Cell Types Se
Cell Types Se
Cell Types Se
Vocabulary: ATP, bacteria, carbon dioxide (CO2), cell, cellular respiration, compound light
microscope, eukaryote, multicellular, muscle cell, neuron, organelle, photosynthesis, prokaryote,
protist, red blood cell, root hair cell, tissue, unicellular, white blood cell
1. How do you know if something is alive? Describe some of the characteristics of living things.
2. Humans, plants and mushrooms are all alive. What do these organisms have in common?
Gizmo Warm-up
In the Cell Types Gizmo, you will use a light microscope to compare and
contrast different samples. On the LANDSCAPE tab, click on the Elodea leaf.
(Turn on Show all samples if you can’t find it.) Switch to the MICROSCOPE
tab to observe the sample as it would appear under the microscope. By
default, this microscope is using 40x magnification.
1. Drag the Coarse focus slider until the sample is focused as well as possible. Then, improve
the focus with the Fine focus slider. What do you see?
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2. Select the 400x magnification. If necessary, adjust the fine focus. Now, what do you see?
3.
The individual chambers you see are cells, the smallest functional unit of an organism.
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Get the Gizmo ready:
Activity A: On the LANDSCAPE tab, click on the woman’s
Observing cells right arm to choose the Human skin sample.
Select the MICROSCOPE tab.
Introduction: Complex organisms are made up of smaller units, called cells. Most cells are too
small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopes are used to magnify small objects, so here you
will use a compound light microscope to observe the cells of different organisms.
Question: What are similarities and differences between cells from different organisms?
1. Match: Read about each microscope part. Match the description to the part on the diagram.
2. Manipulate: With 40x selected, use the Coarse and Fine focus sliders to focus on the
sample. Then, choose 400x and focus on the sample using the Fine focus slider.
B. Turn on Show labels. What structures can you see in human skin cells?
C. Turn off Show labels and turn on Show scale bars. The scale bar has a width of 20
micrometers, or 20 μm. (There are 1,000 micrometers in a millimeter.)
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Using the scale bar, about how wide is a human skin cell?
3. Observe: An organelle is a cell structure that performs a specific function. Observe the
samples below under the highest magnification. Click the Show labels checkbox to label the
organelles. List the organelles and approximate size of the cells in each sample.
Mouse skin
Fly muscle
Maple leaf
Elodea
Fungus
4. Observe: Click on the cow and observe E. coli under the highest magnification. Notice the
microscope magnification is larger for this organism, and notice the scale bar is smaller.
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E. coli is an example of a bacteria. Bacteria are classified as prokaryotic cells
because their DNA is not contained in a membrane-bound nucleus.
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Get the Gizmo ready:
Activity B:
On the LANDSCAPE tab, click on the woman’s
Specialized cells
head to choose the human neuron sample.
1. Collect data: Use the microscope to observe the samples listed in the table below. For each
sample, estimate the cell size and check off the organelles that are present. If there is no
column for an organelle, list it in the Special structure(s) column.
2. Observe: Select the human skin sample. On the MICROSCOPE tab, choose the 400x
magnification, focus on the sample, and turn on Show labels. Click on the Nucleus label. If
necessary, adjust the Stage sliders to see the full description.
3. Observe: Select the human neuron sample. Focus the cells at 400x. Turn on Show labels.
A. Click on the axon label to read the description. What is its function?
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B. What is the function of a dendrite?
Neurons transmit messages in the form of electrical and chemical signals, through
axons and dendrites, from one part of the body to another.
4. Compare: Select to the human muscle sample. Observe the sample at 400x.
5. Compare: Select the human blood sample. Observe at 400x. Look under Show information
on the right-hand side of the Gizmo.
6. Compare: Compare the human and animal samples (human and mouse skin; human and
worm neurons; human and fly muscle; human and frog blood).
A. In general, are there any major differences that you can see? Explain.
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B. What organelle do frog RBCs have that human RBCs do not?
Most mammalian red blood cells have no nucleus. This allows the red blood cell to
use all of its volume to transport oxygen.
7. Extend your thinking: Many types of cells, such as the ones in this activity, live together in
groups, called tissues. A tissue is a group of similar cells that together carry out a specific
function. Describe how the skin cells, neurons, muscle cells, and blood cells you have
observed relate to the functions of skin, nerve, muscle, and blood tissue.
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Activity C: Get the Gizmo ready:
Plants and On the LANDSCAPE tab, select the Microalgae
unicellular life sample.
Introduction: Most of the animals and plants we are familiar with are multicellular, they are
made up of many cells. However, many living things only consist of a single cell. These
microscopic organisms are unicellular.
1. Observe: Compare the microalgae, the Elodea leaf cells, the maple leaf cells, and the root
hair cells at 400x. Sketch each below:
C. What is the purpose of this structure, and why do you think it is missing from the root
hair cells?
D. How are the algae cells different from the other cells?
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Microalgae are examples of unicellular organisms. Each cell is a single organism.
2. Explore: Which other samples in the Gizmo do you think represent unicellular organisms?
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Activity C (continued from previous page)
3. Observe: Switch to the Protist sample. Protists are unicellular organisms common in ponds
On the MICROSCOPE tab, select the 100x radio button and focus the image.
A. Watch the motion of the protists at 100X and 400X. What structures allow each
protist to move?
B. In the table below, draw the structures that allow the protists to move on their images
on the left and describe the structures in the spaces on the right:
Amoeba
Euglena
Parameciu
m
4. Compare: On the LANDSCAPE tab, click on the cow to switch to the E. coli sample. On the
MICROSCOPE tab, select 2500x, focus the image and turn on Show labels.
A. Find two structures that help E. coli move and describe them below:
Name: Description:
Name: Description:
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B. Do protists (amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium) use similar structures to move?
Explain.
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Get the Gizmo ready:
Activity D:
On the LANDSCAPE tab, select the worm to
Are cells alive? choose the Worm neuron sample.
Select the TEST FOR LIFE tab.
Introduction: All organisms need energy from food to function. During cellular respiration,
cells use glucose from food to produce ATP, a molecule that stores energy for the cell, and
carbon dioxide (CO2). You can test for the products of respiration to see if your sample is alive.
1. Observe: The first row of the dish contains an ATP reagent that will glow if ATP is in the
liquid. The second row of the dish contains phenol red, a reagent that turns orange when the
liquid is acidic. Each row of the dish contains an example of a positive test (positive control),
an example of a negative test (negative control), and the sample.
B. Does the worm neuron sample produce ATP? How do you know?
D. When CO2 combines with water it forms carbonic acid. How does this explain the
2. On the LANDSCAPE tab, select the Maple leaf sample. Return to the TEST FOR LIFE tab.
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In the light, plant leaves undergo photosynthesis, using CO2, water, and light energy
to produce food. In the dark, plants cannot perform photosynthesis.
C. Click Reset ( ), then click on the light switch to turn off the lights. Click Play to
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Activity D (continued from previous page)
3. Collect data: Using the table below, select the sample on the LANDSCAPE tab. Perform the
experiment in the light on the TEST FOR LIFE tab. Turn off the light by clicking on the light
switch and perform the experiment again in the dark. Record the results below.
5. Discuss: Based on the results of the experiment, which samples from the table above are
6. Analyze: Small particles of silt are about the same size and shape as a cell.
A. Is silt alive?
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B. How do you know?
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