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ORAL COMMUNICATION  Feedback is missing

REVIEWER/HANDOUTS

Communication—the process of sharing and

conveying messages or information from one person to 2. Transaction Model
another within, and across channels, contexts, media, Unlike the Shannon-Weaver Model, which is a one-
and cultures (McCornack, 2014). way process, the Transaction Model is a two-way
The act of transferring information process with the inclusion of feedback as one element.
from one person to another.
3. Schramm (1954) modified the Shannon-
Nature of Communication Weaver Model.
 Feedback was added to the process.
1. Communication is a process. Functions of Communication
2. Communication occurs between two or more 1. Regulation/Control – Communication functions to
people (the speaker and the receiver). control behavior.
3. Communication can be expressed through written 2. Social Interaction – Communication allows
or spoken words, actions (nonverbal), or both individuals to interact with others.
spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same
time. 3. Motivation – Communication motivates or
encourages people to live better.
Elements of Communication 4. Emotional expression – Communication facilitates
people’s expression of their feelings and emotions.
1. Speaker – the source of information or message 5. Information dissemination – Communication
2. Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts functions to convey information.
conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions
3. Encoding – the process of converting the Features of an Effective Communication (7 C’s)
message into words, actions, or other forms
that the speaker understands 1. Completeness
2. Conciseness
4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as
personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, 3. Consideration
4. Concreteness
in which the encoded message is conveyed
5. Courtesy
5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the 6. Clearness
encoded message of the speaker by the 7. Correctness
receiver
6. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or Barriers to Communication
someone who decodes the message
7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or 1. Emotional barriers
information provided by the receiver 2. Use of jargons
8. Context – the environment where 3. Lack of confidence
communication takes place 4. Noisy environment
9. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of 2 types of Communication
communication

Models of Communication Verbal communication- interaction in which

words/voice is used to relay a message.
Nonverbal communication-interaction where
1. Shannon-Weaver Model behavior is used to convey and represent meanings.
 Mother of all communication models, the (gestures, expressions, sign language, etc.)
Shannon-Weaver model (1949)
 Linear or one-way process consisting of five INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
elements: a source of the information
(producer of message); a transmitter (encoder Definition and Nature of Intercultural
of message into signals); a channel (signals Communication
adapted for transmission); a receiver (decoder Intercultural communication happens when individuals
of message from the signal); and a destination. interact, negotiate, and create meanings while bringing
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in their varied cultural backgrounds (Ting-Toomey,

1999).

Types of Speech Style

The Developmental Model of Intercultural 1. Intimate – This style is private, which occurs
Sensitivity between or among close family members or
individuals. The language used in this style
Stage 1: Denial may not be shared in public.
Stage 2: Defense 2. Casual – This style is common among peers and
Stage 3: Minimization friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular
Stage 4: Acceptance language are used.
Stage 5: Adaptation
3. Consultative – This style is the standard one.
Stage 6: Integration
Professional or mutually acceptable language
is a must in this style.
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT AND STYLE
4. Formal – This style is used in formal settings.
Types of Speech Context Unlike the consultative style, this is one-way.
1. Intrapersonal – This refers to communication 5. Frozen – This style is “frozen” in time and
that centers on one person where the speaker remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in
acts both as the sender and the receiver of ceremonies. Common examples are the
message. “The message is made up of your Preamble to the Constitution, Lord’s Prayer,
thoughts and feelings. The channel is your and Allegiance to country or flag.
brain, which processes what you are thinking
and feeling. There is feedback in the sense that TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
as you talk to yourself, you discard certain
ideas and replace them with others.” (Hybels Definition of Speech Acts
& Weaver, 2012, p 16)
A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to
achieve an intended effect. Some of the functions
2. Interpersonal – This refers to communication
which are carried out using speech acts are offering an
between and among people and establishes
apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation,
personal relationships between and among
compliment, or refusal.
them.
Three Types of Speech Act
Types of Interpersonal Context According to J. L. Austin (1962), a philosopher of
language and the developer of the Speech Act Theory,
Dyad Communication – communication that occurs there are three types of acts in every utterance, given
between two people the right circumstances or context. These are:

Small Group – This refers to communication that

involves at least three but not more than twelve people 1. Locutionary act is the actual act of uttering.
engaging in a face-to-face interaction to achieve the 2. Illocutionary act is the social function of what
desired goal. is said.
3. Perlocutionary act is the resulting act of what
Public – This type refers to communication that is said. This effect is based on the context in
requires you to deliver or send the message before or which the speech act was mentioned.
in front of a group. The message can be driven by
informational or persuasive purposes. “In public John Langshaw Austin also introduced the concept of
communication, unlike in interpersonal and small performative utterances: statements that enable the
groups, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice speaker to perform something just by stating it. In this
is louder, and the gestures are more expansive because manner, verbs that execute the speech act that they
the audience is bigger. intend to effect are called performatives.

Mass Communication – This refers to communication Searle’s Classifications of Speech Act

that takes place through television, radio, newspapers, As a response to Austin’s Speech Act Theory,
magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types John Searle (1976), a professor from the University of
of media. California, Berkeley, classified illocutionary acts into
five distinct categories.
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Restriction in communication refers to any limitation

1. Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in which you may have as a speaker. When communicating in
the speaker expresses belief about the truth of the classroom, in a meeting, or while hanging out with
a proposition. Some examples of an assertive your friends, you are typically given specific
act are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, instructions that you must follow. These instructions
boasting, and concluding. confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say.
2. Directive – a type of illocutionary act in which 3. Turn-taking
the speaker tries to make the addressee Sometimes people are given unequal opportunities to
perform an action. Some examples of a talk because others take much time during the
directive act are asking, ordering, requesting, conversation. Turn-taking pertains to the process by
inviting, advising, and begging. which people decide who takes the conversational
3. Commissive – a type of illocutionary act floor. There is a code of behavior behind establishing
which commits the speaker to doing something and sustaining a productive conversation, but the
in the future. Examples of a commissive act primary idea is to give all communicators a chance to
are promising, planning, vowing, and betting. speak.
4. Topic Control
4. Expressive – a type of illocutionary act in Topic control covers how procedural formality or
which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or informality affects the development of topic in
emotional reactions. Some examples of conversations. For example, in meetings, you may only
expressive act are thanking, apologizing, have a turn to speak after the chairperson directs you to
welcoming, and deploring. do so. Contrast this with a casual conversation with
5. Declaration – a type of illocutionary act that friends over lunch or coffee where you may take the
brings a change in the external situation. conversational floor anytime.
Simply put, declarations bring into existence 5. Topic Shifting
or cause the state of affairs which they refer to. Topic shifting, as the name suggests, involves moving
Some examples of declarations are blessing, from one topic to another. In other words, it is where
firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, one part of a conversation ends and where another
and excommunicating. begins.
6. Repair
Always keep in mind that speech acts include concrete
Repair refers to how speakers address the problems in
life interactions that require the appropriate use of
speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may
language within a given culture. Communicative
encounter in a conversation. For example, if everybody
competence (i.e., the ability to use linguistic
in the conversation seems to talk at the same time, give
knowledge to effectively communicate with others) is
way and appreciate other’s initiative to set the
essential for a speaker to be able to use and understand
conversation back to its topic.
speech acts. Idioms and other nuances in a certain
7. Termination
language might be lost or misunderstood by someone
who does not fully grasp the language yet. Termination refers to the conversation participants’
close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a
TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY conversation. Most of the time, the topic initiator takes
responsibility to signal the end of the discussion as
Types of Communicative Strategy well.
Since engaging in conversation is also bound by
implicit rules, Cohen (1990) states that strategies must STUDY TIPS FOR YOU…
be used to start and maintain a conversation. Knowing
and applying grammar appropriately is one of the most Understand your learning style…
basic strategies to maintain a conversation. The Keep up with your class works
following are some strategies that people use when Prepare a study plan
communicating. Study smart!
Take care of yourself the night before the exam.

1. Nomination THINGS TO REMEMBER ON THE DAY OF

A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively THE MIDTERMS
and productively establish a topic. Basically, when you
employ this strategy, you try to open a topic with the Have a healthy meal.
people you are talking to. Stay hydrated!
2. Restriction Bring all the necessary materials.
Arrive early.
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GOOD LUCK