From HQ, from community donation Awareness generation posters for information From Headquarters for posters Assistance Column 4 Column 5
Column 1
Column 2
The changes I plan to make in my everyday work with or for adolescents.
Why is this change important?
Who/what will benefit? Why? How to measure? A steady increase in the number of students who come to the clinic to obtain services. Six months after making contact with the schools. When to measure? They will find it easier to obtain the services they need.
1.
Contact the local schools to provide information on the new adolescents-friendly health services being provided by our clinic.
Students in local schools.
Friends of students, and family members of school staff who are not in local schools. Adolescent will feel comfortable Increase in number of clients Six months after They may not initiating the change programme
2.
Attitude of staff to be improved towards adolescents and their services Adolescent will feel comfortable Increase in number of clients
Adolescents
3.
Privacy Confidentiality-privacy
Adolescents
4. Adolescent will feel comfortable
Confidentiality
Adolescents
Increase in number of clients
Handout XI

Adolescent Health and Development (AHD) MO Handout Full

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Adolescent Health and Development (AHD) MO Handout Full

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Adolescent Health and Development (AHD) MO Handout Full

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ORIENTATION PROGRAMME

for Medical Officers

I-1 to I-13 II-1 to II-17

Handout III Handout IV

III-1 to III-25 IV-1 to IV-38 V-1 to V-19

VII-1 to VII-26 VIII-1 to VIII-10 IX-1 to IX-12 X-1 to X-6

Introduction Intr oduction

Adolescent-friendly Reproductive and Sexual Health Services

Policy and Institutional Framework

Operational Framework for ARSH

Primary Health Centre (PHC)/ Community Health Centre (CHC)

Health Assistant (F)/LHV Medical Officer

Once a week: Teen Clinic will be organised at PHC for 2 hrs

Orientation of Service Providers

Environment Building Activities

Management Information System (MIS)

Evaluation and Operations Research

Objectives/Outputs Level Activity/Input

Improved reproductive health status of adolescent girls and boys

To increase utilization of reproductive health services by adolescent girls and boys

Handout for Medical Officers

* OVIs = Output Verification Indicators MOV = Means of Verification

Programme Objectives and Expected Outcomes

Handout for Medical Officers

Components of the Orientation Package

Handout for Medical Officers

Schedule of the Orientation Programme for Medical Officers

Handout for Medical Officers

Handout for Medical Officers

Ground rules for participatory learning

Evaluation method to measure changes in participants practice (expected post training)

Handout for Medical Officers

Adolescent-friendly service provider(s) (Medical officers and ANMs/LHVs)

Adolescent-friendly health centre

Handout for Medical Officers

'SHAHN' Safdarjang Hospital Adolescent Healthcare Network]

Handout for Medical Officers

Services at health centres or hospitals

Services located at other kinds of centres

Handout for Medical Officers

Life Skills: Role of Health Sector

Adolescents require Information and Skills

What are Life Skills?

Handout for Medical Officers

How is Life Skills Education (LSE) relevant to adolescents?

Impact of LSE Interventions:

Role of Health Sector in Promoting LSE:

Handout for Medical Officers

Handout for Medical Officers

Handout for Medical Officers

Primary stakeholders (may rightfully demand that:)

Role of Programme Managers and Other Stakeholders

Handout for Medical Officers

Source: RCH Phase II National Programme Framework Document, MOHFW, GOI.

Handout for Medical Officers

Handout for Medical Officers

Handout for Medical Officers

Handout for Medical Officers

Dimensions of quality health services for adolescents

Quality Implementation Process