Unit Iv
Unit Iv
Unit Iv
Notch: A notch is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a liquid through a small
channel or a tank. It is an opening provided in in the side of the tank or a small channel in
such a way that the liquid surface in the tank or channel is below the top edge of the opening.
Weir: A weir is a concrete or masonry structure, placed in an open channel over which
the flow occurs. It is generally in the form of vertical wall, with a sharp edge at the top,
running all the way across the open channel. The notch is of small size while the weir is a
bigger size. The notch is generally made of metallic plate while weir is made of concrete or
masonry structure.
1. Nappe or vein: The sheet of water flowing through a notch or over a weir is called Nappe
or Vein.
2. Crest or Sill: The bottom edge of a notch or a top of a weir over which the water flows,
is known as the sill or crest.
Difference between Notch and weir:
4. The edges of notch are thin and sharp Crest of weir is wide in the direction of
flow
2. The stream of liquid coming out of The over flowing stream of liquid in a
an orifice is called a jet notch is called nappe or vein
Weirs are classified to the shape of the opening, shape of the crest, the effects of the sides on
the nappe and nature of discharge. The following are the important classifications.
Cd = co-efficient of discharge
Solution: Given.
Let H is height of water above the crest of weir, H2 = height of weir as shown in fig.
The discharge over the weir is given by the equation,
2.0 = 10.623[H]3/2
[H]3/2 = 2.0/10.623
[H] = [2.0/10.623]2/3
[H] = 0.328 m.
H2 = 1.472 m. Ans.
Problem: The head of water over a rectangular notch is 900mm. The discharge is
300litres/sec. Find length of the notch, when Cd=0.62 (Do yourself)
Q = 1.417[H]5/2
Problem: Water flows over a rectangular weir 1m wide at a depth of 150 mm and
afterwards passes through a triangular right-angled weir. Taking Cd for rectangular
and triangular weir as 0.62 and 0.59 respectively, find depth over triangular weir.
Solution: Given,
Cd= 0.62
For triangular weir Ө =900
Q = 0.10635 m3/sec
(H= H1)
[H1]5/2 = 0.10635
1.3936
H = (0.1707)0.4 = 0.493m
position of the apex of the notch from the bed of the channel,
Discharge through two triangular notches FAD and BCE is equal to the discharge through a
single triangular notch of angle Ө.
Q= Q1 + Q2 =2/3 Cd1 x L √2g [H]3/2 + 8/15 x Cd2 x √2g [H]5/2 tan ө/2
Problem: Find the discharge through a trapezoidal weir which is 1 m wide at top and
0.4 m at bottom and is 30 cm height. Th head of water on the notch is 20 cm. Assume Cd
of rectangular portion as 0.62 while for triangular portion, Cd = 0.6.
Solution: Given,
Top width, AE = 1m
Base width CD = L = 0.4m
Head of water H = 0.2
For rectangular portion Cd = 0.62
For triangular portion Cd = 0.60
From∆ ABC,
Q =2/3 Cd1 x L √2g [H]3/2 + 8/15 x Cd2 x √2g [H]5/2 tan ө/2
Q = 0.06549 + 0.02535
Let H1, H2 and H3 = Height of water above the crest of notch 1, notch 2 and notch 3
respectively
L1, L2 and L3 = Length of the notch 1, notch 2 and notch 3 respectively
Cd = Coefficient of discharge of all notches.
Total discharge through the stepped notch,
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
Q =2/3 Cd x L1 x √2g [H13/2 – H23/2] +2/3 Cd x L2 x √2g [H23/2 – H33/2] + [2/3 Cd x L3 x√2g
[H33/2]
Problem: Fig shows a stepped notch. Find the discharge through the notch if Cd for all
section = 0.62
Solution: Given,
L1 = 40cm
L2 =80cm
L3 = 120cm
H1 = 50+30+15 =95cm
H2 = 80 cm
H3 = 50cm
Cd for all section = 0.62
Total discharge through the stepped notch,
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
Q =2/3 Cd x L1 x √2g [H13/2 – H23/2] +2/3 Cd x L2 x √2g [H23/2 – H33/2] + 2/3 Cd x L3 x√2g
[H33/2]
Solution: Given,
Area of channel A = width x depth = 1.0 x 0.75= 0.75m2
Length of wear L = 60cm = 0.60m
Head of water H1 = 20cm = 0.20m
Cd = 0.62
Discharge over a rectangular weir without velocity of approach,
Q =2/3 Cd x L √2g [H1]3/2
Problem: Find discharge over rectangular weir of length 100 m. The head of water over
weir is 1.5m. The velocity of approach is given as 0.5 meter per sec. Take Cd = 0.6. (Do
yourself.)
p/ ῥ g + v2 / 2g+ z = p/ ῥ g + v2/ 2g + z
0 + 0 +H = 0+ v2/ 2g +h
v2/ 2g = H - h
v = √2g (H – h)
The discharge over weir,
Q = Cd x Area of flow x velocity
= Cd x L x h x √2g (H – h)
= Cd x L x √2g (Hh2 – h3) ------------------- (1)
The discharge will be maximum, if (Hh2 – h3)
d/dh (Hh2 – h3) = 0
2h x H – 3h2 =0
2H = 3h
or h = 2/3H
Qmax. will be obtained by substituting the value of h in equation (1)
Qmax = Cd x L x √2g [H x (2/3H) 2 – 2/3H3)]
Qmax = Cd x L x √2g [H x (4/9H 2 – 8/27H3)]
Qmax = Cd x L x √2g [(12 – 8)/27 H3]
Qmax = Cd x L x √2g [(4/27 H3]
Qmax = Cd x L x √2g x0.3849 H3/2
Qmax = 0.3849 x √2 x 9.81x Cd x L x H3/2
Qmax = 1.705x Cd x L x H3/2
‹
For narrow-Crested weir, 2L H, it is similar to a rectangular weir or notch.
Fig. shows an Ogee weir, in which the crest of the weir rises upto maximum height of 0.115 x
H (where H is the height of water above inlet of the weir) and then falls as shown in fig. The
discharge for an Ogee weir is same as that of a rectangular weir,
When the water level on the downstream side of a weir is above the crest of the weir, then the
weir is called to be a submerged or drowned weir. Fig. shows a submerged weir. The total
discharge, over the weir is obtained by dividing the weir into two parts. The portion between
upstream and downstream water surface may be treated as free weir and portion between
downstream water surface and crest of weir as a drowned weir.
= Cd x L x h x√2g [H - h]
Solution: Given.
Cd = 0.60
(a) Price Current meter: These types of instruments mainly consist of a spindle mounted
on a frame and supporting a wheel with cup shaped or helical vanes and rotated by the
dynamic action of flowing water. The price current meter is provided with a ring of conical
cups or buckets fixed to a vertical spindle which is mounted on a frame. The instrument is
suspended by a rope or wire the weight of the mechanism is properly balanced by a two or
four bladed tail, which is help full in maintaining the instrument facing the current meter. A
dead weight is provided at the bottom to further stabilize the position of the instrument this
weight is made torpedo-shaped and provided with a rear blade. There is also provision to use
additional weight when the instrument has to be used in swift currents. The speed of rotation
is indicated by a battery operation bell or buzzer or any other signal. Using the stop watch the
observer can note number of revolutions mase in the definite interval of time. Tus the
evolutional speed of the spindle is determine. Correspond to the speed of the spindle, the
velocity of water can be determined by using the rating curve of the calibration chart for the
meter.
(b) Propeller type current meter: A propeller type current meter, the rotating element is a
propeller instead of cups. The propeller has two or three blades which rotates about a
horizontal axis. The working principle of this type of current meter is same as that of Price
current meter. This current meter is widely used in slow moving water as it gives higher
r.p.m, as compared to price type current meter at the same velocity of flow.
Floats: Floats are simple instruments used for measuring the velocity of flow. Floats are of
following types:
a. surface floats
b. Double floats
c. Rod floats
a. surface floats: The most commonly used floats are surface floats These floats are used in
high floods and should not be used in wind. Surface floats measure the surface water. It
consists of a single float, made of either weighted co
cked bottle or a flat piece of wood. The measurement of velocity is done by observing the
time taken by the float to travel a known distance. The velocity is then calculated by dividing
the distance travelled by the float and the time taken to cover this distance. The surface
velocity then converted into an average velocity is about 0.7 to 0.95 of the average velocity.
b. Double floats: Double floats consist of two floats connected by a string or wire as shown
in fig. Both the floats are spherical in shape. One of the two floats remain at the surface of
water and the other float remain at a depth of 0.6 times the depth of river. Both the floats are
connected by a wire of length equal to 0.6 times the depth of river. The double float method
gives directly the value of average velocity. These floats are not suitable for small streams.
c. Rod floats: Rod float, like double float gives directly the average velocity. It consists of a
wooden rod or hollow metallic tube weighted at the bottom. The length of the rod is such that
it should not touch the bed of the river while travelling vertical or inclined. The time taken by
the rod to travel a known distance is recorded. The velocity is then calculated by dividing the
distance with time. The velocity obtained is the average velocity.
Measurement of discharge by area Velocity Method: In this method the cross-sectional
area of the stream at a place is measured and then the average velocity of flow at that place is
determined. By obtaining area of flow and flow velocity, the discharge at a place can be
calculated.
Discharge = Area of flow x Average velocity of flow
Area of flow: Determination of area of flow means the determination of cross-sectional area
of the stream at a place. Number of methods are used to find out the area of flow most
commonly used methods are:
(i) Simple segment method
(ii) Simpson’s rule:
(i) Simple Segment Method: In simple segment method, the entire width of the river is
divided into a number of segments as shown in fig.
Let
x1, x2, x3, x4, --- ------ = length of the segments
Explain the following with neat sketches and their Mathematical expressions:
(a) Flumes (b) Spillways (c) syphon spillway.