Lecture 05 FM1

Fluid
Kinematics
Dr. Zeeshan Asghar

[email protected]
Fluid Kinematics
Kinematics: Branch of science dealing with motion of particles without considering forces
causing the motion.
Focus on Fluid Mechanics: Velocity at any point in a flow field at any time is studied.
Importance of Velocity:
• Once velocity is known, pressure distribution can be determined.
• Forces acting on the fluid can be deduced.
Discussion: Methods for determining velocity and acceleration will be covered in this lecture
Methods for describing fluid motion
Two main methods:

Lagrangian Method:
• Follows a single fluid particle during its motion.
• Describes velocity, acceleration, density, etc., of the particle.
Eulerian Method:
• Describes velocity, acceleration, pressure, density, etc., at a point in the flow field.
• Commonly used in fluid mechanics.
Types of Fluid flow
Classification of Fluid Flow:

• Steady and unsteady flows
• Uniform and non-uniform flows
• Laminar and turbulent flows
• Compressible and incompressible flows
• Rotational and irrotational flows
• One, two, and three-dimensional flows
Steady and Unsteady Flows:
Steady Flow:
• Defined as the type of flow where fluid characteristics (velocity, pressure, density, etc.) at a point
do not change with time.
• Mathematically, for steady flow:
Unsteady Flow:
• Defined as the type of flow where fluid characteristics (velocity, pressure, density, etc.) at a point
change with time.
• Mathematically, for unsteady flow:
Uniform and Non-uniform Flows
Uniform Flow:
• Defined as the flow where the velocity at any given time does not change with respect to space (length or direction of the
flow).
• Mathematically, for uniform flow:
Non-Uniform Flow:
• Defined as the flow where the velocity at any given time changes with respect to space.
• Mathematically, for non-uniform flow:
Laminar and Turbulent Flows:
Laminar Flow:
• Fluid particles move along well-defined paths or streamlines.
• Streamlines are straight and parallel, and particles glide

smoothly over adjacent layers.
• Also known as streamline flow or viscous flow.
Turbulent Flow:
• Fluid particles move in a zig-zag manner.
• Formation of eddies causes high energy loss.

Laminar and Turbulent Flows:
Reynolds Number:
• Determines whether the flow is laminar or turbulent in a pipe.
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
• Equation: Re = ν
• Where:
• D= Diameter of the pipe
• V = Mean velocity of flow in the pipe
• ν = Kinematic viscosity of the fluid
• Flow Classification by Reynolds Number:

• If Re<2000, flow is laminar.
• If Re>4000Re, flow is turbulent.
• For 2000≤Re≤4000, the flow is transitional.

Compressible and Incompressible flows
Compressible Flow:
• The density of the fluid changes from point to point.
• Mathematically, for compressible flow:
• ρ ≠ Constant
Incompressible Flow:
• The density of the fluid remains constant.
• Typically, liquids are incompressible, and gases are compressible.
• Mathematically, for incompressible flow:
• ρ = Constant
Rotational and Irrotational flows
Rotational Flow:
Fluid particles, while flowing along
streamlines, also rotate about their own axis.
Irrotational Flow:
Fluid particles, while flowing along
streamlines, do not rotate about their own axis.

One, Two and Three-Dimensional Flow
Rate of Flow or Discharge
Continuity Equation
It is based on the principle of conservation of mass.
For a fluid flowing through a pipe, the quantity of fluid per second is constant across all cross-
sections.
Consider two cross-sections of a pipe:
• V1 = Average velocity at section 1-1.
• ρ1 = Density at section 1-1.
• A1 = Area of pipe at section 1-1.
• V2,ρ2,A2 are corresponding values at section 2-2.
• Rate of mass flow Qm1 at section 1-1 = 𝜌𝜌1𝐴𝐴1𝑉𝑉1
• Rate of mass flow Qm2 at section 2-2 = 𝜌𝜌2𝐴𝐴2𝑉𝑉2
• According to law of conservation of mass
• Qm1 = Qm2  𝜌𝜌1𝐴𝐴1𝑉𝑉1 = 𝜌𝜌2𝐴𝐴2𝑉𝑉2
• Then for incompressible fluids  𝐴𝐴1𝑉𝑉1 = 𝐴𝐴2𝑉𝑉2
Q1 = Q2
Time for a game
www.Kahoot.it
Continuity Equation Problem
The diameters of a pipe at sections 1 and 2 are 10
cm and 15 cm, respectively.
• Find the discharge through the pipe if the
velocity of water flowing through the pipe at
section-1 is 5 m/s.
• Determine also the velocity at section 2.
Q=?
V2 = ?
A 30 cm diameter pipe, conveying water, branches into two pipes of diameters 20 cm and 15
cm, respectively.
• If the average velocity in the 30 cm diameter pipe is 2.5 m/s, find the discharge in this pipe.
• Also, determine the velocity in the 15 cm pipe if the average velocity in the 20 cm diameter
pipe is 2 m/s.
Water flows through a pipe AB with a diameter of 1.2 m at a velocity of 3 m/s, and then passes
through a pipe BC with a diameter of 1.5 m. At point C, the pipe branches. Branch CD is 0.8 m
in diameter and carries one-third of the flow from AB. The flow velocity in branch CE is 2.5 m/s.
Find:
1.The volume rate of flow in pipe AB.
2.The velocity in pipe BC.
3.The velocity in pipe CD.
4.The diameter of pipe CE.
Q
A 25 cm diameter pipe carries oil of specific gravity 0.9 at a velocity of 3 m/s at Section-1. At
another point in the pipe i.e., Section-2, the diameter is 20 cm.
Find:
• The velocity at Section-2 and the
• Mass rate of flow of oil

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Fluid

Dr. Zeeshan Asghar

Two main methods:

Classification of Fluid Flow:

• Streamlines are straight and parallel, and particles glide

• Also known as streamline flow or viscous flow.

• Formation of eddies causes high energy loss.

• V = Mean velocity of flow in the pipe

• ν = Kinematic viscosity of the fluid

• Flow Classification by Reynolds Number:

• If Re>4000Re, flow is turbulent.

• For 2000≤Re≤4000, the flow is transitional.

Fluid particles, while flowing along

streamlines, also rotate about their own axis.

Fluid particles, while flowing along

streamlines, do not rotate about their own axis.

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