QUESTI

ONSANDANSWERS
ANDSOMEBRI
FENOTES
ON
THETEACHI
NGOFPRI
MARY
SCHOOLMATHEMATI
CS
(
PFC212
Q1.Wha
tisma
the
mat
ic
s?

Ans:Mathemati
csli
keot he
rsubj
ectsi
sdif
fi
cul
ttodefi
ne.Iti
spregna
ntwithmanydef i
nit
ions.
Somema the
ma t
icsconsi
dersmat
hemati
csasasc
ienceofnumberandspa
ce.Other
sthinkitisa
wayoffindi
nganswe r
stoaproble
m.Ma nyal
sothi
nk,iti
stheabi
li
tytot
hinkcri
ti
cal
lyinor de
r
t
oe s
tabl
ishre
lat
ions
hipandusethem.

Q2.Gi
veTHREEr
eas
onswhyi
tisi
mpor
tantt
ole
arnma
the
mat
ic
s?

Ans:(a)Tohelpt
hec
hil
dre
ntode
vel
oppr
obl
ems
olvi
ngs
tra
tegi
esa
ime
datde
ali
ngwi
th
s
pec
ifi
cprobl
ems
.

(b)Equipschi
ldr
eninfindingsolut
iontopr
obl
emineve
ryda
yli
fea
ndot
hers
it
uat
ions
s
ucha
st het
eac
hingprof
ess
ion,indust
ry,la
wa ndec
onomi
cs.

(
c)Tobea
blet
ocounta
ndma
kes
impl
eca
lcu
lat
ionwi
thnumbe
rs.

(
d)Tobea
blet
ore
ada
ndunde
rst
andgr
aphsi
nthe
irva
riousf
orms
.

(
e)Toknowa
boutmone
yandbea
blet
oma
kes
impl
eca
lcul
at
ionsi
nvol
vingmone
y.

(
f)Tobea
blet
ome
asur
eanddos
impl
ecomp
uta
ti
onsi
nvol
vingme
asur
eme
nt.

(
g)Tobea
blet
ore
cogni
zes
hape
sandknowt
hei
rpr
ope
rti
es.

Q3.Di
st
ingui
shbe
twe
enapr
obl
ema
ndaque
sti
on.

Ans:Eve
rypr
obl
emisaques
ti
ont
obea nswer
edbutnotallques
tionsar
epr
obl
ems
.Fora
que
sti
ont
obeapr
obl
em,i
tmus
tbec
hal
le
ngingorpe
rpl
exi
ng.Forexample

15-7maybeaproble
mtoabasic2c hil
dbutnotabasi
c5c hi
ld.Thismeanst
hatwha
tmaybea
proble
mt oonechi
ldmaynotnecess
a r
il
ybeapr obl
emtoanotherchil
d.Aproble
mther
efor
eis
normall
yconsi
dere
dtobeachal
lengi
ngorperple
xingques
ti
onors i
tuat
ion.

Q4.Di
st
ingui
shbe
twe
enpr
obl
ems
olvi
nga
ndma
the
mat
ic
ali
nve
sti
gat
ion.

Answe r
:Problemsolvingisaproce
ssoffindingsolu
tiontoapr oble
morpuz z
li
ng,orperpl
exing
sit
uat
ionwhichinvolvestheuseofaknowns t
rat
egytoa rri
vea tas olut
ion.Ontheotherhand,
ma t
hemati
calinvesti
gati
onisthepr oce
s soft ryi
ngt hingsout ,ide nt
if
yingstr
ategi
es,using
dif
fer
entapproache
sa ndme t
hodsforsolvingapr obl
e m oneha snotme tbef
oreandforwhi ch
ther
eisnoreadil
ya vai
labl
eme ansofsol
ution.Inotherwor ds
,therei sNOKNOWNs t
rate
gyt o
a
rri
vea
tsol
uti
ont
othepr
obl
em.

Q5.St
at
eFOURpos
sibl
ebe
nef
it
spupi
lsde
rivei
nca
rryi
ngoutma
the
mat
ic
ali
nve
sti
gat
ion.

Answer:Mat
hemat
ic
alinve
sti
gat
ionpr
omot
esl
ogi
calr
eas
oni
ngi
npupi
ls
.Pupi
lsl
ear
nal
ot
t
hroughpr
act
ic
ala
cti
vit
ie
s.

♣ Pupi
lsunders
tandi
ng ofma
the
mat
ic
alpr
oce
sse
sar
ebr
oade
neda
nd a
rea
blet
othi
nk
mat
hemati
cal
ly.

♣ Pupi
lsi
nte
res
tiss
ust
ai
neda
ndt
hei
dea
stha
tma
the
mat
ic
sisdi
ff
icul
tanda
bst
rac
tar
ere
move
d.

♣Inte
res
tde r
ive
dt hrough mat
hemat
ica
linves
ti
gat
ionsenable pupi
lst
oca
rry on mor
e
i
nve
sti
gat
ionst
her
ebyenabli
ngthe
mt oi
ncr
eas
ethei
rle
arni
ngabil
it
ie
s .

♣Ma t
hemat
ica
linves
ti
gat
ionsa
ll
owf
ormor
eada
pta
bil
it
y,f
lexi
bil
it
y a
ndha
spos
it
ivet
rans
fer
ofl
ear
ningi
npupil
s.

Q6.St
at
eGe
orgePol
ya’
smode
lforpr
obl
ems
olvi
ngi
nthe
irc
orr
ector
der

Ans
wer
:♥Unde
rst
andi
ngt
hepr
obl
em

♥De
vis
ingapl
an

♥Ca
rryi
ngoutt
hepl
an

♥Looki
ngba
ck.

Q7.Thesec
ondstepi
nGe or
gePolya
’smode
lforpr
obl
ems
olvi
ngi
s‘De
vis
ingapl
an’St
at
e
whatac
hil
dshoul
ddobef
oredevi
si
ngapl
an.

Answer: ● Thec
hil
dshoul
dcons
ide
rawi
der
angeofa
ppr
oac
hesa
ndma
kea
ppr
opr
iat
e
se
lect
ion.

●Pl
ana
lls
tra
tegi
esa
ndc
ons
ide
rwha
tmi
ghtgowr
ong.

Q8.Thet
hir
dstepi
nGe or
gePolya’
smodelforprob
lems
olvi
ngi
s“c
arr
yingoutt
hepl
an”Wha
t
shoul
dac
hil
dconsi
derbef
orec
arryi
ngoutt
heplan?

Ans:●Thechil
dmus tbeawareofth
eimpl
ic
ati
onsa
ndma
kea
ppr
opr
iat
ede
cis
ions i
nth
eli
ght
oft
here
sul
tsobt
aine
da tva
riousst
ages
.
 ●Ma
kingge
ner
ali
zat
ionsa
ndj
ust
if
yingt
hem.

●Si
mpl
if
yingt
esta
nda
tt
empt
ingt
opr
over
esu
ltswhe
rene
ces
sar
y.

●Compl
et
ingt
hegi
vingt
ask.

Q9.Thefourt
hst
epi
nGe
orgePol
ya’
smode
lforpr
obl
ems
olvi
ngi
s“l
ooki
ngba
ck”Expl
ain
whatt
hisi
nvol
ves
.

Ans
wer
:♥Che
cki
ngyourr
esul
tandf
indi
ngoutwhe
the
riti
sre
asona
ble
.

♥Ame
ndt
her
esul
tint
hel
ightofyourc
hec
kso
nit
sac
cur
acy.

Q10.(
a)St
at
eGe
orgePol
ya’
sfours
tepsf
orpr
obl
ems
olvi
ng.

(
b)Us
ingas
uit
abl
eexa
mpl
e,e
xpl
ai
nea
chs
tepi
n(a
).

Ans
wer
:●Unde
rst
andi
ngt
hepr
obl
em.

●De
vis
ingapl
an.

●Ca
rryi
ngoutt
hepl
an.

●Looki
ngba
ck.

(b)give
nthatt
her
ea re15peopl
ea ndtha
te a
chper
sonshouldsha
keha
ndsonc
ewi
tha
llot
her
pers
oninthegr
oup,howma nyhandsha
kesshal
lwehaveal
toget
her
?

St
ep1:Unde
rst
andi
ngt
hepr
obl
em:

►Thi
sinvol
vesre
adingt
heque
sti
ona
boutt
hre
eti
mesa
same
ansoft
ryi
ngt
ounde
rst
andt
he
de
mandsoft
heques
ti
on.

► Thi
sque
sti
oni
nvol
vess
haki
ngha
ndswi
tha
llot
herpe
opl
e.

►Eve
ryonewi
llha
veat
urnonc
eonl
ytos
hakeha
ndswi
thonepe
rson.

►Thenumbe
roft
ota
lha
nds
hakewi
llbef
armor
etha
n15.

►Ape
rsonc
annots
hakeh
is/
herownha
nd.I
tisj
usti
mpos
sibl
e.

St
ep2:De
vis
ingapl
an:

♥Youa
rra
nget
hepe
opl
einas
tra
ightl
ine
.
♥Begi
nwi t
hasma ll
ernumberandthenmovet oal argenumber
.Forexample
.3pe opl
ewi l
l
gi
ve2hands
hake
s .I
foneper
sonshakeshandswiththeremai
ning2pe
rsonsandt
herema i
ning2
al
soha
ve1handshakeea
ch.Thi
sme ansfor3people
, t
herear
e3hands
hakest
hatis2+1=3.

St
ep3:Ca
rryi
ngoutt
hepl
an.

♣2pe
opl
egi
ve1ha
nds
hake
.

♣3pe
opl
egi
ve2+1=3ha
nds
hake
s.

♣4pe
opl
egi
ve1+2+3=6ha
nds
hake
s.

♣5pe
opl
egi
ve1+2+3+4=10ha
nds
hake
s.

♣Chil
dre
nca
nnowge
ner
ali
zet
hatf
or15pe
opl
e,t
henumberofha
nds
hake
swi
llbe14+13+
12+11+10+9+8+7+6+5+4+3+2+1=105ha nds
hakes
.

St
ep4:Looki
ngba
ck:

Che
cki
ngt
ose
ewhe
the
rth
eans
weri
scor
rec
tandorc
anbea
ppl
ie
dinane
wsi
tua
ti
on.

I
sthea
nswe
rre
asona
bleori
sthea
nswe
rcor
rec
t?Che
ck:

Le
tsol
veba
ck.

(
1):
S=1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14

(
2):
S=14+13+12+11+10+9+8+7+6+5+4+3+2+1

(1)+(2)give
s2S=15×14( Notethatwhe
nwerever
se14+13+12+11+10…………t o1+2
+3+4………r es
pec
ti
velya
ndaddingbot
hfi
gur
esvert
ical
lygi
ves15.
e.
g.1+14=2+13=3+
2S 15×14
12etc
.)thus, = =15×7=105.Theref
orethenumberofha
ndsha
kesi
s105.
2 2

Thusfornnumberofpeopl
e,t
henumbe
rofha
nds
hakei
s(n-1)+(n-2)+(n-3)+(n-4)+(n-
5)+( n-6)+……… c anbeusedt
odete
rmi
net
hetot
alnumbe
rofhands
hakesi
feachper
son
shoul
dshakehi
s/
herfri
endonce
.

Q11.Gi
vea
nde
xpl
ai
nJohnMa
son’
smode
lforpr
obl
ems
olvi
ngpr
oce
sse
s.

Ans:(a
)Ent
rypha s
e:Atthisphase
,thepr obl
ems ol
veraskshi
msel
fseve
ralques
ti
onsto
de
ter
minewhatheknowsabouttheques
tion.Example
,whatdoIknow a
boutthi
sprobl
em.
WhatdoIwa
ntfromthi
spr
oblem.Thi
sisfoll
owedbytheat
ta
ckphase
.

(
b) At
ta
ckpha
se:Att
hiss
tage
,thepr
obl
ems
olve
rma
yge
tst
ucka
ndt
hroughde
ep
t
hinkings
eerel
at
ionshi
psandst
eponcl
uesa
nde xc
lai
m –AHA!
,Is
eewha
ttodonow.The
se
a
res omeoft
heli
kelyfe
eli
ngoft
hepr
obl
emsolve
r.

(
c)Revi
ewphas
e:Atthi
sst
aget
heproblemsol
verc
heckshi
ssol
uti
on,r
efl
ect
sont
heke
y
i
dea
sandt
hekeymoment
sandsee
sift
hesolut
ionc
anbeexte
ndedtoawiderc
ont
ext.

Q12.Br i
efl
yde s
cri
beagamewhic
hyouc ouldus
etoteachama
the
mat
ic
alc
onc
eptofyour
choi
ce.Namethebas
icma
thema
ti
cside
asi
nvolvedi
nthega
me .

Ans :Aga mewhi chcanbeus edt otea

chtheconceptofprobabil
it
yisludo.Itisaga mepl a
yed
byt wo,thr
eeorfourpeople.Af a
irdienumberedonetosix(1-6)oni t
sfacesist oss
ed.Iti
sfai
r
sincee a
chfacehasa nequa lchanceofappear
ingwhe ntossed.Eachplayerus esfourbutt
ons
whi chareofdif
fer
entcoloursusuall
yblue,r
ed,greenandye l
low.Eachpl a
yert osse
sthediein
turna ndmovesthebut t
onsde pendingonthenumbe rthatappearsone acht oss.A butt
onis
broughtoutofhomewhe nt henumbe r6appea
rsaft
ereachtoss.Aplayerisfi
rsttowi nthegame
whe nhe /
sheisabletoremovea llhisbutt
onsfrom homea ndmove sroundt hrought hepat
hs
ba c
khomef ir
st.

Ba
sicma
the
mat
ic
ali
dea
sinvol
vedi
nthi
sga
me:

i
) Count
ing

i
i) I
deaofpos
sibl
enumbe
rst
oappe
ar(
sampl
espa
ce)

i
ii
) Th
enumbe
rwhi
cha
ppe
arsoutoft
hel
ot(
eve
nt)

i
v) Th
eide
aofwa
nti
ngapa
rti
cul
arnumbe
rtoa
ppe
aroutoft
hel
ot(
proba
bil
it
y)

Q13.Gi
veTHREEge
ner
alobj
ect
iveoft
hema
the
mat
ic
ssyl
la
bus
.

Ans
:♣Soc
ial
iz
eandc
o-ope
rat
ewi
thot
herpupi
lse
ffe
cti
vel
y.

♣Adj
usta
ndha
ndl
enumbe
rwor
ds.

♣Pe
rfor
mnumbe
rope
rat
ion.

♣Col
le
ct,pr
oce
ssa
ndi
nte
rpr
etda
ta.

♣Ma
keus
eofa
ppr
opr
iat
est
rat
egi
esofc
alc
ula
ti
ons
.

♣Re
cogni
zea
ndus
efunc
ti
ons
,for
mul
ae,e
qua
ti
ona
ndi
nequa
li
ti
es.

♣Re
cogni
zea
ndus
epa
tt
erns
,re
lat
ions
hipa
nds
eque
ncea
ndma
ke ge
ner
ali
zat
ion.
 ♣I
dent
if
yorr
ecogni
zet
hea
rbi
tr
ary/
st
anda
rduni
tsofme
asur
e.

♣Us
ethea
rbi
tr
aryuni
tst
ome
asur
eva
riousqua
nti
ti
es.

Q14.Gi
veTHREEge
ner
ala
imsofma
the
mat
ic
ssyl
la
busf
orpr
ima
rys
chooli
nGha
na.

Ans
:i)De
vel
opba
sici
deaofqua
nti
tya
nds
pac
e.

i
i) De
vel
opt
hes
kil
lofs
ele
cti
nga
nda
ppl
yingc
rit
eri
aforc
las
sif
ica
ti
ona
ndge
ner
ali
zat
ion.

i
ii
) Communi c
atee
ffe
cti
vel
yus
ingma
the
mat
ic
alt
erms
,symbol
sande
xpl
ana
ti
ont
hrough
l
ogic
alr
eas
oni
ng.

i
v) Usemat
hemati
csindai
lylif
ebyr
ecogni
zi
nga
nda
ppl
yinga
ppr
opr
iat
ema
the
mat
ic
al
pr
obl
emsol
vingst
rat
egi
es.

v) Under
sta
ndi
ngt hepr
oce
sse
sofme
asur
eme
nta
nda
cqui
res
kil
lsi
nus
inga
ppr
opr
iat
e
meas
uri
ngins
trument
.

vi
) Devel
optheabi
li
tyandwi
ll
ingne
sst
ope
rfor
minve
sti
gat
ionsus
ingva
riousma
the
mat
ic
al
i
deasandope
rat
ions
.

vi
i) Wor
kco-
ope
rat
ive
lywi
thot
herpupi
lst
oca
rryouta
cti
vit
ie
sandpr
oje
cti
nma
the
mat
ic
s.

vi
ii
) Seethes t
udyofma t
hemat
ic
sa same ansfordevel
opi
nghumanva l
uesandper
sonal
qual
it
iessucha
sdil
igenc
e,per
sever
ance
,confi
denceandt
ole
ranc
e,andasapre
para
tion
forprofe
ssi
onandcaree
rsinscie
nce,t
e c
hnol
ogy,commerce,i
ndust
ryandvar
iet
yof
worka r
eas.

i
x) De
vel
opi
nte
res
tins
tudyi
ngma
the
mat
ic
stoahi
ghe
rle
vel
.

Q15.Wr i
tedownTHREEpoi
ntsi
ndi
cat
ingt
her
ati
ona
lef
ort
eac
hingma
the
mat
ic
sinpr
ima
ry
sc
hooli
nGha na
.

Ans
:► Toe
nabl
epupi
lst
ore
asonl
ogi
cal
ly.

► Tof
unc
ti
one
ffe
cti
vel
yins
oci
et
y.

► Tohel
ppupi
lsd
eve
lopi
nte
res
tinma
the
mat
ic
sasa
nes
sent
ia
ltoolf
ors
cie
ncea
nd
r
ese
archde
vel
opme
nt.

► Toe
nabl
epupi
lsr
eada
ndus
enumbe
rsc
omp
ete
ntl
y.
 ► Tohe
lppupi
lss
olvepr
obl
em.

► Toac
qui
reknowl
edgea
nds
kil
lst
hatwi
llhe
lppupi
lst
ode
vel
opt
hef
ounda
ti
onof
nume
rac
y.

► Toe
nabl
epupi
lsc
ommuni
cat
ema
the
mat
ic
side
ase
ffe
cti
vel
y.

Q16.Lis
tSI
Xma
jora
rea
sofc
ont
entc
ove
redi
nthepr
ima
rys
choolma
the
mat
ic
ssyl
la
busi
n
Ghana
.

Ans
:1.Numbe
r

2.Sha
pea
ndSpa
ce

3.Me
asur
eme
nt

4.Col
le
cti
nga
ndha
ndi
ngda
ta

5.Pr
obl
ems
olvi
ng

6.I
nve
sti
gat
ionwi
thnumbe
rs

Q17.Di
st
ingui
shbe
twe
ens
yll
abusa
ndc
urr
icul
um.

Ans
:Syl
la
busi
sal
is
tofma
the
mat
ic
stopi
cst
obes
tudi
ed.

Curr
iculum ontheotherhandisthewholeeducati
onalexperi
encesofthepupil
sinsidea nd
out
sidethecla
ssroomandthes
choolenvi
ronment
.Itinc
ludeswhatista
ughtandhowitistaught.
Thus,curr
icul
umdi r
ect
sthetea
cheronwha tt
oteach,t
eachingandlear
ningmater
ial
stose l
e c
t
andhowt ousethem.

Q18.Wha
tar
ethei
mpor
tantpi
ece
sofi
nfor
mat
iont
hes
yll
abusc
ont
ai
n?

Ans
:♦Ge
ner
alobj
ect
ive
s

♦Ye
ara
nduni
ts

♦Spe
cif
icobj
ect
ive
s

♦Cont
ent
 ♦Te
achi
nga
ndl
ear
ninga
cti
vit
ie
s

♦Eva
lua
ti
on

♦Pr
ofi
ledi
mens
ion

Q19.Li
stTHREEc
urr
icu
lumma
ter
ial
stha
tar
eus
edi
npr
ima
rys
chool
sinGha
na.

Ans
:1)Syl
la
bus

2)Te
ache
r’sha
ndboo
korma
nua
l

3)Pupi
l’
ste
xtbook

4)Othe
rbooksors
our
cesofr
efe
renc
ere
leva
ntt
othes
ubj
ectort
opi
ctobet
rea
tedbyt
he
t
eac
hers
.

Q20.Wha
tdoyouunde
rst
andbyt
het
ermpr
ofi
ledi
mens
ion?

Ans:Pr
ofi
leDi
me ns
ionisaconce
ptinthes
yll
abuswhi
chdes
cri
best
heunde
rlyi
ngbe
havi
ora
l
cha
ngeinl
ear
ningduri
ngte
achi
ng,le
arni
nga
nda s
ses
sment
.

N.
B:Thedi
mens
ionsc
ons
ide
reda
reknowl
edge
,unde
rst
andi
nga
nda
ppl
ic
ati
on.

Knowledgeandunder
sta
ndi
ngt oge
the
rc ons
ti
tut
el owerpr
ofi
ledimens
ionwhil
sta
ppl
ic
ati
on
cons
ti
tutehi
ghe
rprof
il
edimens
ion.Thespeci
fi
edprofi
ledi
mensi
onsinGhanaa
re:

Knowl
edgea
ndunde
rst
andi
ng(
pry1–3)40% pr
y4–6(
30%)

Appl
ic
ati
onsofknowl
edgepr
y(1-3
)60% (
pry4–5)70%.

Q21.Bri
efl
yexpl
ai
nthef
oll
owi
ngt
ermsa
ndgi
vee
xampl
e:(
a)Ge
nde
r (
b)Ge
nde
rbi
as(
c)
Gende
rbal
ance
.

Ans:Gender
:genderref
erstothedif
fer
entc
har
act
eri
st
icsat
tr
ibut
edtoboysa ndgi
rl
sorwoman
andman.Ital
some ansthedif
fere
ntrol
eswhic
hsoci
etythi
nksboysorgir
ls,male
sorfe
male
s,
menorwoma nshouldbeassi
gned.

Exa
mple: Gir
lst
endtoha
vel owint
ere
stinsci
enceandmathemat
ic
swhils
tmenhavehi
gh
i
nte
res
tinmat
hemat
ic
sandsc
iencea
swe l
lassubj
ectwhi
chde
ma ndshi
ghe
rthi
nki
ng.

Ge
nde
rbi
as:Thi
sme
anst
rea
ti
ngpupi
lsunf
air
lyba
sedont
hei
rsoc
ialr
ole
s.Exa
mpl
e,whe
re
boysaremadetos t
udyonr et
urni
ngfrom s
chool,gi
rl
sa reinst
ruct
edt opr
epa
ref
oodint
he
kit
chenorgotothemarke
ta ndsell
.Whil
stboysaregivenscie
ntif
ictoyst
opla
ywit
htohe
lp
devel
opthe
irpr
oble
ms ol
vingskil
ls
,gir
lsa
regive
ndulltoystoplaywit
h.

Genderbal
anc
e:(Genderequit
yorGe nderequal
ity)re
fer
stoas i
tua
tionwhe r
epupil
sare
givenequalac
ces
stopart
ici
pateinanyacti
vit
y.Example:i
nthecla
ssr
ooms it
uat
ion,bot
hboys
andgirl
sshoul
dbegive
ne qualoppor
tuni
ti
estopar
ti
cipatei
nclas
sdis
cuss
ions.

Q22.Gi
veFOURr
eas
onst
hata
ccountf
orl
esspa
rti
ci
pat
ionofgi
rl
sint
hes
tudyofma
the
mat
ic
s.

Ans
:1)Thepe
rce
pti
onofma
the
mat
ic
sasama
ledomi
nat
eda
cti
vit
y.

2)Boysar
ee nc
ouragedtobemoreinde
pende
ntt
hangi
rl
sandt
hisa
lsoe
ncour
age
e
xpe
rimenta
ndpr
obl
ems ol
vinga
mongboys
.

3)Peergrouppr
ess
urecausesgi
rl
stofe
arth
athi
gha
tt
ai
nme
nti
nma
the
mat
ic
swi
llhur
t
t
hede
velopmentoft
hei
rrel
at
ionshi
pswit
hboys.

4)Acti
vit
ie
sinmostt
ext
boo
kr ef
lec
tact
ivi
ti
esassoc
iat
edwi t
hmal
esmorethanthose
a
ssoc
iate
dwi t
hfemal
e.Thes
amesi
tua
ti
onrepe
atsi
tsel
finexamina
ti
onque
sti
onss
etforpupi
ls
a
ndstudent
.

5)I
nc hi
ldcar
epract
ice
,boysaregi
vensi
gni
fi
cantl
ymoresc
ient
if
icandcons
tru
ctiona
l
t
oyswhichencour
agethedevel
opmentofeve
ryi
mport
a ntma
the
mati
calconce
ptandproblem
s
olvi
ng.

6)School
s,employer
sa ndindustr
yappeartoshow l
itt
leint
ere
stine ncoura
gingor
at
tr
a c
ti
nggir
lswithabil
it
yinma t
hematic
sint
osomeoft hef
iel
dsandprofes
sionswherethe
re
ar
egooda ppli
cant
s.Boysa r
eus ua
ll
yc ouns
ele
dt owor kt
owa r
dsahi ghe
rqua li
fi
cati
onin
mathemat
ic
sasac ar
eerbutt
hisi
snotalwayst
hecasewi
thgir
ls.

7)Inc l
ass
room,teac
herstendtoi
nte
rac
tmorewi
thboysthanwit
hgir
ls.The
ya l
sogi
ve
mor
eser
iousconsi
dera
ti
ont oboysthangi
rlsa
ndte
ndtogiveopport
uni
ti
est
oboyst oans
wer
mor
edif
fi
culthi
gherl
evelques
tions.

8)I
nsc
hool
,mor
eme
ntha
nwoma
nte
achma
the
mat
ic
s.

Q23.Wr it
edownTHREEwa
ysbywhi
chyouwou
lde
ncour
agegi
rl
sinyourc
las
stod
eve
lop
i
nter
esti
nma t
hema
ti
cs.

♠Encour
agegr
oupwor
kandma
keg
irl
sle
ade
rsoft
hei
rgr
oup,t
husgi
vingt
hemt
heoppor
tuni
ty
t
otal
k
♠Enc our
agegirl
stodeve
lopc onf
ide
nceinthei
rmathe
mat
ic
ala
bil
it
ie
sbymot
iva
ti
ngt
hem
t
hroughprai
seorcompl
ement
ingthe
irgoodpe
rfor
manc
es.

♠Teac
hingl
ear
ningma
ter
ial
sus
eds
houl
dnotputgi
rl
satadi
sadva
nta
ge.The
yshoul
dbegi
rl
f
ri
endl
y.

♠Pl
anappr
opri
at
ec a
reergui
danc
eforgi
rl
s,s
ot hatt
heywi
llbeawar
ethatl
ackofa
nappr
opr
iat
e
mat
hemat
ic
alqual
if
icat
ionca
nbarthe
mf r
ome ntr
yintoma
nyfie
ldsofempl
oyment
.

♠Di s
cour
ageboysf
romdomina
ti
ngorhija
ckinggr oupa
ndc
las
sdi
scus
sions
,butpr
ovi
dese
qua
l
opport
uni
ti
esf
orbot
hboysandgir
lsi
nthedis
c us
sion.

Q24.De
scr
ibebr
ief
lyt
heBe
havi
ori
st
’st
heor
yofl
ear
ning.

Ans :behaviori
stviewallfor
m ofl ear
ningi
ntermsofdevel
opmentofc onnect
ionsbe t
we en
st
imulir e
ceiveda ndres
ponsesdispl
ayedbyorgani
sm orl
ear
ner
s.Behaviori
stconcludesthat
l
earningisapr oc
e s
sbywhi c
hs ti
muliandre
sponse
sbondsar
ee s
tabl
is
hedwhe nas ucces
sful
re
sponsei mme dia
telya
ndfrequent
lyfoll
owsasti
mulus
.Someoftheearl
ybe havi
oris
tsincl
ude
Skinner
,Pa vlovandThondi
ke.

B.FSkinner
’stheor
yrel
at
e stosti
mulusres
ponsere
lat
ions
hipandr e
inf
orc
ement
.Inhi
svi e
w
le
arnin
gisac hangeinbehavi
or.Thus,a
slear
nersl
earn,t
hei
rresponse
sinte
rmsofchanged
behavi
orinc
rea
ses.

Q25.De
scr
ibebr
ief
lyt
hede
vel
opme
nta
li
st
'st
heor
yofl
ear
ning.

Ans:De velopmentali
stholdsthevie
wt hatt
ounderst
andl earning;wemus tnotconfi
neours elf
toobs e
rvablebehaviorbutmus tbeconcer
nedwiththele a
rner’sabil
itytomenta
llyrecognizehi
s
orhe rinnerworldofc onceptandme mori
es.The
ybe li
e vethatinl e
arni
ng,theme nt
alprocesse
s
ofthec hil
dmus tbet a
keni nt
oa cc
ount.Thismeansc hil
drenc annotlear
nthes a
mec onte
ntas
adultandindividualchil
drenwi l
levendif
ferint
hewa yt heyl ear
n.Inotherwords,l
ea r
ningisa
pers
ona lexperi
encea ndthejobofthete
a c
herist
ofa c
il
i t
atethisprocess
.

Theybel
ievethatthe
rearede
velopme nta
ls t
agesinthea
bil
it
yofthechi
ldtothinkl
ogic
all
y
andthatchi
ldre
nha vetoreachacert
a i
npoi ntofdevel
opmentbef
oret
heyarere
a dyorabl
eto
unders
tandapart
icula
rma t
hemat
ica
lc onceptortheothe
r.

Pi
aget,adeve
lopment
ali
stpropos
ed4st
ages
.The s
eareSens
orymot
ors
tage
,Pr
e-ope
rat
iona
l
s
tage
,concre
teopera
ti
onals
tageandfor
malope
rat
ionals
tage
.
Q26.Gi
veTHREEc
har
act
eri
st
ic
sofpupi
lint
heSe
nsor
ymot
ors
tage
.

Ans1)Chi
ldr
ena
tthi
sst
agea
remos
tl
ywi
thoutl
ang
uage
.

2)
The
yle
arnt
ophys
ica
ll
ycont
rolobj
ect
sint
hei
renvi
ronme
nt.

3)Att
hel
at
te
rpa
rtoft
hiss
tage
,chi
ldr
enbe
comea
war
eofot
her
sandl
angua
gebe
ginst
o
de
vel
op.

Q27.Gi
veTHREEc
har
act
eri
st
ic
sofac
hil
datt
hepr
e-ope
rat
iona
lst
age
.

Ans
:1)Chi l
drenca
nnotcar
ryoutme nt
al
lysi
mpleoper
ati
onssuchasa ddi
ti
on,subt
rac
tion,
mul
ti
pli
cat
ionanddi
vis
ionbe
caus
ethe
ya r
enotabl
etor
ela
tetoabs
tra
cts
tageofthi
ngs.

2)Theyhavedi
ff
icu
ltywi
thhe
ight
,qua
nti
ty,t
imea
ndunde
rst
andi
ngs
pac
eandi
deaof
c
ardi
nalnumbe
rs.

3)The
yca
nnotc
las
sif
ythi
ngsi
.e
.sor
tobj
ecti
ntogr
oups
.

4)The
yha
venor
eve
rsi
blet
houghtpr
oce
ssa
nds
oca
nnott
hinkl
ogi
cal
ly.

5)The
yar
egooda
timi
ta
ti
ngt
houghwi
thoutunde
rst
andi
ng.

6)The
yar
ese
lf-
cent
ere
dande
asi
lyi
nfl
uenc
edbyvi
sua
lda
ta.

Q28.Gi
veTHREEc
har
act
eri
st
ic
sofc
hil
dre
natt
hec
onc
ret
eope
rat
iona
lst
age
.

Ans
:a)Chi
ldr
enbe
gint
ode
vel
opl
ogi
cals
yst
emoft
hought
.

b)The
yac
hie
veunde
rst
andi
ngofa
tt
ri
but
eonea
tat
ime
.

c
)The
yca
nnotc
ombi
neas
eri
esofope
rat
ionst
ope
rfor
mcompl
ext
ask.

d)The
ybe
gint
ogr
oupt
hingsi
ntoc
las
sesa
ndf
ormonet
oonec
orr
esponde
nce

e)Theybegi
ntounde
rst
andt
ime
,qua
nti
ty,s
pac
eandbe
comec
apa
bleofop
era
ting
i
nde
pende
ntl
y.

f
)The
yca
nre
ver
set
houghtpr
oce
sse
sandor
dere
leme
ntsore
vent
sint
ime
.

g)Ca
nnotf
ormul
at
eal
loft
hepos
sibl
eal
te
rna
ti
veswhe
nthe
yar
egi
venpr
obl
em.

h)Theyareablet
ofor
m me
nta
lac
ti
onsr
athe
rtha
nre
lyi
ngont
hephys
ica
lne
edt
o
per
for
mt he
m.
 i
) The
yar
eal
somor
ecomf
ort
abl
ewi
thc
onc
ret
ema
ter
ial
sdur
ingt
eac
hinga
ndl
ear
ning.

Q29.Gi
veTHREEc
har
act
eri
st
ic
sofac
hil
dint
hef
orma
lope
rat
iona
lst
age
.

Ans
:a)The
yca
nre
ver
set
houghtpr
oce
sse
s.

b)The
yunde
rst
andt
ime
,spa
ce,he
ight
,di
st
anc
eet
c.

c
)The
yca
npe
rfor
mma
the
mat
ic
alope
rat
ionsba
sedona
bst
rac
tthought
.

d)The
yha
vet
hea
bil
it
ytode
alwi
tht
hea
bst
rac
tinbot
hve
rba
landma
the
mat
ic
als
it
uat
ions
.

Q30.De
scr
ibebr
ief
lyBr
une
r’st
heor
yofde
vel
opme
nt.

Ans:Br uner’
stheoryofd e
velopmentsugge st
sthatc hi
ldr
ena ndadult
sgot hr
oughthreemain
sta
gesofde vel
opme ntwhentheya relearni
ngs omepi eceofma themati
cs.Hestat
esthatany
subje
ctcanbet a
ughte f
fec
ti
velyins omei nt
ell
ectua
llyhonestformtoa nychil
datanystageof
devel
opme nt
.Hepr opos
edthre
el evel
s.Ena c
ti
ve,laconicandsymbolicsta
ges.I
nsimpleter
msit
impli
esthatwheneverachil
dlearnsnewc oncept
,he/shewi l
lpasst
hroughtheconce
ptateachof
thes
elevel
sinturn.

Q31. Whatisthei mpl

ic
ati
on ofBr
une
r’st
heo
ry ofde
vel
opme
ntf
ort
eac
hing ane
w
mathe
mat
ic
alc
onc
e pt
?

Ans : Thei mplicati

onist hat
,thepr es
e nt
ati
onofne wc onc e
pts houldbema def ir
stusi
ng
concretema te
rialsandfo l
lowedl a
terwi thagr adualintroducti
onofa bstr
acts ymbolsa f
ter
havingusedpi ct
ureordiagrams(l
e a
rningproceedsfromc oncret
e–s e
mic oncret
e-a bst
rac
t).It
istobenotedt hatthepr
oporti
onoftimes pentone achofthesest
a geswil
lva ryaccordingtoage,
experienc
ea ndabi l
it
yi.
e.youngerc hi
ldr
e nwillrequir
elotsofc oncret
eac t
ivit
ie
st ounde r
sta
nd
newc onc
eptswhi chmaynotbet hecasewi t
hol derchil
drenthoughs omemode lsma yst
il
lbe
usefultothe
m.

Q32.Expl
ai
nbr
ief
lyJ
eromeBr
une
r’sEna
cti
ves
tageofde
vel
opme
nti
nle
arni
ng.

Ans: Att hi
ss t
agethec hi
ldusesmotorresponsestopa s
te ve
nts
.Thec hil
da tt
hisleve
l
mani
pulat
esc oncr
etema t
eri
alsdir
ect
ly.Thec hil
dl e
arninginvol
vesdire
cte xperi
enceand
mani
pulat
iveskil
ls
.Example:Inper
for
mingaddit
ionsums:thre
eplusfour
,achil
dha stofor
ma
se
toffourobject
sandanothert
hre
eobject
sandputthemt oget
herbef
oredet
erminingtha
tther
e
a
res
eve
nobj
ect
sina
ll
.

Q33.Expl
ainbri
efl
yJe
romeBr
une
r’s“
lac
oni
c”s
tageofde
vel
opme
nti
nma
the
mat
ic
sle
arni
ng
gi
vinge
xample
.

Ans :Itisthes
tagewhe r
ethechil
dus e
sme nta
lpic
tur
esofconc
ret
eobject
s.Atthi
ssta
gethe
childuse
sme nt
a li
ma getore
prese
ntac once
pt.Thi
sisbas
edonvi s
ualdat
asuchaspictur
es,
diagra
msa ndil
lust
rat
ions
.Example,achil
disablet
opict
urementa
ll
ythatacoll
ect
ionoftwo
pensaddedtofi
vepensgiveseve
npe ns
.

Q34.Wha
tdoyouunde
rst
andbyt
het
ermCONCEPT?

Ans:conc
e ptre
fer
stot
heknowl
edgegainedthroughe
xperi
enceora
cti
vit
ie
s.Conc
epti
sfor
med
whent
heme ani
ngofatop
icunder
studyisfull
yunders
toodsoastoappl
ytheide
agai
nedina
ne
ws i
tuat
ion.

Q35.Howdoe
sRi
cha
rdSke
mpde
scr
ibec
onc
ept
?

Ans
:Ac c
or dingt
oRichardSkemp,c
once
pti
sthement
alobj
ectwhi
chr
esul
tswhe
nwea
bst
rac
ts
f
romsomethingwhic
ht he
ya l
lhavei
ncommonanumberoft
imes.

Forinst
ance,youngc hil
drenlear
nthec once
ptof“
do g”f
romr epea
tedcont
actwithmanytypes
ofdogs.Alsoc hil
drenlearntheme aningofnumberbye xper
ienci
ngnumbe rinmanyva r
ied
si
tua
tionsorthroughs ui
tabl
ec ol
lec
tionofexampl
es.Thes a
mehol dsf
oradditi
on,s
ubtr
acti
on,
mult
ipli
cat
ion,divi
sionandme asure
me nt.

Q36.
.I nthete
achi
ngandl
ear
ningofma
the
mat
ic
s,t
hec
hil
dle
arn“
conc
ept
”and“
ski
ll
s”
Expl
ai
nthe
setwoter
ms.

Ans:c once
ptr ef
erst
otheknowl edgeorment
alimageori
deagainedt
hroughe
xperi
enc
eor
act
ivi
ti
e smathemat
ica
ll
yc oncepti
sf orme
dwhenthemeani
ngofat opi
cunders
tudyisful
ly
under
stoodsothatt
heknowledgegainedca
nbeus
edinanewsit
uat
ion.

Exampl
et hesymbol“ 3”re
presentame nta
limageofa llthingsorgroupsconta
iningthr
eeit
ems
sucha
si l
lustr
ate
dint hebr
ackets(•
••)theconc
e ptofdogsi sformedf r
omr e
peatedcont
actwit
h
manydogs .Ontheotherha
nds kil
listhemechanicala
spec tofma t
hema t
ic
s.Iti
stheabil
it
ytodo
somet
hing.Howt oadd.Subtr
act,di
videormultipl
ya r
ee xa mple
sofs ki
ll
s.
Q37.Wha
tisme
antbypr
ima
rya
nds
econda
ryc
onc
ept
?

Ans:Pr i
mar yconceptsar
etheknowl
edgeoridea
sbuiltfr
oms ensoryexperi
ences
.Fore xa mpl
e,
se
eing,feel
ing,smelli
ng,tas
ti
ngandtouchi
ng.Theconceptof“redness”forexampleisf ormed
f
rom s e
eingma nyr e
dobj e
ctandrecogniz
ingthe
irc ommonpr ope
rty.Alsothec onc eptof
“t
hreenes
s”ort wonessisfor
medfrome xpe
rie
nci
ngma nydiff
erentset
se achcont
aini
ngt hreeor
t
woobj ect
sr es
pect
ively.

Sec
ondar
yconce
ptsareknowledgeoride
asbuil
tb ycombi
ningpri
ma r
yc oncept
s.Exampl
e,
wordss
ucha
sred,bl
ue,gr
een,etcar
eusedtodes
cri
becol
ours
.One,two,thr
eee t
carere
fer
red
t
oasnumber
.Int
hisca
secolourandnumbe
rsarer
efe
rre
dtoassec
ondaryconcept
.

Q38.A)Expl
ai
nbr
ief
lywha
tisme
antbyaf
rac
ti
on.

B)St
at
eTHREEa
cti
vit
ie
stha
twi
lll
eadt
othec
onc
eptofaf
rac
ti
on.

Ans
:A)Af r
act
ioni
stheres
ultofdi
vidi
ngsomethi
ngi nt
oanumberofe
qua
lpa
rtsa
nde
achof
t
heori
gina
lwhol
eisafra
cti
on.Thusafra
cti
onisapartofawhol
e.

B)Thea
cti
vit
ie
sle
adi
ngt
othec
onc
eptofaf
rac
ti
on.

▬ Fol
dingas
hee
tofpa
peri
ntoe
qua
lpa
rtsa
ndc
olourt
hepa
rtswi
thdi
ff
ere
ntc
olour
s.

▬ Fi
ndi
nghowma
nyt
ime
sth
econt
entofas
mal
le
rcont
ai
nerc
anbeobt
ai
nedi
nabi
gge
r
c
ont
ai
ner
.

▬ Gr
oupi
ngas
etofobj
ect
sint
osubs
etsa
nds
ele
cti
ngas
ubs
etoutoft
hebi
gge
rse
t.

Q39.Di
st
ingui
shbe
twe
enac
ommon/
prope
rfr
act
iona
ndi
mpr
ope
rfr
act
ion.

Ans
:Ac ommonorpr
ope
rf r
act
ioni
sanumberl
esst
han1oraf
rac
ti
onwhos
enume
rat
orsi
s
1 3 5
sma
ll
ert
hant
hede
nomi
nat
or.Exampl
e , , e t
c.
2 4 8

Ontheotherha
nd,animpr
ope
rfra
cti
oni
sanumbe
rgr
eat
ert
han1orwhos
enume
rat
ori
ssma
ll
er
7 54
t
hanthedenomina
tor
.Exampl
e . .
5 43

Q40.Wha
tisa
nequi
val
entf
rac
ti
on?

Li
stTHREEpa
irsoff
rac
ti
ont
hata
ree
qui
val
ent
.
Ans:Twoormor
efr
act
ionsa
ree
qui
val
enti
fthe
yar
edi
ff
ere
ntnume
ric
all
ybuta
ret
hes
amei
n
2 4 1 2
va
lue. and , and .
4 8 3 6

Q41.Howwoul
dyouus
ere
all
if
esi
tua
ti
oni
nint
rod
uci
ngc
hil
dre
ninba
sic2t
othec
onc
eptofa
f
ract
ion.

Ans:A)Shar
ing(par
t–wholemodel)
:thi
sist
hec
asewhe
rec
hil
dre
nbr
eakorc
uti
te
msl
ike
or
ange
sorsweet
sint
obit
sandsha
re.

Oneha
lf

B)Partgr
oupmodel
:cons
ide
ringpa
rtofaseti
nrel
at
iont
othema
jors
et.E.
g.gr
oupas
eti
ntoa
subs
etandse
lec
ti
ngasubs
etoutoft
hemajorse
t.

1
2

B)Rat
iomode
l:Thi
sshowst
herel
ati
ons
hipbet
weenobj
ect
softhes
ameki
nd.Thusc
ompa
ring
3
obj
ect
soft
hesameki
nd.Fr
act
ionasadi
vis
ionoft
wonumbers
.E.g. as3:
8.
8

Q42.Expla
inhowyouwouldus
econc
ret
ema
ter
ial
stos
howt
oaba
sic4pupi
lst
hatt
he
1 2
f
ract
ions and areequi
val
ent
.
4 8

Ans
:a)us
ingapa
perf
oldi
nga
nds
hadi
ng:

Fol
das
hee
tofpa
peri
ntof
oure
qua
lpa
rtsa
nds
hadeonepa
rt.

Fol
danot
hers
hee
tofpa
peroft
hes
amedi
mens
ioni
ntoe
ighte
qua
lpa
rtsa
nd s
hade
t
wo.

Gui
depupil
stoc
ompar
ethes
hade
dpor
ti
onsoft
het
wos
hee
tsoft
hepa
per
sbyl
ayi
ngt
hems
ide
bys
ideandendt
oend.

1 2
Pupi
lss
eet
hat
,thea
reaoft
hes
hade
dpor
ti
onf
or and ar
ethes
ame
.
4 8

1 2
Gui
depupi
lst
owr
it
ethi
sas =
4 8

1
4

2
8

b)Us
ingCui
sena
irer
od:

♥Pi
ckabr
ownr
oda
sawhol
e.

1
♥Spl
itt
hebr
ownr
odi
nto4r
edr
odsa
ndpi
ckoner
edt
opr
ese
nt
4

♥Nows
pli
tthebr
own(
whol
e)r
odi
nto8whi
te
.

♥Gui
depupi
lst
opi
ck2whi
ter
odsoutoft
he8whi
te
.

♥Expl
ai
ntha
tthe2whi
ter
epr
ese
nt2outof8wh
iter
ods
.

1 1 2
NB: re
pre
sent
s1r
edr
odoutof4r
edr
ods
.Thus
, =
4 4 8

1
Br
own 1Rr
epr
ese
ntsoner
edoutof4r
ed=
4

2
R R R R 1R=2w=2outof8w=
8

1 2
W W W W W W W W Thus
, =
4 8

Q43.Expla
inascl
earl
yasposs
ibl
eusi
ngdia
gra
msa ndwor
dshowyouwoul
dde
mons
tra
tet
o
cl
ass4pupi
lswhi
chisgre
ate
rfr
act
ioni
nea
chofthef
oll
owi
ngexa
mpl
es.
 1 1 4 3
a
) and b) and
3 6 5 4

Ans
:(a
) Le
tpupi
lsc
utt
wor
ect
angul
ars
tri
psofpa
per
sha
vingt
hes
ames
izea
nda
rea
.

1
 Onecutouti
sdi
vide
dint
othre
eequalpar
tsandonepa
rti
ssha
dedf
or whi
ls
ttheot
herpa
rt
3
1
i
sdivi
dedint
osixe
qualpa
rtsa
ndonecutoutshade
dfor .
6

 Pupi
lsputt
hec
ut-
outs
idebys
idea
nde
ndt
oendt
ocompa
ret
hei
rar
easa
sshownbe
low.

1
3

1
6

1 1
 Fr
omt
hedi
agr
am,pupi
lss
eec
lea
rlyt
hatt
hea
reaf
or isgr
eat
ert
hant
hea
reaf
or
3 6

1 1 1 1
 Gui
depupi
lst
owr
it
ethi
sas > i.
e. isgr
eat
ert
han inva
lue
.
3 6 3 6

Ans
:b)  Twor
ect
angul
arc
ut-out
soft
hes
ames
izea
nda
reaa
res
uppl
ie
dtopupi
ls
.

4
 Onec
utouti
sdi
vide
dint
ofi
vee
qua
lpa
rtsa
ndf
ourpa
rtss
hade
dfor .
5

3
 Le
tpupi
lsf
oldt
heot
herpa
peri
ntof
oure
qua
lpa
rtsa
ndt
hre
epa
rtss
hade
dfor
4

 Gui
depupi
lst
ocompa
ret
hea
reaoft
hes
hade
dpor
ti
onsbyl
ayi
ngt
hems
idebys
idea
nde
nd
t
oend.

4 3 4 3
 Pupi
lsdi
scove
rtha
tthea
reac
ove
redby isgr
eat
ert
han .Thus > .
5 4 5 4

4
5

3
4

N.
B:Ot
herTLM’
ssuc
hasCui
sena
irer
oda
ndf
rac
ti
ona
lcha
rtsc
ana
lsobeus
ed.
 1
Q44.Us
econc
ret
ema
ter
ial
stoe
xpl
ai
ntoba
sicf
ivepupi
lst
hea
ddi
ti
onoff
rac
ti
ons +
5
2
5

Ans
:¿Le
tpupi
lst
akear
ect
angul
ars
hee
tofpa
per

1
¿Gui
depupi
lst
ofol
dint
ofi
vee
qua
lpa
rtsa
nds
hadeonepa
rtf
or
5

¿Ta
kea
not
herr
ect
angul
ars
hee
tofpa
peroft
hes
amedi
mens
ion.

2
¿Fol
dint
ofi
vee
qua
lpa
rtsa
nds
hadet
wopa
rtsf
or
5

 Le
tpupi
lsputt
het
wos
hade
dpor
ti
onst
oge
the
rtogi
vet
hre
epor
ti
onsa
sshownbe
low.

1f
if
th 2f
if
ths

3f
if
ths

1 2 1+2 3
 Gui
dec
hil
dre
ntowr
it
ethi
sas + = =
5 5 5 5

b)Us
ingCu
ise
nai
rer
ods
:

²Ta
keaye
ll
owr
oda
sawhol
e.

²Spl
itt
heye
ll
owr
odi
ntof
ivewhi
te
s.

1
²Pi
ck1whi
ter
odt
ore
pre
sent
5

2
²Pi
cka
not
her2whi
ter
odst
ore
pre
sent
5

²Addthe1whi
ter
odt
otheot
her2whi
ter
odst
ogi
ve3whi
ter
odsa
ndc
ompa
rewi
tht
he
f
ivewhi
ter
ods.
 3
²Pupi
lsi
nfe
rtha
tthe3whi
ter
odsr
epr
ese
nt3outoft
he5whi
ter
odsi
.e
.
5

1 2 3
Pupi
lswr
it
ethi
sas + = Ye
ll
ow 1whol
e
5 5 5

W W W W W 5whi
te
s

3 1 2 3
3whi
te
scompa
redt
oawhol
e(5whi
te
s)= .i
.e
. + =
5 5 5 5

3 2
Q45.a)Expla
inhowyouwouldgui
deac
las
s5pupi
ltoa
ddt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
rac
ti
on and
8 8
us
ingana
me dconc
ret
emat
eri
al
.

b)Expl
ai
nhowt
hea
lgor
it
hmf
ort
hea
ddi
ti
onoff
rac
ti
onwi
llbede
vel
ope
d.

3
Ans
: Fol
dar
ect
angul
ars
hee
tofpa
peri
nto8e
qua
lpa
rtsa
nds
hade3f
or
8

 Fol
da not
herr
ect
angul
ars
hee
tofpa
peroft
hes
amedi
mens
ioni
nto8e
qua
lpa
rtsa
nd
2
s
hade2part
sfor .
8

 Addt
het
wos
hade
dpor
ti
onsa
ndc
ompa
rewi
thawhol
e.

3 2 5
 Pu
pil
sse
etha
tthea
ddi
ti
onoft
hes
hade
dpor
ti
onsa
s + =
8 8 8

Thus + =

3 2 5
8 8 8

3 2 3+2 5
Al
gor
it
hm: + = =
8 8 8 8

N.
B.Cui
sena
irer
odsc
ana
lsobeus
ed.

1 1
Q46.Us
ingt
hee
xampl
e + ,de
scr
ibes
tepbys
tephowyouwoul
dus
eCui
sena
irer
odt
o
3 5
de
vel
opa
lgor
it
hmf
ort
hea
ddi
ti
onofc
ommonf
rac
ti
onwi
thc
las
s4pupi
ls(
DBE2007)

Ans
:²Gui
depupi
lst
oide
nti
fyt
hewhol
eas1bl
uea
nd1da
rkgr
eenpute
ndt
oend.

1
²Gui
depupi
lst
ospl
itt
hewhol
eint
o3ye
ll
owr
ods(
i.
e.i
ntot
hir
dths
)andt
ake1ye
ll
owf
or .
3

1
²Gui
depupi
lst
ospl
itt
hewhol
eint
o5l
ightgr
eenr
odsa
ndpi
ck1l
ightgr
eenr
odf
or .
5

²Gui
depupi
lst
ospl
itt
hewhol
eint
o15whi
te
s.

²Le
tpupi
lsputt
hel
ightgr
eena
nd1ye
ll
owr
odt
oge
the
r.

²Si
ncet
hisi
simpos
sibl
e,gui
depupi
lst
oexc
hange1l
ightgr
eenf
or3whi
te
sand1ye
ll
owr
od
f
or5whi
tes.

²Le
tpupi
lsputt
he3whi
te
sandt
he5whi
te
stoge
the
rtoge
t8whi
te
sas

3whi
te
s+5whi
te
s=8whi
te
s

3whi
tes 5whi
tes 3whit
es+5whit
es 8whi
tes
Thus + = = .
15whites 15whites 15whit
es 15whites

3 5 3+5 8
Al
gor
it
hm: + =
15 15 15 15

(
N.Br
ect
angul
ars
hee
tofp
ape
rca
nal
sobeus
ed)
.

Q47.Wha
tisama
the
mat
ic
ala
bst
rac
ti
on?

Ans:Tol ear
nac once
pt,chi
ldr
enr
equi
reanumberofcommonexperi
ence
sre
lat
ingt
othe
conce
pt.Thusfindingthec
ommonproper
tyofs
eve
ralse
emingl
ydi
sconnec
ti
ngexa
mple
sare
cal
le
da bs
tra
cti
on.

Q48.St
at
eanyTHREEdi
sadva
nta
gesofi
nst
rume
nta
lle
arni
ng.

Ans
: I
tdoe
snota
iddi
scove
rya
mongc
hil
dre
n.

I
tdo
esnote
ncour
agel
ogi
calt
hinki
nga
mongpupi
lsorc
hil
dre
n.

 Nopr
act
ica
lappr
oac
htot
eac
hing,t
huspupi
lsf
orge
tea
sil
ywha
tthe
yle
arnt
.
Q49.St
at
eanyTHREEa
dva
nta
gesofi
nst
rume
nta
lle
arni
ng.

Ans
:²Agr
eat
erpe
rce
nta
geoft
hec
our
sec
ont
enti
scove
redwi
thi
nas
hor
tti
me.

²Itisea
syt oacqui
rea
ndisusua
ll
ypre
fer
redbyst
udent
ses
peci
al
lywhenthedat
eforwr
it
ingan
examina
tionisve r
yc l
ose
.E.g.st
ude
ntjustne
edthequadr
ati
cequa
tion for
mulart
os ol
ve
probl
emsa ndnottopr
oveit
.

²Le
ssknowl
edgea
ndt
hinki
ngi
sre
qui
red.

Q50.St
at
eatl
eas
tTHREEa
dva
nta
gesofr
ela
ti
ona
lle
arni
ng.

Ans:¿Iti
smoreada
pta
blet
onewtasks.Fori
nst
anc
eifachi
ldha
srela
ti
onall
earni
ng,heorshe
wil
lnotonl
yknowwhichmethodworksbutwhyitworksaswell
.Thise
nablehim orherto
r
ela
tethemet
hodt
onewprobl
ems.

¿Ma t
hemat
icsle
arntr
ela
ti
ona
ll
yise
asyt
oremember
.Thati
stheunder
sta
ndingofi
nte
rre
lat
ions
bet
weenconcept
sall
owthemtober
emembe
redaspar
tofaconnect
edwholeins
tea
dofal i
stof
se
para
terul
es.

¿Re l
at
ionallea
rni
ngcanbeef
fec
ti
veasagoalinits
elf.Thenee
dforext
erna
lre
war
da nd
puni
shmentisgr
eat
lyr
educ
edt
husmaki
ngt
hemoti
vat
ionalsi
deofat
eac
her
’sj
obmuchea
sie
r.

¿Rela
ti
onalunder
standing/lea
rni
ngisorgani
cinq ua
li
ty.Whe npeopl
egets
ati
sfa
cti
onfrom
r
ela
ti
onalund
erst
andi
ng,t heydonotonlyunde
rst
andma t
eri
alputbe
foret
hembutal
soact
ivel
y
s
eeknewma t
eri
alande xplor
enewa r
eas
.

Q51.St
at
eTWOdi
sadva
nta
gesofr
ela
ti
ona
lle
arni
ng.

Ans:♥Iti
snotcos
tef
fec
ti
ves
inc
emuc
hmone
ywi
llber
equi
redt
opur
cha
sema
ter
ial
sfor
prac
tic
alac
ti
vit
ie
s.

♥Iti
stimecons
umi
nga
ndt
her
efor
enote
noughc
ont
entc
anbec
ove
redwi
thi
nthegi
vent
imeby
t
heproduc
t.

Q52.Expl
ai
nwha
tisme
antbyt
het
ermMul
ti
pleEmb
odi
mentpr
inc
ipl
eandgi
vee
xampl
es.

Ans: Thepr i
ncipleofMultipl
eEmbodime ntrefer
st osit
uati
onwhe r
e byea
chc onc
eptis
re
present
edbytheus eofdi
ffe
rentmodel
s,examples,di
ffer
entapproa
chesandsi
tua
ti
ons,t
hus
hel
pingtoabs
tra
cttheconc
eptofagive
nideawithoutthe
irper
cepti
onsbas
edononlyoneort
wo
s
pecifi
cc oncre
tee xampl
es.Fore xampl
eus ingpa pe
rf ol
dingands hadingini nt
roduci
ng
f
ract
ions,usi
ngCuisenai
rerodsinpr
oduci
ngfracti
ons
,fi
ndinghowma nyti
me st
hecont
e nt
sofa
s
ma l
lercontai
nerc
oul dbeobtai
nedinabigge
rc ont
ai
nerinint
roduc
ingfra
c t
ion.Gr
oupingas e
t
i
ntosubsetsa
ndpickingasubsett
oindi
cat
eafracti
on.

Q53.Expl
ai
nwha
tisme
antbyc
ons
erva
ti
on.

Ans:cons
ervat
ionr
efer
stot
heabi
li
tyofachi
ldt
odet
ectt
hatameas
urer
ema
inst
hes
ameor
i
nta
c twhet
herit
’se
lement
sar
eputtoge
the
rorse
par
ate
dfromeac
hother
.

Q54.1)Wha
tdoweme
anwhe
nwes
ayt
hatac
hil
dha
s“c
ons
erve
dnumbe
r”?

2)Bri
efl
yde s
cri
beac onse
rva
ti
ontestyouwoul
dca
rryoutt
ode
ter
minewhe
the
rap
rima
ry
c
las
s1pupilhascons
ervednumberornot.

Ans
:Theabil
it
yofachi
ldt
otel
ltha
tthenumberofobj
ecti
nagr
oupr
ema
inst
hes
amewh
en
t
heobj
ecti
nthegr
oupar
ere
-ar
range
dorsepar
ated.

Exa
mple:1)Teac
hershowsgrai
nsi
nhi s/
herpa
lmtothepupil
s.Asthepupi
lsobs
erv
e,t
he
t
eac
herpour
soutt
hes
egrainsont
hef
loororonat
abl
esotha
tthe
ys pr
eadout
.

2)Tea
chera
s kspupi
lswhet
hert
hegr
ainsontheta
bleorfl
ooraremoret
han,l
esst
han
ora
sma
nya st
hequanti
tyofgra
inswhi
chwer
ei nhi
spalmswit
houtcount
ing.

3)Thechi
ldi
ssa
idtohavecons
erve
dnumbe ri
fhe/s
hesayst
hatt
henumbe
rofgr
ains
ont
hef
loora
ret
hesameaswhe
nt he
ywe r
einthepa
lmwi t
houtc
ounti
ng.

i
i)Tos
eei
fac
hil
dha
sco
nse
rve
dnu
mbe
r.

Showchil
drentwogroupsofc
ount
ers
:Fi
rstl
inet
hegr
oupsups
otha
tthe
rei
sanobvi
ousone
cor
res
pondenceass
hown.
 Next,as
kt hechi
ldre
nifthetwogr oupshavethesa
menumbe rofobj
ects
.Ifthechi
ldr
ensay
yess
preadtheobjec
tsinoneoft hegroupsapar
t.Askthechi
ldr
enift
hetwogr oupsar
esti
llt
he
sa
me.Ifthechil
dbelie
vest
ha tonegrouphasmoreobject
s,t
hechil
dhasnotconser
vednumber
.

Q55.Howwoul
dyoude
tec
ttha
tac
hil
dha
scons
erve
dle
ngt
h?

Ans:whensti
ckofe
quallengt
hsa r
eei
the
rpl
ace
dtoge
the
rors
epa
rat
eda
ndac
hil
dsa
yst
hes
ti
ck
ar
ee qua
lthe
yhavecons
ervedlengt
h.

A B

Equa
linl
engt
h Equa
linl
engt
h

Noi ncr
eas
eorde cr
easehastakenpla
ceonanyoft hes
ti
cks,onlythatonehasbe
enshif
ted
sl
ightl
yawayf r
omtheother
.Ifthec
hil
dseest
hatgr
oupAa ndBa llhaveequa
lle
ngt
h,t
henthe
chil
dha sconse
rve
dl e
ngth.Ifthechi
ldsa
ysthattheya
renote qual
,t he
nthechi
ldhasnot
conser
vedlengt
h.

Q56.Expl
ai
nwha
tisme
antbyc
ons
erva
ti
onofwe
ight
/ma
ss.

Ans: Take2t
insoft
hes
ames
hapea
ndvol
ume
,us
ingbe
amba
lanc
e,l
etc
hil
dre
nobs
ervet
hat
bot
hweight
sar
eequal
.

Di
sfi
gureoneofthet
insbyknoc
kingit
ssidewi
thas
toneorha
mme
randa
skt
hec
hil
dwhe
the
r
t
het
wot i
nssti
llha
vethesameweight
/mas
s.

I
fc hi
ldrenobse
rvet
hatthewe i
ghtst
illr
e mai
nst hesamedespi
tet
hechangesinsha
peand
vol
ume ,thechi
ldr
enhavecons
ervedmassorwe i
ght.Other
wis
etheyha
venotconse
rve
dma s
sor
weightwhe nt
heysayt
hatonewe i
ghsmorethantheother
.

Q57.A)Wha
tiss
ort
ing?ORWha
tdoe
sac
hil
ddowhe
nshes
ort
sobj
ect
s.

B)Gi
veTWOr
eas
onswhyyouwoul
denga
geac
hil
dinK.
Gorc
las
s1i
nsor
ti
nga
cti
vit
ie
s.

Ans:A)Sorti
ngisgroupi
ngorsepara
ti
ngobjec
tsacc
ordi
ngtoi
dent
if
iabl
echa
rac
ter
ist
ic
s,
at
tr
ibut
esorp
rope
rti
esa
ndcanbedi
sti
nguis
hedf
romal
lothe
rs.
 Ex
ampl
e:s
epa
rat
ingobj
ect
sint
ocol
our
s,s
ize
,sha
pese
tc.

B)Re
asons
:

i
)Thec
hil
dca
nide
nti
fys
imi
la
rit
ie
sanddi
ff
ere
nce
samongobj
ect
s.

i
i)Be
for
ethec
hil
dca
ncount
,he
/shes
houl
dbea
blet
oide
nti
fyt
heobj
ect
stoc
ount
.

i
ii
)Topr
ovi
det
hec
hil
dwi
tht
heba
sisf
orbui
ldi
nge
arl
ynumbe
rconc
ept
s.

i
v)Asapr
e-r
equi
si
tef
ort
hef
orma
ti
onofs
ets
.

Q58.Expl
ai
nthef
oll
owi
ngt
ermsa
sus
edi
npr
e–numbe
rac
ti
vit
ie
s.

a
)Or
der
ing b)Ma
tchi
ng c
)Compa
ring

Ans :a )Orderingofas etist hearrange mentofagi vens etintot hesamel ogic

alorders ucha s
or derofma gnitude,we i
ght.E. g.aski
ngpupi l
stoma keas tr
a i
ghtl inest
andinginorderofhe ight
wi ththeshortestpupi lf
ir
stupt othel onge
s tpupi
l.Pupilscollectanumbe rofcyli
ndric
a lempt y
tinsa ndarranget hemi nor derofs i
ze.Orde ri
ngthusi nvolvesc ompa ri
ngobjectstode ter
mi ne
whi chonei ss horterorlonge rthant heothe rorwhichi she a
vierorl esshe a
viertha
nt heot her
thus,theaccompa nyingvoca bular
yorc onc
e ptsuc
ha slongerthan,he a
viertha
ne t
c.arelearnt
.

b)Mat
chi
nginvol
vespai
ri
ngme
mbe
rsofones
etwi
thme
mbe
rsi
nanot
hers
eti
naone
t
oonecor
res
pondenc
e

Ma
tchi
ngt
wodi
ff
ere
nts
etsa
sshownbe
low.
Ma
tchagr
oupofgi
rl
stoagr
oupofb
oyss
otha
tea
chha
sapa
rtne
r.

c
)Compa ri
ngal
someansbr
ingi
ngtwodif
fer
entobj
ectsonaflatbas
eandnot
ingt
he
di
ff
ere
ncebe
twee
nthem.Exampl
ecompar
ingthel
engthofpe
ncila
ndpen.

Pe
nci
l

Pe
n Pe
n

Q59.A chi
ldi
nki nde
rgar
tencl
ass2(K.G2)Compar
est
helengt
hofape
nci
landpe
ngi
ve
THREEexpr
ess
ionswhicht
hechi
ldcanus
etode
scr
ibet
hel
engt
hs.

Ans
:²Thepe
nci
lisl
onge
rtha
nthepe
n.

²Thepe
nci
liss
hor
tert
hant
hepe
n.

²Thepe
nci
lasl
onga
sthepe
n.

²Thepe
niss
hor
tert
hant
hepe
nci
l.

Q60.De s
cri
behowyouwoul
dguideachi
ldwhoc
annotc
ountt
ode
ter
minewhi
choft
het
wo
gr
oupsofobj
ectAandBbe
lowisbi
gge
r.

Ans
:●Guidepupi
lst
oma
tchorpa
irt
heme
mbe
rsoft
hes
etwos
etsi
nonet
oone
c
orr
esp
ondenc
e.
 A B

●Pupi
lsnot
etha
tame
mbe
rins
etBha
snotbe
enma
tche
d.

●Pupi
lsc
onc
ludet
hats
etBi
sbi
gge
rtha
nse
tA.

Q61.Gi ve
nTHREEc ont
aine
rsE.
FandG,des
cri
bebri
efl
yhowyouwoul
dgui
dea
nea
rly
chi
ldhoodpupi
ltoor
dert
hecont
ai
ner
sac
cordi
ngtot
hei
rcapac
it
ie
s.

Ans
:♥Gu
idepupi
lst
ocompa
ret
hec
apa
cit
ie
soft
woc
ont
ai
ner
satat
ime
.

♥Or
dert
hec
ont
ai
ner
sac
cor
din
gtot
hei
rca
pac
it
ie
s.

♥Thi
sinvol
vesc
ompa
ringEa
ndFt
ode
ter
minewhi
chi
sla
rge
r.

♥Ne
xtc
ompa
reEa
ndGt
ode
ter
minewhi
chi
sla
rge
r.

♥The
ncompa
reFa
ndGt
ode
ter
minewhi
chi
sla
rge
r.

♥The
nar
ranget
hemi
nor
derf
roml
esshe
avi
ert
othehe
avi
est
.

Q62.a
)Wha
tisc
ount
ing?

b)Whywoul
dyout
eac
hac
hil
dhowt
ocount
?

c
)Wha
tre
leva
nts
kil
lss
houl
dac
hil
dha
vet
obea
blet
ocountobj
ect
sinagr
oupe
ffi
ci
ent
ly?

d)Des
cri
beinde
tai
lthest
epsyouwoul
dta
keapupi
linK.
Gthr
ought
oena
blehi
mtoc
ount
t
heobj
ecti
nagroupcorr
ect
ly.

Ans
:a)count
ingisusi
ngasequenc
eofwords(one
,two,t
hre
e,four…….
)toc
orr
espondwi
th
t
heit
emstobecount
ed.Thei
temscoul
dbebot
tl
etopsorbe
ans.

b)Achil
distaughth
owt oc
ounts
othatthechi
ldca
ndet
ermi
net
henumbe
rofobj
ect
sina
gi
vengroupandtel
lhowmanyobj
ectsthe
rearei
nagr
oup.
 c
)Toknowt henumbe rnamei nthec
onventi
ona
lorderi
.e.one,two,t
hree
……… a ndbe
abl
etomatchthes
ewor dsonebyonetotheobj
ectsbe
ingc ount
ed.i
.e
.coor
dina
ti
ngthe
numberna
me sandthegroupofobj
ect
s.

d) i)Expl
aint
hatwhenwec
ountt
heobj
ect
sinagr
oup,wede
ter
minehowma
nyobj
ect
therear
eint
hegroup.

ii
)Guidepupi
lstopi
ckanobj e
ctint
hegivengroupa ndpl
aceitinanewposit
ionand
saythenumbernamecor
respondi
ngtothenumbe rofobje
ctintheconve
nti
onalor
der
begi
nningwit
hone,t
hati
sifhehasoneobje
ctatthenewplace
,hes a
ysone.

i
ii
)Ift
her
ear
etwoobj
ect
satt
hene
wpl
acehes
ayst
wo(
tha
tis
,the
rea
ret
woobj
ect
s
t
her
e)

iv)Gui
det
hechi
ldtocont
inu
ewitht
hisa
cti
vit
yunt
ila
llt
heobj
ect
satt
heor
igi
nalpl
ace
havebe
enmovedtot
henewplac
e.

v)Thechi
lduse
st hela
stnumbernameme nt
ionedtode
scri
bet
henumberofobj
ect
sin
thegr
ouptha
tisthenumbernamete
llshowma nyobj
ect
sthe
rea
rei
nthegroup(
car
dina
l
number)

Q63.a
)Expl
ai
nthedi
ff
ere
ncebe
twe
enac
ardi
nalnumbe
randa
nor
dina
lnumbe
r.

b)
Des
c r
ibeTWO a c
tivit
ies(oneforea
c haspe
ct)whi
chyouc ancar
ryoutwi
thpr
ima
ry
c
las
spupi
lssotha
tthe
ywi llunde
r s
tandt
hefol
lowin
ga s
pec
tsofnumber

i
)Ca
rdi
nalnumbe
r

i
i)Or
dina
lnumbe
r

Ans:(i)Acardi
nalnumbert
el
lshowma nyobject
sther
eareinase te.
g.the
reare40student
s
incl
ass2.40isusedinthec
ardi
nalsens
e.Whi l
stanordi
nalnumbe rgi
vestheposi
ti
onofa n
obj
ecti
nrela
ti
ontoot he
robj
ect
sinthegroup.Evanswasthi
rdinthe100mr acecompetedby
10st
udent
s.

(
ii
)Ac
ti
vit
ie
stha
twi
lle
nabl
epr
ima
ryc
las
s1pupi
lst
ounde
rst
andc
ardi
nalnumbe
rar
e:

a
)Putsomeobje
ctsont
het
eac
her
sta
blea
nda
skt
hemt
ote
llhowma
nyobj
ect
sthe
rea
re
ont
heta
ble
.

b)Pr
epa
renumbert
rayorboxe
swit
hdi
ffe
ren
tobject
sint
hema
nda
skc
hil
dre
nto
i
ndi
cat
ethenumberna
me sa
ndnume
ral
saccor
dingl
y.
 f
ive

c
)Ac
ti
vit
ie
stha
twi
lle
nabl
epr
ima
ryc
las
s1p
upi
lst
ounde
rst
andt
heor
dina
lnumbe
r

i
) Arr
angechi
ldreninorde
rofhei
ght
,wei
ght,orsi
z ea
ndnumberthemaccor
dingl
y.
Fr
omt hear
rangementachi
ldr
eal
iz
est
hathisfr
iendise
it
herl
ongerors
hort
erthan
hi
morhe r
.

i
i) Thusac
hil
dinf
erst
ha s1st,2nd,3rdor4thi
thei nthea
rra
nge
ment
.

i
ii
) Givechil
dre
ns uc
ces
sivenumbersasthe
ye nt
ert
heclass
roomsot ha
tchildr
enwi l
l
knowwhoe nt
ere
dtheclas
sroom f
irs
t,se
cond,t
hir
de t
c.Thus,chil
dre
ni nfert
hat
oneoftheme .
g.Kwasiwasthefi
rstamongthef
ir
stfourchi
ldr
enwhoe nte
redthe
cl
assr
oom.

Q64.Expl
ai
nthec
onc
eptz
erot
oapupi
linc
las
s1.

Ans
:►Chi
ldr
enmayha
vepr
obl
emwi
tht
henumbe
rze
robe
caus
eze
roi
sthenumbe
rpr
ope
rty
f
orane
mpt
yset.

♦Gui
dechi
ldre
ntounder
standt
heconc
eptzerobyaski
ngthemtoi de
nti
f yagr
oupofpupi
ls
wi
tht
woheadsint
hei
rcl
assoragr
oupofpupi
lsta
ll
ert
hanthes
choolbuil
ding.

♦Pupi
lsf
indt
hate
achoft
hegr
oupha
venome
mbe
rs.

♦I
nfor
mpupi
lst
hatt
henu
mbe
rforgr
oupi
swr
it
te
nas"
0"a
ndt
henumbe
rna
mei
sze
ro.

Q65.Desc
ribebri
efl
yhowyouwoul
dhe
lpaki
nde
rga
rte
n1(
K.G)pupi
lst
ounde
rst
andc
lea
rly
t
heconc
eptofthenumber"
two"
.

Ans
:►Showgr
oupofva
riousobj
ect
sea
chc
ont
ai
ningt
woobj
ect
stot
hepupi
l.

►I
nea
chc
ase
,ca
lloutt
henumbe
rna
me"
two"
.

►Ne
xta
skpupi
lst
oshowyout
woo
bje
cts
.e.
g.t
wope
nci
ls
,twobook,t
woe
yes
.

Q66.Br
ief
lyde
scr
ibet
woa
cti
vit
ie
sinwhi
chyouwoul
denga
geac
hil
dina
nea
rlyc
hil
dhoodt
o
e
nabl
ehi
mwr
it
ethenume
ral3

Ans
:♣Dr
awi
ngt
henume
ral3ons
andwi
thf
inge
r.

♣Wr
it
ingt
henume
ral3i
nthea
ir.

♣Tr
aci
ngt
henume
ral3f
roms
tenc
ilorc
utout
.

Q67.De
scr
ibea
nac
ti
vit
yinwhi
chyo
uwoul
denga
geaK.
Gpupi
line
achoft
hef
oll
owi
ngwa
y.

a
)Pa
tt
ern.

b)Fi
ndi
ngt
hene
xtt
ermi
napa
tt
ern.

Ans
:a)Pa
tt
ern.

►Showapa
tt
ernma
deofc
onc
ret
ema
ter
ialt
opupi
ls
.

►As
kpupi
lst
oma
keonej
ustl
iket
heones
hownus
ingc
onc
ret
ema
ter
ial

►Gi
vepu
pil
sst
ri
ngswi
thbe
adsa
nda
skt
hemt
oma
ket
hes
amepa
tt
ern.

b)
Findi
ngt
hene
xtpa
tt
ern.

►Fi
ndt
hene
xtpa
tt
ernma
dewi
tht
hegi
venpa
tt
ern.

►Pupi
lss
tudyt
hepa
tt
ernma
dewi
tha
tt
ri
but
esha
pest
ofi
ndt
hene
xts
hapei
nthepa
tt
ern.

………………….
.

Q68.Howwoul
dyouus
econc
ret
eors
emi–ma
ter
ial
stoc
las
s1pupi
lst
ope
rfor
mthef
oll
owi
ng
ope
rat
ions
.
 a
) 3+4 b)37+48

Ans
:us
ingc
ount
ers

♥Le
tchi
ldr
enf
romas
etc
ont
ai
ning3c
ount
ersa
nda
not
hers
etc
ont
ai
ning4c
ount
ersi
sshown

♥As
kpup
ilst
oputt
heobj
ect
sint
hef
ir
sts
eta
ndt
hes
econds
ett
oge
the
r.

♥As
kpup
ilst
ocountt
ode
ter
minet
henumbe
rofobj
ect
sputt
oge
the
r.

♥I
ntr
oduc
etheuni
onU,e
qua
ltos
igna
ndt
hepl
uss
ign.

U =

♥Di
scus
swi
thc
hil
dre
ntha
tthr
eeobj
ect
stoge
the
rwi
thf
ourobj
ect
sgi
vess
eve
nobj
ect
s.

♥I
ntr
oduc
ethef
orma
lla
ngua
gea
ndnot
at
ionofa
ddi
ti
ont
ochi
ldr
en

♥Thus"
thr
eepl
usf
oure
qua
lss
eve
n" 3 + 4 = 7.

Us
ingCui
sena
irer
ods
:

■Guidechi
ldr
ent
opi
ckal
ightgr
eenr
odwhi
chr
epr
ese
nt3a
ndpi
cka
not
herpur
pler
odwhi
ch
r
epr
esent4.

■Gui
dec
hil
dre
ntopl
acet
het
wor
ode
ndt
oend.

■Gui
dec
hil
dre
ntof
inda
not
herr
odt
hatwi
llma
tcht
het
ota
lle
ngt
h.

■Chi
ldr
endi
scove
rtha
tbl
ackr
odwhi
chr
epr
ese
nts
eve
nma
tche
sthet
ota
lle
ngt
h.

■Pupi
lst
husnot
ic
etha
t3+4=7a
ndr
eada
sthr
eep
lusf
oure
qua
lss
eve
n

Us
ingofnumbe
rli
ne(
semic
onc
ret
ema
ter
ial
s)

■As
kchi
ldr
ent
odr
aws
tra
ightl
ineont
hef
loor
.

■Gui
dec
hil
dre
ntowor
kequa
lspa
cedpoi
ntsont
hel
ine
.

■Letchi
ldr
ena
ssi
gnwhol
enumbe
rst
othede
sir
edpo
int
swi
tht
hepoi
nt"
0"s
tar
ti
ngf
romt
he
l
efte
nd.
■Gui
dec h
ildre
ntoste
ponz e
ro(0)andjumpthr
eest
epsf
orwa
rdf
aci
ngr
ightt
o3a
nda
gai
n
j
umpfour4s t
epsf
orwards
ti
llfa
cingri
ghttopoi
nt7.

■Chi
ldr
ennot
ic
etha
t3+4=7.

N.
B.(us
eseve
rale
xampl
esofaddi
tionsofwholenumbe
rsus
ingnumbe
rli
nef
orpupi
lst
ore
ali
ze
t
hatt
heope
rat
ionsi
gnpl
us(+)meansmoveme nt
s)

Chi
ldr
enneedtoknow t
hebasi
ca ddi
ti
onfac
tsthor
oughl
ybe
for
ethe
yar
eint
roduc
edt
o
a
dditi
onsofwhol
enumbe
rswit
htwoormoredi
git
s.

Hel
pchi
ldr
ent ounde
rst
andt
heconceptofpl
aceva
lue
.Pl
aceva
luei
stheva
lueofadi
giti
na
numbe
rde
pendingonit
spla
ceorpos
it
ioninthegi
vennumbe
r.

e
.g.i
nthenumbe
r54,t
he"
5"i
sinf
act50or5t
enswhi
let
he"
4"i
s4one
s.

Al
so67,6t
ens+7one
s.Si
mil
arl
y248me
ans200+40+8

i
.e
.20t
ens+4t
ens+8one
s

2f
lat
s+4l
ongs+8c
ube
s

Theval
ueof2i
nthenumbe
r248i
s200,t
heva
lueof4i
nthenumbe
ris40a
ndt
heva
lueof8i
s
8ones
.

Thefol
lowi
ngba
set
enTLM ma
ybeus
edt
ohe
lpc
hil
dre
naddwhol
enumbe
rswi
tht
woormor
e
di
git
s.

a
)Di
ene
sba
set
enma
ter
ial
s.

b)Thea
bac
us.

c
)Bundl
esofs
ti
cks

a
)Us
ingDi
ene
sba
set
enma
ter
ial
s.

►Le
tchi
ldr
enr
epr
ese
nt37by3l
ongsa
nd7c
ube
sand48by4l
ongsa
nd8c
ube
s.

►Gui
dec
hil
dre
ntoputt
hes
etoge
the
rsot
hatt
heyge
tat
ota
lof7l
onga
nd15c
ube
s.

► Gui
dechi
ldre
nt or
egroupore
xchangethe15c
ube
stoge
t1l
onga
nd5c
ube
ssot
hati
nal
l
c
hil
dre
nge
tat ot
alof8longsa
nd5cubes.
Chi
ldr
ens
eet
hat37+48=85

b)Us
ingAba
cus
:

►Expl
ai
ntha
tther
odsont
her
ighta
ndl
eftoft
hea
bac
usa
reone
sandt
ensr
espe
cti
vel
y.

►Wi
th37,l
etc
hil
dre
nput7r
ingsont
heone
scol
umna
nd3r
ingsont
het
ensc
olumn

►Wi
th48,l
etc
hil
dre
nput8r
ingsont
heone
scol
umna
nd4r
ingsont
het
ensc
olumnbe
low:

Te
ns one
s

►Le
tchi
ldr
eni
dent
if
ytha
tthe
rea
remor
etha
nte
nri
ngsi
ntheone
scol
umn.

►Expl
ai
ntha
t10r
ingsont
heone
scol
umnr
epr
ese
nt1r
ingont
het
ensc
olumn.

►Guidechil
dre
ntor
emov
e10r
ingsf
rom t
heone
scol
umna
ndr
epl
acet
hem wi
thoner
ingon
t
het
enscolumn.

►Chil
dre
nth
enr
eal
iz
etha
tthe
rewi
llbe8r
ingsont
het
ensc
olumna
nd5r
ingsont
heone
s
c
olumn.

►Gui
dec
hil
dre
ntowr
it
ethi
sas37+48=85.

N.B.Uses
imi
la
rexa
mplesa
ndexte
ndtoaddi
tionof3ormor edi
git
sandexpl
ai
ntha
tth
erods
onthea
bac
usfr
omri
ghtt
olef
tar
eonest
enshunbre
dsthouds
andsr
espec
ti
vel
y.

i
i)Us
ingbundl
esofs
ti
cks
.

♦Guid
ec hi
ldr
ent
orepr
ese
nt37byt
hre
ebundle
soft
ens
ti
cksa
nds
eve
nsi
ngl
est
ic
ksa
ndt
he48
byf
ourbundle
soft
enst
ick
sand8si
ngl
est
icks
.

♦Le
tchi
ldr
enputt
hemt
oge
the
rsot
hatt
heyge
tat
ota
lofs
eve
nbundl
esoft
ens
ti
cksa
nd15
s
ingl
est
ic
ks.

♦Combi
net
hes
ingl
est
ic
kst
oge
t8b
undl
esoft
ens
ti
cksa
nd5s
ingl
est
ic
ks.

♦Chi
ldr
enc
ountt
hebundl
esofs
ti
ckst
oge
tei
ghtbundl
esoft
ens
ti
cksa
nd5s
ingl
est
ic
ks.

♦Chi
ldr
enr
eal
iz
etha
tthe
yha
ve8t
ensa
nd5one
swhi
cht
heywr
it
eas37+48=85

Nowt
ryt
hisque
sti
on.

a
)Us
ingt
henumbe
r243e
xpl
ai
nwha
tisme
antb
ythet
erm"
pla
ceva
lue
"oft
hedi
git
s243.

b)De
scr
ibehowyouwoul
dguidepr
ima
ryc
las
s3pupi
lst
ofi
ndt
hes
um of36+47us
ing
Di
ene
sbaset
enmat
eri
al
s(DBE2008)
.

Q69.Descr
ibeTHREEdi
ff
ere
ntwa
ysyouwoul
dus
etohe
lppupi
lsi
npr
ima
ryc
las
sonet
osol
ve
t
heprobl
em6–2.

Ans:The
rear
ethr
eewa
ysbywhi
chs
ubt
rac
ti
onoc
cur
s.The
sea
ret
akea
way,c
ompa
ris
ona
nd
mis
singa
dde
d.

Takeawa
ymea nsi
dent
if
yingas
mal
le
rgr
oupwi
thi
nal
arge
rgr
oupa
ndr
emovi
ngt
hes
mal
ler
gr
oupfromt
hel
argergr
oup.

I
nus
ingt
akea
waya
ppr
oac
h:

▬ Le
tpup
ilsf
ormas
etc
ont
ai
nings
ixobj
ect
s.

▬ Le
tpup
ilsr
emovet
woo
bje
ctsf
romt
hes
etofs
ixobj
ect
s.

▬ As
kpupi
lst
ote
llhowma
nyobj
ect
sar
ele
fta
sthea
nswe
r.

2t
ake
nawa
y

Thus
,si
xta
kea
wayt
woe
qua
lsf
our
.

▬ Pupi
lst
henwr
it
ethi
sas6–2=4.

Compa
ris
oninvol
vesmatchi
ngt
wose
tsi
nonet
oonec
orr
esponde
ncea
ndf
indi
ngouthowma
ny
membe
rsarel
eftinthel
arge
rse
t.

I
nus
ingc
ompa
ris
ona
ppr
oac
h.
▬ Gui
depupi
lst
ofor
mas
et[
A]c
ont
ai
nings
ixobj
ect
sanda
not
hers
et[
B]c
ont
ai
ningt
woobj
ect
.

▬ Gui
det
hemt
oma
tchob
jec
tsi
nse
tAt
otheobj
ect
sins
etBi
naone–onec
orr
espondi
ng.

▬ As
kthe
mtot
el
lhowma
nyobj
ect
sar
ele
fti
nse
tAa
sthea
nswe
r.

A B

Thussi
xobj
ect
smat
chedt
otwoobj
ect
sequal
sfour
.Chi
l
drent
henwr
it
eitas6–4=4.

Missi
ngaddendrequi
resf
indi
nghowmanymor
emustbeaddedt
oasett
omakei
tup
t
oagi vennumber.

I
nusi
ngt
hisappr
oach.

▬ Gui
depupi
l
stof
indhowmanyobj
ect
smustbeaddedt
otwot
omakeupsi
x.

▬ Chi
l
drenf
indt
hatf
ourmustbeaddedt
otwot
omakeupsi
x

Thus6–2=4.

N.
BCui
senai
rer
ods.

▬ Gui
det
hechi
l
dtopi
ckadar
kgr
eenr
odwhi
chr
epr
esent
sawhol
ewi
tht
hev
aluesi
x.

▬ Letpupi
l
spickanotherr
edrodwhichhasavalueof2andfi
ndanot
herr
odwhi
ch
whenputtotheendoftheredrodwi
l
l beequal
tothedar
kgreenr
od.

▬ Chil
drenf
indt
hist
obepurpl
e.Pupi
l
sfi
ndt
hat4i
sthemi
ssi
ngnumbert
hatmustbe
addedto2tobeequalt
osi
x.

Numberl
i
ne[
semi
-concr
ete]canal
sobeusedt
osol
vet
hepr
obl
em 6–2

I
nusi
ngnumberl
i
ne.

▬ Gui
depupi
l
stodr
awanumberl
i
neont
hef
loor
.
▬ Letchi
l
drenmar
kequal
poi
ntont
hel
i
ne.

▬ Letchil
drenassi
gnwhol
enumber
stot
hedesi
redpoi
ntswi
tht
hepoi
nt"
0"st
art
ing
f
rom lef
thandasshown:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

▬ Gui
depupi
l
stost
eponzer
opoi
ntandt
urni
ngr
ight
,jump6st
epsf
orwar
dandl
andon
6.

▬ Achi
l
dnowat6i
sgui
dedt
omov
ebackwar
ds2st
epst
olandon4.

▬ Chi
l
dreal
i
zest
hat6–2=4

Subt
ract
ioncanbeext
endedt
otwoormor
edi
git
swhol
enumber
s.

Q70.Howwoul
dyougui
deapupi
li
ncl
asst
hreet
osol
vet
hepr
obl
em?

a)47–26 b)36–17

Ans:a)47–26canbesolvedusi
ng Dienesbaset
enmat
eri
al,
abacusandbundl
es
ofst
icks.Thei
deaofpl
aceval
ueisal
sor
equired.

I
nusi
ngbundl
esofst
icks:

Gui
dechi
l
drent
orepr
esent47as4bundl
esoft
enst
icksandsev
ensi
ngl
est
icks.

Gui
dechildr
ent otakeawaytwobundlesoft
ensti
cksfr
om t
hef
ourbundl
esoft
en
sti
cksleavi
ngtwobundl esofst
icksandaskt
hem t
otakeaway6si
ngl
esti
cksfr
om t
he
sevensingl
esticks.

Chi
l
drenreal
i
zet
hataf
tert
heact
ivi
ti
est
wobundl
esoft
enst
icksandonesi
ngl
e
st
ickarelef
t.

Thus,
theywr
it
ethi
sas

4t
ens 7ones
 - 2t
ens 6ones

2t
ens 1one.

Ther
efor
e47–26=21

b)36 -17

Usi
ngDi
enesbaset
enmat
eri
als:

Gui
depupi
l
stor
epr
esent36by3l
ongsand6cubes

Gui
dechi
l
drent
otakeaway1l
ongf
rom t
he3l
ongs.

Gui
dechi
l
drent
obr
eak1l
ongi
nto10cubessot
hati
nal
lwehav
e1l
ongand16
cubes.

Letpupi
ltakeaway7cubesf
rom t
he16cubesl
i
ving9cubes.Ther
efor
e36–17=19.

Chi
l
drenar
ethengui
dedt
owr
it
ethi
sas36–17=19

Dearl
ear
ner,
useabacusandbundl
esofst
ickst
osol
vet
heabov
epr
obl
em asy
our
assi
gnment
.

Q71.a)Dr
awdi
agr
am t
oil
l
ust
rat
ethet
womul
ti
pli
cat
ions5×7and7×5.

b)
Usi
ngt
hesamei
nter
pret
ati
on,
expl
aineachdi
agr
am.

c)
giv
eoneot
herwayofi
nter
pret
ingmul
ti
pli
cat
ion.

Ans: Askpupi
lstofor
mfi
veset
sofsev
enmember
seach.That5×7canbet
hought
ofas5gr
oupsofseven.
 Askpupi
l
sagai
ntoputt
oget
heral
lthemember
soft
hesetf
ormedandcountt
hem.

Pupi
lscountthemember
stoget
heranddi
scov
ert
hat5l
otsof7=7+7+7+7+7
(
repeat
edadditi
on)

Askpupi
l
sagai
ntof
orm sev
enset
soff
ivemember
seach.

Pupi
l
sputt
oget
hert
heset
sfor
medandcour
ttheel
ement
s.

Pupi
l
sdi
scov
ert
hat7l
otsof5=5+5+5+5+5+5+5=35

Al
ter
nat
ivesol
uti
on:

Numberl
i
necanal
sobeused.

■ Letpupi
l
sdr
awanumberl
i
neont
hef
loor
.

■ Mar
konthenumberl
i
newhol
enumbersbegi
nni
ngf
rom zer
oati
nter
val
sof7and
hop7uni
tsr
epeat
ed5ti
mestol
andon35.

■ Pupi
l
sseet
hat5×7=35

0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49

■ Gui
depupil
sagaint
odr
awanot
herl
i
neandmar
koni
twhol
enumber
sst
art
ingwi
th
zer
oatint
erv
alsof5.

■ Gui
depupi
l
stost
epatzer
oandhop5uni
tsr
epeat
edsev
ent
imest
olandon35.
 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

■ Pupi
l
sseet
hat7×5=35.

■ Thust
heyconcl
udet
hat5×7=7×5.

Anot
hermethodofr
epr
esent
ingmul
ti
pli
cat
ionofwhol
enumber
siswi
thar
ect
angul
ar
ar
rayofobj
ects.

5×7=35

Whi
chi
sthesameas7gr
oupof5or7f
ives.

■Pupi
l
sar
ranget
heobj
ect
sasi
l
lust
rat
edabov
etol
ookl
i
kear
ect
angl
e.

7×5=35

Pupi
l
scountt
hesmal
lboxesandget35.

■ Thust
heyr
eal
i
zet
hat7×5=35.

■ Theyt
henconcl
udet
hat5×7=7×5.

Q72.Howwouldy
ouhel
pupperpr
imar
yfi
vepupi
l
stosol
ve3×13usi
ngDi
enesbase
t
enmat er
ial
s.

Ans:
►Gui
depupi
l
stor
epr
esent13by1l
ongand3cubest
hreet
imes.
 ►Gui
depupi
l
stoputt
hel
ongandonest
oget
herandcount
.

►Pupi
l
sget3l
ongsand9cubes.

►Thuspupi
l
sobser
vet
hat3×13=39.

3×13whichi
sread3groupsof13canbeusedtosol
ve13×3sincepupi
l
sal
ready
knowt
hat13×3,3×13.(commutat
ivepr
opert
yofmult
ipl
i
cat
ion)

N.B.Havi
nggonethroughsomepract
ical
activ
iti
eswi
thpupi
l
stheyshoul
dbe
encour
agedtorecor
dt hei
rmul
ti
pli
cat
ionprobl
emsasf ol
l
ow:

Simi
l
arl
yDienesbaset
enmat
eri
alscanbeusedt
oteachmul
ti
pli
cat
ionofbi
gger
numbersuchas125×5.

Thus 125 or 125

5 ×5

625 500 100×5

100 20×5

25 5×5

625 625

Dearl
ear
nert
rysomef
ewexampl
esony
ourown.
Q73.Descr
ibebri
efl
yTWOdi
ff
erentway
sbywhi
chy
ouwi
l
lleadpr
imar
ythr
eepupi
l
sto
sol
vetheprobl
em 15÷3.

Ans:
Twodi f
fer
entway
sbywhi
ch15÷3canbeexpl
ainedt
opupi
l
sar
eshar
ingand
gr
ouping.

a)SHARI
NG:
15÷3canbeexpl
ainedas3pupi
l
sshar
ing15obj
ect
s.

►Letpupi
l
spi
ckanobj
ectoneatat
imei
ntur
nunt
ilal
ltheobj
ect
sar
efi
nished.

►Pupi
l
sfi
ndouthowmanyobj
ect
seachpupi
l
sgetasananswer
.

►Pupi
l
swr
it
ethi
sas15÷3=5.

b)GROUPI
NGMETHODOFDI
VITI
ON

►Take15obj
ect
s.

►Cal
lpupi
l
sinf
rontoft
hecl
ass.

►Gi
veeachchi
l
dthr
eeobj
ect
satat
ime.

►Askpupi
l
stoment
ionhowmanypupi
l
srecei
vet
heset
sof3obj
ect
s.

►Pupi
l
ssay5pupi
l
s.

►Gui
depupi
l
stowr
it
ethi
sas15÷3=5.

Q74.Howwoul
dyougui
depr
imar
y6pupi
l
stosol
ve15÷3usi
ngnumberl
i
ne.

Ans:
� Gui
depupi
l
stodr
awanumberl
i
neont
hef
loorandmar
koni
tpoi
nts1t
o15of
i
nter
val
sof1uni
tsst
art
ingf
rom z
ero.

� Gui
depupi
l
stost
eponzer
oandhopunt
o15ont
henumberl
i
ne.

� Gui
depupi
l
stohopback3uni
tsunt
ilt
heygett
ozer
o.
 � Askpupi
l
stot
ell
howmanyt
imest
hehoppi
ngwasdonet
ogetbackt
ozer
o.

� Pupi
l
sobser
vet
hist
obe5.

� Thust
heywr
it
ethi
sas15÷3=5.

Q75.a)whi
chpr
oper
tyofoper
ati
oni
sshowni
neachoft
hemat
hemat
ical
stat
ement
s.

i
) 3+5=5+3 i
i
)3×5=5×3

c)Expl
aineachpr
oper
tyt
oacl
ass2pupi
l
.

For3+5=5+3

Ans:
i)Thepr
oper
tyshownabov
eiscommut
ati
vepr
oper
ty.

i
i
) Expl
ainthatwhet
her3objectsar
eaddedto5obj
ect
sOR5obj
ect
sar
e
addedto3object
stheresulti
sthesame.

OR

Pupi
l
sf or
m setof3count
ersandf
orm anot
hersetof5count
ersandputt
hem
t
oget
hertoget8counter
s.

Theyagainf
orm asetof5count
ersandanot
hersetof3count
ersandt
henput
t
hem toget
hert
oget8counters.

Pupi
l
sreal
i
zet
hat3+5=5+3=8.

For3×5=5×3,
thi
spr
oper
tyi
scommut
ati
vepr
oper
tyofmul
ti
pli
cat
ion

Expl
aint
hat3groupsof5whi
chi
sread5+5+5=15i
sthesameas5gr
oups
of3whi
chisreadas3+3+3+3+3=15.

OR

Gui
depupi
l
stof
orm 3set
seachcount
ing5obj
ect
sandputt
hem t
oget
herasf
oll
ows
 + + =

Pupi
l
sobser
vet
hem t
obe15

Pupi
l
sagai
nfor
m anot
her5set
seachonecont
aini
ng3obj
ect
sasf
oll
ows

+ + + + =

Pupi
l
sputt
hem t
oget
herandobser
vet
hem t
obe15.

Pupi
l
sthenconcl
udet
hat3×5=5×3

Q76.a)Whi
chpr
oper
tyofoper
ati
oni
sshowni
nthemat
hemat
ical
stat
ement

3(
2+4)=(
3×2)+(
3×4)

b)
Expl
aint
opr
imar
y6pupi
l
s.

Ans:
a)Thepr
oper
tyshowni
sdi
str
ibut
ivepr
oper
tyofmul
ti
pli
cat
ionov
eraddi
ti
on.

b)
Expl
ainthatwhenyouadd2and4andmul
tipl
yby3y
ougett
hesamer
esul
tas
whenyoumult
iply3by2and3by4andaddther
esult
.

Q77.a)Whi
chpr
oper
tyofoper
ati
oni
sshowni
nthemat
hemat
ical
stat
ement
.

3+(
4+5)= (
3+4)+5
 b)
Expl
aint
hispr
oper
tyt
oapr
imar
y6pupi
l
.

Ans:
a)Associ
ati
vepr
oper
tyofaddi
ti
on

b)Expl
aint
hatwheny
ouf
irstadd4and5and3y
ougett
hesamer
esul
taswhen
y
ouf
ir
stadd3and4andaddtheresul
tto5.

N.
B.(
count
erscanal
sobeused)

►For
m asetof4andanot
hersetof5andputt
oget
herandaddt
her
esul
ttoanot
herset
of3.

►For
m asetof3andanot
hersetof4andaddt
her
esul
ttoanot
hersetof5.

►Letpupi
l
scompar
ether
esul
t.

►Pupi
l
sreal
i
zet
heyar
eequal
.

►Thus3+(
4+5)= (3+4)+5.

Q78.a)Whi
chpr
oper
tyofoper
ati
oni
sshowni
nthemat
hemat
ical
stat
ement
.

3×(
4×5)=(
3×4)×5

b)
Expl
aint
hist
oapr
imar
ysi
xpupi
l
.

Ans:
a)Associ
ati
vepr
oper
tyofmul
ti
pli
cat
ion

b)
Expl
ainthatif4ismul
ti
pli
edby5andtheresultmul
ti
pli
edby3,
yougett
hesame
r
esul
tasfi
rstmulti
plyi
ng3by4andtheresul
tmulti
pli
edby5.

Al
ter
nat
ivel
y.

▬ Letpupi
l
sfi
nd4gr
oupsof5andt
henf
ind3gr
oupoft
her
esul
t.

▬ Pupi
l
sget4gr
oupof5as5+5+5+5=20t
hen3gr
oupsof20as20+20+20=60

Agai
n,pupi
l
sfi
nd3gr
oupsof4as4+4+4=12andt
henf
ind12gr
oupsof5as5++5
+5+5+5+5+5+5+5+5+5+5

▬ Pupi
l
scompar
ether
esul
tst
oreal
i
zet
hatt
heyar
ethesame.

▬ Thus,
theywr
it
e3×(
4×5)=(
3×4)×5.
Q79.Howwoul
dyougui
dechi
l
dreni
ncl
ass1t
oident
if
y

a)Sol
i
dshapesandt
hei
rpr
oper
ti
es.

b)Pl
anesshapeandt
hei
rpr
oper
ti
es.

Ans:►Letpupi
l
sbringacol
l
ectionofdi
ff
erentki
ndsofsol
i
dssuchasemptycontai
ner
s
l
ikemilkti
nsMilot
ins,
magicube,empt
ysoapbox,aludodie,
foot
bal
l
,penci
let
c.

►Letpupi
l
sputt
hei
rcol
l
ect
ionsandsor
toutdi
ff
erentshapesaccor
dingt
othei
r
cr
it
eri
a.

►Hel
ppupi
l
stol
ear
nthenamesoft
hedi
ff
erentsol
i
dssuchas:

i
) Cuboi
dswhi
chal
soi
ncl
udecubes.

i
i
) Cy
li
nder
sincl
udi
ngmi
l
kti
ns,
Mil
oti
nsandpenci
l
s

i
i
i) Pr
ismswhi
char
emadeupoft
ri
angul
arpr
isms,
pent
agonal
pri
sm

i
v) Spher
eswhi
chi
ncl
udef
oot
bal
let
c.

►Letpupi
l
sgi
veact
ual
exampl
esofsol
i
dshapessuchascuboi
ds,
cyl
i
nder
sand
pri
sms.

►Letpupi
l
spi
ckanyshapeandgui
det
hem t
oident
if
ythef
aces,
edgesandt
he
v
ertices

►Gui
dechi
l
drent
oknowt
hat
:

a)Af
acei
sthef
latsi
de(
plane)ofasol
i
d.

b)Anedgei
sthemeet
ingl
i
neoft
wof
aces.

c)Av
ert
exi
sthepoi
ntt
woormor
eedgesmeet
.

►Guidet
hem t
oinv
esti
gat
ethenumberoff
aces,
edgesandv
ert
icesf
oreachoft
he
fol
l
owingbycompl
eti
ngthetabl
ebel
ow:

Nameofsol
i
d Di
agr
am Nooff
ace NoofEdges Noofv
ert
ices

Cuboi
d 6 12 8
 Cube 6 12 8

Tr
iangul
arpy
rami
d 4 6 4

Rect
angul
arpy
rami
d 5 8 5

Tr
iangul
arpr
ism 5 9 6

Squar
epy
rami
d 5 8 5

►Gui
dechi
l
drent
oopenanempt
ysol
i
dsuchascar
tonandl
ookatt
henet
s.

►Gui
det
hem t
oopenot
hersol
i
dsanduset
hei
rnet
s.

►Makecutoutshapesofpl
anefigur
essuchassmal
lci
rcl
es,
tri
angl
esand
rect
angl
esofdi
ffer
entcol
ours.

e.
g.

►Hel
ppupi
l
stor
ecogni
zeandnamet
hepl
aneshapes.

►Askpupi
l
stosor
tthem wi
tht
hesameshapeorcol
our
s(accor
dingt
ogi
vencr
it
eri
a)

►Lett
hem t
alkwi
thoneanot
herast
heywor
k.

►Pi
ckadiff
erentshapeatat
imeandaskt
hechi
l
drent
ofi
ndasi
mil
aroneamongt
hei
r
col
l
ect
ions.

►Askt
hem t
otel
lhowmanysi
deseachobj
ecthas.

►Gui
det
hem t
odr
awt
hei
rshapes.E.
g.squar
e,r
ect
angl
es,
tri
angl
es.

►Gui
dechi
l
drent
oident
if
ycor
nerofar
ect
angl
eorasquar
easasquar
ecor
ner
.

►Gui
depupi
l
st otestf
orcor
ner
softheseshapesbyt
aki
ngapi
eceofpaperandf
oldi
ng
i
ntot
woandr ef
olditt
ogetasquar
ecorner
.

►Letpupi
l
scompar
ethesquar
ecor
ner
soft
hesquar
eandt
her
ect
angl
eandt
ri
angl
e.

►Letpupi
l
stel
lwhichpl
anef
igur
ehast
hesamesquar
ecor
ner
sast
hesquar
ecor
nerof
thepi
eceofpaper
.

►Pupi
l
sreal
i
zet
hisasasquar
eandr
ect
angl
es.
►Tel
lpupi
l
sthatt
heyar
ecal
l
edr
ight–angl
es.

Q80.Descr
ibehowyouwoul
dguideanupperpr
imar
ypupi
lstodi
scov
ert
herel
ati
onshi
p
F+V=E+2.Wher eF=numberoffaces,
V=numberofver
ti
cesandE=numberof
edges.

Ans:■ Provi
depupi
l
swi thmodel
sofasol
i
dshapessuchascube,
atr
iangul
arpr
ism,
cuboi
ds,
tetr
ahedr
on(tr
iangul
arpy
rami
d)

■ Letpupi
l
scountt
henumberofedges,
facesandv
ert
icesofeachmodel
.

■ Letpupi
l
suset
hei
rfi
ndi
ngst
ocompl
eteat
abl
easshownbel
ow:

Nameofsol
i
d No.ofedges(
E) No.f
aces(
F) No.ofv
ert
ices(
V)

Cube 12 6 8

Cuboi
ds 12 6 8

Tr
iangul
arpr
ism 9 5 6

Tet
rahedr
on 6 4 4

■ Letpupi
l
saddt
henumberoff
acesFt
othenumberofv
ert
icesofeachmodel
.

■ Askpupi
l
stocompar
ethesum ofv
ert
ices(
V)andf
aces(
F)wi
tht
henumberof
edges.

■ Askpupi
l
stodeducear
elat
ionconnect
ingF,
VandE.

■ Pupi
l
sdi
scov
ert
hatF+V=E+2.

Q81.Manycl
assroomshaveacupboard.Li
standshowhowf
ivegeomet
ri
cal
concept
coul
dbeil
l
ust
ratedusi
ngthi
scupboardasanexample.

Ans:
Geomet
ri
cal
concepti
l
lust
rat
ed:

Att
hev
ert
ices,
poi
ntsar
eil
l
ust
rat
ed.

TheFacesi
l
lust
rat
epl
anes.
 Theedgesi
l
lust
rat
eli
nesegment
s.

Whent
hedooroft
hecupboar
disopenedacut
eangl
esar
efor
med.

Att
hecor
ner
s,r
ightangl
esar
eil
l
ust
rat
ed.

Thecupboar
dasacuboi
disat
hreedi
mensi
onal
figur
e(sol
i
dshape)

Ver
tex(
poi
nt)

Ri
ghtangl
e Edge(
li
nesegment
)

Cuboi
d Face(
apl
ane)

Q82.Expl
ainhowyouwoul
dhel
papr
imar
ysi
xpupi
l
stof
indt
wodi
ff
erencesbet
weena
pr
ism andapyrami
d.

Ans:
1)Aprism hasauni
form cr
osssect
ionbutapy
ramidhasanapex,thesl
antedge
meetatapointcal
l
edtheapexandsohasanon–uni f
orm cr
osssect
ion.

2)Thesidev
iewofapy
rami
disal
way
sat
ri
angl
ebutt
hesi
dev
iewofapr
ism i
s
al
waysarect
angl
e.

3)Vol
umeofapy
rami
disat
hir
dofapr
ism whent
heyhav
ethesamebaseand
hei
ght.

Q83.a)Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
het
erm

i
) Schemeofwor
k.

i
i
) Lessonpl
an.

b)
Giv
ereasons.
Ans:a)Aschemeofworkisthet
erml
yplanpr
epar
edbyt
het
eacheronaweekl
ybasi
s
fort
opi
cthatar
etobecoveredi
nthet
erm.

Reasonf
orpr
epar
ingschemeofwor
k:

i
) Hel
pt het
eachertodeter
minewhet herhe/shei
slaggi
ngbehi
ndormaki
ng
pr
ogressi
ntheteachi
ngandlear
ningsit
uati
on.

i
i
) I
talsoenabl
esanew teacherwhotakesoverf
rom theoutgoingt
eacher
dur
ingt
hecourseoft
heter
mt oknowwheret
obeginorcont
inuef
rom.

b)Al essonplanisanout
li
neofact ivi
ti
estheteacherfoll
owsi
nordertocreat
ean
effecti
veteachi
ngandl
ear
ningsi
tuation,i
ncl
udi
ngdetermini
ngwhatt
oteach,whent
o
teachandf orhowl
ongi
tshoul
dbet aught.

Reasonf
orpr
epar
ingl
essonpl
an;

i
) Gui
deothert
eacher
stobeablet
opresentl
essonal
mostt
hesamewayast
he
cl
asst
eacherint
heabsenceoft
eacher
.

i
i
) I
tenabl
est
het
eachert
oteachwi
thconf
idence.

i
i
i) Foraf
ocusedandef
fect
ivet
eachi
ngordel
i
ver
yoft
hel
essont
opi
corcont
ent
.

i
v) Tohel
pident
if
yther
elev
antbasi
cmat
eri
als.

v
) I
tgi
vest
het
eacheraf
eel
i
ngofsel
f–conf
idence.

Q84.Expl
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ermsasusedi
nlessonpr
epar
ati
on.

i
) Obj
ect
ives

i
i
) Rel
evantpr
evi
ousknowl
edge(
RPK)

i
i
i) Cor
epoi
nt

i
v) Ev
aluat
ion

v
) Remar
ks

v
i) Ref
erences
 v
ii
) T/
LAct
ivi
ti
es:
T/LMat
eri
als.

Ans:i )Lessonobject
ivesarestatementofwhatpupi
lsshouldbeabl etodoort he
teachershoul
dbeabl et oachiev
ebyt heendofthelesson.Iti
sast atementofthe
targetset
.Theobjecti
vesstatedmustbemeasurabl
e,behavior
al,observabl
e,speci
fi
c
andachievabl
eandmustbet imebound.

ii
)Rel
evantpr
evi
ousknowl edge(RPK)ref
erstotheknowl
edge,ski
ll
sorideasthat
chil
drenhav eandwhichrelat
est othenew thi
ngthatistobelear
nedf orwhichthe
teachercanuseasastart
ingpointandbui
ldupontoteacht
henewlesson.

i
i
i)Corepoi
ntref
erstothemainideathatthepupi
lswi
lll
earnincl
udingthemost
i
mpor
tantknowl
edge,ski
l
lsandat
ti
tudesthatar
edevel
opeddur
ingthelessondel
iv
ery
.

iv
)Eval
uati
onmeansf indi
ngouti fthel
essonobject
iveshavebeenachi
eved.This
cov
ersexerci
ses,qui
zzes(oralorwritt
en)gi
vi
ngbyt eacherstofi
ndouttheextentto
whi
chtheknowledge,ski
l
lsandatti
tudespeci
fi
edintheobjecti
veshav
ebeenachieved.

v
)Remarks:Thisi sthecommentmadeon t heef f
ecti
venessoft eachi
ng and
l
earni
ngt hatt
ookplacedur i
ngthelessonandt hespeci fi
cproblemsorweaknesses
observedorencounteredduri
ngt helessondeliv
er yandwhi chneedf urt
heraction.
Usual
ly,r
easonaregi
v enwhenlessonisnottaught.E.g.l
essonwasnottaughtduetoa
rai
nstorm whi
chpreventedcl
assfrom goi
ngon.

vi
)T/Lact
ivi
ti
es:Theseareactiv
itieswhichtheteacherandthepupilswillperfor
m
duri
nglessondeli
ver
ywhi chshoul
dr efl
ecttheint
eracti
onbetweentheteacherandt he
pupil
s,among pupilsthemselves,and pupi l
s and materi
als.These acti
vit
ies are
descri
bedasastepbyst epmannerthatgivesapictureofwhatwil
loccurduri
ngl esson
del
ivery
.

vi
i)
T/Lmat er
ial
s:Thesear emateri
alstheteacherandt
hepupilswil
lusetohelp
under
standt hevariousconceptsofthelesson.Teacher
sneedtotakenoteonwhen
andhowt hesemat eri
alswi
llbeused.Thi
sisstatedi
ntheact
ivi
ti
esofthel
essonpl
an.

Q85.Whati
sthemeani
ngofS.
R.Nasusedi
nthel
essonpl
anpr
epar
ati
on?

Ans:
S.R.
Nmeanssy
ll
abusr
efer
encenumbere.
g.1.
3.2.

1r
efer
stot
hey
ear
3r
efer
stot
heuni
t

2speci
fi
cobj
ect
ive.Thus1.
3.2meansy
ear1uni
t3andspeci
fi
cobj
ect
ive2

Q86.Expl
ainbri
efl
ywhati
smeantbyeachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nthet
eachi
ngandl
ear
ning
ofmathemati
cs.

a)Pr
ocessobj
ect
ive

b)Af
fect
iveobj
ect
ive

c)Cont
entobj
ect
ive

d)Behav
ior
alobj
ect
ive

Ans:

a)Process object
ives ar
e concerned withthe mat hemati
calstrat
egies and
processessuchasdescr i
bing,groupi
ng,cl
assi
fyi
ng,skil
l
s,abi
li
ty,general
i
zing,
abstract
ion,
analy
zingandproblem sol
vi
ng.

b)Affect
iveobject
ives:Thi
si nvol
vesthedesiret ousemat hemati
csinrealli
fe
si
tuati
on.Itdeal
swi thfeel
ingandat t
it
udesonehasi nmathemati
cs.Aff
ecti
ve
object
iveisacont i
nuousdevelopmentatvari
ousl ev
elsi
ntheteachi
nglearni
ng
process.I
tmaynotbeachi evedinaparti
cul
arlesson.

c)Contentobject
ive:Iti
nvol
vest
hesubj
ectmat
terandt
het
echni
quesadopt
ed
dur
inglessondeliv
ery.

d)Behav
ior
alobjecti
ve:Itisanobj ecti
vestat
edinobservabl
eandmeasur able
mannerwhicht heteacherwillbeablet oachi
eveattheendoft helesson.
Behav
ior
alobj
ect i
veisthusawr it
tenstat
ementofwhatthechi
l
drenshouldbe
abl
etodobytheendoft helesson.

Per
for
mancev
erbsoract
ionv
erbssuchasadd,l
i
st,sor
t,cal
cul
ate,cl
assi
fyand
 showar
eusedwhenst
ati
ngobj
ect
ives.

Q87.Descr
ibehow youwoul
duseconcr
etemat
eri
alst
ohel
ppupi
l
stodev
elopt
he
fol
l
owingnumberpat
ter
ns.

a)OddandEv
ennumber
s.

b)Tr
iangul
arnumber
sandsquar
enumber
s.

c)Pr
imenumber
sandcomposi
tenumber
s.

Ans:
usi
ngbot
tl
etops:

►Gui
depupi
l
stoar
rangeanumberofbot
tl
etopsf
rom 1t
oanyconv
eni
entnumberi
n
pai
rs

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Letpupi
l
sobser
vet
heset
sandt
ell
whatt
heysee.

►Pupi
lsobser
vet
hatsomenumber
sofbot
tl
etopscannotber
epr
esent
edi
npai
rs
1.
3.5.
7.

►Expl
ainthatnumber
sthatar
erepr
esent
edi
npai
rsar
ecal
l
edev
ennumber
s.e.
g.
2.
4.6.
8…..

►Expl
aint
hatnumber
swhi
chcannotber
epr
esent
edi
npai
rsar
ecal
l
edoddnumber
s

b)
Tri
angul
arnumber
s

►Gui
depupi
lstoar
rangeanumberofbot
tl
etopst
ofor
mtr
iangl
esst
art
ingwi
thone
bot
tl
easshownbel
ow.

1 3 6 10 15 21
►Guidepupi
l
stoar
rangeanumberofbot
tl
est
opst
ofor
m squar
esst
art
ingwi
thone
bot
tl
etop.

1 4 9 16 25

►Pupi
l
sobser
vet
hat1,
3,
6,
10,
15,
21andsoonebot
tl
est
opscanbeusedt
ofor
m
t
ri
angl
es.

►Expl
aint
hatnumber
sthatar
eusedt
ofor
m at
ri
angl
ear
ecal
l
edt
ri
angul
arnumber
s.

►Pupi
l
sinf
ert
hatnumber
sthatf
orm squar
esar
ecal
l
edsquar
enumber
s.

►Pupi
l
sthenl
i
stt
hesquar
enumber
sas1,
4,
9,
16,
25,
36….
.

c)
forpr
imeandcomposi
tenumber
s:

►Guidepupil
stouseanumberofbot
tl
etopsexceptonet
ofor
mrect
angl
esi
n
di
ff
erentf
ormssuchasbel
ow.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

►Pupil
sobservethatsomenumberofbot t
letopscanbeusedtofor
mrect
angl
es.
Expl
aint
hatnumberofbot tl
etopsthatcanbeusedt ofor
mr ect
angl
esarecal
l
ed
composi
tenumberspupi
lsl
istt
hem as4,
6,
8,9,
10,
12……

►Pupi
l
sal
sonot
icet
hatsomenumberofcount
erscoul
dnotf
ormr
ect
angl
es
 ►Expl
aint
hatt
hesear
ecal
l
edpr
imenumber
s.

►Pupi
l
sli
stt
hesetofpr
imenumberas2,
3,
5,
7,
11et
c.

Q88. Expl
ainbr
ief
lyhow youwoul
d usesieveofErat
ost
henet
oint
roducepr
ime
number
sbetween1and50topupi
l
sintheupperpr
imar
y.

Ans:
■ Gui
depupi
l
stowr
it
eal
lthenat
ural
number
sfr
om 1t
o50.

■ Nat
ural
number
sfr
om 1–50ar
easf
oll
ows

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

■ Letpupi
l
scr
ossoutt
hef
ir
stnumberwhi
chi
sneut
ral
(1)
.

■ Letpupi
l
sci
rcl
e2andcr
ossoutal
lthemul
ti
plesof2ordi
vi
sibl
eby2.

■ Letpupi
l
sci
rcl
e3andcr
ossoutt
hemul
ti
plesof3ornumber
sdi
vi
sibl
eby3

■ Next
,ci
rcl
e5andcr
ossoutal
lnumberdi
vi
sibl
eby5

■ Next
,ci
rcl
e7andcr
ossoutal
lnumber
sdi
vi
sibl
eby5

■ Cont
inuet
il
lal
lthenumber
shav
ebeencr
ossedoutorci
rcl
ed

■ Expl
aint
hatt
henumber
sint
heci
rcl
esr
epr
esentpr
imenumber
s

■ Pupi
l
sthenwr
it
ethepr
imenumber
sbet
ween1and50as

2,
3,
5,
7,
11,
13,
17,
19,
23,
29,
31,
37,
41,
43and47

b)
■Gui
depupi
l
stol
i
stal
lthenat
ural
number
sfr
om 1t
o50

■ Gui
depupi
l
stof
indt
hesetoff
act
orsofeachnat
ural
number
.
 ■ Exampl
e;1={
1},2={1,
2},
3={ 1,3}
,4={
1,2,
4},
5={
1,5}
,6={
1,2,
3,
6}, 7=
{
1,7}
,8={1,
2,
4,
8}9={1,
3,
9},
10={ 1,
2,
5,10}
,

■ Gui
depupi
l
stoobser
vet
heset off
act
orsoft
henat
uralnumber
sandr
epor
t
t
hei
rfi
ndi
ngs.

■ Pupil
sobser
vethatt
her
earesomenumber
swhichhav
eexact
lyt
wof
act
ors,
the
numberi
tsel
fand1whi
l
stother
shavemor
ethan2fact
ors.

■ Expl
aint
hatnumber
sthathav
eexact
lyt
wof
act
orst
henumberi
tsel
fand1ar
e
cal
l
edpri
menumbers.

■ Expl
ainal
sot
hatnumber
sthathav
emor
ethant
wof
act
orsar
ecal
l
edcomposi
te
number
s.

■ Expl
ainal
sot
hatnumber
sthathav
emor
ethant
wof
act
orsar
ecal
l
edcomposi
te
number
s.

N.
B.pupi
l
sobser
vet
hat1i
snotapr
imenumberbecause1hasonl
yonef
act
or.

■ Pupi
l
sli
stt
hesetofpr
imenumber
sas2,
3,
5,
7,
11,
13,
17,
19,
23,
29,
31,
37,
41,
43and
47.

Q89.a)Whati
sgener
icski
l
ls?

b)Gi
veTWOgener i
cski
l
lsandexpl
ainbr
ief
lyhoweachi
sempl
oyedi
nteachi
ng
andlear
ningofmat
hemati
cs.

Ans:Generi
cski
ll
sarethebasi
cski
ll
sneededbyev
erychi
l
dasaf
oundat
ionuponwhi
ch
ot
herskil
lsandknowl
edgearebui
lt
.

Someexampl eofgenericski
l
lsar
e,wr
it
ing,speaki
ng,l
i
steni
ng,dr
awi
ng,obser
ving,
i
nvest
igat
ion,
showi
ng,readi
ng.

i
) Wr
it
ing:
wri
ti
ngdownmi
ssi
ngnumber
se.
g.1000,
2000,
3000,
5000,
7000.

i
i
) Reading:reading outexpanded f
orm ofnumer
als.E.
g.r
ead out1538 i
n
thousands,hundreds,
tensandones.

i
i
i) Obser
ving:
obser
veanot
herpupi
l
srepr
esent
inganumer
alonanumberl
i
ne.
 i
v) Showi
ng:
repr
esent
ingnumber
sont
heabacusandshowi
ngt
ocl
ass

v
) Speaki
ng:
ment
iont
henameofagr
oupofobj
ect
s.

v
i) Dr
awi
ng:
drawagr
oupofsquar
es

Q90.Descri
behowy
ouwoul
duseaconcr
etemat
eri
alt
oint
roducet
ocl
ass2pupi
l
sthe
3
conceptof .
8

Ans:
►Gui
dechi
l
drent
otakeast
ri
pofpaperasawhol
e.

►Lett
hem f
oldi
tint
o8equal
par
tsandshape3par
ts.

3
►Expl
aint
hatt
hepar
tshadedr
epr
esent
8

3
8

b)
Usi
ngCui
senai
rer
ods.

►Letchi
l
drenpi
ckabr
ownr
odwhi
chhasav
alueof8asawhol
e.

►Gui
dechi
l
drent
ospl
i
tthewhol
eint
o8whi
tes.

►Letchi
l
drensel
ect3outoft
he8whi
tes.

3
Di
scusswi
thpupi
l
sthatt
he3whi
tessel
ect
edr
epr
esent3outof8whi
chi
swr
it
tenas
8

Br
own 1whol
e

wwwwwwww

8whi
te=1br
own=1whol
e
 3
Sel
ect
ing3whi
tesoutof8whi
tesmeans
8

Q91.Descr
ibebri
efl
yonewayi
nwhi
chy
ouwi
l
lint
roducet
heconcept"
angl
e"t
oJHS
for
m onepupi
ls.

Ans: Wecani
ntr
oducet
heconceptofangl
east
heamountoft
urni
ngmadeabouta
poi
nt.

Wecanmakeapupi
lwal
kal
ongal
i
neont
hef
loorandt
henchangeshi
s/her
di
rect
ionatapoi
nt.

Wecanalsoint
roducetheconceptofanangl
east
heshapeofacor
nerorat
urnof
ameasur
eaboutfi
xedpoints.

Thecorneroft
hewal
l
sint
hecl
assr
oom canal
sobeusedt
oint
roducet
heconcept
ofanangle.

Abookorcupboar
dcanbeopenedt
oint
roduceanangl
e.

A pupi
lscanbeaskedt
obendhi
s/herar
m ar
oundt
heel
bow t
o i
ntr
oducet
he
conceptofanangl
e.

Q92.a)Ex
plai
nwhati
smeantby

1)Di
rectcompar
ison

2)I
ndi
rectcompar
ison

b)
Assumet
hatapupi
l
scannotmeasur
eusi
ngst
andar
duni
ts.

i)Descr
ibehowyouwouldgui
dethepupi
l
stof
indoutwhi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
slonger
,a
penorapencil
ontheteacher
stabl
e.

ii
)Descri
beclearl
yhowyouwouldguidethepupil
stof
indoutwhi
chofthef
oll
owingis
wider
,thelengt
hoftheclassr
oom andthedist
ancebetweent
wopolesontheschool
compound.

Ans:i)Dir
ectcomparisoninvol
vesbringi
ngtwoormor eobj ectstogetheronthesame
fl
atbaseandcompar i
ngt hel
engths,
heightsandt
hickness.E.g.thelengthofapenand
apencilcanbecompar edbybr i
ngi
ngt hem onthesamef l
atbaseanddet er
mini
ng
whichisl
ongerorshorter
.
 i
i
)Indir
ectcompar
isonmeanscompar
ingobj
ect
sthatcannotbebr
oughtont
he
sameflatbase.

Example,compar i
ngt helengt
hoftheclassroom andthedi stancebetweentwopol es.
I
nsucha si t
uationthesamear bit
rar
yuni t
ssuchasst rides,handspan,st i
cks,ar
ms
l
ength,thr
eadetc, ar
eusedt omeasureeachl engt
handfindt henumberoft hearbi
trary
unitusedtocov erthelengthofeachobject.Thegreat
ernumberoft hearbit
raryunits
usedisthelonger.

b)
(i
)►Pl
acet
hepenandt
hepenci
ltoget
herwi
thbasesont
hesamef
latsur
face.

►I
dent
if
ywhi
choft
hem i
stal
l
er.

►Pupi
l
sobser
vet
hatt
het
all
erobj
ecti
sthel
onger
.

(
ii
)►Guidepupi
l
st omeasur
et hel
engthoft
hecl
assr
oom andt
hedi
stancebet
ween
t
hepoleusi
ngthesamearbi
tr
aryuni
ts.

►Pupi
l
sdetermi
nethenumberofarbi
tr
aryuni
tswhichcoverthel
engt
hoft
he
cl
assr
oom andt
henumberwhi
chcov
ert
hedist
ancebet
weenthepol
es.

►Pupil
sdeter
minethenumberofarbi
tr
aryunit
susedt
omeasur
eeachobj
ect(
i.
e.
t
hel
engthoft
heclassr
oom andt
hedist
ancebetweent
hepol
es)

►Pupil
sobser
vethatt
hel
engt
hordi
stancewi
tht
hegr
eat
ernumberofar
bit
rar
y
uni
tecoveri
ngi
swider
.

Assi
gnment
:

Descr
ibehow youwoul
dgui
depupi
l
sint
hel
owerpr
imar
ytof
indoutwhi
choft
he
fol
l
owingi
swider;

Thewidt
hofthei
rclassr
oom doorandthewidthofawi
ndow i
nthei
rcl
assr
oom.
Assumet
hatt
hepupi
l
scannotmeasureusi
nguni
ts.

Q93.a)Descr
ibethestepsyouwouldgothroughwit
hyourpupil
sinpr
imarycl
assfour
toint
roduce t
hem tot he measur
ementofar ea,i
ncl
uding t
he i
ntr
oduct
ion ofthe
2
st
andarduni
t"thesquar
ecenti
meter cm )
"( .

b)How woul
dyouext
entt
hist
othemeasur
ementoft
hear
eaofsquar
esand
rect
angl
es.
Ans:
a)►Expl
ainar
eaasameasur
eoft
heamountof"
sur
face"anobj
ectpossesses.

►Gui
de pupi
l
sto use di
ff
erentarbi
tr
aryunit
s,play
ing cardsorexerci
se bookst
o
measur
ethesur
faceofagi
venobject
.E.g.t
hemeasureoftheirt
abl
eordesk.

►Pupi
lsnot
icethatt
heyobt
aindi
ff
erentr
esul
tfort
hesamesur
faceusi
ngdi
ff
erent
ar
bit
rar
yuni
ts.

►Expl
ainthatsincet
heyobt
aindi
ff
erentr
esul
tsf
ort
hesamesur f
ace,t
her
eistheneed
touseast andardmeasur
esoast ogetthesameresul
tfort
hesamesur f
aceofthe
gi
venobjects.

►I
ntr
oducet
hecent
imet
erast
heconv
ent
ionalst
andar
duni
tfort
hemeasur
ementof
ar
ea.

►Helppupil
stocutuni
tsquar
esofcent
imet
ersanduset
hem t
ocov
eragi
venr
egi
onof
squaresandrect
angl
es.

►Letpupi
l
slabel
thesquar
esandr
ect
angl
esasABCDet
c.

Uni
tsquar
eofcent
imet
ers

Rect
angl
eA

►Askpupi
l
stot
ell how manyuni
tssquar
est
heyusedi
ncov
eri
ngt
hesur
faceof
r
ect
angl
eA.

►Pupi
lscountt
henumberofuni
tssquar
esofcent
imet
ersusedt
ocov
ert
hesur
faceof
ther
ectangl
e.

►Gui
depupil
stoconst
ructsquaresorrect
angl
ewit
hagi
vennumberofsquar
euni
tst
o
demonst
rat
eanini
ti
alunderst
andingofthear
ea.

►Askt hem t
ot el
lhow manycenti
meter
ssquar
escancov
eragi
venr
ect
angl
eby
count
ingthenumberofsquar
euni
tsgi
ven.

►Guidepupil
st oestablishtherelati
onshi
pbetweenthear
ea,t
helengthandthewidt
hof
a given r
ectangl
e orsquar e bycount ing t
he numberofsquares uni
ts al
ong t
he
hori
zontal(
L)leveloft herectangleorthesquareuni
tsal
ongthever
ti
cal(V)lev
eloft
he
squareortherectangle.
►Gui
depupi
l
stomulti
plyt
henumberobtai
nedfr
om t
hel
engt
handt
hatoft
hewi
dthand
compar
ewit
hthenumberobt
ainedwhencount
ed.

►Askpupi
l
stot
ell
whet
hert
heyseeanypat
ter
n.

►Pupi
l
sobserv
ethatL×B=t hetot
alnumberofsquar
euni
tst
hatcov
eredt
hesur
face
oft
herect
angl
eorsquar
e(ar
ea)

►Pupi
l
sest
abl
i
sht
hatar
eaofsquar
eorr
ect
angl
e=l
engt
h×wi
dth

Ar
ea=L×B

Q94.How woul
dyougui
depupi
l
sint
heupperpr
imar
ytodet
ermi
net
hear
eaofa
t
ri
angl
e.

Ans:
►Tof
indt
hear
eaofat
ri
angl
e.

►Gui
depupi
l
stodr
awar
ect
angl
eforexampl
e8cm by6cmcm onamani
l
acar
d.

►Letpupi
l
sdr
awast
rai
ghtl
i
neal
ongt
hedi
agonal
.

►Gui
depupi
l
stocutr
ect
angl
eint
otwoal
ongi
tsdi
agonal
asshownbel
ow;

W A W=H

L L=B

►Letpupil
sputtogetherthetwor i
ght– angl
edt
ri
angl
esobt
ainedaf
tercut
ti
ngt
o
deter
minewhet
hertheyarethesame.

►Pupi
l
swi
l
lreal
i
zet
heyar
ethesame.

►Ther
efor
etwor
ight–angl
edt
ri
angl
esf
rom ar
ect
angl
e.

►Pupi
l
st her
eforenoti
cet
hat
,fi
ndi
ngt
hear
eawoul
dbet
hesameashal
foft
het
otal
ar
eaoftherectangl
e.

1
►Hencetheywri
te,Ar
eaofaTr i
angl
e= ( Length×Width)
.Butthel
engthofrect
angleis
2
equi
val
enttothebase(b)oft
hetri
angl
eandt hewidt
hisalsoequi
val
enttotheheight(
h)
per
pendi
cul
art
othebaseoft
het
ri
angl
e.

1
►Pupi
l
sthenwr
it
eA= bh
2

Q95.a)Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
hemat
hemat
ical
concept"
per
imet
er"

b)
Descr
ibehow woul
dy oui
ntr
oducet
heconceptofper
imet
ert
oapr
imar
ysi
x
pupi
l
susingspeci
fi
cexampl
e.

Ans:
a)Per
imet
eri
sthedi
stancer
oundanobj
ect(
ageomet
ri
cal
figur
e)

b)
Toint
roducepupi
lst
ot heconceptofperi
met
ersuchast
hatofarectangle,
pupi
lsmaybet akent
otheschoolf
iel
dwheretheywoul
dbemadetowal
kalongt he
edges.

►Letpupil
swalkaroundtheclassr
oom bl
ockormov ethei
rhandsal
ongt
heedgesof
thei
rtabl
eort
heteacherstabl
e.Useathr
eadtomeasureall
thesi
des.

►Gui
det
hem t
ofi
ndt
heper
imet
erofar
ect
angl
ebel
ow;

6cm

10cm

Per
imet
er=10cm +6cm +10cm +6cm

=2(
10cm +6cm)

=2(
16cm)=32cm.

Gui
depupi
l
stoconcl
udet
hatt
heper
imet
erofar
ect
angl
e=2(
lengt
h+wi
dth)

=2(
L+W)

Q96.Howwouldyougui
decl
asssi
xtof
indoutf
ort
hemsel
vest
hedi
ff
erencebet
weena
squar
eandarect
angl
e?

Ans:▼Guidepupilstousepapercutoutofasquar
eandar
ect
angl
etoshow t
he
fol
l
owingproper
ti
esineachcase.

i
) Thesi
des.

i
i
) Li
nesofsy
mmet
ry.
 i
i
i) Or
derofr
otat
ional
symmet
ry

i
v) Di
agonal
s.

▼Pupil
sobservethatasquar
ehasal
lfoursi
desequalwhi
l
star
ect
angl
ehast
he
pai
rofopposi
tesi
desequal
.

▼Diagonal
sofasquar
ear
eli
nesofsy
mmet
rybutt
hedi
agonal
sofar
ect
angl
ear
e
notl
i
nesofsymmetr
y.

▼Di agonalofasquar
ear
eatr
ightangl
esbutt
hedi
agonal
sofar
ect
angl
ear
enot
atr
ightangles.

▼Or
derofr
otati
onalsy
mmetr
yofasquar
eis4whi
l
stt
he or
derofar
otat
ional
sy
mmetr
yofarect
anglei
s2.

▼ Li
nesofsy
mmet
ryf
orasquar
eis4whi
l
stl
i
nesofsy
mmet
ryf
orar
ect
angl
eis2.

Q97.Writ
edownSI Xski
l
lsachi
l
dneedst
odev
elopt
obeabl
etot
ellt
imef
rom ar
egul
ar
(
analogue)cl
ock.

Ans:
▬Ident
if
ythehourandt
hemi
nut
ehand.

▬I
dent
if
ythedi
vi
si
onsont
hecl
ockf
ace.

▬ Tel
lthet
imebyt
hehournoti
ngthatt
hemi
nut
ehandi
sont
he12whi
l
stt
hehour
handi
sonthenumberi
ndi
cat
ingthehour
.

▬I dent
if
ythehourt
hatat
imei
s/bef
ore/
aft
er.
e.g.i
tisf
iveo'
cl
ock,
iti
s10mi
nut
es
t
othr
eeetc.

Q98.a)Howwoul
dyouhel
ppupi
l
sint
hel
owerpr
imar
ytoknowmoney
?

b)
How wouldy
ouext
endt
hisknowl
edget
obeabl
etoknow equi
val
entv
aluesof
coi
nsandnotes.

Ans:
▲Pr
ovi
desampl
eofal
lthenot
esandcoi
nsusedi
nGhana.

▲Letpupi
l
sident
if
ythem.

▲ Askpupi
l
stoment
iont
hev
alueofanot
eandcoi
n.

b)▲Toknowaboutmoneysetupapl
ayshop.
 ▲Askpupi
l
stobr
ingsev
eral
dif
fer
entki
ndsofempt
yti
nsandboxes.

▲Nowsetupashopi
nthecl
assr
oom.

▲Letpupi
l
sbuyi
temsi
ntheshopandgett
hecor
rectchange.

▲Gui
dechi
l
drent
oexchangenot
eswi
thcoi
nswi
tht
hei
requi
val
entv
alues.

▲Al
l
owt
hepupi
l
stousei
tinwr
it
ingsev
eral
dif
fer
entamount
s.

16 16 1
Q99.Apupi
lsi
mpl
i
fied asf
oll
ow =
64 64 4

a)Whati
swr
ongwi
tht
hisappr
oacht
othesol
uti
on?

b)Howcany
ouhel
pthepupi
ltosi
mpl
i
fyt
hef
ract
ioncor
rect
ly?

Ans:a)Thepupil
ssi mplycr
ossedoutthedigi
t6f oundi
nbothnumerat
orandt
he
denomi
natorwi
thoutconsi
der
ingwhet
her6isafact
orofbot
h16and64ornot.

b)
Tosi
mpl
ifyt
hef
ract
ion,
gui
depupi
l
stoexpr
essi
tasapr
oductofpr
operf
ract
ion
16 4×4
i
.e. =
64 4×4×4

4×4 1×1
■Pupi
l
sdi
vi
det
hroughby4t
oget =
4×4× 1×1×4

c)I
nhel
pingpupi
l
stosi
mpl
i
fyf
ract
ions,

1.Letpupi
l
sfol
dasheetofpaperi
nto64equal
par
tsandshade16outoft
he64

2.Askthechil
dtocomparet
heshadedpor
ti
onwi
tht
het
otal
numberofpar
tsi
ntowhi
ch
thepaperhasbeendi
vi
ded.

3.Pupi
l
sobser
vet
hatt
heshadedpor
ti
oni
sone–f
our
thoft
het
otal
.

16 1
4.Thus =
64 4

1
4
 2 3
Q100.Howwoul
dyougui
deupperpr
imar
ypupi
l
stosol
ve +
5 10

Ans:▬ Choosea whol

ethatcould bespli
tintotenths.N.B Chooset
hehi
ghest
denomi
nat
orasawhol
eifi
tisamult
ipl
eoftheotherdenominat
or.

▬ Pupi
l
sther
efor
echooseor
anger
odandspl
i
tint
o5r
edandspl
i
tint
o5r
edr
ods.

2
▬ Pupi
l
spi
ck2r
edr
odst
orepr
esent
5

3
▬ Pupi
l
sspl
i
ttheor
anger
odi
nto10whi
tesandpi
ck3whi
test
orepr
esent
10

ORANGE

Di
agr
am: R R R R R

WW W W W W W W W W

▬ Pupi
l
sar
easkedt
oputt
he2r
edand3whi
test
oget
her
.

▬ Guidepupi
l
stoex
change2r
edr
odsf
or4whi
tesandaddt
othe3whi
test
oget7
whi
tes.

7 2 3
▬ Pupi
l
scompar
ethe7whi
test
o10whit
es(
1whol
e)andget Thus, + =
10 5 10
7
10

Usi
ngpaperf
oldi
ngandshadi
ng.

►Taket
wor
ect
angul
arsheet
sofpaper
soft
hesamedi
mensi
ons.

►Fol
doneint
o5equalpart
shor
izont
all
yandshade2par
tsandr
efol
dver
ti
cal
l
ysot
hat
2 4
wi
l
lbeequi
val
entt
o .
5 10
 3
►Fol
dtheot
heronei
nto10equal
par
tsandshade3par
tsf
or
10

►Addt
heshadedpor
ti
onsoft
het
wosheet
sofpaper
s.

►Pupi
l
sget7shadedpor
ti
onsandcompar
ewi
tht
het
otal
numberofpor
ti
onsi
ntowhi
ch
awholewasdi
vi
ded.

4 3 7
►Thus + = .
10 10 10

Di
agr
am:

1 7
Q101.Descr
ibehowy
ouwoul
duseconcr
etemat
eri
alst
oexpl
aint
opupi
l
sthat3 =
2 2

Ans:►Letpupi
lstake3identi
calr
ect
angul
arsheet
sofpaper
sasuni
tsorwhol
esand
1
hal
fofanothersheetst
or epr
esent3 .
2

►Di
agr
am 1 1 1 ½

►Letpupi
l
sfol
deachwhol
eint
o2equal
par
ts.

►Di
agr
am ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½

►Letpupi
l
scountt
henumberofhal
vest
heyhav
eal
toget
her
.

►Pupi
l
sobser
vet
hatt
heyhav
e7hal
ves.
 1 7
►Thus,
theyconcl
udet
hat3 =
2 2

N.
B.Cui
senai
rer
odscanal
sobeused.Tr
yitony
ourown.

1 9
Assessment
:Descr
ibehowy
ouwoul
duseconcr
etemat
eri
alt
oshowpupi
l
sthat2 =
4 4

Q102.Descr
ibehowy
ouwoul
dext
endt
heknowl
edgeofaddi
ti
onoff
ract
ionst
osol
ve
3 1
1 +2
5 3

Ans:■Letpupi
l
saddt
hewhol
esanduseei
therpaperf
oldi
ngandshadi
ngorCui
senai
re
3 1
rodst
oadd1 +2
5 3

3 9 1 5
■Pupi
l
sfi
ndt
heequi
val
entf
ract
ionof andget and andget .
5 15 3 15

9 5 14
■Pupi
l
sput and t oget
hert
oget
15 15 15

14
■Pupi
l
sputt
he3whol
eand t oget
her
15

3 1
■Pupi
l
sthenwr
it
ethi
sas1+2+ +
5 3

9 5
=3+ +
15 15

14
=3+
15

14
=3
15

Q103.a)Wr
itedownTWOprobl
emswhi
chshowssubt
ract
ionoff
ract
iony
ouwoul
duse
t
oteachupperpri
mar
ypupi
l
s.

b)
Howwouldyouguidet
heseupperpr
imar
ypupi
l
stof
indsol
uti
ont
othewor
d
pr
obl
emsst
atedabove.
Ans:
a)t
wowor
dpr
obl
emswhi
chshowsubt
ract
ionoff
ract
ion.

i
) Awomangi vesf
our–sixt
hlit
ersofherpal
m oi
lfr
om herr
emai
ningfi
vesi
xth
l
it
ersofpal
m oil
toafr
iend.Howmanyl i
ter
sofpalm oi
lwi
ll
bel
eft.

i
i
) Awomangiv
eshal
fofpi
eceofcl
othf
rom hert
wot
hir
dsofcl
oth.Howmany
wi
l
lbel
eft
.

b)
i)
Usi
ngpaperf
oldi
ngandshadi
ng.

5
►Gui
depupi
l
stof
oldasheetofpaperi
nto6equal
par
tsandshadef
ivef
or .
6

4
►Askpupi
l
stot
akeaway byunshadi
ng4par
ts.
6

►Askpupi
l
stot
ell
howmanypar
tsshadedl
eft
.

►Pupi
l
sobser
vet
hatonepar
toutofsi
xpar
tsshadedl
eft
.

5 4 1
►Thus,
theywr
it
ethi
sas - =
6 6 6

Di
agr
am

5 4 1
unshade
6 6 6

5 4 5-
4 1
Al
gor
it
hm: - = =
6 6 6 6

Usi
ngCui
senai
rer
ods:

►Gui
depupi
l
stochooseadar
kgr
eenr
odasawhol
e(uni
t)

►Letpupi
l
sspl
i
titi
nto6whi
tesr
ods

5
►Lett
hem pi
ck5whi
tesr
odst
orepr
esent
6

►Pupi
l
stakeaway4whi
ter
odsf
rom t
he5whi
ter
odspi
ckedl
eav
ing1whi
ter
od.

►Pupi
l
scompar
ethe1whi
ter
odl
eftwi
tht
het
otal
numberofwhi
ter
odsi
ntowhi
cht
he
whol
ewasdi
vi
ded.

1 5 4 1
►Pupi
l
sobser
vet
hist
obe .Ther
efor
e - =
6 6 6 6

Di
agr
am D.Gr
een

W W W WWW

5 4 5-
4 1
- = =
6 6 6 6

2 1
Usi
ngpaperf
oldi
ngandshadi
ngt
ofi
nd -
3 2

►Guidepupi
lstofoldasheetofpaperi
nto3equalpar
tsv
erti
cal
lyandshade2par
tsand
2 4
fol
dagainhori
zontall
yint
o2equalpart
ssuchthat = ( equi
val
entfr
acti
ons)
3 6

3
►Gui
depupi
l
stor
e-shadeandt
henun-
shadehal
fwhi
chi
srepr
esent
edby .
6

►Askpupi
l
stot
ell
howmanyshadedpor
ti
onl
eft
.

1
►Pupi
l
sseet
hist
obeoneshadedpor
ti
onwhi
cht
heycompar
ewi
thawhol
eas .
6

Di
agr
am:

St
ep1 St
ep2 St
ep3

2 1 4 3 1
Twot
hir
ds-1hal
f=4si
xth–3si
xth=1si
xth= - = - =
3 2 6 6 6

Usi
ngCui
senai
rer
ods.

►Gui
depupi
l
stopi
ckawhol
ethatcoul
dbespl
i
tint
othi
rdsandhal
ves.

►Pupi
l
schooseadar
kgr
eenr
od.

2
►Pupi
l
sspl
i
tthedar
kgr
eeni
nto3r
edr
odsandt
ake2r
edf
or .
3

►Pupi
l
sspl
i
tthedar
kgr
eeni
nto2l
i
ghtgr
eenr
odsandt
akeaway1l
i
ghtgr
eent
o
 1
r
epr
esent .
2

►Askpupi
l
stot
akeaway1l
i
ghtgr
eenf
rom 2r
edr
ods.

►Sincethi
sseemsimpossi
ble,
pupi
l
sexchange2r
edr
odsf
or4whi
tesandt
he1l
i
ght
greenfor3whit
es.

►Pupi
l
snowt
akeaway3whi
tesf
rom 4whi
tel
eav
ing1whi
te.

►Pupi
l
scompar
e1whi
tel
eftwi
tht
he1dar
kgr
eenspl
i
tint
o6whi
tes.

2 1 4-
3 1
Thuspupi
l
sconcl
udet
hat - = =
3 2 6 6

Di
agr
am: D.Gr
een

R R R

LG LG

WWWWWW

2R=4Whi
tes i
.e.4W -3W =4W –3W =1W =1

1LG=3Whi
tes 6W 6W 6W 6W 6

Q104.Howwouldyougui
depupi
l
sintheupperpri
mar
ytosol
vet
hefol
lowi
ngf
ract
ions
1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3
usi
ngcomater
ial
s:(i
) ×2(ii
)2× ( i
ii
) × ( i
v)5× (v
) ×5( v
i) × .
2 2 2 3 4 4 4 5

Ans:
Usi
ngpaperf
oldi
ngandshadi
ng:

1 1
►Gui
depupi
l
stor
epr
esent ×2as lot
sof2.
2 2

►Askt
hem toshadet
woi
dent
ical
rect
angul
arsheet
sofpaper
sandputt
hem t
oget
her
tor
epr
esent1.

►Di
vi
dei
tint
otwoequal
par
ts.

►Pupi
l
sobser
vet
hatoneshadedpar
trepr
esent1.
 1
►Thus, ×2=1
2

Di
agr
am

St
ep3

St
ep1 St
ep2

1 1 1 1
b)
►Gui
depupi
l
stor
epr
esent2× as2l
otsof .i
.e. + (r
epeat
edaddi
ti
on)
2 2 2 2

1
►Shade ofeachoft
woi
dent
ical
rect
angul
arsheet
sofpaper
s.
2

►Putt
oget
hert
het
woshadedpar
ts.

►Pupi
l
sreal
i
zet
hatt
wohal
vesr
epr
esent1.

1 1 1
Thus2× = + =1
2 2 2

+ = =

1 1
i
i
i) ×
2 3

►Letpupi
l
sfol
dapi eceofr
ect
angul
arsheet
sofpaperi
nto3equal
par
tshor
izont
all
y
1
andshade1partf
or .
3

1
►Letpupi
l
sfol
dthe int
o2equal
par
tsv
ert
ical
l
yandshade1par
t.
3

►Explai
nthatt
heareahav
ingt
hedoubl
eshadi
ngi
stheansweri
.e.onedoubl
eshaded
partoutof6part
s.

1 1 1
►Thus, × =
2 3 6

Di
agr
am:
 i
v) Gui
depupi
l
stot
ake5i
dent
ical
rect
angul
arsheet
sofpaper
s.

3
Gui
det
hem t
ofol
deachi
nto4equal
par
tsandshade3par
tsf
or
4

Gui
depupi
l
stoputt
heshadedpor
ti
onst
oget
herasshownbel
ow.

Pupi
l
sputt
hem t
oget
herandobt
ain.

3 3 3 3 3 15 3
+ + + + = =3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4

+ + + +

3
1 + 1 + 1 +
4

3 3
=3+ =3
4 4

3
v
) ×5
4

3 3
▬ Expl
aint
hat means lot
sof5.
4 4

▬ Take5i
dent
ical
sheet
sofpaper
sandputt
hem t
oget
hert
orepr
esent5.

▬ Fol
dint
o4equal
par
tsandshade3par
ts.
Pupi
l
scountt
heshadedpor
ti
onsandcompar
etot
hewhol
e.

3 15 3
Thus, ×5= =3
4 4 4

3 3
v
i) ×
4 5

▬ Letpupi
l
stakear
ect
angul
arsheetofpaper
.

▬ Di
vi
dei
tint
o4equal
par
tshor
izont
all
y.

3
▬ Shade3hor
izont
alsect
ionsf
or .
4

▬ Di
vi
det
hesamesheetofpaperi
nto5equal
par
tsv
ert
ical
l
y.Shade3v
ert
ical
par
tsf
or
3
5

▬ Expl
aint
hatt
heov
erl
appi
ngar
eaofshadi
nggi
vest
heanswer
.

▬ Pupi
l
sseet
hatt
her
ear
e20por
ti
onswi
th9por
ti
onshav
ingov
erl
appi
ngshadi
ng.

3 3 9
▬ Hence,
pupi
l
swr
it
e × =
4 5 20

Di
agr
am:

9por
ti
onoutof20por
ti
onshav
ingov
erl
appi
ngshadi
ng

Usi
ngCui
senai
rer
ods

1
i
) For ×2
2

1 1
▲Expl
aint
hat ×2means lot
sof2.
2 2
▲Spl
i
teachoft
he2r
edr
odsi
nto4whi
tes.

▲Gr
oupt
hewhi
tesi
ntogr
oupsof2get
ti
ng2gr
oupsandpi
ck1gr
oup(
2whi
tes)

Di
agr
am: w w w w = w w w w

R R

1
W W W W WW WW Thus: ×2=1
2

1
i
i
) For2×
2

1 1 1 1
▲Expl
aint
hat2× means2l
otsof i.
e. +
2 2 2 2

▲Gui
depupi
l
stopi
ckar
edr
odandspl
i
titi
nto2whi
tes.

▲Pi
ck1whi
teandanot
her1whi
teandputt
oget
hert
orepr
esent2whi
tes.

▲Pupi
l
scompar
ethe2whi
test
oawhol
e(r
ed)i
.e.2whi
tes.

1 2
Thus2× = =1
2 2

Di
agr
am: Red

2W 2
W W W W = =1
2W 2

1 1
i
i
i) For ×
2 3

▲Descr
ibet
hethreedi
ff
erentway
syouwoul
duset
ohel
ppupi
l
sinpr
imar
ycl
assonet
o
1 1 1 1
sol
vet
heexamplethat × means l ot
sof
2 3 2 3

▲Gui
depupi
l
stopi
ckawhol
ethatcoul
dbespl
i
tint
ohal
vesandt
hir
ds.

▲Pupi
l
sspl
i
tthedar
kgr
eeni
nto3r
edr
odsasshownbel
ow:
Di
agr
am: D.Gr
een

R R R

WWWWWW

1
■Take1r
edt
orepr
esent .
3

■Exchanget
her
edr
odf
or2whi
tes.

■Gr
oupt
he2whi
tesi
ntogr
oupof1andpi
ck1gr
oup.

■Pupi
l
spi
ck1whi
te(
1gr
oup)andcompar
ewi
thawhol
e(6whi
tes)

1 1 1
■Pupi
l
sobser
vet
hat × =
2 3 6

a c ac
N.
B.Usesev
eral
exampl
est
odev
elopt
hest
andar
dal
gor
it
hm;
thus, × =
b d bd

3
i
v)5×
4

3 3 3 3 3 3
■Expl
aint
hat5× = + + + +
4 4 4 4 4 4

■Gui
depupi
l
stochooseawhol
ethatcoul
dbespl
i
tint
ofour
ths.

■Pupi
l
schooseapur
ple.

■Pupi
lsspl
i
tthepur
plei
ntowhi
tesand3whi
tesf
rom eachoft
he5pur
plesar
eput
t
oget
her.

Di
agr
am: Pur
ple Pur
ple Pur
ple Pur
ple

WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW

3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4

15 3 15
15whi
tescompar
edt
oawhol
eis , t
hus5× =
4 4 4
 3 3
v
)For ×5means gr
oupsof5.
4 4

■Spl
i
teachoft
he5pur
pler
odsi
ntof
our
thst
ogetat
otal
of20whi
tes.

■Gr
oupt
he20whi
tesi
ntogr
oupof5get
ti
ng4gr
oupsandpi
cki
ng3gr
oups.

3
■Pupi
l
spi
ck15whi
test
orepr
esent of20.
4

3 15
■Thuspupi
l
swr
it
ethi
sas ×5=
4 4

Di
agr
am; Pur
ple Pur
ple Pur
ple Pur
ple

WWWWW W W W WWWW W W W W

WW WW WW WW

WWW WWW W WW WWW

15
Pi
cki
ng3gr
oupsof5=15whi
tescompar
edwi
thawhol
e(1pur
ple)=
4

3 3
v
i)f
or ×
4 5

3 3 3 3
■Expl
aint
hat × means lot
sof
4 5 4 5

■Gui
depupi
l
stochooseawhol
ethatcoul
dbespl
i
tint
ofour
thsandf
if
ths.

■Pupi
l
schoose2or
anger
ods.

■Pupi
l
slayt
he2or
anger
odsasf
oll
ows.

Di
agr
am; Or
ange Or
ange
 Pur
ple Pur
ple Pur
ple Pur
ple Pur
ple

WWWW WWWW W W WW W W WW W W W W

3
■Gui
depupi
l
stospl
i
tthewhol
eint
ofi
ft
hs(
5pur
ples)andpi
ck3pur
plesf
or
5

■Gui
depupi
l
stoexchanget
he3pur
plef
or12whi
tes.

■Gui
depupi
l
stogr
oupt
he12whi
tesi
nto4gr
oupsof3andpi
ck3gr
oups.

Di
agr
am; WWWWWW = WW W WW WW

WWWWWW W WW W W

3gr
oupsof4pi
ckedr
epr
esent9whi
tesoutof20whi
tes.

3 3 9
Thus, × =
4 5 20

3 3
Q105.Expl
ainhowy
ouwoul
dusedi
agr
amsorconcr
etemat
eri
alt
osol
ve1 ×1 wi
th
5 4
pr
imarypupil
s.

3
Ans:
■Di
vi
desheet
sofpaperi
ntof
if
thsandshade1 ver
ti
cal
l
y.
5

3
■Fol
dthesamesheetofpaperi
ntof
our
thsandshade1 hor
izont
all
ytoov
erl
ap.
4

■Thet
otal
over
lappi
ngar
eagi
vest
hef
oll
owi
nganswer
:
Di
agr
am:

15 9
20 20

20 12
20 20

■Pupi
l
saddt
hepor
ti
onswi
thov
erl
appi
ngshadi
ng.

20 15 9 12 56 4
■Thus + + + + =2
20 20 20 20 20 5

ASSI
GNMENT:

1)Descr
ibehowyouwouldgui
deupperpr
imar
ypupi
l
stosol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngusi
ng
1 1 3
concr
etemater
ial
s.(
i)3× (ii
)2 ×1
4 4 4

N.
B.Student
scanal
sobeaskedt
owr
it
ewor
dpr
obl
emsbef
oreusi
ngconcr
ete
mater
ial
stosol
vei
t.

Exampl
e:wr
it
eawor
dpr
obl
em whi
chshowsamul
ti
pli
cat
ionoff
ract
ion.

Whati
sthecostoft
hree–f
our
thl
i
ter
sofker
osenei
f1l
i
tercosthal
fpesewa.Thi
sis

3 1
× .Then,
youuseei
therpaperf
oldi
ngorCui
senai
rer
odst
osol
vei
t.
4 2

Tounderstandtheconceptofdiv
isi
onoffract
ionsbett
er,
iti
sbestt
odevel
opthe
1
conceptusingwordproblem f
rom t
hestar
t.Example( ÷2).Di
vidi
ngaf
racti
onbya
4
whole.Thi
scouldbeact edinawordfr
om asf ol
lows:

(
a)Di
vi
dingf
ract
ionsbyawhol
e.
 1
Q106.Amawentt othemarketandboughta pieceofcl
othandshar
edbetweenher2
4
1
daughtersi
.e. ÷2.Descr
ibehowyouwi l
lhel
papupil
incl
ass6tosolvet
hisusi
ng
4
concretemater
ial
s.

Ans:
Usi
ngpaperf
oldi
ng:

▲Fol
dar
ect
angul
arsheetofpaperi
nto(
4)equal
par
tsandshadeonepar
t.

▲Di
vi
dei
ntot
woequal
par
tshor
izont
all
y.

▲Askpupi
l
stot
ake1par
t.

1
▲Pupi
l
sobser
ve1par
ttobe
8

Di
agr
am:

St
ep1 St
ep2 St
ep3

1 1 1 1×1 1
Dev
elopi
ngal
gor
it
hm: ÷2= × = =
4 4 2 4×2 8

Al
ter
nat
ivesol
uti
on.

1 ¼
÷2canbewr
it
tenas
4 2

Usi
ngdi
agr
am,
thi
scanber
epr
esent
edas:

1
=
4

Pr
ocedur
e:

■Takeawholeanddiv
idei
tint
o4equalpar
tsandshade1par
t(i
.e.t
hepor
ti
ont
he
f
ract
ionr
epr
esentasshowninthedi
agr
am.)

■Sincethedenominat
ori
s2,take2whol
esoftheobj
ect(i
tcoul
dbearectangul
arsheet
anddiv
ideint
ofourequal
par
ts)i.
e.i
ntopar
tthatt
hedenominat
ori
sdi
videdandshade
al
l
.

■Countt
henumberofhal
vesi
nthedi
agr
am

■Wr
it
ethatast
henumer
atorov
ert
hedenomi
nat
or.

Usi
ngCui
senai
rer
ods

1 ¼
►Expl
aint
hat ÷2=
4 2

►Takepur
pler
odandspl
i
titi
ntof
our
,i.
e.i
nto4whi
ter
odsandpi
ck1ast
henumer
ator
.

►Sincethedenominat
ori
s2,
take2pur
pler
odsandspl
i
tthem i
nto8whi
ter
odsasi
n
thediagram bel
ow.

►Pupi
l
sfi
ndt
hatt
henumer
atori
s1whi
teoutof8whi
tes.

►Thus,
theyobser
vet
hat

1 1 1 1×1 1
÷2= × = =
4 4 2 4×2 8

Di
agr
am: Pur
ple = WWWW

Pur
ple Pur
ple WW W W WWWW

W W W W W W W W

Letust
ryanot
herexampl
e.

2 2 1 2
Q107.Howwoul
dyoudescr
ibet
his: ÷3= × =
3 3 3 9

Ans:Pr
ocedur
es

►Fol
dawhol
eint
o3equal
par
tsandshade2par
ts.

►sincet
hedenominat
ori
s3,
take3whol
esandf
oldeachwhol
eint
o3equal
par
tsand
shadeallt
oget9.
►Countthenumberoft
hir
dsi
nthedi
agr
am andwr
it
ethatoft
henumer
atorov
ert
he
denominat
or.

2 2 1 2
►Thus, ÷3= × =
3 3 3 9

a c a d ad
Thus, ÷ = × =
b d b c bc

Let
susconsi
deranot
herexampl
e;

1
Q108.[
4÷ ](
divi
dingawholebyafract
ion)i
nawordpr
oblem.Thi
scanbeexplai
ned
2
1
ashowmany li
ter
sf ul
lbot
tl
eofker
osenecanyougetf
rom 4l
it
ersofker
osene.
2

1 4
Ans:
■Expl
aint
hat4÷ =
2 ½

■Guidepupi
lst
otake4wholeanddi
vi
dei
nto2equal
par
tsandshadeal
ltoget8
shadedport
ionsf
ort
henumerat
or.

1
■Takeanot
hersheetofpaperandf
oldi
nto2equal
par
tsandshade1f
or fort
he
2
denomi
nator

■Pupil
obser
vet
hatt
her
ear
e8hal
vesi
nthenumer
atorand1hal
fint
he
denomi
nator
.

1 4 2 8
■Thus,
theywr
it
ethi
sas4÷ = × = =8
2 1 1 1

ASSI
GNMENT:

Wor
koutt
hef
oll
owi
ngusi
ngpaperf
oldi
ngorCui
senai
rer
ods:

1 1
a)3÷ b) ÷3
4 4
 1 1
Q109.Howwoul
dy ougui
deanupperpri
marypupi
l
stoactout ÷ usi
ngwor
d
4 2
pr
oblem?.Howwouldyousol
vet
hisprobl
em?.

1 1
Ans:
Howmany li
terf
ull
ofoi
lcany
ougetf
rom li
terf
ull
ofoi
l
?
2 4

1 1 1
►Expl
aint
hat ÷ =
4 2 4

1
2

►Pupil
sf ol
dawholei
nto4equalpart
sver
ti
call
yandshade1par
tandf
oldagai
n
hor
izontall
yint
o2equalpar
tsforthenumerator
.

►Pupil
spi
ckanotherwhol
eofthesamedimensi
on,foldi
nto2equalpart
sver
ti
cal
l
yand
shade1andref
oldhori
zont
all
yint
o4equalpar
tsforthedenomi
nator.

►Pupi
lscountt
henumberofshadedpor
ti
onsandwr
it
ethatoft
henumer
atorov
ert
he
denominat
or

►Pupi
l
sobser
vet
hatt
obe2shadedpor
ti
onoutof4.

1 1 1 2 2 1
►Thus, ÷ = × = =
4 2 4 1 4 2

1 1 ¼ 1
► = =
4 2 ½ 2

Dev
elopmentofconceptofdeci
mal
fract
ion.

Q110.Consi
derast
ri
pofpaperasauni
t.Di
vi
det
hepi
eceofpaperi
ntof
ourequal
par
ts
andshadeone.

Ans:

1
Thi
sisonequar
teror
4
 Al
sot
akeast
ri
pofpaperanddi
vi
dei
tint
otenequal
par
tsandshadeone.

1
Thi
sisonet
ent
h
10

1
Thi
scoul
dal
sobecal
l
edzer
opoi
ntoneas0.
1,t
hati
sthedeci
mal
nameof
10

Usingamet
err
ule,
1cm coul
dbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
enequal
par
tsandonepar
t
r
epr
esent
s1mm.

1
Onet
ent
h(or )of1cm coul
dbewr
it
tenas0.1cm
10

Q111.Consi
derafl
atofmul
ti–basebl
ockasaunit.Ther
ear
etenl
ongsi
naf
lat
.
1
t
herefor
etaki
ngonelongmeans ofaf l
at.Thati
s0.1ofaf
lat
.
10

I
fforinst
ance,af
lati
saccept
edast
heunit
,whi
chi
sone(1)
,thenalongisequi
val
entt
o
1 1
onetenth( )andt hecubei
sal
soequi
val
entt
oonehundr
edth( ) .
10 100

Ref
ert
othedi
agr
am bel
ow.

Fl
at Long

Cube

1 1
Uni
t(1) Tent
h( ) Hundr
ed( )
10 100

2
I
f2l
ongsar
etaken,
theyr
epr
esent or0.
2oft
hef
lat
.
10

Conv
ert
ingcommonf
ract
ionsandv
icev
ersa.
 1
(
1)Consi
der oft
hedi
agr
am bel
ow.
2

5
I
ftheent
ir
euni
tisdi
vi
dedi
nto10equal
par
ts,
thent
heshadedpor
ti
onr
epr
esent
s
10

5 1
i
s0.
5.t
her
efor
e =0.
5
10 2

1
(
2)Consi
der int
hedi
agr
am bel
ow.
4
Di
vi
det
heent
ir
euni
tint
o100equal
par
ts.

1 25
Thi
sshows =
4 100

25 1
Si
nce i
s0.
25,
ther
efor
e =0.
25.
100 4

Oncetheconcepthasbeenacquir
edusingteachi
ng/l
earni
ngmater
ial
s,Mul
ti–base
bl
ocks.100squareboar
d,et
c,algori
thm canbedevel
opedasshownbelow.

1 1×5 5
(
1) = =
2 2×5 10

5 1
Si
nce meansf
ivet
ent
hswhi
chi
s0.
5, =0.
5
10 2

2 2×2 4
(
2) = =
5 5×2 10

4 2
Si
nce meansf
ourt
ent
hswhi
chi
s0.
4, =0.
4
10 5

1 1×25 25
(
3) = =
4 4×25 100

25 1
Si
nce meanst
went
y–f
ivehundr
edt
hswhi
chi
s0.
25, =0.
25
100 4
 Compar
ingdeci
mal
fract
ions

Compar
e0.
3and0.
5

Wecancompar
etoseewhi
chi
sbi
ggerusi
ngf
ract
ional
boar
d

1(
whol
e)

0.
3

0.
5

Ther
efor
e0.
3<0.
5or0.
5>0.
3

Compar
e0.
3and0.
06

(
a)Usi
ngMul
ti–basedBl
ocks

0.
3isr
epr
esent
edby3l
ongs 3l
ongsi
srepr
esent
edby30cube

Whi
l
e0.
06i
srepr
esent
edby6cubes

Changi
ngal
li
ntocubes,
0.3wi
l
lgi
veus30cubes,
whi
l
e0.
06i
s6cubes.t
her
efor
e0.
3>
0.
06.

(
b)Usi
ngequi
val
entf
ract
ions

3 6
0.
3ist
hreet
ent
hs( )and0.
06i
ssi
xhundr
edt
hs( ),
10 100

30 6 30
0.
3woul
dbe .= <
100 100 100
 Ther
efor
e 0.
06<0.
3

Or
der
ingdeci
mal
fract
ions

Or
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngdeci
mal
s;0.
5,0.
25and0.
08.

Usi
ngt
hei
deaofequi
val
entf
ract
ions,

5 5×10 50
0.
5= = =
10 10×10 100

25
0.
25=
100

8
0.
08=
100

8 25 50
Ther
efor
e < <
100 100 100

0.
08<0.
25<0.
5

(
b)Usi
ngpl
acev
alues One Tent
hs Hundr
edt
hs

1 3 5

+ 2 2 3

3 5 8

Fi
ndt
hesum

(
1)0.
5+2.
4 (
2)2.
63+4.
24 (
3)4.
57+3.
12

subt
ract
ionofdeci
mal
s
Fi
nd0.
534–0.
213

(
a)Usi
ngpl
acev
alues (
b)Usi
ngshor
tfor
m

Ones Tent
hs Hundr
edt
hs Thousandt
hs

0 . 5 3 4 0.
534

-0 . 2 1 3 -0.
213

0 . 3 2 1 0.
321

Fi
nd;

(
1)1.
025 (
2)1.
364 (
3)0.
362

-
0.023 -
1.258 -
0.247

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionbyawhol
enumber

Fi
nd0.
146×3.

St
ep1 3×6t
housandt
hs = 1hundr
edt
h 8t
housandt
hs

St
ep2 3×4hundr
edt
hs= 1t
ent
h 2hundr
edt
hs

St
ep3 3×1t
ent
h = 3t
ent
hs

St
ep4 3×0one = 0one

Now.(
1)cal
cul
ate0.
6×0.
2,usi
ngasquar
epaper
.

Practicall
yasquarepaper(10by10)orgraphsheetcanbeusedt omodelthisprobl
em.
Onesi deoft hesquarepaper(10by10)shouldberepresentedby0.6meaning6outof
10 squar eand shadeaccor dingl
y.Theot hersi
deoft hesquarepapershoul d be
representedby0.2,meaning2outof10spacesandshadedaccor di
ngl
y,t
histimeround
i
nanopposi t
edir
ecti
on.Findthedoubleshaded(over
lapping)ar
eaasaf racti
onofthe
unitwhi chis100spaceasshownbel ow.
 0.
2

0.
6

12
Thear
eawi
thdoubl
eshadi
ngr
epr
esent12outof100spaceswhi
chi
sequal
to =
100
0.
12.

Di
vi
si
onofdeci
mal
fract
ions

(
1)di
vi
sionofadeci
mal
fract
ionbyawhol
enumber

(
1)f
ind0.
24÷2

0.
24coul
dber
epr
esent
edby2l
ongsand4cubes.

2t
ent
hs÷2=1t
ent
h

4hundr
edt
hs÷2=2hundr
edt
hs

Ther
efor
e 0.
24÷2=0.
12

Col
l
ect
ingandhandl
i
ngdat
a

I
ntr
oduct
iont
ost
ati
sti
cs
Thewordst
ati
sti
cshastwodiff
erentbutr
elatedmeanings.I
nthemostcommonusage,
st
ati
sti
cs means"acoll
ecti
onofnumer icaldat
a"forexampl e,wecouldlookatt
he
st
ati
sti
cst
hatshowthepopul
ationoftownsandv i
l
lagesinapar t
icul
arr
egi
on.

Thewordstati
sti
csal
sor
efer
stoabranchofmat hemati
csthatdealwi
thanal
ysi
sof
st
ati
sti
cal
data.Thet
wobr
anchesar
edescr
ipt
iveandinf
erent
ial
.

1)Col
l
ect
ingdat
a

Datacanbeobt ainf r
om experi
ment s,st
udies,sur
veys,records,observ
ationandor
part
icipati
on,int
er vi
ews,as wellasot herar easofr esearch.Int he classr
oom
si
tuationitist
her esponsi
bil
it
yoft heteachertomakedat acol l
ecti
onaspr acti
calas
possible.Pupi
ls/student
scanbemadet ocar ryoutasimpl esurveytocol l
ectdata
byusingsomeoral lofthefol
lowing:

►Day
soft
heweekpupi
l
s/st
udentwer
ebor
n.

►Thenumberofdi
ff
erentt
ypesofbot
tl
etops.

►Hei
ght
sofpupi
l
s/st
udenti
nacl
ass.

►Fav
ori
tef
oodofpupi
l
s/st
udent
s.

►Mont
hlybi
rt
hsatagi
venhospi
tal
.

►Rai
nfal
lpat
ter
nst
hroughoutt
hey
ear
.

►Weekl
yat
tendanceofpupi
l
s/st
udent
sinacl
ass.

►Mar
ksscor
edbypupi
l
s/st
udent
sinamat
hemat
icst
est
.

2)Or
gani
zi
ngdat
a

Onewayofor
gani
zi
ngdat
aisaf
requencyt
abl
e.

Afrequencytabl
eisatabl
econt
aini
ngi
tem i
nanobser
veddat
aandt
hei
r
cor
respondingfr
equenci
es.

I
tcouldbeheight
s,weight
,agesofpupi
l
s/st
udent
sormar
ksscor
edby
pupi
l
s/studentsi
naclass.
Act
ivi
ty1

Theshoesi
zeofpupi
l
sinacl
asswer
emeasur
edbypupi
l
sasf
oll
ows,

35,
37,
37,
35,
36,
36,
36,
35,
38,
38,
38, Shoesi
ze Tal
l
y Numberofpupi
l
s

39,
38,
36,
36,
36,
40,
40,
37,
37,
37,
37,
37, 35 3

37,
41,
42,
37,
37,
37,
37,
37,
38,
38,
38,
38, 36 6

Putt
hisdat
aonaf
requencyt
abl
e. 37 12

Tabl
e1Af
requencydi
str
ibut
iont
abl
e. 38 8

39 1

40 2

42 1

42 1

3)Repr
esent
ingdat
a

Dat
acanberepr
esent
ingbydi
agr
amsf
oreasyi
nter
pret
ati
on.ofdat
a.Theyar
e
pi
ctogr
am.

Li
negr
aph,
Blockgr
aph,
Barchar
t,Pi
echar
tandot
her
s.

1.Pi
ctogr
am

Thi
sisapict
ori
alrepresentat
ionofdat
awhichusespi
ctur
es,
symbol
sand/
ordi
agr
ams
t
orepr
esentaspecif
icunit.Pi
ctogr
am usesakey.

Act
ivi
ty2

20st
udent
sinacl
assment
ionedpar
ti
cul
arday
soft
heweekonwhi
cht
heywer
ebor
n

Ther
esul
tisshowni
nTabl
e2.

Day Sunday MondayTuesdayWednesdayThur

sdayFr
idaySat
urday
St
udent
sbor
n 2 2 1 4 5 3 3

2.Bl
ockgr
aph

Asi mplesquar eorrectangul

arblockisusedt orepresenttheunits.Theunitsarebuilt
wi thconcretemat er
ial
slikematchboxes.Cuisenair
er ods,mul t
i–basebl ock[ cubes]
etc.Blockgr aphdoesnothav eav er
ti
calaxi
sbutahor izontalaxi
s.Thehorizontalaxis
representst heitems.Thespacebet weentheadj acentbl ocksmustbeatt hesame
wi dthandt heblockthemselv
esmustbeoft hesamewi dth.Likethatoft
hepi ctogram
,ithasakey .

Act
ivi
ty3

Dr
awabl
ockt
orepr
esentdat
aint
abl
e2ofact
ivi
ty2.

Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fr

i Sat

Fi
gur
e1Day
soft
heweekonwhi
chst
udent
swer
ebor
n

3.Bargr
aph

I
ndr
awi
nganyoft
hebargr
aph.

1.Thedi
stancebet
weenanyt
woadj
acentbar
smustbeequal
.

2.Thewi
dthofbar
smustbet
hesame.

3.Thehei
ghtofeachbari
spr
opor
ti
onal
tot
henumberofi
tem i
nthecol
umn.
Dr
awabargr
apht
orepr
esentdat
aint
abl
e2ofAct
ivi
ty2.

St
udent
sbor
nonapar
ti
cul
ardayoft
heweek

6 ………………………………………………………………….
.

5 ………………………………………………………………….
.

4 ………………………………………………………………….
..

3 ………………………………………………………………….
..

f
req. 2 ………………………………………………………………….
.

1 ………………………………………………………………….
..

Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fr

i Sat

Day
soft
heweek

St
em –andl
eafpl
ot

Numer
ical
dat
acanbeputi
ntoast
em –and–l
eafpl
ot

Const
ructast
em –and–l
eafpl
otusi
ngt
hedat
abel
ow

57,
13,
24,
17,
13,
18,
12,
42,
39,
35,

11,
55,
55,
44,
48,
36,
19,
30,
19,
22,

Tabl
e6 St
em Leaf
 1 3,
7,
3,
8,
2,
1,
9,
9

2 4,
2

3 9,
5,
6,
0

4 2,
4,
8

5 7,
5,
5

Fi
ndi
ngav
erages(
mode,
medi
anandmean)

(
1)Mode

Modeistheit
em whichoccursmost
.Int
ermsoff r
equencyi
tist
het
erm wi
tht
he
hi
ghestf
requencyonecanfindi
tusi
ngafrequencytabl
e

Fi
ndt
hemodeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngdi
str
ibut
ion

Tabl
e7 Shoesi
ze No.ofpupi
l
s

35 3

36 6

37 12

38 8

39 1

40 2

41 1

42 1

Fr
om Tabl
e7,themodalshoesi
zei
s37si
ncei
toccur
smostf
requentwi
thasmanyas
12pupi
lshav
ingshoesi
zeof37.

Thest
em –andleafpl
oti
nTable8showst
hedi
str
ibut
ionofmal
es'
agesi
nat
own.Fi
nd
themodal
ageofthedi
str
ibut
ion
Tabl
e8 St
em Leaf

1 7,
6,
6,
5

2 1,
3,
6,
9,
4,
2,
8,
6,
5,
2,
7,
6,
4,
4,
6,
6

3 5,
1,
3,
4,
5,
5,
7,
6,
7,
5,
6

4 4,
5,
1.

Themodal
agei
s26y
ear
s.

(
2)Medi
an

Mediani
sthemi
ddleit
em ornumberwhendat
aisar
rangedi
nor
derofi
ncr
easi
ngor
decr
easi
ngmagni
tude.

(
1)Fi
ndt
hemedi
anoft
hegi
vendat
aofagesi
nyear
sof13chi
l
dreni
nagr
oup

4,5,6,6,6,6,6,7,7,7,8,8,9,

Thet
otal
numberofdat
ais13,
ther
efor
ethemi
ddl
eit s7th,
em i i
.e.6y
ear
s.

Hencet
hemedi
ani
s6y
ear
s.

(
2)Fi
ndt
hemedi
annumberofbi
rt
hsatagi
venhospi
tal
usi
ngt
hedat
abel
ow

5,6,7,2,1,3,9,5,6,7,8,9,6,4,

Fi
rstwer
e–ar
ranget
henumber
sasf
oll
ows:

Ei
ther 1,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,6,7,7,8,9,9(
inascendi
ngor
der
)

Or 9,9,8,7,7,6,6,6,5,5,4,3,2,1(
indescendi
ngor
der
)

I
nthisdi
str
ibut
ionthetotalnumberi
s14,
ther
eforethemediani
sthear
it
hmet
icmean
7th+8t
h 6+6
oft
hemiddlepair(
arranged),whi
chi
sint
hiscase( )= =6
2 2

Ther
efor
e,t
hemedi
anbi
rt
hnumberi
s6

Not
e:

1.Whent
het
otal
numberi
sodd,
themedi
ani
sthemi
ddl
enumber
.
 2.Whent
het
otal
numberi
sev
en,
themedi
ani
sthear
it
hmet
icmeanoft
hemi
ddl
e
pai
r

From t
hest
em –and–l
eafpl
ot,
findt
hemedi
anmar
kscor
edi
namat
hemat
icst
est
usingt
hescor
esbel
ow:

17,21,44,35,28,31,26,33,34,29,35,16,

24,37,22,45,27,26,41,36,16,25,22,35,

37,27,26,15,24,28,26,35,36,26.

Fi
rstwepl
ott
hest
em –andl
eafwi
thoutr
e–ar
rangement
.

Tabl
e9 St
em Leaf

1 7,6,6,5

2 1,8,6,9,4,2,7,6,5,2,7,6,4,8,6,6

3 5,1,3,4,5,5,7,6,7,5,6

4 4,5,1

Thenre-ar
ranget
hemar
ksi
nthel
eafpar
toft
hest
em –and–l
eafpl
oti
nascendi
ng
order
.

Tabl
e10 St
em Leaf

1 7,6,6,5

2 1,8,6,9,4,2,7,6,5,2,7,6,4,8,6,6

3 1,3,4,5,5,5,5,6,6,7,7

4 1,4,5

Not
ethatasregardstheexampl
einActi
vi
ty9, si
ncet
hetotal
numberi
s34(even),
the
th t
h
medi
anwill
bet heari
thmeti
cmeanofthe17 andt he18 marks,
27and28respecti
vel
y.

17t
h+18t
h 27+28
i
.e.( )= =27.
5
2 2

hence,
themedi
anmar
kscor
edi
s27.
5.
 (
3)Mean

Meani
sthesameasar
it
hmet
icav
erage.I
ncal
cul
ati
ngt
hemean:

1.Fi
ndt
hesum oft
henumber
sinagi
vendat
a.

2.Fi
ndt
het
otal
numberofi
ndi
vi
dual
itemsi
nthedat
a.

3.Di
vi
det
hesum byt
het
otal
number
.

Thewei
ghti
nkgofchi
l
dreni
nagr
oupar
easf
oll
ows:

11,23,34,45,52,33,44and10

Whati
sthemeanagei
nkg?

Wef
ir
stf
indt
hesum oft
hei
rages.

Sum =11+23+34+45+52+33+44+10=252

252
Mean= =31.
5(kg)
8

29,
23,
14,
23,
17,
37,
14,
14,
23,
18

12,
35,
31,
29,
14,
23,
31,
23,
35,
19

31,
29,
23,
14,
12,
24,
23,
24,
29,
31

31,
24,
43,
29,
24,
25,
37,
19,
24,
14
(
1)Const
ructagr
oupedf
requencyt
abl
e,usi
ngt
hei
nter
val
12–16,
17–21,

Tabl
e12 Mar
k Tal
l
y Fr
equency Cl
assmi
d f
x

(
f) poi
nt

(
x)

12–16 10 14 140

17–21 6 19 114

22–26 14 24 336

27–31 13 29 377

32–36 3 34 102

37–41 2 39 78

42-46 2 44 88

(
2)Fi
ndt
hemodal
classandt
hemeanoft
hedi
str
ibut
ion.

Fr
om Tabl
e12,
sincet
hecl
asswi
tht
hehi
ghestf
requency
,i.
e.14,
is22-26,

Modal
classi
s22–26.

Tof
indt
hemeanoft
hedi
str
ibut
ion,
Tot
alf
requency=50andTot
aloff
x=1235.

1235
Hencemean= =24.
7
50

Withknowl
edgei
nst
ati
sti
cssof
ar,
letusl
ookatt
hef
oll
owi
ngDBEexami
nat
ion
quest
ions:
 Q1.Thefol
lowi
ngi
st hefr
equencydi
str
ibut
iont
abl
eshowi
ngt
hemar
ksobt
ainedby
20pupi
lsinacl
asstest.

Mar
ks 1 2 3 4 5 6

f
requency 2 3 5 4 4 2

Descri
bethest
epsyouwoul
dtakecl
asssi
xpupi
l
sthr
ought
orepr
esentt
heabov
e
i
nformati
onasabarchar
t.

Ans:►Guidethepupi
l
sthr
oughthefol
lowi
ngst
epsbyaski
ngpupi
l
stodr
awt
wo
per
pendicul
araxesonagraphsheet
.

►Labelt
hehor
izont
alaxi
s"Day
soft
heweek"andt
hev
ert
ical
axi
s"numberofpupi
l
s"or
fr
equency.

►Cal
i
brat
ethef
requencyaxi
stakeni
ntoaccountt
hehi
ghestf
requency
.

►Mar
kthewi
dthoft
hebar
sandwr
it
eoutadayoft
heweekf
oreach.

►Constr
uctarect
angl
e(bar
)foreachdaywi
thhei
ghtequal
toi
tsf
requencymar
kedon
thef
requencyaxi
s.

►Spacesbet
weeneachbarmustbeequal
.

►Gi
vet
hegr
aphaTi
tl
e.

►Dr
awt
hegr
aph

Q2.Themar
ksobt
ainedby20pupi
l
sinacl
assexer
cisear
easf
oll
ows:

1625233445

4325315436

Descr
ibehowyouwouldgui
depri
marysixpupi
lstor
epr
esenttheabov
einf
ormat
ion
i
nasimplefr
equencyt
ableandr
epresenti
tdi
agrammat
ical
lyasabarchar
t.

Ans:

i
) Askpupi
l
stodr
awat
abl
eandwr
it
ecol
umnheadi
ng:
tal
l
yandf
requency
.
 i
i
) Leadpupi
l
stoi
dent
if
ythel
eastmar
k1andt
hehi
ghestmar
k6.

i
i
i) Letpupi
l
sli
stt
hemar
ksf
rom 1t
o6undert
hecol
umnl
abel
l
edmar
k.

i
v) Pupi
l
smar
kat
all
yorst
rokef
oreachmar
kundercol
umnl
abel
l
edt
all
y.

v
) Pupi
lscountt
hest
rokesmadeinthecol
umnt al
l
yforeachmar
kandr
ecor
dit
asfr
equencyi
nthecolumnheadedfr
equency
.

v
i) Letpupi
l
sgi
veal
i
ttl
etot
het
abl
e.

Bel
owi
sthef
requencydi
str
ibut
iont
abl
e;

Mar
ks Tal
l
y Fr
equency

1 2

2 3

3 5

4 4

5 4

6 2

Tot
al 20

Q3.Usi
ngthesetofnumber
s2,7,6,5,9,3,2,5,2.Expl
aincl
ear
lyeachoft
he
fol
l
owingconceptt
opri
marysi
xpupi
l
s.

i
) Mode i
i
) Medi
an i
i
i) Mean

b)Showandexpl
ainhowy ouwi
l
lgui
depr
imar
y6pupi
l
stor
epr
esentt
hedat
abel
ow
usingst
em andl
eafplot
.

12 23 14 35 29 25

34 31 16 27 25 16

26 25 19 20 21 18
Ans:
i)Expl
aint
hatt
hemodei
sthenumbert
hatoccurmost
.

- Pupi
l
slooki
ntot
hesetofnumber
sandr
eal
i
zet
hat2i
sthemode.

- Thus,
modei
n 2,7,6,5,9,3,2,5,2i
s2.

i
i
) Expl
ainmedi
anast hemiddl
eit
em whenthedi
str
ibut
ioni
sar
rangedi
nor
der
ofmagnit
ude(ascendi
ngordescendi
ng)

- Pupi
lsar
ranget
hegi
vennumber
sinor
derofmagni
tudeasshownbel
ow;
2,2,2,3,5,5,6,7,9,9

- Pupi
l
ssel
ectt
het
womi
ddl
enumber
s.

5+5 10
- Pupi
l
sfi
ndt
heav
erageoft
het
wonumber
sas = =5
2 2

- Pupi
l
snot
ethatt
hemedi
ani
s5.

i
i
i) Pupi
l
sdeter
mi net
hemeanbyaddi ngall
numbersgivenanddi
vi
dingbyt
he
numberofi
temsinthedi
str
ibut
ion(numberofaddends)

Mean9+2+7+6+5+9+3+2+5+2 50=5

10 10

- Pupi
l
snot
ethatt
hemeani
s5.

b)
Pupi
l
sar
ranget
henumber
sinascendi
ngor
derandbyt
ens.

i
.e.12 14 16 16 18 19 20 21 23

25 25 25 26 27 29 31 34 35

- Pupi
l
srepr
esentt
het
ensbyst
em andt
heonesbyl
eav
es.

- Pupil
sdrawavert
ical
li
newiththetensv
aluesont
hel
eftoft
hel
i
neand
theonesval
uesontheri
ghtside.
i
.e. St
em Leaf

1 246689

2 013555679

3 145

Q4.Thedat
abel
owi
sthehei
ght
sof20st
udent
smeasur
edt
othenear
estdegr
ee.

111 112 123 136 128 129 182 111 118 142

135 141 117 127 124 118 145 112 117 137

180 127 120 131 122 119 133 111 134 132.

a)Di
spl
ayt
hei
nfor
mat
ionusi
ngst
em andl
eafpl
ot.

b)Usi
ngt
hest
em andl
eafpl
ot,
det
ermi
net
he;

i
) Mode i
i
) Medi
an i
i
i) Mean

Ans:
a)Gui
det
hepupi
l
stoar
ranget
henumber
sinascendi
ngor
der
.

i
.e.111 111 111 112 112 117 117 118 118 119

120 122 123 124 127 127 128 129

131 132 133 134 135 137

141 142 145

180 182.

- Gui
depupi
l
stor
epr
esentt
het
ensbyst
em andl
eafbyones.

- Pupil
sdrawaver
ti
call
i
newit
hthet
ensv
aluesont
hel
eftoft
hel
i
neand
theonesont
heri
ghtsi
de.

St
em Leaf

11 1 11 2 2 77 889
 12 0 2 34 7 7 8 9

13 1 2 3 4 567

14 1 25

18 0 2

b)
i)
From t
hepl
ot,
pupi
l
sobser
vet
hatt
hemostoccur
ri
ngnumberi
s111.

Thus,
themode=111

127+127 254
i
i
) Fr
om t
heplot
,pupi
l
sobserv
ethemedianas = =127(
i.
e.t
her
e
2 2
ar
etwomiddl
enumbersoccupy
i he15thand16thposi
ngt ti
ons)

i
i
i) –Pupi
l
sfi
ndt
hesum ofal
lthenumber
s

- Di
vi
debyt
het
otal
numberofi
temsi
nthedi
str
ibut
ionasshownbel
ow;

Mean=(
111×3)+(
112×2)+(
117×2)+(
118×2)+119

+120+122+123+124+(
127×2)

+128+129+131+132+133+134

+135+136+137+141+142+145

+180+182

30

3874
= =129.
13
30

Q5.Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenr
ati
oandr
ategi
vi
ngexampl
esi
neachcase.

Ans: Rat ioreferstocompar ingtwoormor ethi

ngsoft hesameuni tormeasur e,
dimensionorki nd.ForexampleEsihas9or angesandAmahast hreeoranges,thenwe
cansayt hatEsi has6orangesmor ethanAma.i .
e.9is6morethan3because9–3=6.
Wecant hensayt hatEsi
'sorangesisthr
eet i
mesasAma' s.9is3t i
mes3, because9/ 3
=3.Wet henwr it
ethisrat
io9:3whi chisreadas" r
ati
oofninet othree"ont heother
hand,ratei scomparisonofonemeasur ewithanotherofadiff
erentdimensionE.g.A
mant r
av elsataspeedof20km perhour .Ekuaboughtaloafofbreadfor30Gp.
Q6.Expl
ainwhati
smeantbypr
opor
ti
on.

Ans:Propor
ti
oni
nvolv
estwoequi
val
entr
ati
osorrat
es.I
tisamat
hemat
icalst
atement
whichsetsonerat
eequalt
oanother
.Exampl
e:20km i
n1hour=40km in2hours=
60km i
n3hours.

Q7.Expl
ainhowy ouwouldgui
deupperpri
marypupil
ssi
xtoexpr
esst
hel
engt
hsoft
wo
st
ickswi
thheight24cm and16cm i
ntoi
tslowestt
erm.

Ans:
Steps:

1)Ther
ati
ooft
hei
rlengt
hsi
s24:
16.

2)Divi
deeachsti
ckint
o2equalpar
ts,
thus24÷2=12and16÷2=8.Ther
efor
e
therat
iooft
heirl
engths=12:8.

3)Di
vi
debot
hst
icksi
ntot
woequal
par
tsagai
nthus12÷2=and8÷2=4.

4)Di
vi
debot
hst
icksagai
nint
otwoequal
par
ts,
thus6÷2=3and4÷2=2

5)Thust
her
ati
ooft
hei
rlengt
hs=3:
2,t
hepupi
l
sreal
i
zet
hatt
hesi
mpl
estf
orm of
24:16=3:2.

Assi
gnment
.

Guidepupi
l
sint
heupperpr
imar
ysi
xtosi
mpl
i
fyt
hef
oll
owi
ngr
ati
osi
nthei
rsi
mpl
est
for
m.

a)6:
9 b)22cm :
33cm c)15:
10cm.

Q8.Descri
beanacti
vi
tyinwhichyouwouldengagekindergar
tenpupi
l
stoenabl
ethem
i
denti
fythefol
l
owingshapes:
r ect
angl
e,ci
rcl
eandtr
iangle.

Ans:
■Showt
hechi
l
drencut–out
soft
hegi
venshapes.
 ■Hel
pchi
l
drent
olear
nthei
rnames.

■Gi
vet
hecut–out
stot
hechi
l
drent
oobser
vet
hem car
eful
l
y.

■Lett
hem pi
ckf
rom acol
l
ect
iononeaf
tert
heot
herashapeandnamei
t.

■Letpupi
l
sident
if
yanamedshapef
rom shapesdr
awnonacar
dboar
dora
chal
kboar
d.

■Pupil
scal
loutt
henamesofashapeandanot
herpupi
l
sdr
awsi
tort
racesi
tfr
om
t
hecutout
s.

■Pupi
l
sident
if
yorpoi
ntt
oaanamedshapei
nar
eal
obj
ect
.

1 9
Q9.Descr
ibehowy
ouwoul
duseconcr
etemat
eri
alt
oshowt
opupi
l
sthat2 =
4 4

Ans:
▲take2i
dent
ical
sheet
sofpaperandaf
our
thofot
heri
dent
ical
sheett
orepr
esent
1
2
2

1
i
.e. (shadedpor
ti
on)
4

▲Foldeachoft
hetwoidenti
cal
wholesi
nto4equal
par
tsandaskpupi
l
sto
det
ermi
nehowmanyf our
thsther
earei
neach.

i
.e.

▲Pupi
l
sthendet
ermi
net
henumberoff
our
thst
her
ear
eal
toget
her
.i.
e.9f
our
ths.

1 9
▲Thus,
pupi
l
snot
ethat2 =
4 4

Al
ter
nat
ivesol
uti
on

Pupi
l
spick2purpl
erodsofCui
senai
rer
odsanot
herpur
plespl
i
tint
o4whi
tesand
1
pi
ck1whit
etorepr
esent2 .
4

Pupi
l
sspl
i
teachoft
hepur
pler
odsi
nto4whi
test
oget8whi
tes.
 Pupi
lcountt
henumberofwhi
test
her
ear
eal
toget
her
.

Pupi
l
sget9whi
tes.

Pupi
l
scompar
e9whi
teswi
thawhol
eandobt
ain9/
4.

1 9
Thust
heynot
ethat2 =
4 4

ASSESMENT

Q1.Whati sdi
agnosti
cassessment?Explai
nbri
efl
yt hepurposeforusi
ngdiagnost
ic
assessmenti
nteachi
ngandlear
ningmathemati
csinthelowerpri
maryschool

Ans:Adiagnosti
cassessmenti sonewhichiscarriedouttofi
ndoutareasofstrengt
hs
andweaknesses( diff
icul
ti
es)thatchi
ldhas.Byt hisassessmenttheteachergetsto
knowofapupi l
sst r
engthsandweaknessesandt akesmeasurestoencourageorrect
if
y
them ort
oselecttheappropri
atemethodofteaching.

Q2.Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenf
ormat
iveassessmentandsummat
iveassessment
?

Ans:Formati
veassessmenti
sacont
inuousdaytodayassessmentt
hattakeplace
thr
oughoutt hecourseofst
udy
.Thi
si susedasaf eedbackt
ocorr
ecterror
sand
dif
fi
cul
ti
esident
if
ied.

Ontheotherhand,summati
veassessmenti
st hetypeofassessmentorev
aluat
iont
hat
t
akespl
aceatt heendofacour
seorprogram whichprovi
desinfor
mati
onaboutpupi
ls
l
evel
ofachievement.

Q3.Expl
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ermsi
)Nor
m –r
efer
encedi
i
)Cr
it
eri
on–r
efer
encet
est
.

a)Norm –r ef
erenced testisthetypeofassessmentwhi chcompar espupil'
s
perfor
mancewi ththei
rpeers.Examples,st
andar
dizedtesti
sanorm –r ef
erence
testwhichcompar espupil
'
sperfor
mancewi thalargesampleofpupil
sofsimil
ar
age.Thus,astudent'
sperformanceisassessedi
nr el
ati
ontothegroupornorm.

b)Cr
it
eri
on–r
efer
encet
estmeasur
est
heachi
evementofpupi
l
sagai
nstagi
ven
 standar
dorcr i
teri
a.Thus,pupi
lsareassessedaccor
dingtoagi vencr
it
eria.
Example,aprocesstestisacri
ter
ionref
erencet
estwhichusual
lyhasaf i
xed
passmar kwherepupil
sareexpect
edtopassonetestbefor
ecarr
yingontothe
nextlev
el,
orthenextcl
ass.

Q4.St
atet
wost
rengt
hsandt
wochal
l
engesofcr
it
eri
on–r
efer
encedt
est
.

Ans:STRENGTHS:

i
) Testi
temshav
est
rongv
ali
dit
yandr
eli
abi
l
ity
.

i
i
) Haswel
lor
gani
zedandr
epor
ti
ngpr
ocedur
es.

i
i
i) AssessmentunderCRTi
scomprehensi
veasi
tmost
lycov
ersal
lobj
ect
ives
outl
i
nedinthepri
marysy
ll
abus

i
v) Testt
akenatt
het
imet
hroughoutt
hecount
ry.

WEAKNESS:

i
) Resour
cesav
ail
abl
efori
t'
sadmi
nist
rat
ioni
sli
mit
ed.

i
i
) Repor
tsorf
eedbacksont
hepupi
l
'sachi
evement
sar
eissuedl
ate

i
i
i) Q5.Gi
vet
hreer
easonswhycont
inuousassessmenti
susef
ul.

i
v) Ans:i
)itpr
ovidesamor er
epresent
ati
vesampli
ngofpupil
'
sperf
ormancebot
h
acr
osst i
meandacr osstask.A st
udentwhoi sweakinonesubjectmay
per
for
m betterinot
herfi
eldworksuchastai
l
ori
ng,cooker
yet
c.

v
) ii
)Pupils are moti
vat
ed to make conti
nuous ef
fortt
hroughoutthe
i
nst
ructionperiodbecauseal
lthei
rgradescont
ri
butetothef
inalgradet
hey
wi
ll
obt ain.

v
i) i
i
i)I
tmakesanev
aluat
ionani
ntegr
alpar
toft
het
eachi
ngpr
ocess.

v
ii
) iv
)Itgi
vesamorecompr
ehensi
vepi
ctur
eoft
hepupi
l
'sachi
evementt
han
doesasingl
efi
nal
exami
nat
ion.
Q6.Howwoul
dyouexpl
aint
oapupi
li
npr
imar
y5t
hat0.
9isgr
eat
ert
han0.
61.

9 90
Ans:
i)Expl
aint
hat0.
9isni
ne–t
ent
hsofni
net
y–hundr
edt
hs,
thus0.
9
10 100

And0.
61i
ssi
xty–onehundr
edt
hsi
sgr
eat
ert
hansi
xty–hundr
edt
hs

i
i
)Thus,
pupi
l
sreal
i
zet
hatni
net
y–hundr
edt
hsi
sgr
eat
ert
hansi
xty–hundr
edt
hs.

f
ig1 = f
ig2.

9 90
0.
9= 0.
9=
10 100

90
i
i
i)Pupi
l
sobser
vet
hatt
heshadedpor
ti
onsi
nfi
gur
e2i
s i.
e.90smal
lboxes.
100

61
v
) Pupi
l
scomparethe90smallboxesto61= smal
lboxest
oreal
i
zet
hat
100
90 61
> Thustheynot
ethat0.9>0.
61.
100 100

Assi
gnment
.

Howwoul
dyouexpl
aint
oapupi
li
npr
imar
y50.
6isgr
eat
ert
han0.
39?(
DBESept
2008)
.

LI
KELYEXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ONS

1.Gi
veandexpl
ainbr
ief
lyTWOr
easonwhychi
l
drenar
etaughtmat
hemat
icsi
nschool
.
2.Expl
ainbr
ief
lyTWOadv
ant
agesofr
elat
ional
lear
ningi
nmat
hemat
ics.

3.Expl
aint
hemult
ipl
eembodi
mentpr
inci
plei
nthet
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningmat
hemat
ics
gi
venexampl
e.

4.Li
stPol
ya'
sFOURst
epsi
npr
obl
em sol
vi
ngpr
ocesses.

buseasui
tabl
eexampl
etoexpl
aineachst
ep.

5.Whatist
heimpli
cati
onofBr
uner
'st
heor
yofdev
elopmentf
ort
eachi
nganew
mathemati
csconcept
?

6.GiveFOURchar act
eri
sti
csoft
hechil
dreni
nthepre–operat
ionalst
ageofpi
aget
's
stageofdevel
opmentandconcret
eoperat
ional
stagesofpi
aget'
sstagesof
development.

7.Usingsui
tabl
eexample,
clear
lydi
sti
ngui
shbet
weenapr
imar
yconceptanda
secondar
yconcepti
nmat hemati
cs.

8.Whatdoest
hemat
hemat
ical
process'
abst
ract
ing'
mean?

9.a)Whati
sagener
icski
l
l.

b)Gi
veTWOgeneticski
l
lsandexpl
ainbr
ief
lyhoweachi
sempl
oyedi
nteachi
ng
andlear
ningofmat
hemati
cs.

10.Expl
ainbri
efl
ywhati
smeantbyeachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nthet
eachi
ngandl
ear
ningof
mathematics:

(
a)Pr
ocessobj
ect
ives:
(
b)Af
fect
iveobj
ect
ive:

11.(
a)Descr
ibeTWOdif
fer
entappr
oachesy
ouwoul
duset
ohel
ppupi
l
sinpr
imar
y
cl
ass1tosolvet
hepr
oblem 6–2.

(b)Descr
ibecl
ear
lyhowyouwoulduseanamedbaset
enmateri
alst
ohel
pa
pr
imarycl
asstwopupil
toaddthet
wo–di gi
tnumber
s56and47.

12.(
a)Whatar
epr
e–numberact
ivi
ti
es?

(b)Gi
veandexpl
aint
wor
easonswhyy
ouwoul
dengagepr
imar
ycl
ass1pupi
l
sinpr
e
–numberact
ivi
ti
es.

(
c)Descr
ibeoneact
ivi
tyf
oreachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
e–numberact
ivi
ti
esi
nwhi
ch
y
ouwouldengagepupi
l
s:

(
i)Sor
ti
ng

(
ii
)Mat
chi
ng

(
ii
i)Or
der
ing

13.(a)Descr
ibeagameyouwoul ddesignforl
owerpri
marypupi
l
sfort
heconsol
i
dat
ion
oftheconceptofmul
ti
pli
cat
ion.Expl
ainclear
lyhowiti
sused.

(b)Descr
ibeclear
lyhowy ouwil
luseconcr
etemater
ial
stohel
ppupi
lsi
npri
mar
y
cl
ass3tosolvethedivi
sionprobl
em 12÷3by( i
)Shari
ng (
ii
)Groupi
ng

14.(a)Descr
ibeanacti
vit
yyouwoul
dpl
anf
orpr
imar
ycl
ass6pupi
l
stoenabl
ethem
col
lectdatai
nthei
rclassr
oom.

(b)Showandexplai
nhowyouwouldgui
det
hepupi
l
stoor
gani
zeandr
epr
esentt
he
dat
ain(a)i
nabargraph,(
b)bl
ockgr
aph.
Q15.(a)Descr
ibeclearl
yanacti
vi
tyi
nwhichy
ouwoul
dengagepupil
sinpr
imaryclass4
2
toenabl
ethem discoverfort
hemsel
vest
hatt eaAcm ofar
hear ect
angl
ewithlength1
cm andwidt
hW cm i sA=1×W.

2
16.Expl
ainhowyouwi
llgui
deanupperpr
imar
ypupi
l
stodi
scov
erf
orher
sel
fthat3 =
5
17
usi
ngconcr
etemat
erial
s.
5

1
(
i)Wr
it
east
orypr
obl
em f
or3÷ .
4

1
(
ii
)Showhowy
ouwi
l
lgui
dey
ourpupi
l
stosol
vet
hepr
obl
em 3÷ usi
ngconcr
ete
4
mater
ial
s.

17.Wr it
edownast orypr
oblem f
orasituati
oni
nwhichsubt
racti
oni
sdescri
bedas
(a)"
mi ssi
ngaddend."(
b)takeaway.Explai
nhowyouwouldhelpachi
ldsol
vethe
problem.

18.Descr
ibebri
efl
yhowyouwouldexpl
aintoacl
ass2pupi
lthati
nthenumber132,
the
val
ueofthedigi
t1isgr
eatert
hanthedi
git2.

19.Whati
sconser
vat
ionofnumber
?Usesui
tabl
eexampl
etoexpl
aint
hist
erm.

20.Usi
ngsui
tabl
eexampl
es,
expl
ainwhati
smeantbyanangl
e.

Descr
ibecl
earl
yhowyouwouldgui
dethepupi
lstofi
ndpoutwhi
chofthef
oll
owingis
wider
;thel
engt
hofthecl
assr
oom andthedi
stancebet
weentwopol
esontheschool
compound.

21.Descr
ibehowy
ouwoul
dusemul
tibasebl
ockt
osol
ve247+359.