International Standard

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION.MEX~YHAPO~HAR OPfAHkl3AlJblR I-IO CTAH~APTkl3A~Wl.ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION

. Railway rolling\ stock material -

Part 3 : Axles for tractive and trailing stock - Quality
requirements
Mat&iel roulant de chemin de fer - Partie 3 : Essieux-axes pour Ie matkriel mo teur et pour Ie matkiel remorque - Prescriptions
de qualitk
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
First edition - 1982-04-01 (standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 1005-3:1982
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/6c175999-36ce-40af-8b8d-
7663de236d50/iso-1005-3-1982

U DC 629.4.027.11 Ref. No. ISO 1005/3-1982 (EI

Descriptors : raiiroad equipment, steel products, rolled products, axles, classifications, specifications, Chemical composition, physical
properties, manufacturing, delivery conditions, acceptance inspection, tests.

Price based on 10 pages

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of
national Standards institutes (ISO member bedies). The work of developing Inter-
national Standards is carried out through ISO technical committees. Every member
body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been set up has the
right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to

the member bodies for approval before their acceptance as International Standards by
the ISO Council.

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

International Standard ISO 1005/3 was developed by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17,
Steel, and was circulated to the member bodies in November 1980.
(standards.iteh.ai)
lt has been approved by the member bodies of the following countries :
ISO 1005-3:1982
Austria https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/6c175999-36ce-40af-8b8d-
Iran Romania
Bu Igaria Italy 7663de236d50/iso-1005-3-1982
Spain
China Japan Sweden
Czechoslovakia Korea, Dem. P. Rep. of Switzerland
Egypt, Arab Rep. of Korea, Rep. of Turkey
Finland Netherlands United Kingdom
Germany, F. R. New Zealand USSR
l-lungary Poland Venezuela

The member bodies of the foll owing countries expressed disapproval of the document
on t ,echnical grounds :

Australia
Belgium
France
India
South Africa, Rep. of

This International Standard cancels and replaces ISO Recommendation R 1005/3-1969,

of which it constitutes a technical revision.

0 International Organkation for Standardkation, 1982

Printed in Switzerland
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 100!5/3-1982 (E)

Railway rolling stock material -

Part 3 : Axles for tractive and trailing stock - Quality
requirements

1 Scope and field of application c) the type of heat treatment (sec 4.2 and 6.5);

d) the degree of finish (sec 4.3);

1.1 This part of ISO 1005 specifies requirements for the
manufacture and supply of axles for tractive and trailing stock
e) if a check analysis is required (sec 5.1.2);
of unalloyed and alloyed steels in accordance with table 1 and
clause 4.
f) if a microstructure test for uniformity and grain size is
required (see 5.2.2.2 and table 3);
1.2 In addition to this part of ISO 1005, the requirements of
ISO 404 are applicable. g) the types of tests to be carried out (sec 5.2.2.3, 7.3.1,
7.7.3.5, 7.8.5 and table 3);

h) the dimensional characteristics (sec 5.4.1);

2 References iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW j> if any special marking is required (sec 5.5);
ISO 82, Steel - Tensie testing.
(standards.iteh.ai) k) the conditions of inspection required (sec 7.1);
ISO 83, Steel - Charpy impact test (U-notchl.
ISO 1005-3:1982 m) if special preparation and sampling of test pieces is
ISO/ R 377, Selection and https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/6c175999-36ce-40af-8b8d-
preparation of samples and test required (sec 7.7.2);
pieces for wrought steel. 1) 7663de236d50/iso-1005-3-1982
n) the method of protection against corrosion (sec 8.1);
ISO 404, Steel and steelproducts - General technical delivery
requiremen ts. pl if the conditions of guarantee are to be agreed (see
clause 9).
ISO 643, Steels - Micrographic determination of the ferritic or
aus tenitic grain size. 2)

ISO 5948, Railwa y rolling stock material - Ultrasonic

4 Classification
accep tance tes ting.

The axles shall be specified in the Order or its appended

NOTE - Pending publication of these revisions as International Stan-
documents according to the grade of steel used, the heat-treat-
dards, it will be necessary for the relevant requirements to be agreed by
the purchaser and the manufacturer.
ment condition of delivery and the degree of finish and any
optional tests or inspection required (sec table 3, column 4).

3 Information to be supplied by the purchaser 4.1 Steel grades

The purchaser shall supply the following information in his This International Standard specifies the following grades of
enquiry and Order : steel in accordance with the properties given in table 1 :

a) the number of this International Standard; a) unalloyed steels Al and A2;

b) the grade of steel (see 4.1 and table 1); b) alloyed steels A3 and A4.

1) Under revision.

2) At present at the Stage of draft. (Revision of ISO/R 643.)

ISO 1005/3-1982 (E)

4.2 Types of heat-treatment condition on delivery 4.3 Degree of finish

The degree sf finish on delivery may be as follows :

The axles shall be supplied

a) rough-forged or rough-rolled when the axle has been

a) untreated [no symboll)] - all grades, or obtained by hot-forging or rolling, may or may not have
been subjected to consecutive heat treatment, and has not
b) normalized or normalized and tempered (Symbol N) - yet undergone any machining whatsoever;
grades Al and A2, or
b) rough-machined, when the axle has received no final
machining, but has been rough-machined on all or only cer-
c) quenched and tempered (Symbol T) - grades Al, A2, tain portions which have to be machined;
A3 and A4.
c) half-finished, when the axle has received final machin-
Irrespective of the heat-treatment condition ordered, where no ing on certain sections which have to be machined and are
effective degassing has been carried out, suitable precautions, considered as finished, the other portions indicated as
which may include for example slow cooling, shall be taken rough-machined, having received no final machining;
to avoid the formation of flakes (hydrogen cracking). If so
requested, the representative of the railway authority shall be d) finished, when all portions of the axle having to be
informed of the precautions taken. machined have undergone their final machining.

Table 1 - Grade of steel, Chemical composition, types of heat-treatment in delivery condition and
mechanical properties

Grade o
Chemical compositiod),
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW r (mlm) max. Heat-
treatment
Mechanical properties3) 1
R,J' 4-n in delivery
A KU
steel
C Si Mn P
(standards.iteh.ai)
S Cr CU Mo
conditionz)
N/mm2
min. Nlmm2 min.
% J
min .5)

A16’ 0,08 300 520 to 650 22 25

ISO 1005-3:1982 350 550to 700 24 40
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/6c175999-36ce-40af-8b8d-
A2 7663de236d50/iso-1005-3-1982
0,08 360 6ooto 750 20
390 620 to 770 25

A3 1,60 420 650 to 800

0,80 420 650 to 800

1) See 5.1.1.

2) N = normalized or normalized and tempered, T = quenched and tempered (sec 4.2, footnote 1, and 7.7.2, Paragraph 2).

3) R, = yield strength (sec footnote 41, R, = tensile strength, A = percentage elongation after fracture (L, = 5,65,/$o), KU = impact strength
for ISO U-notch test piece at 20 OC. 1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa.

4) The requirement for R, shall be regarded as complied with, if either the upper yield stress R,, or the 0,2 % non-proportional proof stress Rp0 2 or,
where the measured value is under 600 Nimm’, the 0,5 % total elongation proof stress R,, ,5 is equal to or greater than the value specified for’R,.
5) Mean value of three tests : one of the individual results may be lower than the minimum value as specified in the table, provided that it is not less
than 70 % sf this minimum value.

6) If this steel is ordered in the untreated (hot-rolled or hot-forged) condition under the grade designation AO instead of Al, then no tests on heat-
treated test pieces (sec table 3) are to be carried out and the following mechanical properties apply to the delivery condition :

Re = 280 N/mm2 min., R, = 500 to 650 N/mm2, A = 20 % min., KU = .20 J min.

1) With the exception made in table 1, footnote 6, the following applies where the untreated condition is ordered :

a) The purchaser may specify an analysis range. In this case, the responsibility for the attainment of the required mechanical properties is that of
the works carrying out the heat treatment.

b) If any analysis range is not ordered, the manufacturer should ensure, to the purchaser’s satisfaction, that axles which are delivered in the
untreated condition for subsequent heat treatment, are capable of meeting the mechanical properties specified in table 1.

2
 ISO 1005/3-1982 (E)

5 Requirements 5.2.2.3 Other characteristics for appearance and

soundness

5.1 Chemical composition If, for the verification of soundness, magnetic particle flaw
detection, ultrasonic tests (sec ISO 59481, or macrostructure
examinations by sulphur prints are specified in the Order or its
51.1 The maximum contents of the various elements are
appended documents, then the acceptance criteria for the
given in table 1. These values apply to the cast analysis. In the
required tests shall be also specified in the Order or its appended
case of Cr, Cu, Mo and V, the values apply to product analysis;
documents.
however, these elements are normally verified by cast analysis.
For the macro-examinations by sulphur prints, the album given
5.1.2 If a check analysis on the product is required, this shall in the annex to this part of ISO 1005 shall, if not otherwise
be stated on the enquiry and Order. In this case the product agreed, be used as the basis for acceptance.2)
analysis may deviate from the requirements in table 1 by the
values given in table 2. 5.3 Mechanical properties

The mechanical properties of the axles after heat treatment

Table 2 - Permissible deviations between the specified
shall be those shown in table 1.
cast analysis and product analysis

Maximum value 5.4 Dimensional characteristics

Permissi ble deviation
specified for cast
Element in the product analysis
analysis
% b?zlm) % h?lm) 5.4.1 The dimensions shall be in accordance with those
required by the Order or its appended documents within the
Carbon 0,30 to 0,50 + 0,03
-7 permitted tolerantes.
Silicon 0,50 + 0,04

Manganese 0,80
1,20
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW + 0,06
+ 0,08
5.4.23)

1,60
(standards.iteh.ai)
5.5 + 0,lO
Manufacturer’s brand marks (sec 6.4)
Phosphorus 0,04 + 0,005
The marks with their specified dimensions shall be stamped
Sulphur I 0,04 I ISO 1005-3:1982
+ 0,005 either hot or cold in the positions given in national Standards,
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/6c175999-36ce-40af-8b8d-
the Order or its appended documents.
7663de236d50/iso-1005-3-1982
Unless otherwise specified, each axle shall be stamped with the
following marks :
5.2 Physical properties
a) manufacturer’s mark;
5.2.1 Appearancel)
b) cast number;

5.2.2 Soundness c) grade of steel and heat-treatment condition (N for

normalized, T for quenched and tempered, nothing for
untreated axles) (see the exception given in footnote 6 of
5.2.2.1 General table 1);

The axles shall be Sound throughout and without any defects d) date of manufacture (month and the last two figures of
detrimental to their use. the year of manufacture).

Unless otherwise specified, the positions of the marks shall,

5.2.2.2 Microstructure with the exception of finished axles, be lightly stamped to a
depth which will allow them to be completely removed at the
The microstructure of the normalized or quenched and finishing operations.
tempered axles shall be uniform and typical for the heat
treatment specified. When determined in accordance with Stamps with acute-angled Character forms may not be used if
ISO 643, the grain size shall not be coarser than 5. the marks are not stamped on the end-face.

1) An International Standard dealing with the surface finish of the seats for interference fits of the axles, the journals for roller bearings, the body of
the axles, and the shoulders in particular, is in preparation.

2) The album will be incorporated in this document at the time of final publication.

3) An International Standard dealing with the tolerantes on dimensions and form is in preparation.

3
1s S/3-1982 (E)

6 Manufacture As a general rule, the different heat-treatment operations shall

be carried out in such a way as to ensure

6.1 Steelmaking process a) uniformity of structure sf comparable Parts of the same

axle and of axles from the same batch, and
The axles shall be made from steel produced by open hearth,
electric arc or basic Oxygen processes; other processes may be b) freedom from distortion.
used by agreement between the manufacturer and the pur-
chaser. The steel shall be killed in the furnace or in the ladle.
achining

The conditions for machining are to be Chosen so that the axles

6.2 Manufacture of the axles comply with the requirements for surface quality and
tolerantes. Machined end-face axles shali be centred with care,
The axles shall be manufactured from ingots transformed to facilitate the correct execution sf subsequent turning opera--
tions and to obtain the centres of the finished axles without dif-
a) by forging oniy (sec 6.2.1), or

b) by rolling only (sec 6.2.2) or

6.7 Wemoval of defects
c) by rolling followed by forging (sec 6.2.3).
6.7.1 Straightening of rough axles
6.2.1 Axles obtained by forging only
Straightening of the axles shall be carried out before any
machining and before the test pieces for the mechanical tests
The maximum Cross-sectional area sf the rough-forged axle
and the micrographical examinations are taken.
shall be not greater than one-third of the minimum cross-
sectional area of the original ingot.
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW If straightening is carried out at a temperature under 500 “C,
then the axles shall be heat treated after straightening as
6.2.2 Axles obtained by rolling only
(standards.iteh.ai) follows :

The maximum Cross-sectional area of the rough rolled axle shall

be not greater than one-fifth of the minimum Cross-sectional ISO 1005-3:1982 Heat treatment to be
carried out
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/6c175999-36ce-40af-8b8d- after straig hteni w
area of the original ingot.
7663de236d50/iso-1005-3-1982 These shall be stress-relieved at
6.2.3 Axles obtained by rolling followed by fsrging a temperature between 500 and
650 OC.

The maximum Cross-sectional area of the axles obtained by roll- b) Untreated axles which No additional heat treatment
ing and followed by forging shail be not greater than one-fourth are to be delivered in the nor- other than that required by the
sf the minimum Cross-sectional area of the original ingot. malized or quenched and Order is necessary.
tempered condition.

6.3 Removal of defective sections C) Normalized axles. These shail be stress-relieved at

a temperature between 500 and
650 “C or he normalized again.
Sections of ingots, blooms or bars which do not comply with
the soundness characteristics specified in 5.2.2 shall be d) Quenched and tempered These shall be stress-relieved at
removed before or during manufacture of the axle. axles. a temperature between 500 OC
and (fr - 30) OC (Ir = actual
tempering temperature) or be
6.4 Identification of the axles during manufacture quenched and tempered again.

All ingots, blooms, round bars and axles shall be suitably

marked at each Stage of manufacture so that before delivery lf normalized axles are straightened at temperatures equal to or
each axle or test piece tan be identified as required in 5.5. greater than 500 OC, the conditions Chosen shall be such that
Where the identification marks are stamped, if they differ from the mechanical properties and the structure are in accordance
the final identification marks defined in 5.5, the marks shall not with the requirements of this international Standard.
be visible after machining, on the finished axle.
6.7.2 Authorized repairs

6.5 Heat treatment With the exception of fine-finished surfaces, for example wheel
seats, journals and radial fillets Ishoulders) on which no
After hot-working and marking, axles shall undergo, where retouching is atithorized, superficial defects may be eliminated
applicable, the heat treatment specified in the Order or its by chipping or by soft grinding, provided that no heat cracking
appended documents (see 4.2). is produced and that the dimensional tolerantes are maintained.

4
 ISO 1005/3-1982 (El

6.7m3 lhauthorized repairs -d.2.1.% The manGfactu-er shall advise the purchaser of the
principal process which will be used in compfeting the Order,
Any welding, gas torch treatment, heating, electric burns, fill- and shall advise the purchaser sf any subsequent fundamental
ing by metallization, electrolytic or Chemical deposits, etc., and changes which he intends to introdtice and which may affect
any retouching with the Object of concealing a defect, are not the quality of the axles and seek his agreement.
permitted and shall result in the rejection sf the complete
batch. If the inspection remains the responsibility of the purchaser, his
representative shall be allowed to inspect the mantifactk;ring
processes used in Order to ensure compliance with the require-
7 llnspection ments of this part of ISQ ‘lOO5 and the Prior agreement.

7.1 Wespsnsibilities and type of inspection

M.I.2 The manufactuer shall, at the time of stibmission for
7.1.1 The purchaser shall specify in the Order whether inspec- acceptance, certify that the manufacturing requirements of this
tion to ensure compliance with manc;factc;ring methods Isee part of ISQ 1005 have been complied with (sec 7.5).
claL;se 6) and with the quality reqtiirements (see clause 5) is to
be carried out, either
7.3 Inspectisn of the characteristics of tke axles
a) under delegated inspection by the qualified department
of the manufactbrer, or
7.3.1 Types of test
b) in the presence of the purchaser, his representative or a
bo dy designated by him. Table 3 specifies the types of test to be carried oL;t and whether
they are mandatory or optional.
Unless otherwise specif ied in the Order, the provisions of
3, colu mn 5, shal 1 aPPlY.

7.12 Delegation of inspection

iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
by the purchaser to the
7.32 Unit of test and subdivision into batches

The appropriate L;nit for each type of test is given in table 3,

qualified department of the manufacturer (standards.iteh.ai)
does not remove the
right of the purchaser to monitor the effectiveness of the column 7.
manufacturing controls and of the testing and inspection
methods. ISO 1005-3:1982 For acceptance testing, axles shall be gro@ed in batches. Esch
batch shall be formed of axles prodticed from the same cast
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/6c175999-36ce-40af-8b8d-
In this respect, he shall be allowed to witness any and having undergone
7663de236d50/iso-1005-3-1982
of the tests the same heat treatment where ap-
made under the responsibility of the marufacturer and to plicable. lt may include axles of different shape and dimen-
inspect the recorded restilts. slons.

7.2 Inspectisn sf manufacture 7.3.3 Condition of the wken submitted for

acceptance
72.1 Whether the inspection of the mancrfacture is the
responsibility of the manL;factGrer’s quaiified department or of When s ubmi tted for inspection, t he COndition of the axles shall
the purchaser, the following shall apply. comply with the requirements 0-F table 3, column 6.

5
ISO 1005/3-“1982 (E)

Table 3 - Type and number of tests

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of axles per
batch to be subjected
Heat to the Checks and tests Number
treatment Test . of tests
Types of Checks and tests Remarks
in delivery uni@ Total number of axles Per
condition 1) in the batch axle

2) 3) 4) Q 100 > 100

1 All Chemical analysis6) m a C 6) 61 6)

2 N, -I- Tensile test m b h c,h 1 2 1

3 - Tensile test
- for steel AO71 m b f C 1 2 1
- for steels Al to A48) m b h C 1 2 1

4 N, T Impact test (KU) m b h c,h 1 2 3

5 - Impact test (KU) iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

- for steel AO71 m b f C 1 2 3
- for steels Al to A48) (standards.iteh.ai) 0 b h C 1 2 3

6 N -I- Microstructure m a h 0 1 2 1

7 - Microstructure
ISO 1005-3:1982
0 a h C 1 2 1
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8 All Macrostructure a
7663de236d50/iso-1005-3-1982
0 h P 1

9 All Ultrasonic test 0 a h P See 7.7.3.5

1
10 All Magnetoscopy 0 a h P 1

11 All Appearance and dimensions m a f P 100 % 100 % 1

1) N = normalized, T = quenched and tempered, - = untreated (sec 4.2).

2) m = mandatory tests, o = optional, i.e. tests need only be carried out if so stated in the Order or its appended documents.

3) The Checks and tests are to be carried out :

a) under delegated inspection by the manufacturer’s qualified department (sec ISO 404 and note in clause 21, or

b) in the presence of the purchaser.

4) h = The tests shall not be carried out before the specified heat treatment.
f = The acceptance tests shall be carried out in the final delivery condition.

5) c = Axles from the same cast.

c,h = Axles from the same cast and heat-treatment batch (sec 7.3.2).
p = The axle is the test unit.

6) See 5.1.1, 5.1.2 and 7.7.3.1.

7) See footnote 6 in table 1.

8) Tests in the delivery condition and on reference test pieces having undergone the heat treatment laid down for this grade of steel (sec 7.7.2,
Paragraph 2, and footnote 1 in 4.2).

6
 ISO 1005/3-1982(E)

7.4 Submission for inspection by the purchaser 7.7.2 Preparation of samples and test pieces

Unless otherwise specified, the conditions of preparation of

7.4.1 The purchaser [see 7.1.1 b)] shall be notified in writing samples and test pieces shall be carried out in accordance with
(sec 7.5.2) of the date of Submission for inspection, stating the the requirements of ISO/R 377, with the following additional
number of axles in each batch and the Order reference number. requirements.

In the case of axles ordered untreated, with the exception of

7.4.2 If the inspection, which in accordance with table 3 is to axles of type AO (sec table 1, footnote 6), samples intended for
be carried out after machining, is the responsibility of the pur- the mechanical tests shall undergo the heat treatment specified
chaser [see 7.1.1 b)], then the manufacturer may submit the in table 1 for the grade of steel concerned. Where table 1
material in two stages, namely specifies two different heat treatments for the grade of steel
concerned, the heat treatment which shall be applied as a
a) after final heat treatment but before machining, and reference heat treatment shall be specified in the Order or its
appended documents.
b) in the final delivery condition.
The samples and test pieces shall retain the inspector’s iden-
tification marks and stamps and may not be altered except in
7.5 Certification his presence.

7.5.1 Whether the inspection of manufacture is the respon-

7.7.3 Number and Position of test pieces
sibility of the manufacturer’s qualified department or of the pur-
chaser, the manufacturer shall certify that the manufacturing
Test pieces shall be taken from the previously marked Sample
requirements of this part of ISO 1005 have been complied with.
secti ons, and sha II be stamped for identification by the inspec-
The final test certificate shall also include the results of the
tor.
following tests :

-
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Chemical analysis; 7.7.3.1 Chemical analysis
- tensile test;
(standards.iteh.ai)
The manufacturer shall state the cast analysis of the steel. If the
ISO 1005-3:1982 purchaser wishes to verify the composition of the product for
- impact test. some or all elements, one of the following
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/6c175999-36ce-40af-8b8d- samples shall be
taken from one of the test axles :
7663de236d50/iso-1005-3-1982
7.5.2 The manufacturer shall provide the relevant certificates
- at least 50 g of milli ngs represent ing material from a
for those tests and Checks for which he is responsible, at the
complete transverse secti on of an axle, or
following times :
- in the case of spectrographic anal ysis, one sa mple from
a) at the time of delivery, if he has the delegated respon-
the tensile test piece shown in figure 1.
sibility for all tests 01,

b) at the time of the first Submission for inspection Isee 7.7.3.2 Tensile test
7.4.2), if for that part of the testing he has the delegated
responsibility. One test piece shall be taken from the Position of the Sample
shown in figure 1.

7.6 Number of Checks and tests The test pieces shall be prepared in accordance with the
requirements of ISO 82, with a diameter of 10 to 16 m m and a
The number of axles per test unit to be subjected to the Checks gauge length of 5 x diameter.
and the number of tests per axle are given in table 3, columns 8
to IO.
7.7.3.3 Impact test (U-notch)

7.7 Sampling and preparation of samples and test

pieces

7.7.1 Sampling The marking of the impact test piece shall enable identification
of the longitudinal surfaces of the test pieces which are parallel
After identifying the batch, the inspector shall select at random to diameter AA of the section of the axle (see figure 2).
the axle(s) intended for testing. The axles shall be indelibly
identified at the Sample positions. The Sample lengths shall be
at least 200 m m long and they may be taken from axles or from
prolongations of axles.