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    Sanitry

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    محمد الحمايدة
    1) Particles in fluid will accelerate until drag force equals gravitational force, reaching a uniform settling velocity. 2) Settling velocity depends on particle size, fluid properties, and flow regime. 3) Ideal sedimentation basins have distinct inlet, outlet, and sludge zones to efficiently remove particles from water.

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    Sanitry

    Uploaded by

    محمد الحمايدة
    25 views36 pages
    1) Particles in fluid will accelerate until drag force equals gravitational force, reaching a uniform settling velocity. 2) Settling velocity depends on particle size, fluid properties, and flow regime. 3) Ideal sedimentation basins have distinct inlet, outlet, and sludge zones to efficiently remove particles from water.

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    1) Particles in fluid will accelerate until drag force equals gravitational force, reaching a uniform settling velocity. 2) Settling velocity depends on particle size, fluid properties, and flow regime. 3) Ideal sedimentation basins have distinct inlet, outlet, and sludge zones to efficiently remove particles from water.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    25 views36 pages

    Sanitry

    Uploaded by

    محمد الحمايدة
    1) Particles in fluid will accelerate until drag force equals gravitational force, reaching a uniform settling velocity. 2) Settling velocity depends on particle size, fluid properties, and flow regime. 3) Ideal sedimentation basins have distinct inlet, outlet, and sludge zones to efficiently remove particles from water.

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    of 36

    • When any discrete particle is falling through a fluid , it will accelerate

    until the frictional resistance or drag force becomes equal to the


    gravitational forces acting upon the particle .
    • At such stage the particle will settle at uniform velocity .
    • The uniform velocity is called ((settling velocity)).
    • Mathematically, at this stage , the driving force of acceleration (𝐹𝐺 -
    𝐹𝐵𝐷 ) of the particle becomes equal the drag force.
    • 𝐹𝐺 - 𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐷
    Drag Coefficients

    • The drag coefficient CD takes different values depending on the flow


    regime surrounding the particle:

    • Where:
    • R: Reynold number
    • Reynold number for spheres moving through a liquid is:
    R=inertia force/viscous force

    Where:
    R: Reynold number
    d: diameter of sphere, m
    Vs: velocity of particle(sphere), m/s
    • Drag coefficient for sphere particles depending on the flow regime:
    • 1- for laminar flow.(laminar flow, type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid travels smoothly or in
    regular paths)

    • R<1 ( viscous force>inertia force)

    • 2- for transition flow.


    1<R<10^4
    Viscous and inertia forces are of equal importance
    • 3- for turbulent flow(turbulent flow, in which the fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations and mixing)
    R>10^4
    Inertia force are the most important.

    4- for spherical particles falling under laminar conditions, the terminal


    velocity

    dynamic viscosity
    • The equation is called stock’s law .

    • Stock’s law is valis for spherical particles and laminar flow.


    • - if the R<1, using of stock’s law is correct .
    • - If the R>1, the appropriate equation for 𝐶𝐷 is selected, and newton’s
    equation (terminal velocity) is used to estimate the velocity , then this
    velocity is used to check the Reynolds number.
    • The process is iterated until a convergent solution is achieved.
    • For the turbulent flow , substitute the 𝐶𝐷 =0.4, and the terminal velocity becomes
    .

    • From the equation and after the derivation


    • 𝑚(𝑑𝑣Τ𝑑𝑡 )=mg- (m𝜌g/𝜌𝑠 )-(𝐶𝐷 𝜌𝑣 2 A/2)

    • The terminal velocity


    • For the spherical particle , the terminal velocity
    • Where 𝜌𝑝 = 𝜌𝑠
    Example
    • Find the settling velocity(Vs) for sand particles with a diameter of 0.02
    mm. 𝜌𝑠 = 2650 Kg/m3, μ=1.002*10^-3 N.S/m2 (pa.s) at 20°𝐶 . What
    is the settling velocity for particles with d=0.5mm, and water at 20°𝐶 (
    Tabulated)=998.2 kg/m^3.
    • Solution:
    For the particles with diameter=0.02mm
    • this a laminar flow
    • For the particles with diameter=0.5mm
    •
    •

    • this translation
    -flow
    The ideal sedimentation basin
    • The ideal sedimentation basin assume the following for the removal
    discrete particles:
    1- type 1 settling
    2- four zones in the basin, inlet, outlet, sludge, and settling.
    3- even distribution of the flow leaving the settling zone.
    4-even distribution of flow leaving the settling zone
    5- uniform distribution of particles through the depth of the inlet zone
    6- particles that enter the sludge zone remain there and particles enter
    the outlet zone are not removed from the water
    Zones can be seen most easily in a rectangular sedimentation basin, such as the one
    shown below:
    • Sedimentation tanks Based on shape
    • a. Circular tank
    • b. Rectangular tank
    • c. Hopper bottom tank
    • Detention time= H/𝑉0 …………(1)
    • Also
    • T=L/V……………(2)
    • V(horizontal velocity)=Q/(H*W) from( flow =area*velocity)
    • Combined the equation (1) and(2) to eliminate V
    • t= L/(Q/HW)=LHW/Q=V/Q

    • 𝑉0 =Q/L.W
    • 𝑉0 : over flow rate= settling velocity of the smallest particles size that is
    100% removed
    Circular tank

    • Circular settling Basin


    • The fraction removed 𝑅2 of particle 𝑃2 smaller than the particle 𝑃0

    • 𝑅2 = 𝐻2 /𝐻1 = 𝑉2 / 𝑉1
    The idea basin theory assume the following:
    1- the settling is type 1 settling= Discrete particles.
    2- even distribution of flow entering the basin.
    3- even distribution of flow leaving the basin
    4- there are 3 zones in the basin>
    a- inlet zone
    b- outlet zone
    c- sludge zone
    • 5- there is a uniform distribution of particles throughout the depth of
    the entrance zone.
    • 6- particles that enter the sludge zone remain there and particles that
    enter the outlet zone are removed.
    • The important considerations in sedimentation basin design are;
    • 1- Basin Geometry
    • 2- SOR(surface over flow rate)
    • 3- Detention Time
    • 4- Inlet and Outlet zone
    • 5- sludge collection and removed system
    Geometric of sedimentation Basin
    • -Rectangular :
    W:L Ratio from 2:1 to 3:1
    • -Circular :
    Central feed or peripheral feed, but central feed is common.
    Simple sludge collection equipment
    • - square :
    Typically center feed type
    Simple sludge collection equipment
    *Inlet zone or influent structure*
    Purpose:
    - Distribute the flow across the sedimentation basin.
    - Dissipates the incoming velocity
    - In rectangular basin influent structure(Baffle and Diffusion wall)
    • - In circular Basin influent structure for center feed circular basin , the
    influent structure consists of metal skirt that is surrounded the inlet
    pipe.
    *outlet zone or effluent structure)
    • - over flow weirs and lander troughs have been used for outlet
    control.

    • V notch or submerged orifice weir plates are commonly used.

    • The length of weir required is determined by the weir flow rate or


    weir loading rate (𝑚3 /m.d)= Q/length of weir

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