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    Lec.8 DR - Thaer: Muscles Physiology

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    roqaia roqaia
    1. Muscles are excitable cells that convert chemical energy from ATP into mechanical energy through contraction. 2. There are three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attaches to bones, smooth muscle is involuntary and lines organs, and cardiac muscle is involuntary and makes up the heart. 3. The key properties of muscle are excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity. Muscles function to enable body movement, maintain posture, produce heat, enable respiration, and allow communication.

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    Lec.8 DR - Thaer: Muscles Physiology

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    roqaia roqaia
    14 views24 pages
    1. Muscles are excitable cells that convert chemical energy from ATP into mechanical energy through contraction. 2. There are three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attaches to bones, smooth muscle is involuntary and lines organs, and cardiac muscle is involuntary and makes up the heart. 3. The key properties of muscle are excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity. Muscles function to enable body movement, maintain posture, produce heat, enable respiration, and allow communication.

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    1. Muscles are excitable cells that convert chemical energy from ATP into mechanical energy through contraction. 2. There are three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attaches to bones, smooth muscle is involuntary and lines organs, and cardiac muscle is involuntary and makes up the heart. 3. The key properties of muscle are excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity. Muscles function to enable body movement, maintain posture, produce heat, enable respiration, and allow communication.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views24 pages

    Lec.8 DR - Thaer: Muscles Physiology

    Uploaded by

    roqaia roqaia
    1. Muscles are excitable cells that convert chemical energy from ATP into mechanical energy through contraction. 2. There are three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attaches to bones, smooth muscle is involuntary and lines organs, and cardiac muscle is involuntary and makes up the heart. 3. The key properties of muscle are excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity. Muscles function to enable body movement, maintain posture, produce heat, enable respiration, and allow communication.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 24

    Lec.8 Muscles Physiology Dr.

    Thaer
    The muscles are excitable cells; they are machines to convert the chemical
    energy to mechanical energy.It differs from the nervous system by the fact
    that it has a contractile mechanism which is activated by adenosine
    phosphate .
    The muscle can be excited electrically, mechanically, chemically → action
    potential (A.p.).
    Types of muscle:

    Skeletal muscles: These are voluntary muscles attach to bone.


    Smooth muscles: Involuntary muscle. It is Muscle of the viscera (e.g., in walls of
    blood vessels, intestine, & other 'hollow' structures and organs in the body).
    Cardiac muscles: Muscle of the heart. Involuntary.
    Properties of muscle:
    1-excitability - responds to stimuli (e.g., nervous impulses)
    2-contractility - able to shorten in length
    3-extensibility - stretches when pulled
    4-elasticity - tends to return to original shape & length after contraction or
    extension
    Functions of muscle:
    1-Body movement
    2-Maintenance of posture
    3-Heat production
    4-Respiration
    5-Communication
    Nerve and Blood Vessel Supply

    • Motor neurons
    – stimulate muscle fibers to contract
    – Neuron axons branch so that each muscle fiber (muscle cell) is innervated
    – Form a neuromuscular junction (= myoneural junction)
    • Capillary beds surround muscle fibers
    – Muscles require large amounts of energy
    – Extensive vascular network delivers necessary oxygen and nutrients and
    carries away metabolic waste produced by muscle fibers
    The Skeletal Muscle
    It is that type of the muscles that is attached to bones & moves skeleton, also
    called striated muscle.
    • Composed of muscle cells (fibers),
    connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves
    • Fibers are long, cylindrical, and
    multinucleated
    • Tend to be smaller diameter in small
    muscles and larger in large muscles. 1
    mm- 4 cm in length
    • Develop from myoblasts; numbers
    remain constant
    • Striated appearance
    • Nuclei are peripherally located
    Microanatomy of Skeletal Muscle
    Muscle Fiber Anatomy

    • Sarcolemma - cell membrane


    – Surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of fiber)
    • Contains many of the same organelles seen in other cells
    – Punctuated by openings called the transverse tubules (T-tubules)
    • Narrow tubes that extend into the sarcoplasm at right angles to the surface
    • Filled with extracellular fluid
    • Myofibrils -cylindrical structures within muscle fiber
    – Are bundles of protein filaments (=myofilaments)
    • Two types of myofilaments
    1. Actin filaments (thin filaments)
    2. Myosin filaments (thick filaments)
    – At each end of the fiber, myofibrils are anchored to the inner surface of the sarcolemma
    – When myofibril shortens, muscle shortens (contracts)
    • Thin Filament: composed of 3 major
    proteins
    1. F (fibrous) actin
    2. Tropomyosin Actin (Thin)
    3. Troponin
    • Two strands of fibrous (F) actin form a
    double helix extending the length of
    Myofilaments
    the myofilament; attached at either
    end at sarcomere.
    – Composed of G actin monomers
    each of which has a myosin-binding
    site (see yellow dot)
    – Actin site can bind myosin during
    muscle contraction.
    • Tropomyosin: an elongated protein
    winds along the groove of the F actin
    double helix.
    • Troponin is composed of three
    subunits:
    – Tn-A : binds to actin
    – Tn-T :binds to tropomyosin,
    – Tn-C :binds to calcium ions.
    Now, putting it all together to perform the function of muscle: Contraction
    Z line Z line
    Sarcomere Relaxed
    Sarcomere Partially Contracted
    Sarcomere Completely Contracted
    • Sarcotubular System
    Sarcotubular system of membranous structures in the form of vesicles and
    tubules in the Sarcoplasm of the muscle fiber. It surrounds the myofibrils
    embedded in the Sarcoplasm
    The Sarcotubular system is formed mainly by two types of structure:
    1. “T” tubules
    2. “L” tubules of Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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