Org.

management
Assume you are an assistant manager of an electronic retail store. Business has
been slowing down in the last couple of months and a customer you are talking to
starts to complain about the quality of the product line your company carries. What
should your reaction be?
Selected Answer:

a. Walk away or start straightening merchandise on the store shelves. Customers

who complain without invitation are generally a waste of time and should be
ignored. Besides, as an assistant manager, you are not authorized to change the
product line.
b. Listen carefully. This customer could be giving you valuable feedback that you
should share with your supervisor.
c. Give the customer a form to fill out to send to the headquarters and tell her it is
company's policy to handle complaints this way.
d. Call your supervisor over to handle this one and find another customer to help,
because it is best not to be involved with customer complaints.
b. Listen carefully. This customer could be giving you valuable feedback that you
should share with your supervisor.
The function of leading includes all of the following EXCEPT

a. influencing others to do their best work.

b. giving orders.
c. building commitments to plans.
d. inspiring people to perform.
b. giving orders.
CompWorld is a publicly traded company with 250,000 shareholders. At
CompWorld, the board of directors would be elected by

a. its employees.
b. the senior managers.
c. the local community members.
d. the stockholders.
d. the stockholders.
Controlling is the process of:
Selected Answer:

a. measuring work performance.

b. planning employees' work.
c. telling others what to do.
d. comparing results to actual performance.
a. measuring work performance.
As people move to a higher level of management their

a. technical skills become more important.

b. technical skills remain equally important.
c. human skills become more important than their conceptual skills.
d. human skills remain equally important.
d. human skills remain equally important.
Which of the following is a violation of U.S. laws regarding women and minorities?

a. Affirmative action
b. Prejudice
c. Discrimination
d. Firing without cause
c. Discrimination
For ABC Automobiles, when the organization is viewed as an upside-down
pyramid,

a. customers are at the bottom of the pyramid.

b. operating workers directly affect customer satisfaction.
c. operating workers support their team leaders and managers.
d. the customer determines an organization's strategy.
b. operating workers directly affect customer satisfaction.
Employees who use primarily their minds and intellects rather than their physical
capabilities, are referred to as

a. managers.
b. direct supervisors.
c. knowledge workers.
d. psychology workers.
c. knowledge workers.
Mintzberg described the three roles of management as informational, decisional,
and __________.
Selected Answer:
Correctd. interpersonal
Answers:
a. doctorial
b. directing
c. emotional
d. interpersonal
d. interpersonal
The CEO of an organization reports to:

a. The board of directors.

b. The stockholders.
c. The bank.
d. No one. The CEO is at the top of the organization.
a. The board of directors.
When making decisions, Jason attempts to select the absolute best alternative
solution to a problem. Jason can be said to be focused on __________ decision.

A. managing superior
B. carefully implemented
C. optimizing
D. satisficing
C. optimizing
__________ are comfortable with abstraction and unstructured situations. They
tend to be idealistic, prone toward intellectual and theoretical positions, and are
logical and impersonal.

A. Intuitive feelers
B. Sensation feelers
C. Sensation thinkers
D. Intuitive thinkers
D. Intuitive thinkers
Identifying and taking action to resolve problems is called __________.

A. information competency
B. inquiring
C. information management
D. problem solving
D. problem solving
A __________ decision applies a specific solution crafted for a unique problem.

A. nonprogrammed
B. questionable
C. programmed
D. simple
A. nonprogrammed
The classical decision model attempts to provide a(n) __________ decision.

A. optimizing
B. behavioral
C. programmed
D. satisficing
A. optimizing
A decision making environment in which you have complete information on
possible alternatives and their consequences is called a __________ environment.
A. good
B. favorable
C. certain
D. risk
C. certain
Which of these represent the most significant factor that determines whether a
decision is a programmed or nonprogrammed?

A. The number of people involved in the outcome

B. The amount of money involved in the solution
C. Whether the problem is new or unusual
D. The length of time available
C. Whether the problem is new or unusual
A decision that chooses the first satisfactory alternative that is presented is called
a(n) __________ decision.

A. classical
B. reasonable
C. OK
D. satisficing
D. satisficing
Which heuristic occurs when people use a stereotype to assess the likely
occurrence of an event?

A. Escalating commitment
B. Availability
C. Anchoring and adjustment
D. Representativeness
D. Representativeness
A(n) __________ is a choice among possible alternative courses of action.
Selected Answer:

A. inquiry
B. alternative
C. guess
D. decision
D. decision
James is a proactive information gatherer and a forward thinking manager. James
is said to be a
Selected Answer:
CorrectD. problem seeker.
Answers:
A. lazy manager.
B. problem avoider.
C. problem solver.
D. problem seeker.
D. problem seeker.
The three types of decision making environments are:

A. certain, risk, and uncertain.

B. good, neutral, and bad.
C. certain, not sure, and risk.
D. absolute, not sure, and no idea.
A. certain, risk, and uncertain.
When Mark attends only to information that confirms a decision already made, he
is falling in the trap of which of these?

A. Escalating commitment
B. Confirmation error
C. Anchoring heuristic
D. Framing error
B. Confirmation error
The fourth step in the decision-making process is
Selected Answer:

A. evaluating results.
B. implementing the decision.
C. conducting cost benefit analysis.
D. generating alternatives.
B. implementing the decision.
If you are a systematic thinker, you will

A. try to stay very flexible in his thinking.

B. generally be spontaneous.
C. be analytical in his approach.
D. be creative in his methods.
C. be analytical in his approach.
Fiedler, one of the first contingency leadership theorists, suggested that leadership
success depends on:

a. achieving a proper match between your leadership style and situational

demands.
b. having the right leadership traits to begin with.
c. using all of your sources of power to their maximum potential at all times.
d. developing skill in identifying key trigger points to launch planned contingencies.
a. achieving a proper match between your leadership style and situational
demands.
When Margie questioned her manager's position on a particular issue, she was
told, "Do what I tell you to do." Margie's manager uses a(n) __________style.
:
a. human relations
b. participative
c. autocratic
d. laissez-faire
c. autocratic
The two behavior axes in the Hersey-Blanchard Leadership Model are task and
__________.

a. relationship
b. people
c. economics
d. contingency
a. relationship
Transformational leadership would likely involve which of the following?

a. Managing employees through legitimate power only

b. A mechanistic approach to operations
c. A short-term focus
d. Enthusiastic, loyal followers
d. Enthusiastic, loyal followers
Expert power may be all of the following EXCEPT:

a. acquired through formal education.

b. acquired on the job.
c. gained by having a reputation as someone who really understands the work.
d. gained by having many followers.
d. gained by having many followers.
James is a software engineer at HP and has a substantial background in
microprocessors. Although James is not a manager, he is heading a team that
includes managers from different departments. This is an example of __________
power.

a. leadership
b. reward
c. referent
d. expert
d. expert
Transactional leaders:

a. use their personalities to inspire followers.

b. motivate followers by using power, such as reward power.
c. excite followers by conveying a compelling vision.
d. develop special leader-follower relationships.
b. motivate followers by using power, such as reward power.
All of the following characteristics are associated with effective leaders EXCEPT:

a. Tall and lean build.

b. Honesty.
c. Drive.
d. Creativity.
a. Tall and lean build.
Simply having a vision for an organization is not enough; great leaders:

a. make employees work harder.

b. must also prepare a mission statement.
c. emphasize tasks over people.
Correctd. turn their visions into accomplishments.
a. make employees work harder.
There is one best leadership style for every situation, and every leader should
strive to achieve that style.

Answers:
True
False
False
Which of the following refers to the capability to offer something of value to get
employees to do what you need them to do?

a. Reward power
b. Coercive power
c. Legitimate power
d. Referent power
a. Reward power
Which of the following is not one of the four dimensions of emotional intelligence?

a. Self-awareness
b. Social awareness
c. Self-efficacy
d. Relationship management
c. Self-efficacy
In House's path-goal leadership styles, the achievement-oriented leader:
Selected Answer:

a. involves others in decision making and asks for, and uses, suggestions.
b. sets challenging goals, expects high performance, and shows confidence in
employees.
c. makes work more pleasant, treats others as equals, acts friendly, and shows
concern.
d. lets others know what is expected, gives directions, and maintains standards.
b. sets challenging goals, expects high performance, and shows confidence in
employees.
Servant leadership does not include which of the following characteristics?

a. A commitment to empowering others

b. Exercising coercive power
c. Sharing ownership of problems
d. Not being afraid to hire smart people
b. Exercising coercive power
The interactive leadership style focuses on __________.

a. tasks over relationships

b. authoritative management
c. getting things done through personal power
d. the use of coercive power
c. getting things done through personal power
Which of the following underestimates internal factors and overestimates external
factors as influences on someone's behavior?

a. Projection
b. Self-serving bias
c. Fundamental attribution error
d. Selective perception
b. Self-serving bias
When Juanita, the president of Baby Stuff LLC, addressed not only new employees
at the monthly orientation meeting but also their husbands and wives, she was
practicing __________.

a. nonverbal speaking
b. project management
c. self-serving bias
d. impression management
d. impression management
Which of the following is a downside to projecting?

a. Seeing things through other people's eyes.

b. Designing jobs to best fit your team members' needs.
c. Using one attribute to develop an overall impression of a person.
d. Making a "similar-to-me" error.
d. Making a "similar-to-me" error.
When Jeanette received a poor grade on her final exam, she told her friends that it
was her instructor's fault because he didn't teach the course very well. This is an
example of __________.
Selected Answer:

a. self-serving bias
b. a fundamental attribution error
c. selective perception
d. a halo effect
a. self-serving bias
A short-cut method used by many people where someone is identified with a group
or category, and then the attributes associated with the group or category are used
to describe the individual is:

a. selective perception.
b. a bias known as halo effect.
c. stereotyping.
d. projection.
c. stereotyping.
Dr. Townsend is a professor at Frost University. She has noticed that the freshmen
who take this course consistently perform poorly overall in comparison to the other
students. She attributes this to the fact that they are still young and immature. In
making this assumption,

a. racially biased.
b. projecting.
c. making a fundamental attribution error.
d. experiencing cognitive dissonance.
c. making a fundamental attribution error.
Impression management can help us to do all of the following EXCEPT:

a. remember people's names after they have been introduced.

b. advance in jobs and careers.
c. form relationships with people we admire.
d. create pathways to desired social memberships.
a. remember people's names after they have been introduced.
_______________ is the degree to which a person defers to authority and accepts
status differences.

a. Machiavellianism
b. Authoritariaism
c. Locus of control
d. Personality
b. Authoritariaism
__________ is a physical and mental exhaustion from work stress.

a. Job burnout
b. Constructive stress
c. Self-bias
d. Destructive attribute
a. Job burnout
Which of the following is true about stress?

a. It cannot be managed.
b. It can be brought on by your personality type.
c. It always produces negative outcomes.
d. It does not affect work performance.
b. It can be brought on by your personality type.
_________ is the opposite of destructive stress is.

a. Constructive stress
b. Conjunctive stress
c. Personal wellness
d. No stress
a. Constructive stress
If you believe that you have little or no control over your life and its direction, you:

a. are low on extroversion.

b. have an external locus of control.
c. are considered a "high-Mach" individual.
d. are "livin' la vida loca."
b. have an external locus of control.
Someone who is described as "very Machiavellian":

a. is manipulative, exploitative, and unconcerned for others.

b. tends to be extremely flashy and fashionable.
c. is chivalrous, altruistic, and is likely to become a philanthropist.
d. has an external locus of control.
a. is manipulative, exploitative, and unconcerned for others.
The __________ component of attitude reflects beliefs and values.

a. dissonance
b. cognitive
c. affective
d. behavior
b. cognitive
The discomfort that a person feels when attitude and behavior are inconsistent is
called __________.
a. attitude
b. self-serving bias
c. cognitive dissonance
d. selective perception
c. cognitive dissonance
Which of the following is the ability to understand emotions and manage
relationships?

a. Type A behavior
b. Emotional intelligence
c. Emotional stability
d. Self-reliance
b. Emotional intelligence
__________ are strong feelings directed toward someone or something.

a. Perceptions
b. Projections
c. Emotions
d. Moods
c. Emotions
The degree to which a person feels positive about a work experience is called
__________.

a. cognitive dissonance
b. wellness
c. attitude
d. job satisfaction
d. job satisfaction
What can cause cognitive dissonance?

a. Someone who believes her personality traits are also yours.

b. Thinking about listening to your parent's music albums.
c. When what we say or think does not match with what we do.
d. Trying to decide between two equally attractive, or unattractive, choices.
c. When what we say or think does not match with what we do.
_________ is a personality trait that is also an aspect of emotional intelligence.

a. Conscientiousness
b. Openness
c. Extroversion
d. Self-monitoring
d. Self-monitoring
According to ERG theory, the idea that a lower-level need reactivates when we are
unable to satisfy a higher-level need is called the __________.

a. deficit principle
b. frustration-regression principle
c. progression principle
d. law of effect
b. frustration-regression principle
Which of the following is not a satisfier factor?

a. Recognition
b. Salary
c. The work itself
d. Achievement
b. Salary
The three needs in McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory are ________________,
power, and affiliation.

a. esteem
b. safety
c. self-actualization
d. achievement
d. achievement
According to McClelland's work, leaders tend to have high needs for which of the
following?

a. Equity
b. Achievement
c. Personal power
d. Social power
d. Social power
In comparing Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Alderfer's ERG Theory, it becomes
clear that:

a. they identify the same number of needs.

b. the needs cannot be mapped against each other.
c. Alderfer's theory differs with the frustration-regression principle.
d. they both embrace the deficit and progression principles.
c. Alderfer's theory differs with the frustration-regression principle.
The physiological needs of workers can be satisfied by all of the following
EXCEPT:

a. job security.
b. rest breaks.
c. reasonable work hours.
d. physical comfort on the job.
a. job security.
Jobs designed to be rich in content and which offer opportunities for need
satisfaction have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

a. skill variety.
b. limited paperwork.
c. task significance.
d. autonomy.
b. limited paperwork.
The basis of Adam's Equity Theory is:

a. equal pay for equal work.

b. the perceptions that managers have of workers.
c. social comparisons of fairness by the workers.
d. meeting the demands of the law.
c. social comparisons of fairness by the workers.
In Vroom's Expectancy Theory, which of the following is a value a person assigns
to work related outcomes?

a. Expectancy
b. Valence
c. Instrumentality
d. Achievement
b. Valence
When implementing goal-setting theory, all of the following should be done
EXCEPT:

a. setting specific goals.

b. setting relatively easy goals.
c. building commitment to goals.
d. providing feedback along the way.
b. setting relatively easy goals.
Managers would be well advised to consider equity theory when distributing
rewards, because when employees experience perceived negative inequity, they
are likely to:

a. work harder to earn the rewards they desire.

b. feel guilty about the rewards they do receive.
c. consider leaving the organization to find better rewards elsewhere.
d. ask others to reduce their level of effort to achieve equity.
c. consider leaving the organization to find better rewards elsewhere.
An individual who feels they are underpaid may be motivated to restore perceived
equity by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

a. Reduce work efforts.

b. Ask for more rewards or better treatment.
c. Quit the job.
d. Increase work efforts.
d. Increase work efforts.
Cindy's boss thinks she has a lot of potential and he would like to promote her to a
much more demanding job with higher pay. Cindy doesn't want the promotion
because she doesn't want the increased responsibility. Cindy likes working 9 to 5
and leaving the job behind when she goes home at night. Which core element of
expectancy theory does this relate to?

a. Valence
b. Expectancy
c. Task performance
d. Instrumentality
a. Valence
Goals do all of the following EXCEPT:
Selected Answer:

a. Give direction to people in their work.

b. Establish a frame of reference for task feedback.
c. Clarify performance expectations.
d. Always ensure participation and performance from workers.
d. Always ensure participation and performance from workers.
Tammy has been an employee at a dentist office for the past few months. She has
been assigned the task of filing reports. Tammy wants to ensure that each report
has been filed correctly, because the last time a report was misfiled, the office
manager scolded Tammy for almost an hour, and mentioned the misfiling in a
derisive tone every day for almost a week. When Tammy files the reports properly,
the office manager says nothing. Tammy's manager is using __________ to
increase the frequency of proper filing of reports.

a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. punishment
d. extinction
b. negative reinforcement
__________ is used to describe the interdependence among elements of the
global economy.

a. Nationalization
b. Industrialism
c. Globalization
d. Internationalism
c. Globalization
The creation of domestic jobs by foreign employers is called __________.

a. insourcing
b. outsourcing
c. international operations
d. strategic alliances
a. insourcing
A company that conducts business across national boundaries is called a(n)
__________.

a. global economy
b. international business
c. trade association
d. conglomerate
b. international business
ABC Manufacturing, a USA based company, buys products from China for sale in
U.S. markets. This practice refers to which of these?

a. Importing
b. Insourcing
c. Exporting
d. Franchising
a. Importing
Businesses go global for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

a. To minimize domestic customers.

b. To increase profits through expanded operations.
c. To increase access to low-cost, talented workers.
d. To increase access to products, services, materials.
a. To minimize domestic customers.
Which of the following is a direct investment strategy?
Selected Answer:

a. Global sourcing
b. Joint ventures
c. Exporting
d. Licensing
b. Joint ventures
The paying of a fee to use another firm's name, resources, and operating systems
is called __________.
a. licensing
b. franchising
c. importing
d. leasing
a. licensing
ABC would like to market their products in Brazil. Armed with the design and
manufacturing capability, ABC is looking for a company with the distribution
channels and knowledge of the Brazil culture necessary to market their products.
ABC has decided to form a partnership with XYZ in Brazil. The company will be
jointly owned and independently operated. Which of the following is ABC forming
with XYZ?

a. Franchise
b. Joint venture
c. Licensing agreement
d. Operating subsidiary
b. Joint venture
A __________ establishes a foreign subsidiary by building an entirely new
operation in a foreign country.

a. joint venture
b. strategic alliance
c. greenfield venture
d. franchise
c. greenfield venture
Which of the following approaches to international business offers the most control
but with the greatest risk?

a. Joint ventures
b. Foreign subsidiary
c. Importing
d. Licensing
b. Foreign subsidiary
A __________ is a business with extensive foreign operations in more than one
country.

a. conglomerate
b. wholly owned subsidiary
c. partnership
d. multinational corporation
d. multinational corporation
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act prevents U.S. firms from doing which of the
following?
a. Paying bribes or giving excess commissions in exchange for favors.
b. Using "sweatshops" to produce goods for sale in the U.S.
c. Employing child labor in plants that make goods for U.S. markets.
d. From participating in unsustainable development in third world countries.
a. Paying bribes or giving excess commissions in exchange for favors.
A(n) _____________ is a company that employs workers at very low wages, for
long hours, and in poor working conditions.

a. subsidiary
b. joint venture
c. MNC
d. sweatshop
d. sweatshop
ABC, a U.S. based company, operates a subsidiary in Egypt. ABC is facing the
possible loss of investment and control over its assets in Egypt due to instability
and political changes. ABC is facing which of these?

a. Cultural integration issues

b. Globalization
c. Political risk
d. Competitive threat
c. Political risk
The two main ways of organizing multinational corporations for global operations
are global __________ and global __________ structures.

a. economy; risk
b. area; economy
c. product; market
d. area; product
d. area; product
Products For You, Inc. (PFY) is an international company with five presidents in
charge of its American, European, African, Asian, and the ROW (rest of the world)
operations. PFY is using a global __________ structure.

a. area
b. matrix
c. product
d. vertical
a. area
______________ managers are those who are aware of international
developments and competent in working across cultures.

a. Senior
b. National
c. Global
d. Foreign
c. Global
The SWOT element that focuses on outdated facilities and obsolete technologies
in an organization is called __________.

A. weaknesses
B. threats
C. opportunities
D.strengths
A. weaknesses
A SWOT analysis examines an organization's:

a. situation, want-list, over-stock, and trade-discounts.

b. strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
c. stakeholders, warehouses, outsourcing, and tariffs.
d. stocks, workers, oversight, and traditions.
b. strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
Porter suggests that industry attractiveness is a function of five forces, including:

a. profitability, market share, workforce quality, innovativeness, and social

responsibility.
b. cost efficiency, product quality, service quality, workforce quality, and
innovativeness.
c. differentiation, cost leadership, focused differentiation, focused cost, and
integration.
d. competitors, new entrants, suppliers, customers, and substitutes.
d. competitors, new entrants, suppliers, customers, and substitutes.
A company that is based on pluralism and operates with inclusivity and respect for
diversity is called a __________ organization.

a. multinational
b. multicultural
c. business franchise
d. government subsidized
b. multicultural
A culture that includes nonverbal signals and context when interpreting
communication is classified as a(n) __________.

a. individualistic culture
b. high-context culture
c. collectivistic culture
d. low-context culture
b. high-context culture
A member of one of your student team is from a collectivistic culture. She is more
likely to behave in which of the following ways?

a. Step forward to be the team leader

b. Offer to lead the team presentation
c. Confront a fellow member who is not making a "fair-share" contribution
d. Work diligently on their part of the project with little fanfare
d. Work diligently on their part of the project with little fanfare
According to Hofstede's dimensions of national cultures, __________ is the degree
to which a society tolerates uncertainty.

a. uncertainty avoidance
b. individualism-collectivism
c. power distance
d. time orientation
a. uncertainty avoidance
According to Hofstede's dimensions of national cultures, __________ is the degree
to which a society emphasizes individuals and their self-interests.

a. uncertainty avoidance
b. individualism-collectivism
c. power distance
d. time orientation
b. individualism-collectivism
According to Hofstede's dimensions of national cultures, which of the following is
the degree to which a society accepts unequal distribution of power?

a. Uncertainty avoidance
b. Individualism-collectivism
c. Power distance
d. Time orientation
c. Power distance
Bill is at a business dinner meeting in India. When his Indian associates all light up
a cigarette after the meal, Bill lectures them on the evils of smoking based on his
cultural values and walks out of the restaurant. Bill is guilty of __________.

a. subcultural preference
b. ethnocentrism
c. monochromic behavior
d. polychromic behavior
b. ethnocentrism
Cultural ____________ is the ability to adapt to new cultures.
a. shock
b. proxemics
c. training
d. intelligence
d. intelligence
Hofstede was concerned about the tendency for people to assume that generalized
cultural values could be applied to all members of a culture. He called this
tendency __________.

a. general approach
b. ecological fallacy
c. equal distribution
d. unreasonable expectation
b. ecological fallacy
Organizational __________ are groupings of people based on shared
demographic and job identities.

a. departments
b. divisions
c. subcultures
d. hierarchies
c. subcultures
Sara, the director of human resources at Worldwide Products Inc., is continually in
the process of training managers on anti-discriminatory practices and establishing
an inclusive diverse environment at the company. Sara is practicing __________.

a. discrimination
b. management diversity
c. value management
d. biculturalism
b. management diversity
The confusion and discomfort that a person experiences when in an unfamiliar
culture is called __________.

a. cultural diversity
b. ecological fallacy
c. proxemics
d. culture shock
d. culture shock
The problem with subcultures in organizations is that:

a. they tend to form informally.

b. ethnocentric tendencies cause members to look down on outsiders.
c. they are formed by individuals with similar characteristics.
d. members identify more closely to them than to the larger organization.
b. ethnocentric tendencies cause members to look down on outsiders.
Which of the following is NOT one of Hofstede's dimensions of national cultures?

a. Power distance
b. Uncertainty avoidance
c. Time orientation
d. Educational background
d. Educational background
Which of the following is not an aspect of cultural intelligence?

a. High cultural self-awareness

b. Flexibility in your dealings
c. Willingness to learn about the unfamiliar
d. Consistency and commitment to maintain your home cultural behaviors
d. Consistency and commitment to maintain your home cultural behaviors
According to Maslow's progression principle,

a. all needs can be satisfied by everybody.

b. needs can be satisfied simultaneously.
c. once activated, needs are not important in human behavior.
d. a need at any level becomes activated only after the next-lower-level need is
satisfied.
d. a need at any level becomes activated only after the next-lower-level need is
satisfied.
According to Maslow, which of the following is in the highest "need" category?
Selected Answer:

a. Getting a date for the weekend

b. Having a job you love, which also allows you to feel fulfilled
c. Having enough money to pay rent
d. Being accepted into a fraternity or sorority on campus
b. Having a job you love, which also allows you to feel fulfilled
According to Chris Argyris, high absenteeism and poor morale in an organization is
likely due to

a. poorly designed tasks interfering with efficiency.

b. a poorly defined hierarchy of authority.
c. a mismatch between management practices and the adult nature of their
workforce.
d. a lack of control and enforcement.
c. a mismatch between management practices and the adult nature of their
workforce.
All are true about The Hawthorne studies EXCEPT:

a. were poorly designed from a research perspective.

b. provide weak empirical support for their conclusions.
c. are criticized for generalizing their findings.
d. represent a shift in research attention from human to technical concerns.
d. represent a shift in research attention from human to technical concerns.
As a high school teacher, Julie has always felt that her students are lazy, don't
really want to be in school, and are very irresponsible in their studies. Julie holds a
__________ assumption.

a. Theory Y
b. Theory B
c. Theory A
d. Theory X
d. Theory X
As president of Paper Products, Inc., Jim wants his manufacturing manager to
clearly define the steps in the process, train the workers to efficiently do their jobs,
and financially reward them on the basis of performance. Jim is practicing
__________.

a. contingency thinking
b. scientific management
c. Theory Y's beliefs
d. learning organization principles
b. scientific management
Based on logic, order, and legitimate authority, a rational and efficient form of
organization according to Max Weber, is a(n)

a. learning organization.
b. adhocracy.
c. government agency.
d. bureaucracy.
d. bureaucracy.
Based on the findings of the Hawthorne studies, as a manager you know that:

a. giving special attention to your employees will likely increase their performance.
b. increasing the lighting of employees' work area will increase their performance.
c. improving the working conditions for your workers will increase their
performance.
d. workers will not sacrifice pay just to keep coworkers happy.
e. workers react consistently to work conditions and wages.
a. giving special attention to your employees will likely increase their performance.
Carefully designing jobs with efficient work methods is necessary to __________
management.

a. scientific
b. behavioral
c. contingency
d. laissez-faire
a. scientific
From Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following needs is
considered to be the most basic?

a. Safety
b. Social
c. Self-actualization
d. Physiological
d. Physiological
Matching management practices with different situations is called __________.

a. classical management
b. situational analysis
c. contingency thinking
d. administrative management
c. contingency thinking
The writings of Fayol are the basis for our modern understanding of:

a. the three managerial skill sets.

b. the four functions of management.
c. the key managerial roles.
d. the four P's of marketing.
e. scientific management.
b. the four functions of management.
Theory X and Theory Y were developed by __________.

a. Max Weber
b. Frederick Taylor
c. Chris Argyris
d. Douglas McGregor
d. Douglas McGregor
Theory __________ assumes people are willing to work, accept responsibility, and
are self-directed.

a. Y
b. Z
c. X
d. A
a.Y
Two key elements of Weber's bureaucracy were fairness and

a. informality.
b. history.
c. participation.
d. efficiency.
d.efficiency.
Which of these describes a physiological or psychological deficiency that a person
wants to satisfy?

a. Wish
b. Expense
c. Need
d. Hawthorne effect
c.Need
Who is credited for originally developing the hierarchy of human needs theory?

a. Max Weber
b. Frederick Taylor
c. Abraham Maslow
d. Douglas McGregor
c. Abraham Maslow
A company legally works with its rivals on projects of mutual benefit. This is called
__________.

A. co-opetition
B. collusion
C. competition
D. restructuring
A. Co-operation
A __________ strategy customizes products and advertising to the culture of the
local markets into which they are sold.

A. transnational
B. globalization
C. multidomestic
D. diversification
C. Multidomestic
A special strength, which a company has, that gives it a competitive advantage is
called a(n) __________.
A. differential strategy
B. differential advantage
C. core competency
D. unfair advantage
C. core competency
A strategic position within an industry relying upon low cost for a market segment
would be called a:

A. focused differentiation strategy.

B. focused price leadership strategy.
C. focused cost leadership strategy.
D. differentiation strategy.
C. focused cost leadership strategy
A strategy for expanding an organization's business is called a __________
strategy.

A. big
B. multiple
C. growth
D. retrenchment
C. Growth
A strategy that guides activities within a specific area such as engineering and
marketing is called a(n) ____________ strategy.

A. employee
B. functional
C. corporate
D. business
B. Functional
A strategy that identifies how a division or business unit will compete in its product
or service domain is called a __________ strategy.

A. bottom level
B. middle management
C. corporate
D. business
D. Business strategy
A(n) ______________ is a comprehensive action plan that identifies long-term
direction for an organization.

A. strategy
B. idea
C. competitive advantage
D. objective
A. Strategy
ABC International is expanding by acquiring suppliers and distributors. This is
called growth through

A. retrenchment.
B. globalization.
C. diversification.
D. vertical integration.
D. Vertical integration
According to Michael Porter, industry attractiveness is a function of which of these
five forces?

A. Competitors, new entrants, suppliers, customers, and substitutes

B. Cost efficiency, product quality, service quality, workforce quality, and
innovativeness
C. Differentiation, cost leadership, focused differentiation, focused cost, and
integration
D. Profitability, market share, workforce quality, innovativeness, and social
responsibility
A. Competitors, new entrants, suppliers, customers, and substitutes
All of the following are growth strategies EXCEPT:

A. restructuring
B. diversification
C. vertical integration
D. concentration
A. restructuring
An example of a strategic question asked at the functional level is:

A. How are we going to compete within this competitive industry?

B. In what industries and markets should the corporation compete in?
C. What kind of product or service mix should we have?
D. How does the engineering department support the business strategy?
D. How does the engineering department support the business strategy?
Both Coca-Cola and PepsiCo have pursued __________ by purchasing some of
their major bottlers.

A. backward horizontal integration

B. forward vertical integration
C. backward vertical integration
D. forward horizontal integration
B. forward vertical integration
If Toddler Toys (TT) has products that the Boston Consulting Group would identify
as dogs, which of these would be the best strategy for TT?
A. Low growth
B. Retrenchment
C. No growth
D. High growth
B. retrenchment
In a large company, a strategy that sets the long-term direction for the entire
company is called a __________ strategy.

A. functional
B. corporate
C. senior level
D. board
B. Corporate
Operating in successful ways that are difficult to imitate is called a __________.

A. business plan
B. strategy
C. competitive advantage
D. strategic intent
C. Competitive advantage
Strategic management consists of strategy __________ and __________.

A. action; implementation
B. formulation; implementation
C. formulation; review
D. implementation; direction
B. formulation; implementation
The SWOT element that focuses on outdated facilities and obsolete technologies
in an organization is called __________.

A. strengths
B. threats
C. weaknesses
D. opportunities
C. weaknesses
The __________ statement defines the purpose of the organization and its reason
for existence in society.

A. operating objectives
B. strategy
C. corporate strategy
D. mission
D. Mission
The retrenchment strategy that calls for selling off part of the organization is called
__________.

A. liquidation
B. divestiture
C. diversification
D. downsizing
B. divestiture
Two companies join together in partnership to pursue an area of mutual interest.
This is called a(n) __________.

A. divestiture
B. strategic alliance
C. downsizing
D. acquisition
B. strategic alliance
What are the three levels of strategy used in organizations?

A. Personal, competitive, and corporate

B. Business, functional, and competitive
C. Competitive, corporate, and legal
D. Corporate, business, and functional
D. Corporate, business, and functional
When a company expands by entering new business areas, it is called growth
through __________.

A. diversification
B. vertical integration
C. retrenchment
D. globalization
A. diversification

UCSP
- this is the study of human social relationships and institutions. This discipline
mainly focuses on society - its functions, its members, and its diversity
SOCIOLOGY
is a community or group of individuals joined together by sustained bonds and
interactions
Society
a set of learned behaviors and beliefs that characterize a group of people
Culture
is the study of humans and their society specifically on its human behavior, culture
and linguistics in the past and present
ANTHROPOLOGY
studies, human societies and elements of cultural life
Cultural Anthropology
This is a social science discipline that deals with systems of government and the
analysis of political activities and political behavior
POLITICAL SCIENCE
a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects have a common culture
Nation state
is the identity that is tied to being part of a nation or country
Nationality
is not having a nationality
Statelessness
is a concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the course of your life.
Personal identity
refers to a group of people, also called the ethnic group, who have a common or
shared culture, language, history, religion and tradition.
Ethnicity
refers to a group of people that shares the same physical attributes.
Race
(Yellowish skin color, straight and black hair, almond-shaped eyes, low to medium
nose bridge) Originated in Asia
Mongoloid
(Dark skin color, curly black hair, large round eyes, low nose bridge) Originated in
Africa
Negroid
is a biologically acquired trait of an individual
Sex
refers to social, cultural and psychological characteristics or traits related to males
and females based on certain social contexts.
gender
attracted to the opposite sex
Heterosexual
attracted to both sexes
Bisexual
(fair skin, light colored and straight wavy hair, round eyes, high nose bridge)
Originated in America and Europe
Caucasoid
attracted to the same sex
Homosexual
attracted to multiple sexes/gender (but not all)
Polysexual
o attracted to all type gender/sexes
Pansexual
the elimination of a group of people from the same race, ethnic group, religion, or
nation. It is an extreme action against people from another ethnicity or race
Genocide
are individuals who believed that the discord between their internal gender and the
gender role that they have to perform can be addressed through medical sexual
reassignment.
TRANSSEXUAL
is when a person's sexual orientation is not related to their genitalia
TRANSGENDER
Philippine society can be categorized into various socioeconomic classes
according to different time periods.
Socioeconomic Class
refers to the movement of people or families within or between different levels in
society
Social Mobility
can be defined as a set of practices and behaviors that relate to a group of
people's beliefs in a god or group of gods.
Religion
is a religion that believes in only one god
Monotheism
o is a religion that believes in two or more gods
Polytheism
is the transformation of social institutions over time.
Social change
is the transformation of culture or the way people live.
Cultural change
refers to attitudes and behaviors that the society expects a person to exhibit based
on his or her sex.
Gender Roles
a vital human process. people exchange information and thoughts
Communication
where one or both parents live and work in another country while the children
remain in their country of origin
Transnational Families
provided by the government to people living within its jurisdiction, either directly or
by financing the provision of services.
Local public services
happens when the rulers of a country lose power or when the type of governance
in the country changes.
Political change
the use or involvement of a volunteer or free labor in community services.
Youth volunteerism
the process through which the cultural traits of one society are borrowed,
transmitted, and adopted by another and considered as its own
Diffusion
the process where new cultural elements are created to solve social and cultural
problems.
Invention
the World War II, executed by the Nazis of Germany led by Adolf Hitler, killed
millions of Jews all over Europe.
Holocaust
process where people recognize or gain a better understanding of already existing
elements present in the environment.
Discovery
NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
- Ideas - Behavior, gestures, and habits - Religion - Language and symbols
MATERIAL CULTURE
Technological tools - Food - Architectural structures - Fashion and accessories
refers to any information received and perceived to be true
Knowledge
the perception of accepted reality
Beliefs
established expectations of society as to how a person is supposed to act
depending on the requirements of the time, place, or situation.
Social norms
refers to the existence of things whether material or non-material
Reality
The patterns of repetitive behavior which becomes habitual and conventional part
of living
FOLKWAYS
The patterns of repetitive behavior which becomes habitual and conventional part
of living
MORES
Anything held to be relatively worthy, important, desirable or valuable.
VALUES
The variation in human conditions promotes diversity and plurality in cultural
traditions
CULTURAL VARIATIONS
promotes the perspective that cultures must be understood in the context of their
locality
Cultural relativism
a perspective that promotes an individual's culture as the most efficient and
superior
Ethnocentrism
is a physical artifact or object significant to the archaeology, architecture, science,
or technology of a specific culture.
Tangible Heritage
is not a physical or concrete item. Intangible heritage is that which exists
intellectually in the culture.
Intangible Heritage
is the act of making a cultural heritage last and exist should be a top priority of the
government.
Authenticity
is the act of making a cultural heritage last and exist should be a top priority of the
government.
Preservation
is the process of developing physical and biological change in a species over a
period of time
Evolution
this refers to the long evolutionary history of the human species from primates to its
current form
Biological Evolution of Man
First to make stone tools Lived scavenging for food
HOMO HABILIS
They were the first hunters with improvised tools such as axes, & knives; first to
use fire
HOMO ERECTUS
First to live in colder climates First to hunt large animals on routine basis using
spears First to construct human shelters
HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS
made and used stone tools, hunted small elephants and large rodents, coped with
predators such as giant Komodo dragons, and may have used fire
HOMO FLORESIENSIS
Developed a symbolic communication system
HOMO SAPIENS
First to practice burial of the dead; hunting & gathering food; sewing clothes from
animal skin using bone needles
HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALENSIS
First to practice burial of the dead; hunting & gathering food; sewing clothes from
animal skin using bone needles
HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS
this explains the changes in the beliefs, knowledge, customs, skills, attitudes, and
languages of humans over time.
Cultural Evolution of Man
first Neolithic societies recorded in existence
CHINA and MESOPOTAMIA
refers to the spread or expansion of democracy
Democratization
Types of Democracy
Direct Democracy and Representative Democracy
where rulers were from aristocratic families
OLIGARCHY
city-states were ruled by a tyrant, a positive term for a Greek leader that means
"boss"
TYRANNY
Because of the tyrant's abuse of power, intelligent leaders of Greek city-states
proposed that power must be held by the common people.
BIRTH OF DEMOCRACY
are objects made or modified by humans in the past
Artifacts
the only source of knowledge in understanding the lifestyle and the developments
that occurred in each transitional stage of human evolution
Artifactual evidences
artifactual remains that were preserved in rock
Fossils
Use of simple pebble tools • Learned to live in caves • Discovered the use of fire
PALEOLITHIC AGE
gradually domesticated plants and animals • Started to form their own settlements
and communities • Primary activities are hunting, fishing and food gathering
MESOLITHIC AGE
Stone tools were shaped by polishing & grinding • Settlement in permanent village
• Food producing culture
NEOLITHIC AGE
· the process by which an individual adopts the behavior patterns of the culture in
which a person is immersed
Enculturation
Socialization
the process through which people learn to understand the societal norms,
expectations and values as members of society.
Promotes the perspective that cultures must be understood in the context of their
locality.
Using this perspective makes you tolerant of the differing attitudes and practices of
others.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Is a perspective that promotes an individual's culture as the most efficient and
superior
ETHNOCENTRISM
starts when one learns to socialize and be aware of the culture, behaviors,
language, morals, and norms of where he or she belongs in.
Identity formation
what makes a person distinct from others. It is the total knowledge and
understanding of an individual about who he or she is.
Identity
TYPES OF IDENTITY
Personal identity, Cultural identity
the concept of an individual develops about himself or herself. It is the sense of
oneself as a distinct or unique individual
Personal identity
the identity of the culture to which a person belong in. It shows the feeling or sense
of belongingness to a group
Cultural identity
is a way of behaving that expresses a willingness to obey rules or laws. It is the
behavior that is judged by how well a person follows a set of rules or orders
Discipline
standards or sets of accepted behaviors that a person is expected to follow or
exemplify in the society where he or she belongs in.
NORMS
this discipline is the opposite of the discipline of nature or reality. In this training, a
person learns through supervision and guidance
Discipline of Superior Force
a person learns to according to what he sees in his society or his culture
Discipline of Culture or Society
a person meets this kind of control every time he or she tries to do something
Discipline of Nature or Reality
This refers to the strict prohibition of certain behaviors that society holds firmly.
Violating it results in extreme disgust or expulsion from the group or society
TABOOS
exist because its violation can result in injury or harm to other members of society
impose sanction on people who disobey the authority
LAWS
refer to the abstract idea of people about what is necessary or worthwhile
Values
are those that are connected with the development of human personality
Individual Values
are those that are connected with the development of unity in the community or
society
Collective Values
are general guidelines which govern our daily behavior
VALUES
are specific guidelines which allow us to function or act appropriately in society
NORMS
describes the position an individual occupies in a particular setting, in a group, or in
society
Status
position a person holds in a social system that one attains involuntarily or by birth
Ascribed Status
is acquired due to unique skills, knowledge, or abilities, and are based on
standards that can be controlled
Achieved Status
can be based on any status, such as gender, ethnicity, economic status, religious
or spiritual tradition, employment status, or family responsibility
Master Status
pertains to the course of disengaging a person from his or her role that is essential
to his or her self-identity
Role exit
arises when incompatible expectation occurs from two or more statuses that a
person is occupying.
Role conflict
expectations that are set for a person given the status he or she occupies
Roles
linked to the obedience of a person to the norms in order to be acceptable in a
particular society, group, or social setting
Conformity
the non-conformity or violation of the standards of conduct, expectations, or norms
of a particular group or society
Deviance
based on the idea that a person's fundamental belief system, values, morals,
commitments, and relationships promote a protected environment
SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY
refers to the idle talk or rumors about the personal or private matters of others. This
may lead to the discrediting of the reputation of the subject
Gossip
refers to the exclusion of an individual from being socially accepted
Social Ostracism
refer to the set of rules by the government to regulate the way in which society
behaves
Laws
pertain to the pain, penalty, or suffering that is imposed on a person who violates a
law.
Punishments
goals that are defined by society as valuable, or simply, the goals that are typically
pursued in a society.
Valued Goals
are the acceptable ways people can do to achieve such valued goals in a society.
Legitimate Means to Achieve Goals
rights inherent to all people, regardless of nationality, place of residence, sex,
national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status
Human rights
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
Universal and inalienable
Whether they relate to cultural, civil, economic, political, or social issues, human
rights are inherent to the dignity of every human person.
Indivisible
The fulfillment of one right often depends on, wholly or in part, the fulfillment of
others
Interdependence and interrelated
These are rights inherent to man and given to him by God as human being.
NATURAL RIGHTS
These are rights guaranteed under the fundamental charter of the country.
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
These are rights provided by the lawmaking body of a country or by law
STATUTORY RIGHTS
These are rights specified under the BILL OF RIGHTS.
CIVIL RIGHTS
These are rights to property, whether personal, real or intellectual.
ECONOMIC RIGHTS
These are right an individual enjoys as a consequence of being a member of a
body politic.
POLITICAL RIGHTS
KINDS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
NATURAL RIGHTS
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
STATUTORY RIGHTS

CIVIL RIGHTS
ECONOMIC RIGHTS
POLITICAL RIGHTS
a governing policy that promotes human dignity and human rights.
Inclusive citizenship
refers to what is shared and advantageous for all or most members of a given
society, and what is achieved by citizenship, be it collective action or active
participation.
common good
accepts goals and the institutionalized, acceptable or legitimate means of obtaining
them
Conformity
rejects goals and accepts or adheres to institutionalized means of obtaining them
Ritualism
rejects both goals and means of obtaining them
retreatism
creates new goals and new means of obtaining them
rebellion
accepts goals and rejects institutionalized means of obtaining them.
innovation
the custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan or tribe
Endogamy
refers to the custom of marrying outside a community, clan or tribe.
Exogamy
an individual or group's sense of self-respect and worth, physical and psychological
integrity, and empowerment.
Human dignity
· According to MARK BANAAG, culture functions in different ways from which we
can realize the significance of culture.
Adaptation and integration, Establishes patterns of acceptable behavior, Conveys
and facilitates meaning, Production of man-made things, Human satisfaction
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
· The study of culture, society and politics will prepare people for active and
responsible civic engagement through the development of critical thought