Saint Jerome Academy

Piccio, St., Dueñas, Iloilo

MAPEH 8 LEARNING MODULE

(Aligned with the 2020 MELC for the “New Normal”)

Lessons and Coverage:

Lesson 1 – Music of Indonesia
Lesson 2 – Music of Thailand
Lesson 3 – Music of Cambodia
Lesson 4 – Music of Myanmar

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 Lesson 1
Music of Indonesia

Pre-Assessment
Find out how much you already know about this lesson.
A. Write T on the space before the number if the sentence is true and F if it is false.
1. Indonesia is an archipelago.
2. Indonesia has a rich musical tradition.
3. Bali is the capital of Indonesia.
4. Bali is known for its arts and temples.
5. Indonesia is located far from the Philippines.
6. Indonesian culture is unique and colorful.
7. Islam is the primary religion in Indonesia.
8. Indonesian dance reflects the cultural diversity of its ethnic groups.
9. Indonesia is derived form the Latin and Greek word, indus, and the Greek
word, nesos, meaning “island.”
10. Other religions in Indonesia include Buddhism, Protestantism, Hinduism,
and Roman Catholicism.

A. Identify the following:

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

Access and Process

When we speak about Indonesia, one might always think of the gamelan ensemble.
This ensemble plays a significant role in Indonesian music and culture. Indonesia has a rich
musical tradition, which is one of the oldest in the world.

The Republic of Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. It is the

fourth biggest nation of the world. Like the Philippines, it is an archipelago comprising
of approximately 17,508 islands. The most famous of Indonesia’s islands is the exotic Bali,
known for its captivating art and temples. The nation’s capital is Jakarta. Indonesia is
the nearest country among the Asian nations, to the Philippines, thus the countries have
similarities in words and culture. The name Indonesia is derived from the Latin and Greek
word, indus, and the Greek nèsos, meaning “island.”

Indonesia has an extraordinarily rich culture as a result of the influences of the various
neighboring countries and its very traditional culture. Indonesian culture is reflected in their music,
dance, drama, literature, and food. It is quite unique and colorful. Indonesian dance reflects the
diversity of the culture from ethnic groups that compose Indonesia.
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 Indonesia is the place on earth where the biggest number of Muslims can be found. Aside from
Islam, other religions in Indonesia include Buddhism, Protestantism, Hinduism, and Roman Catholicism.

The following are the characteristics of the musical elements of the Indonesian music.

Musical Elements Characteristics

Rhythm Off nested time/structure is eight or 16 bars
Melody Uses pelog and slendro scale
Form Repeated
Timbre Nasal
Harmony and Texture Polyphonic

Indonesian music may be divided into two forms:

1. Vocal Music – It is in the form of long historical narratives, courting and love
songs, devotional praise melodies, and children’s song. It is used together with the gamelan for
ornamentation purpose.
a. Pesindhen – female singer who sings with the gamelan
b. Gerong – male chorus who sings with the gamelan in unison
c. Berong Becayan – mixed chorus which sings with the gamelan

2. Instrumental Music – Two predominant scales are used in the traditional

Indonesian music, the slendro, and the pelog scale.

Each has a unique character as described by the interval between notes.

The slendro derived its name from the Indian Kings of the Sailendra Dynasty who ruled Java
between the eighth and tenth century. It is a pentatonic scale and older than the pelog.

The pelog is one of the two essential scales of gamelan music native to Bali and Java, in
Indonesia. In Javanese, the term is said to be a variant of the word pelag meaning “fine” or
“beautiful.” Pelog has seven notes.

Music plays an important role in Indonesian art and culture. The most popular instrumental
music is that of the gamelan. It is a native art form and dates back before Hindu-Buddhist culture came
to Indonesia. Javanese mythology believed that the gamelan was created by Sang Hyang Guru. He
ruled from his palace on the Maendra Mountains. He needed a way to summon the gods, so he
invented the gongs. For more complex messages, he invented two more gongs and this formed the
original set.

Gamelan music is the most important kind of music in Indonesia and an essential part of the
Indonesian culture. It is polyphonic in structure, made up of many layers of simple melodic lines and

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rhythmic patterns. The word, gamelan, came from the ancient terms, “gamble” or “gamel” which
means to play musically or to hammer.

Gamelan music is complicated. It is an ancient form of music and has been handed down for
many generations, never written down, but learned by being played.

The gamelan is an ensemble of tuned percussion instruments made up of gongs, metal phones,
and drums. Most instruments are struck with wooden mallets, padded sticks, or hammers. It varies
from island to island.

Characteristics of Javanese Gamelan and Balinese Gamelan

Javanese Gamelan Balinese Gamelan

 Used for court music  Used for sacred music
 Percussion dominated  Consist of metallophone, mostly gongs
 Style of playing gives solemn character  Sudden change of tempo and dynamics
 Sounds are soft and mellow  Sounds are very loud, bright, and brilliant
 Used fast and rattling sounds of cymbals

Gamelan Musical Instruments

Javanese Gamelan Balinese Gamelan

Bonang – plays the melody in the Gamelan ensemble.

- It is a collection of small gongs (sometimes Gender – a metallophone with bronze sustained keys suspended by cords in a
called "kettles" or "pots") placed horizontally onto wooden frame
strings in a wooden frame (rancak), either one or two
rows wide.

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Saron – produces a tone one octave higher than
demung, with a smaller size. Kenong – a set of small gongs
- It is played with a mallet called tabuh.

Gong Ageng – the most

important instrument of the
Gamelan.

Kempul – a set of pitched gongs

Kendang – a set of
Celempung – A zither used to
drums of different
embellish the melody of the
sizes
gamelan.

Slenthem – An instrument made of thin bronze keys of fine

alloy that plays the melody of another line.
- Played only by one stick.
Ceng-ceng – a set of four cymbals mounted and inverted on a
wooden frame.

Rebab- A two-stringed lute

that usually used to perform
the melody.

Reyong – It consists of a long row of metal gongs suspended on a

frame.

Suling – A vertical flute which

is used to perform the melody

Facts about the Gamelan:

1. It is believed to be guided by spirits, thus Indonesians offer flowers and incense to it.
2. Shoes must be removed before entering the area of the orchestra.
3. Stepping over the instruments is forbidden.
4. Only the best player is allowed to play the Gong Ageng.
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 Functions of the Gamelan:
1. It accompanies religious ceremonies and important events.
2. It is used as a part of entertainment like the puppet show, Wayang Kulit.
3. It provides a means of livelihood to the Indonesians.
Activity 1
Watch the video in YouTube and listen to the differences of Slendro and Pelog sound.
Determine which scale is easier to sing. Explain your answer.
Answer:

.
Clickable Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZG3b6aluBk
Activity 2
Instructions:
1. Watch a performance of the Indonesian song, The Pouncing Lion and Pollock in
Pelog.
2. Listen to the different sounds produced by the instruments.
3. Answer the following questions.
a. What are the similarities and differences of the Javanese and the Balinese
gamelan based on what you heard?
b. Think about the following terms. How are these related to the recording
you just listened to?
 Tone color
 Dynamics
 Tempo
 Texture
Clickable Links : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3HwqqiVxbE (The Pouncing Lion)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4WFvzI1J7U (Pollock in Pelog)

Post-Assessment
It is now time to evaluate your learning at the end of the lesson.

A. Enumeration
1. Indonesian musical forms
a.
b.

2. Types of vocal music

a.
b.
c.
3. Scales used in Indonesian music
a.
b.

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 4. Characteristics of Javanese Gamelan
a.
b.
c.
5. Characteristics of Balinese Gamelan
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

B. Classify the following instruments. Write J if it belongs to the Javanese Gamelan and B if it belongs to the
Balinese Gamelan. Write the letter of your answer on the space before the number.
1. Kendang
2. Bonang
3. Gong Ageng
4. Kempul
5. Saron
6. Kenong
7. Ceng-ceng
8. Gender

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 Lesson 2
Music of Thailand

Pre-Assessment
Find out how much you already know about this lesson.
A. Write T on the space before the number if the sentence is true and F if it is false.
1. Thailand means “Land of the Free” in Thai language.
2. Thailand was formerly called Siam.
3. The capital of Thailand is Chiangmai.
4. Bangkok is Thailand’s political, commercial, industrial, and cultural hub.
5. Thailand is located at the center of the Indochina peninsula.
6. Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country that was never colonized by a European
nation.
7. Thai music has no written notational style.
8. Thai music is always in triple meter.
9. Thai music calms the mind and satiates the soul.
10. Thai musical instruments reflect ancient influences.

B. Classify the following Thai musical instruments. Write I if it is an idiophone, M if it is

a membranophone, C if it is a chordophone, and A if it is an aerophone. Write the
letter of your answer on the space beside the number.
1. Taphon 6. Sao-duang
2. Pi nai 7. Ching
3. Jakhae 8. Saw sam sai
4. Ranat Thum 9. Klong kaak
5. Khaen 10. Khwang Wong Lek

Access and Process

Thailand’s name in the Thai language is Prathet Thai, which
means “Land of the Free.” It is the only country in Southeast Asia that
was never colonized by a European nation.
Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is a country located at the center of the
Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is surrounded by different countries and
its position is the intersection of China and India. Its capital and largest city is
Bangkok, which is the Thailand’s political, commercial, industrial, and cultural hub.
Thai music is the result of the music of the different countries with which the
Thai were in contact with such as Southern China, Myanmar, Cambodia, Indonesia,
and India. All of these countries influenced the musical tradition of Thailand.
Thai music uses a tonal system where there are seven pitches for a mode. Among the seven, only
five are chosen and are used as the basis of a composition. Thai music is always in duple meter. It
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is purely oral in culture and has no written notational styles. It calms the mind and satiates the soul.
It is relatively new as compared to its other Asian counterparts.
Thai music includes the following elements and characteristics.

Musical Elements Characteristics

Rhythm Duple meter, syncopation
Melody Uses pentatonic scale and the seven-tone scale
Timbre Nasal
Heterophonic (Two or more voices simultaneously
Harmony and Texture
performing variations of the same melody)
Form Strophic

Vocal Music
Music was an important part of life among the Thais. Vocal music includes the
following:
1. Pleng luk thung (Thai country music) – invented in the early
1950’s to reflect daily trials and tribulations
2. Morlam – a distinctive Laotian genre characterized by
rapid-fire, rhythmic vocals, and funk-feel to the percussion
3. Kantrum – a swift and traditional music played by Khmer living
near the border with Cambodia
4. Pop and rock
a. Plena Thai Sakon – Thai melodies that are incorporated
with Western classical music
b. Wong Shadow – Western rock patterned after Cliff
Richards and the Shadows
c. Pleng Phua Cheewit – the nationalistic song of the Thais

INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
Thai musical instruments are varied and reflect ancient influence.
These instruments were generally used in traditional theater and
religious performances.

Classification of Thai Instruments

A. Idiophones

Ranat Thum – a wooden Khwang Wong Lek – a Ching – a pair of cymbals

xylophone set of 18 knobbed pot made out of a thick metal
gongs placed in a circular shaped like a tea cup
wooden frame

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B. Membranophones

Klong-Kaak – a long
Taphon – a drum placed cylindrical drum with a Thon – a bowl-shaped
on a stand similar shape and size to ceramic drum (on the left)
the western style bongo
drums
Ramana – a shallow drum
that looks like a tambourine
without disks (on the right)

C. Chordophones

Jakhae or jakhe – Thai’s

Saw sam sai – a triangular most important stringed
spiked fiddle with a leg, Sao-duang – a two- instrument shaped like a
three strings, but no frets stringed instrument crocodile
with a long neck
D. Aerophones

Khaen – the most Pi nai – a double-reed

pipe
important folk
instrument of North
Thailand

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 All the types of Thai instruments can be combined in three Thai principal
ensembles:

Thai Ensembles Thai Instruments

1. Piphat – It consists of the melodic a. Ranat Thum

and rhythmic percussion b. Khwang Wong Lek
instruments. It is the most
common and iconic midsize c. Pi nai
orchestra. It symbolizes the dancing d. Ching
of the Thailand’s legendary dragons. e. Taphon
It is played indoor and outdoor.
f. Kalong-tat (drum)

2. Mahori – It consists of the melodic a. Saw Duang

and rhythmic percussion b. Solaw (bowed lute)
instruments, such as flute and
strings. It is a small ensemble c. Jhakhe
traditionally played by women, but d. Klui (vertical flute)
can also be played by men. e. Thon (a bowl-shaped
drum)
f. Khim (Chinese
Dulcimer)
3. Khruang-sai – It is an orchestra that a. Ranat Thum
combines some of the percussion and b. Khwang Wong Lek
wind instruments of the piphat with
an expanded string section. It may be c. Ching
performed both indoors and d. Jhakhe
outdoors. They are used to e. Saw sam sai
accompany Thai dramas.
f. Saw Duang
g. Saw u (two-stringed
fiddle)
h. Thon

Activity 1
Pleng Chang is a well-known children’s song in Thailand and is
taught to children in primary school. The melody is adapted from a Thai
classical piece called Phama Khwee. Listen to this song on YouTube.

Activity 2
Watch a Thai traditional music ensemble. Analyze the music
elements and characteristics.

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 Musical elements Characteri
stics
Rhythm

Melody

Timbre

Harmony and Texture

Form

Post-Assessment
It is now time to evaluate your learning at the end of the lesson.
A. Enumeration
1. Vocal music
a. c.
b. d.
2. Classification of Thai instruments
a. c.
b. d.
3. Types of Thai pop and rock vocal
music
a. c.
b.
4. Instrumental ensembles
a. c.
b.

B. Identify the instrument described in each sentence.

1. It is a pair of cymbals made out of a thick metal shaped like
a tea cup.
2. It is a double-reed pipe.
3. It is a two-stringed instrument with a long neck.
4. It is the most important folk instrument of North Thailand.
5. It is a bowl-shaped ceramic drum.
6. It is a wooden xylophone.
7. It is a triangular spike fiddle.
8. It is a shallow drum that looks like a tambourine without
disks.
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 9. It is a drum placed on a stand.
10. It is a set of 18 knobbed gongs placed in a circular wooden
frame.

Lesson 3
Music of Cambodia

Pre-Assessment
Find out how much you already know about this lesson.
A. Write T on the space before the number if the sentence is true and F if it is false.
1. Cambodia is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina
Peninsula
in Southeast Asia.
2. Cambodia is also known as Kambuja.
3. Cambodia’s traditional music is influenced by ancient Hindu forms.
4. The music of Cambodia is derived from both traditions of the Khmer
Empire and western popular music.
5. Cambodia’s ancient name is Kampuchea.
6. Cambodia’s traditional music is made up of choruses with large
orchestras.
7. There are five classical Khmer ensembles.
8. Thailand and Cambodia have the same musical instruments though they vary in
names and sizes.
9. Traditional Cambodian musical instruments is comprised of a wide
range of wind, string, and percussion instruments.
10. Cambodian pop music is divided into three categories.

B. Identify the following.

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

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Access and Process
Cambodia, also known as Kampuchea, is a country located in the southern
portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by South
Vietnam to the east, the Gulf of Siam to the southwest, Thailand to the northwest,
and Laos to the north. Cambodia has been subject to the intense pressures of its two
neighbors, Thailand and Vietnam. Both have established protectorates over Cambodia
at various times. Cambodia’s ancient name is “Kambuja.”
The music of Cambodia is derived both from traditions of the ancient
Khmer Empire and from the Western popular scene.
Traditional music is highly influenced by ancient and Hindu forms. It can be
heard at a number of occasions—spiritual rites, weddings, Buddhist festivals, and
performances of shadow theater. It is the heart and soul of the people. They have
choruses with large orchestras.
Cambodian music has the people’s expression emphasized on gongs, drum
ensembles, and free-reed mouth organs. It has Thai influence and has undergone heavy
Westernization.
Cambodian music has the following elements and characteristics:

Musical Elements Characteristics

Rhythm Uses mostly duple meter
Melody Uses pentatonic scale or the seven-tone scale
Timbre Vocal – nasal
Vocal – Strophic
Form Instrumental – Three-part form
Harmony and Heterophony (simultaneous variation of a single melodic
Texture line)

Musical Ensembles
There are three Classical Khmer ensembles namely:
1. Pinpeat – plays the ceremonial music of the former royal courts
2. Phleng kar – plays the songs of wedding ceremonies
3. Mahori – involves secular entertainment music, also originated
from the royal courts, that is played by a string-based ensemble.
The term mahori is shared with Thai music and the
instrumentation is often identical, although the songs are not.

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 Pop Music
Cambodian pop music or modern music is divided into three categories namely:
1. Ramvong – slow dance music
2. Ramkbach – closely related to Thai folk music
3. Kantrum – a genre of popular music originating among the
Khmer Surin in Thailand

Musical Instruments
Traditional Cambodian musical instruments are the musical instruments used in the traditional
and classical music of Cambodia. They comprise a wide range of wind, string, and percussion
instruments, used by both the Khmer majority as well as the nation’s ethnic minorities. Basically, Thailand
and Cambodia have the same musical instruments though they vary in names and sizes.
The Pinpeat ensemble accompanies the court music of Cambodia. It
is closely similar to Thailand. This ensemble is also used in masked plays,
dances, religious ceremonies, and shadow plays.
The Pinpeat ensemble includes the following instruments.

Roneat Dek – a
Roneat Thung – a
xylophone that is a Roneat Ek – a hanging
xylophone that consists
metallophone with 21 xylophone consisting of
of 16 hanging bamboo
plates 21 bamboo plates
plates

Sralay – a double- or
quadruple- reed oboe
with seven holes tuned in
heptatonic scale Samphor – a barrel drum, Skor Thom – barrel
beaten with hands or drums tuned in fourths
sticks and fifths

Tro Khmer – a two-stringed

fiddle which can be found
with diverse names and
forms all over Southeast Asia

Khim – a hammered dulcimer Kong Thom – a gong

from Thailand and Cambodia. It ensemble of
is made of wood and it is 17 gongs arranged in half
trapezoidal in shape, with brass
circle, also found 15
in Laos
strings that are laid across the
instrument. and Thailand
 Takhe – a two-stringed
Khloy – a bamboo-length harp/zither with twelve
flute with seven frets
playing holes

Activity 1
Watch a performance of Cambodian old wedding music on
Youtube. Analyze the music elements and characteristics.

Musical elements Characteristics

Rhythm

Melody

Timbre

Harmony and Texture

Form

Activity 2
Watch the Khmer song for children, entitled 1. DAT on YouTube. Describe the music elements that
you hear.

Post-Assessment
It is now time to evaluate your learning at the end of the lesson.
A. Enumeration
1. Cambodian musical ensembles 3. Occasions for traditional music
a. performances

b. a.

2. Categories of Cambodian pop music b.

a. c. c.

b. d.

B. Identify the following.

1. It is a xylophone with 21 plates.
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 2. It is a two-stringed harp/zither with 12 frets.
3. It is a bamboo length flute.
4. It is a hammered dulcimer made of wood with brass strings.
5. It is a barrel drum beaten with the hands or sticks.
6. It is a barrel drum tuned in fourths and fifths.
7. It is a two-stringed fiddle.
8. It is a gong ensemble of 17 gongs arranged in a half circle.
9. It is a xylophone with 16 plates.
10. It is a double or quadruple reed oboe.
Lesson 4
Music of Myanmar

Pre-Assessment

Find out how much you already know about this lesson.
A. Write T on the space before the number if the sentence is true and F if it is false.
1. Myanmar was formerly known as Burma.
2. Myanmar is bordered by China, Thailand, India, Laos, and Bangladesh.
3. Myanmar became a colony in the 18th century.
4. Myanmar is a country with ancient Buddhist temples.
5. Burmese music is melodious and without harmony.
6. Burmese music is more vocal than instrumental.
7. Burmese traditional music is lively.
8. Burmese music relies on sudden contrasts with touches of whimsy melodies.
9. Burmese classical music is classified into outdoor and indoor ensembles.
10. Burmese musical instruments are classified according to the material they
are made of.
B. Identify the following.
1. It is a traditional Burmese folk indoor ensemble.
2. It is a traditional Burmese outdoor ensemble.
3. It is the music often played at religious festivals in Myanmar.
4. It is defined as songs of sorrow.
5. It is the court music in Myanmar.
6.It is the national instrument of Burma.
7. It is a Burmese traditional oboe.
8.It is a kettle drum also known as the “frog drum.”
9.It is the notoriously repressive military government ruling over
Myanmar over the last 30 years.
10. It is the former name of Myanmar.

Access and Process

Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia bordered by China,
Thailand, India, Laos, and Bangladesh. The geographical setting between powerful neighbors
contributed much to the significant development of its belief, architecture, legend, literature,
dance, drama, and music. It became a colony of the British Empire in the 19th century.
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 Myanmar is a country where magnificent and ancient Buddhist temples gaze out
serenely over a nation restless for change. It has plenty of beautiful sites, life-giving rivers,
lush mountain forests, and intricately-drawn cities—but it can also trouble the soul. For the
last 30 years, its people have been ruled by a notoriously repressive military government, the
tatmadaw.
The music of Myanmar has similarities with and is related to many other musical
traditions in the region, including Chinese, Thai, and Indian music. It is melodious and
without harmony. It is more instrumental than vocal.
Burmese traditional music is lively yet graceful, frequently relying on sudden contrasts
and with touches of whimsy melodies.
The following are the characteristics of the elements of the music of Myanmar.

Musical Elements Characteristics

Rhythm Usually in 4/4 time, or 2/4 or 8/16 time signatures
Melody Uses pentatonic or seven-tone scale
Timbre Vocal – nasal
Harmony and Texture Heterophony
Vocal – Strophic
Form
Instrumental – Three-part form
The following music of Myanmar is used in various social functions.
1. Byaw – often played at religious festivals and is sung to the
beat of a long and thin drum
2. Pat pyo – court music
3. Iwan Chin – songs of longing
4. Bole – songs of sorrow

Musical Ensembles
Burmese classical music ensembles can be classified into outdoor and indoor
ensembles.
1. Hsaing waing is a
traditional Burmese folk
indoor ensemble, consisting
of a number of different
gongs and drums. It is
characterized by its lively
and sudden contrasts and
shifts in rhythm, melody,
and tempo. It is not found
outside Burma and has to
be played with great
expertise. It differs greatly
in its diversity of
instruments and musical
style from Thai ensembles.
2. Sidaw is an outdoor musical ensemble
used in royal courts that marks important
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 ceremonial functions like the royal
ploughing ceremony.

Musical Instruments
Burmese classical instruments are grouped into the materials they are made of: air-
based, leather-based, metal-based, string-based, and clappers. These instruments are played in
a musical scale consisting of seven tones, each associated with an animal that is said to be
the producer of the tone. Each tone can be played raised, lowered, or natural
(corresponding to sharp, flat, or natural), resulting in a possible twenty-one combinations.
Some examples of the instruments used in Burmese music include the following:

Saung Gauk – This is the national instrument of

Myanmar. It is a 13-stringed angular harp that has a soft
sound. It is used to accompany the Mahagita (a classical
song of Myanmar). The flat bar is made of cutch wood
and the strings are made of silk.

Hne – It is Myanmar’s traditional

oboe. It has a reed made from fan Ka si – This is a kettle drum also
palms while the body is made of known as the “frog drum” that is
wood. used to summon rain.

Activity 1
Listen to a Myanmar folk song and describe the musical elements that you hear.
Clickable Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4C1LY2YZ6j8

Musical elements Characteristics

Rhythm

Melody

Timbre

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 Harmony and Texture

Form

Activity 2
Listen to a performer playing saung gauk on YouTube and share your thoughts about the
instrument for 3-5 sentences.

Activity 3
Compare the similarities and differences between the music of Cambodia and
Myanmar.

Cambodia Myanmar

Post-Assessment
It is now time to evaluate your learning at the end of the lesson.
A. Describe the music of Myanmar.

B. Identify the following instruments.

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 GLOSSARY

Gamelan – an ensemble of tuned percussion instruments made up of gongs, metal phones, and drums
Hsaing Waing – traditional Burmese folk indoor ensemble
Kruwang-sai – an orchestra that combines some of the percussion and wind instruments of the
piphat ensemble with an expanded string section used to accompany Thai drama
Mahori – a small Thai ensemble consisting of melodic and rhythmic percussion instruments
Pelog – a seven notes scale used in Balengese and Javenese gamelan music
Pinpeat – ensemble that accompanies the court music of Cambodia
Piphat – Thai ensemble consisting of melodic and rhythmic percussion instruments
Sidaw – Burmese outdoor musical ensemble used in royal courts for important ceremonial functions
Slendro – the Indonesian pentatonic scale

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