Lab 1

GsE 189 First Semester, 22-23
Lab 1 Report
NATIVIDAD, Jan Elysse Marrien, B.
GQ#1: Identify an area with typical earth features (soil, water, vegetation) by visually
inspecting the image (one area or group of pixels in the area = one typical earth
feature). Create maps showing the zoomed in area with the feature and the inset map.
● Soil
● Water
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● Vegetation
GQ#2: What does the Spectrum View axes represent? Explain your answer.
X axis represents the wavelengths (nm) while the y axis represents the reflectance [percent].
GQ#3: What can you observe on the spectral signatures of your identified features?
Create a table (Table 1) with columns: (1) chosen area screenshot, (2) spectral
signature, (3) observation.
Chosen Area Spectral Signature Observation
Soil demonstrated the

increasing level of
reflectance with increasing
wavelength, particularly in
the visible and NIR portions.
Vegetation area showed

high reflectance in NIR (at
0.7 µm) but low reflectance
in the blue (0.45 µm) and
red (0.65 µm). There is also
reflectance in green.
Lab 1 Report
The reflectance from water
is very low across all
portions of the visible
spectrum, or has high
absorption.
Plotting Spectral Signatures and Bi-spectral Plots of Materials from Field Data
GQ#4: Why did we consider the noisy ranges as noisy ranges?

● We consider the noisy ranges as noisy ranges because they indicate the unwanted
fluctuations in the signal. These are usually caused by the particulate nature of
matter and light or atmospheric interferences such as clouds.
GQ#5: Can you identify the materials after cleaning the data? What are your
predictions? Create a table (Table 2) showing your predictions and why you think so
(Table Columns: Material Letter, Screenshot of the Plot, Class of Material, Explanation
[based on spectral signature])
Materi Plot Class Explanation

al
A Vegetation Low reflectance or

high absorption in
blue and green and
there is a drastic
increase in
reflectance at the
transition from the
visible to NIR range
B Soil Gradually increasing

level of reflectance
with increasing
wavelength,
particularly in the
visible and NIR
portions
C Vegetation Low reflectance or

high absorption in
blue and green and
there is a drastic
increase in
reflectance at the
transition from the
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visible to NIR range
D Soil Gradually increasing

with increasing
wavelength,
particularly in the
visible and NIR
portions
E Soil Gradually increasing

with increasing
wavelength,
particularly in the
visible and NIR
portions
GQ#6: Add a column in Table 2 to create Table 3. Table 3 contains an additional

column showing the screenshot of the spectral signature based on the averaged
values. Are the plots very different from the continuous spectral signatures? Do you
think this will pose challenges in identifying the classes of the materials?
Except for being simpler, the plots are not that different from the continuous spectral
signatures so I do not think that this will pose a challenge in identifying the classes of the
materials. The plots of the averaged values still show a form that is similar to the plots of the
continuous spectral signatures.
Materi Plot Plot B

al
A
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B
GQ#7: What are bi-spectral plots? How does the location of the points on the
bi-spectral plots provide help in distinguishing the materials?
Bispectral plots are graphs wherein two bands are plotted simultaneously, with one band on
the x-axis and the other on the y-axis. The location of the points on the bi-spectral plots
provides help by showing which plots are close to each other which indicates how they
correlate.
Lab 1 Report
GQ#8: Paste the bi-spectral plot with proper labels. Based on your previous answer,
what are your inferences of the materials? Create Table 4 (Table Columns: Material
Letter, Class of Material, Explanation [based on bi-spectral plot]) to present your
analysis of materials using the bi-spectral plots.
Table 5. Final Level I classification.

Material Class Explanation
A Vegetation High values in NIR but low Red values
B Soil Relatively equal values in NIR and Red
C Vegetation High values in NIR but low Red values
D Soil Relatively equal values in NIR and Red
E Soil Relatively high equal values in NIR and Red
GQ#9: What is your final classification of the unknown materials? Present them using
the tables below.
Unknown Material Possible General Class

A Vegetation
B Soil
C Vegetation
D Soil
E Soil
Lab 1 Report
GQ#10: Fill up the tables according to your material classification
Table #. Characteristics of the vegetation class/es identified

Unknown Material Chlorophyll Content Moisture Content Possible Vegetation Type
A High Low Dry Grass

C High High Healthy Grass
Table #. Characteristics of the soil class/es identified

Unknown Moisture Organic Matter Possible Soil
Texture/Roughness
Material Content Content Type
B Low Small High Silt
D Low Small Medium Loam
E Low Large Particle Low Sand
GQ#11: Is the spectral signature enough to discriminate materials across broad or
general classes? What about discriminating specific types of materials belonging to
the same class
The spectral signature was enough to distinguish the materials’ general characteristics from
each other, but it was difficult to classify them specifically based on their types from the
same class.
GQ#12: Are the bi-spectral plots more effective than spectral signatures? Why or why
not?
The bi-spectral plots are simpler and make general classification easier but spectral
signatures demonstrate more specific differences which can make categorization of the
specific classes more achievable.
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Plots:
Continuous Spectral Signature of Material A
Averaged Values of Material A

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Continuous Spectral Signature of Material B
Averaged Values of Material B

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Continuous Spectral Signature of Material C
Averaged Values of Material C

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Continuous Spectral Signature of Material D
Averaged Values of Material D

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Continuous Spectral Signature of Material E
Averaged Values of Material E

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References:
Taken From:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315797574_Multispectral_satellite_imagery_and_ai
rborne_laser_scanning_techniques_for_the_detection_of_archaeological_vegetation_marks
Taken From: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2069954
Taken From: doi: https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1221-007

“If other factors are constant, fine-textured soils show a higher reflectance than
coarse-textured soils under in vitro conditions.” (Dwivedi, 2017)
Lab 1 Report
From: Dwivedi, R. S. (2017). Spectral Reflectance of Soils. Remote Sensing of Soils,

267–303. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53740-4_6

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GsE 189 First Semester, 22-23

Chosen Area Spectral Signature Observation

Soil demonstrated the

Vegetation area showed

GQ#4: Why did we consider the noisy ranges as noisy ranges?

Materi Plot Class Explanation

A Vegetation Low reflectance or

B Soil Gradually increasing

C Vegetation Low reflectance or

D Soil Gradually increasing

E Soil Gradually increasing

GQ#6: Add a column in Table 2 to create Table 3. Table 3 contains an additional

Materi Plot Plot B

Table 5. Final Level I classification.

A Vegetation High values in NIR but low Red values

B Soil Relatively equal values in NIR and Red

C Vegetation High values in NIR but low Red values

D Soil Relatively equal values in NIR and Red

E Soil Relatively high equal values in NIR and Red

Unknown Material Possible General Class

Table #. Characteristics of the vegetation class/es identified

A High Low Dry Grass

Table #. Characteristics of the soil class/es identified

Continuous Spectral Signature of Material A

Averaged Values of Material A

Continuous Spectral Signature of Material B

Averaged Values of Material B

Continuous Spectral Signature of Material C

Averaged Values of Material C

Continuous Spectral Signature of Material D

Averaged Values of Material D

Continuous Spectral Signature of Material E

Averaged Values of Material E

Taken From: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2069954

Taken From: doi: https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1221-007

From: Dwivedi, R. S. (2017). Spectral Reflectance of Soils. Remote Sensing of Soils,

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