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Chapter 7: Macroscopic Balances for Isothermal Flow Systems

7.1 The macroscopic mass balance

Fig. 7.0-1. Macroscopic flow system with fluid entering at plane 1 and leaving at plane 2. It may be necessary to
add heat at a rate Q to maintain the system temperature constant. The rate of doing work on the system by the
surroundings by means of moving surfaces is W,. The symbols ul and u2, denote unit vectors in the direction
of flow at planes 1 and 2. The quantities r, and r, are position vectors giving the location of the centers of the
inlet and outlet planes with respect to some designated origin of coordinates.

7.1 The macroscopic mass balance

𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝟏 − 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝟐
𝒅
𝒎 = 𝝆𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝑺𝟏 − 𝝆𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝑺𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒕

∆𝒘 = 𝒘𝟐 − 𝒘𝟏 = 𝝆𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝑺𝟐 − 𝝆𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝑺𝟏
𝒅
𝒎 = −∆𝒘
𝒅𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒕
If the total mass of fluid does not change with time, then we get the steady-state macroscopic
mass balance ∆𝒘 = 𝟎

Ex. 7.1.1

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7.2 The macroscopic momentum balance

𝒅
𝑷 = 𝝆𝟏 𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝑺𝟏 𝒖𝟏 − 𝝆𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝑺𝟐 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒑𝟏 𝑺𝟏 𝒖𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 𝑺𝟐 𝒖𝟐 + 𝑭𝒔→𝒇 + 𝒎𝒕𝒐𝒕 𝒈
𝒅𝒕 𝒕

Rate of Rate of Rate of pressure pressure force of force of

increase of momentum momentum force on force on solid gravity
momentum in at plane 1 in at plane 1 fluid at fluid at surface on fluid
plane 1 plane 2 on fluid

 𝐏𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝝆𝐯𝒅𝑽

 unsteady-state macroscopic momentum

balance
𝒅 𝒗𝟐
𝐏 = −∆ 𝒘 + 𝒑𝑺 𝒖 + 𝑭𝒔→𝒇 + 𝒎𝒕𝒐𝒕 𝒈
𝒅𝒕 𝒕 𝒗

If the total amount of momentum in the system does not change with time, then we get the
steady-state macroscopic momentum balance

𝒗𝟐
𝑭𝒇→𝒔 = −∆ 𝒘 + 𝒑𝑺 𝒖 + 𝒎𝒕𝒐𝒕 𝒈
𝒗

7.2 The macroscopic momentum balance

Notes regarding turbulent flow:

i. For turbulent flow it is customary to replace 𝑣 by 𝑣 and 𝑣 2 by 𝑣 2 , in the

latter we are neglecting the term 𝑣 2 , which is generally small with respect to 𝑣 2 .
ii. Then we further replace 𝑣 2 / 𝑣 by 𝑣 . The error in doing this is quite small; for
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the empirical 1/7 power law velocity profile given in Eq. 5.1-4, 𝑣 2 / 𝑣 = 𝑣,
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so that the error is about 2%.
iii. When we make this assumption we will normally drop the angular brackets and
overbars to simplify the notation. That is, we will let 𝑣1 = 𝑣1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣12 = 𝑣12 with
similar simplifications for quantities at plane 2.

Example 7.2.1

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7.4 Macroscopic Mechanical Energy Balance

Macroscopic Energy Balance

Accumulation = In – Out + {Generation – Consumption}

Assume:
• Energy is conserved
• Steady State

0  In  O ut

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Macroscopic Energy Balance

How may Energy enter System?
1. Via Mass Flow
• KE
• PE
• Int. Energy
2. Heat Transfer (Q)
• Conduction
• Radiation
3. Work on or by System (W)
• Pumps
Note: Q and W positive for energy • Compressors
into system

Energy Transferred via Mass Flow

Convective Term
• Internal Energy
• Kinetic Energy
• Potential Energy

  
m U 2  U 1   12 u 22  u 12  g  z 2  z1  
Flow Work Term
• Pressure work required p p 
m  2  1 
 2 2 
to push fluid through system

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Overall Mechanical
Energy Balance

Q  W 
 p p  
 
 U 2  U1    2  1   12 u22  u12  g z 2  z1 
m
   2 1  

Mechanical Energy Balance

  p  u 2

W  m     gz  h f 
  2 

Wˆ  W   Wˆ p
m
 p   u 2
Wˆ       gz  h f

  2
Note :   "2"  "1"

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 p   u 2
Wˆ       gz  h f

  2

7.5 Estimation of the viscous loss

In steady-state flow
𝑬𝒗
𝑬𝒗 = 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒘 = 𝝆 𝒗 𝑺
𝒘
Reference velocity v0  𝒗 and Reference length l  𝑺
𝟏
𝑬𝒗 = 𝒗 𝟐 𝒆𝒗
𝟐
ev : the friction loss factor, is a function of a Reynolds number

(z-momentum) 𝑭𝒇→𝒔 = 𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 𝑺 + (𝝆𝑺𝑳)𝒈𝒛

𝟏
(Mechanical energy) 𝑬𝒗 = 𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 𝑺 + 𝑳𝒈𝒛
𝝆
In turbulent flow, the expression for Ff→s, in terms of the mean hydraulic radius Rh may be used.
𝑭𝒇→𝒔
𝑬𝒗 =
𝝆𝑺

𝟏 𝟐 𝑳 𝑳
𝑬𝒗 = 𝟐 𝒗 𝒇 𝒆𝒗 = 𝑹 𝒇
𝑹𝒉 𝒉

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7.5 Estimation of the viscous loss

7.5 Estimation of the viscous loss

𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝑳 𝟏 𝟐
𝒗 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝒗 𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒈 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝝆
𝒅𝒑 = 𝑾𝒎 − 𝒊(𝟐 𝒗 𝑫 𝒇)𝒊 − 𝒊(𝟐 𝒗 𝒆𝒗 )𝒊
𝟐 𝒉

Sum over all Sum over all

Sections of fittings, valves,
straight conduits meters, etc.

Ex. 7.5.1: What is the required power output from the pump at steady state in the
system shown in Fig. 7.5-l? Water at 68OF (ρ = 62.4 lb,/ft3; µ = 1.0 cp) is to be delivered
to the upper tank at a rate of 12 ft3/min. All of the piping is 4-in. internal diameter
smooth circular pipe.

Fig. 7.5-1. Pipeline flow with

friction losses because of
fittings. Planes1 and 2 are
just under the surface of the
liquid.

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𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝑳 𝟏 𝟐
𝒗 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝒗 𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒈 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒑𝟏 𝝆
𝒅𝒑 = 𝑾𝒎 − 𝒊(𝟐 𝒗 𝑫 𝒇)𝒊 − 𝒊(𝟐 𝒗 𝒆𝒗 )𝒊
𝟐 𝒉

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7.6 Use of The Macroscopic Balances For Solving Problems

In §3.7 it was shown how to set up the differential equations to calculate the velocity
and pressure profiles for isothermal flow systems by simplifying the equations of
change. In this section, in Examples 7.6-1 to 7.6-5, we show how to use the set of
steady-state macroscopic balances to obtain the algebraic equations for describing
large systems.

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Ex. 7.6.1: An incompressible fluid flows from a small circular tube into a large tube in turbulent
flow, as shown in the Fig. below. The cross-sectional areas of the tubes are S, and S2. Obtain an
expression for the pressure change between planes 1 and 2 and for the friction loss associated
with the sudden enlargement in cross section. Let β = S,/S2, which is less than unity.

(a) Mass balance. For steady flow the mass

balance gives
𝒘𝟏 = 𝒘𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝝆𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝑺𝟏 = 𝝆𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝑺𝟐
𝒗𝟏 𝟏
=
𝒗𝟐 𝜷

(b) Momentum balance. The downstream

component of the momentum balance is

𝑭𝒇→𝒔 = 𝒗𝟏 𝒘𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 𝒘𝟐 + (𝒑𝟏 𝑺𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 𝑺𝟐 )
𝑭𝒇→𝒔 =⇒ −𝒑(𝑺𝟐 − 𝑺𝟏 )

𝟏
𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑𝟏 = 𝝆𝒗𝟐𝟐 (𝒗𝟐 −𝒗𝟏 )  𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑𝟏 = 𝝆𝒗𝟐𝟐 −𝟏
𝜷

(d) Mechanical energy balance. There is no compressive loss, no work done via
moving parts, and no elevation change, so that

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝑬𝒗 = 𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐𝟐 + (𝒑𝟏 −𝒑𝟐 )
𝟐 𝝆

𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑𝟏 = 𝝆𝒗𝟐𝟐 (𝒗𝟐 −𝒗𝟏 )

𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝑬𝒗 = 𝒗𝟐𝟐 −𝟏
𝟐 𝜷

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7.6.5. common method for determining the mass rate of flow through a pipe is to
measure the pressure drop across some “obstacle” in the pipe. An example of this is the
orifice, which is a thin plate with a hole in the middle (the cross-sectional area of the
hole is S0). There are pressure taps at planes 1 and 2, upstream and downstream of the
orifice plate. Figure 7.6-5(a) shows the orifice meter, the pressure taps, and the general
behavior of the velocity profiles as observed experimentally. The velocity profile at
plane 1 will be assumed to be flat. In Fig. 7.6-5(b) we show an approximate velocity
profile at plane 2, which we use in the application of the macroscopic balances. The
standard orifice-meter equation is obtained by applying the steady-state macroscopic
mass and mechanical energy balances.

Fig. 7.6-5. (a) A sharp-

edged orifice, showing the
approximate velocity
profiles at several planes
near the orifice plate.

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