PROJECT TITLE

DESIGN OF ROAD SIDE DRAINAGE.

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1 Historical Background:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Type of road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Type of Road side to be designed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Problem statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.1 Main objective:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2 Specific Objectives:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.3 Scope of the project:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.4 Significant of the project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 Summary of Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1 Surface drainage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Collection of surface water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Classification of side drainage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Sub surface drainage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 Cross drainage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 Requirement of Highway drainage system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7 Design of surface drainage system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8 Hydrological analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9 Hydraulic design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER TREE
3.0 Data presentation and analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1 Rainfall data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Surface run off coefficient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1 Peak flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER FOUR
3.4 Rectangular section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 Required section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 Longitudinal slope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Trapezoidal section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1 Required section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.2 Longitudinal slope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 Comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.0 Recommendation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1 References.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Drainage is the process of interception and removal of water from over, and under the
vicinity of the road surface. Drainage can be surface (where water is conveyed on the road
surface and drainage channels), or subsurface (water flows underneath the pavement
structure).
Surface and subsurface drainage of roads critically affects their structural integrity, life and
safety to users, and is thus important during highway design and construction. Road designs
therefore have to provide efficient means for removal of this water; hence the need for road
drainage designs.
Drainage facilities are required to protect the road against damage from surface and sub
surface water. Traffic safety is also important as poor drainage can result in dangerous
conditions like hydroplaning. Poor drainage can also compromise the structural integrity and
life of a pavement. Drainage systems combine various natural and man made facilities e.g.
ditches, pipes, culverts, curbs to convey this water safely.

1.1 Historical Background:

This road is located along DJK street to NHC Blocks opposite to ATC fence. It is unpaved road
and is under the Arusha Municipal Council.

1.2 Problem Statement

According to this problem of lacking side drainage along this road, the soil surrounding the
ATC fence has been eroded by the water flowing during the rain, also because the water
during the rain is passing on the road, potholes has occurred on top of this road. Therefore a
drainage system has to be designed. However, the existing road along this street is showing
signs of failure, caused mainly by lacking of drainage. Also it is better to have good method
of designing a side drainage in order to overcome these problems arises on this road.

1.4Objectives
1.4.1 Main objective:
Design of an efficient drainage system along this road.

Specific Objectives:
 To determine the catchment area and the expected flow.
 To collect design information for drainage system.
 To determination of runoff onto the road and discharge of water.
 To design of the drainage channels using results obtained.

1.5 Scope of the project:

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This project is confined only to designing a drainage system for the road along this road.

1.6 Significance of the project:

The outcome of this project shall help to propose the lay out for the new side drainage in
order to fulfill its requirements as a drainage, such as to drain off excess water on shoulder
and pavement edge which cause considerable damage and improve pedestrian safety using
side walk ways near side drainage.

Methodology:
 Site visiting
 Visiting web sites and Internet
 Literature review
 Questionnaire method
 Photographing
 Leveling

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1Introduction
Highway drainage is the process of interception and removal of water from over, under and
in the vicinity of the pavement.
Highway drainage is one of the most important factors in road design and construction. If
every other aspect of the highway design and construction is done well but drainage is not,
the road will quickly fail in use due to ingress of water into the pavement and its base.
The damaging effects of water in the pavement can be controlled by keeping water out of
places where it can cause damage or by rapidly and safely removing it by drainage methods.
Improper drainage of roads can lead to;
 Loss of strength of pavement materials
 Hydroplaning
 Mud pumping in rigid pavement
 Stripping of the bituminous s surface in flexible pavements

Types of drainage
There are basically three types of drainage applied to highways that;
 Subsurface drainage
 Surface drainage
 Cross drainage

SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE

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Subsurface drainage is concerned with the interception and removal of water from within
the pavement. Some of the sources of subsurface water include; infiltration through surface
cracks, capillary rise from lower layers, seepage from the sides of the pavement to mention
but a few.
Application of side slopes on the road surface, installing of drainage beds in the pavement
and use of transverse drains are some of the measures of effecting subsurface drainage.

SURFACE DRAINAGE
Surface drainage deals with arrangements for quickly and effectively leading away the water
that collects on the surface of the pavement, shoulders, slopes of embankments, cuts and
the land adjoining the highway.
The main source of surface water in most places is precipitation in form of rain. When
precipitation falls on an area, some of the water infiltrates in to the ground while a
considerable amount remains on top of the surface as surface run off.

MEASURES ADOPTED FOR SURFACE DRAINAGE

 The proper cross slope should be provided for both to pavement and shoulders
 The subgrade should be sufficiently above the highest level of ground water table or
the natural ground level
 Side drainage should have to be provided at edges of right-of-way where the road is
in embarkment and the edge of the roadway in cutting
 On hill roads, water may flow towards the road depending on the slope and rainfall
 Catch water drains should be provided to intercept the flow down.

COLLECTION OF SURFACE WATER

The water collected is lead into natural channels or artificial channels so that it does not
interfere with the proper functioning of any part of the highway.
Surface drainage must be provided to drain the precipitation away from the pavement
structure.

CLASSIFICATIONOF SIDE DRAINAGE

There are different types of road side drainage, classified according to the type of
construction, which is as follows;

 Trapezoidal surface drainage

 V-shaped lined surface drainage
 Urban surface drainage

CROSS DRAINAGE

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When stream have to cross a roadway or when water from a side drainage have to be
diverted to water course across the roadway, then a cross drainage work such as culvert or
small bridge is provided.
On less important roads, in order to reduce the construction cost of drainage structures,
sometimes submersible bridges or course way are constructed. During the flood the water
will flow over the road.

REQUIREMENT OF HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

 The surface water from the carriage way and shoulder should effectively be
drained off without allowing it to percolate to sub grade
 The surface water from the adjoining land should be prevented from entering the
roadway.
 The surface drainage should have sufficient capacity and longitudinal slope to carry
away all the surface water collected.
 Flow of surface water across the road and shoulders and along slopes should not
cause formation of erosion.

DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE

 Hydrological analysis
 Hydraulic analysis

2.3 Hydrological analysis

This deals mainly with precipitation and runoff in the area of interest. When rainfall, which
is the main source of water, falls onto an area some of the water infiltrates into the soil
while the remaining portion either evaporates or runs off.
The portion that remains as runoff is the one of major importance in the design of surface
drainage facilities.

2.4 Determination of runoff

Runoff at a particular point is determined with respect to a given catchment area and
depends on a number of factors such; type and condition of the soil in the catchment, kind
and extent of vegetation or cultivation, length and steepness of the slopes and the
developments on the area among others.
The following formula known as the rational formula is used for calculation of runoff water
for highway drainage.
Q= 0.028CIA
Where:
Q is maximum runoff in m3 per sec
C is a constant depending upon the nature of the surface

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 I is the critical intensity of storm in mm per hour occurring during the time of
concentration.
A is the catchment area in km2

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
Once the design runoff Q is determined, the next is the hydraulic design of drains. The side
drainage and other structures are designed based on the principles of flow through open
channels.
If Q is the quantity of surface water (m 3/sec) to be removed by a side drainage and V is
allowable velocity of flow (m/s) on the side drainage, the area of cross section A of the
channel (m2) is found from the relation below:
Q=A.V

The velocity of unlined channel must be high enough to prevent silting and it should not be
too high as to cause erosion. The allowable velocity should be greater than one (1m/sec) for
lined channel.
The slope S of the longitudinal drain of known or assumed cross section and depth of
flow ,may determined by using Manning’s formula for the design value of velocity of flow V,
roughness coefficient n and hydraulic radius R.

Manning’s Formula

V=1/n*R2/3*S1/2
Where:
V=Average velocity m/sec
n=Manning’s roughness coefficient
R=Hydraulic radius
S=Longitudinal slope of channel.

Manning’s Roughness coefficient is

N=0.02 for unlined ordinary ditches

=0.05 to 0.1 for unlined ditches with heavy vegetation
=0.013 for rough rubble
=0.04 for stone riprap
=0.015 for pipe culverts

Hydraulic Radius=Cross sectional area

Wetted perimeter

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Time of concentration (t c)
Time of concentration is that time required for water to travel all al the way from
catchments area to the designed element.
The time taken by water to flow along the longitudinal drain is determined from the length
of the longitudinal drain L the nearest cross drainage or a water course and allowable
velocity of the flow V in the drain.
T = V/L
The total time for inlet flow and flow along the drain is taken as time of concentration or the
design value of rain fall duration.
T c = T1+ T2
Where,
T1- is overland flow time in minutes
T2- is channel flow time in minute

T1 = [0.885 L^3/H]^0.385

Where,
L = the length of overland flow in km from critical point the
mouth of the drain.
H = total fall of level from the critical point to the mouth of the drain in meters.
Note;
- From the rainfall intensity –duration- frequency curves the rainfall I is found in
mm/sec. Corresponding to duration T and frequency of return period.
The required depth of flow in the drain is calculated for convenient bottom width and side
slope of drain. The actual depth of the open channel drain may be increased slightly to give
a free body. The hydraulic mean radius of flow R is determined.
The required longitudinal slope S of the drain is calculated using Manning formula adopting
suitable value of roughness coefficient.

CHAPTER THREE

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DATA ANALYSIS
Rainfall data
The following are the rainfall data, which obtained from the hydrological station at Arusha
air port, No……………., the data are of 11 years from 2000 to 2010, the data are in mm/hr

MAXIMUM RAINFALL INTENSITY DURATION FREQUENCY DATA IN ONE DAY PER YEAR
(mm/hour)

MAXIMUM MONTHLY RAINFALL

YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
2000 28.2 26.7 44.6 143.8 30.1 10.5 3.8 15.8 3.9 1.0 102.6 120.7
2001 225.1 23.5 179.1 108.5 47.7 16.9 1.0 3.0 0.4 0.2 43.3 55.7
2002 124.8 136.3 151.6 220.3 103.8 7.6 1.6 15.8 43.0 97.8 36.8 131.9
2003 33.0 49.2 53.0 39.4 128.3 14.3 2.8 0.1 7.3 23.0 18.1 76.2
2004 79.6 75.9 52.8 97.6 10.5 10.2 0.5 1.0 7.3 30.9 28.3 80.4
2005 14.0 13.2 120.9 130.1 68.5 6.8 3.1 2.2 2.9 58.7 86.5 23.1
2006 36.5 79.4 214.1 291.7 117.9 17.6 7.2 3.7 41.0 58.4 186.9 186.2
2007 70.2 26.0 150.2 112.3 94.0 8.2 4.3 36.1 12.4 21.4 59.5 79.9
2008 27.6 77.7 3.1 2.3 22.6 6.3 4.4 1.2 4.2 0.0 84.2 20.2
2009 47.0 47.6 36.1 123.8 49.7 6.4 0.0 0.0 52.9 144.9 128.5
2010 83.6 106.2 95.9 314.3 49.7 1.3 6.3 0.8 3.0 0.8 11.6 78.0

DATA PRESENTATION
In case of this road, open side drain of trapezoidal and rectangular have to be provided for
disposing of surface water collected. The first step will be to estimate the amount of surface
water flowing, the amount of surface water depend upon the intensity of rainfall, amount of
rainfall, nature of the soil and topographical of the area. Therefore the quantity of water
that can be handled by this ditch or drain can be estimated.

Year Maximum rainfall per month

(mm)
2000 143.8
2001 225.1
2002 220.3
2003 128.3
2004 80.4
2005 130.1
2006 291.7
2007 150.2
2008 84.2
2009 144.9
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2010 314.3
 DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM RAINFALL INTENSITY
YEAR OF 2000

350

314.3
300
291.7

250
225.1 220.3
Rainfall Intensity
(mm/Hour)

200

150 143.8 150.2 144.9

128.3 130.1
100 97.6
84.2

50

0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
years

From the graph the maximum rainfall intensity in the given years (2000-2010) is
314.3mm/hr

DETERMINATION OF RUNOFF
Run off at a particular point is determined with respect to a given catchment area and
depends on a number of factors such as type and condition of the soil, kind and extent of
vegetation (cultivation), length and steepness of the slope and development of the area
among the others.

PEAK DESIGN FLOW

This is the maximum flow rate of a flood wave passing a point along a stream. As the wave
passes the point, its flow increases to the maximum and recedes. It is a major factor in
culvert designs, and its magnitude is dependent on the section of the return period.

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CATCHMENT AREAS (Area data)
 Unpaved gravel road surface and shoulders
Length of the area=0.685km
Width of the area=0.008km
Area=Length*Width
=0.685*0.008
Area=0.00548km2
 Area of land on the other side drain
(Build up area )=0.021*0.8
=0.02km
 Area covered with grass
=0.0234*0.35
=0.005km
Total catchments area
=0.03km

Surface runoff coefficient (C)

 Coefficient of gravel surface=0.35

 Coefficient of build up=0.8
 Coefficient of soil covered with grass=0.1
Therefore C1=0.35, C2=0.8, C3=0.1
Weighted value of runoff Coefficient
C = C1A1 + C2A2 + C3A3
A1 + A2 + A3

C = 0.35*0.00548 + 0.8*0.02 + 0.1*0.005

0.00548 + 0.02 + 0.005
C = 0.614

Therefore, the runoff coefficient (C) =0.614

Peak flow (Q)

From the formula below;
Q=0.278*C*I*A
Where;
Q= Quantity of rain water surface runoff in m3/sec
C= Surface runoff coefficient
I= Maximum rainfall intensity in mm/hour
A= Size of surface area to be drained in km2

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 C= 0.614
I= 314.3mm/hour
A= 0.03km2

Q= 0.278*0.55*314.3*30m
60 *60
Q= 0.447m3/sec
Therefore, Quantity of rain water surface runoff (Q) =0.9m 3/sec

CHAPTER FOUR
DESIGN OF NEW SIDE DRAINAGE
Trapezoidal section
Cross section area (A) of the side drainage required will be obtained from the formula
below;
Q = A*V
Where;
Q = Quantity of rain water surface runoff in m3/sec
A = Cross section area in m2
V = Velocity of flow in m/sec
Q = 0.447m3/sec
V = 1.5m/sec for lined structure
A =?
A = Q/V
A = 0.447/1.5
A = 0.298m2
Therefore, the required cross section area is 0.298m 2

Consider the trapezoidal section below:

B=0.5+2D

B=0.5+2d 150mm free water body

S=1:1 d d D

b=500mm

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Required dimensions;
 Suppose the bottom width (b) =0.5m
 Side slope (S) 1:1
 Free water body = 0.15m
 Vertical height (d) =?
 Horizontal length (B) =?

From the formula

Area = 0.5*(B + b)*d
Area (A) = 0.298m2
B = 2d+0.5m
B = 0.5m
d =?
0.298 = 0.5*(2d + 0.5+ 0.5)*d
0.298 =0.5 (2d + 1)*d
d2 + d-0.298 = 0
d = 0.35m
B = (2* 0.35) + 0.5 =1.2m
D = 0.5 + 0.15 = 0.5m

Required section
1.5m

B=1.2m

S=1:1 d=0.35m D=0.5m

b=0.5m

Effective Area (A) =0.5*(0.5+1.2)*0.35

A effective =0.298m2
Wetted perimeter is equal to the total length of the wetted area.
=Length of two side slope + Bottom length
Where;
Bottom length =0.5m

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 Length of side slope is calculated below

d=0.35m

d=0.35m
s

From Pythagoras theorem,

S2=d2+d2
S= (0.352+0.352)1/2
S=0.495m
Wetted perimeter=0.495+0.495+0.5
=1.49m

Longitudinal slope
From Manning’s formula
V=1/n*R2/3*S1/2
S= (n*V/R2/3)2

Where;
S=Longitudinal slope
V=Velocity of flow in m/sec
R=Hydraulic Radius
n=Manning’s roughness coefficient
Hydraulic Radius=Cross section area ÷ Wetted perimeter
R=0.298 ÷ 1.49
R=0.2
n=0.04
V=1.5m/sec
S= [0.04*1.5 / (0.2)2/3]
S=0.175
Therefore, the proposed slope for the side drainage is 0.175

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Design for rectangular section
From the formula
Q = A* V
Where Q, A and V are already defined before
Q = 0.447m/sec
V = 1.5m/sec
A =?
Q = A*V
0.447=A*1.5
A = 0.298m

Required dimension
 Suppose the bottom width = 1.2m
 Free water body = 0.15m
 Vertical height =?
Consider the formula of rectangular section
Area (A) =Height * Width
Height (D) =?
Width (b) =1.2m
Area = 0.298m
0.298 = 1.2*d
d =0.25m
D =0.25 + 0.15m
D =0.4m

DIAGRAM

Longitudinal slope
Also is calculated from the Manning’s formula
V = 1/n*R^2/3*S^1/2
R= Area
Wetted perimeter
Wetted perimeter = (1.2*2) + (0.25*2)
= 2.9
R = 0.298
2.9

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R = 0.103
n =0.04
V =1.5m/sec
S = 1.5*0.04/0.103^2/3
S =0.523
CONCLUTION
After this research many problems were discovered such as potholes, corrugations, water
lodging, ruts, erosion on the edge of the road as the result of inspection, practical checking
of the whole road and all areas surrounding the road. In order to maintain the life span and
purpose of the road as designing Road side drainage of adequate size and capacity, the
discharge and all dimensions produced can be used for the construction as it designed.

RECOMMENDATION
Due to the condition of the drainage along DJK street road is not satisfactory, this problem
must be taken into consideration together with the information gathered on the road
condition.

APENDICES
1. BOOKING SHEET FOR LEVELLING
BS IS FS RISE FALL RL REMARKS
0.080 BM 0.080
0.235 0.080 0+000
1.160 0.925 0.845 0+030
1.372 0.212 0.633 0+060
1.465 0.093 0.540 0+090
1.710 0.245 0+120
0.710 0+120
1.173 0.463 0+150
1.513 0.34 0+180
2.169 0.656 0+210
0.115 0+210
0.989 0.874 0+240
1.825 0.836 0+270
2.621 0.796 0+300
3.300 0.679 0+330
0.249 0+330
2.179 1.930 0+360
0.949 0.933 0+360
1.882 0+390

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 3.349 1.467 0+420
0.120 0+420
1.687 1.567 0+450
3.232 1.545 0+480
0.232 0+480
1.559 1.327 0+510
2.323 0.764 0+540
2.870 0.547 0+570
3.672 0.802 0+600
1.295 0+600
1.773 0.478 0+630

2. PICTURES

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