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    Chem-Atomic Structure

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    itsmeoul
    The document summarizes atomic structure and the periodic table. It describes Dalton's atomic model and developments that led to modern atomic theory, including discoveries of the electron by Thomson, nuclear model by Rutherford, and Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. It defines terms like atomic number, mass number, isotopes, ions. The periodic table is arranged by blocks, periods and groups. The position of an element indicates its electron configuration and properties like number of valence electrons and whether it is a metal, non-metal or metalloid.

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    Chem-Atomic Structure

    Uploaded by

    itsmeoul
    26 views2 pages
    The document summarizes atomic structure and the periodic table. It describes Dalton's atomic model and developments that led to modern atomic theory, including discoveries of the electron by Thomson, nuclear model by Rutherford, and Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. It defines terms like atomic number, mass number, isotopes, ions. The periodic table is arranged by blocks, periods and groups. The position of an element indicates its electron configuration and properties like number of valence electrons and whether it is a metal, non-metal or metalloid.

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    The document summarizes atomic structure and the periodic table. It describes Dalton's atomic model and developments that led to modern atomic theory, including discoveries of the electron by Thomson, nuclear model by Rutherford, and Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. It defines terms like atomic number, mass number, isotopes, ions. The periodic table is arranged by blocks, periods and groups. The position of an element indicates its electron configuration and properties like number of valence electrons and whether it is a metal, non-metal or metalloid.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views2 pages

    Chem-Atomic Structure

    Uploaded by

    itsmeoul
    The document summarizes atomic structure and the periodic table. It describes Dalton's atomic model and developments that led to modern atomic theory, including discoveries of the electron by Thomson, nuclear model by Rutherford, and Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. It defines terms like atomic number, mass number, isotopes, ions. The periodic table is arranged by blocks, periods and groups. The position of an element indicates its electron configuration and properties like number of valence electrons and whether it is a metal, non-metal or metalloid.

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    of 2

    2.

    Atomic structure
    2.1 The nuclear atom
    Element - substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by a chemical reaction
    Dalton’s atomic model
    ● All matter is composed of tiny invisible particles called atoms
    ● Atoms cannot be created or destroyed
    ● Atoms of the same element are alike in every way
    ● Atoms of different elements are different
    ● Atoms can be combined together in small numbers to form molecules
    → elements react to make new compounds
    Compound: substance made by chemically combining two or more elements

    1. J.J. Thomson - discovered electrons


    Different metals produce a stream of negatively charged particles when a high
    voltage is applied across two electrodes
    2. Rutherford’s model of the atom - discovery of nucleus
    A particles are helium nuclei
    If Thomson’s model was correct, the alpha particles
    should either pass through, but very small number were
    repelled and bounced back.
    Deflected particles → atom is mainly empty space.
    Large deflections when the positively charged alpha
    particles collide with and are repelled by a dense,
    positively charged centre - nucleus

    3. Protons and neutrons → nucleons

    4. Bohr model of hydrogen atom


    Electron move in an orbit or energy level around the positively
    charged nucleus of one proton.

    Atomic number (Z) - number of protons in the nucleus


    Mass number (A) / nucleon number - number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom

    Isotopes: atoms of the same element with different mass numbers


    Relative atomic mass: average of an atoms of the element, taking into account all its isotopes and
    their relative abundance, compared to one atom of carbon-12.
    Ions: charged atoms
    - Cation: loses electrons, positive ion
    - Anion: gains electrons, negative ion
    3.1 PERIODIC TABLE
    ● The periodic table is arranged into four blocks with the four sub-levels - s, p, d, and f.
    ● The periodic table consists of groups (vertical columns) and periods (horizontal rows).

    The period number (n) is the outer energy level that is occupied by electrons.
    The number of the principal energy level and the number of the valence electrons in an atom can be
    deduced from its position in the periodic table.
    ● Period number: principal energy level of an atom
    ● Group number (1, 2, 13-18): number of valence electrons

    The periodic table shows the positions of metals, non-metals and metalloids.

    ● Group 1 (group I): alkali metals


    ● Group 7 (Group VII): halogens
    ● Group 8 (Group 0, Group VIII): noble gases
    ● d-block elements: transition metals (except zinc)
    ● f-block elements: lanthanoids (Atoms number 57-71) and actinoids (Atom number 89-103)

    1) Electron configuration of an atom from the element’s position on the periodic table
    ● 1s → 2s → 2p → 3s → 3p → 4s → 3d → 4p …
    ● Electrons fill from the lowest energy level
    2 6 5
    ● E.g. Br [Ar] 4𝑠 3𝑑 4𝑝

    2) Element’s position on the periodic table from electron configuration of it


    ● Highest number in front of s/p/d/f: number of electron shells (= periodic number n)
    ● Group I, II: s orbitals at the outermost shell ( 2 electrons, 1 orbital at maximum)
    ● Group 13-18: p orbitals at the outermost shell ( 6 electrons, 3 orbitals at maximum)
    ● d-block elements: d orbitals at the outermost shell (10 electrons, 5 orbitals at maximum)
    ● Lanthanoids

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