Lettering and Dimensioning

Guidelines for Lettering

 Stroking for Upper Case Letters & Numerals

Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters
&
Numerals
Stroking for Lower Case Letters
 Spacing
Uniformity in spacing of letters is a matter of
equalizing spaces by eye.
•The background area between letters, not the distance between them,
should be approximately equal.
•Words are spaced well apart, but letters within words should be spaced
closely.
L IN E S
LET T ERS
•For either upper case or lower-case lettering, make the spaces
between words approximately equal to a capital O.

LINES AND LETTERINGS

•Avoid spacing letters too far apart and words too close together.
Types of Spacing
 Space between letters
• Spacing between characters, is normally (2/10)h.
• Spacing between words, is normally
(6/10)h. where h is the cap height.

Lettering Uniformity
• Important to produce good
drawings.
• Uniform in style, size, inclination, weight and
• space. Carelessness might result in mistakes.

ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
Examples of Common Mistakes
in Lettering
•Lettering style not uniform • LEtTErING

•Lettering height not uniform

• LE TTERING
Lettering inclination not uniform
• LETTERING
•Lettering thickness not
• LETTERING
uniform Lettering space not
• LET T E R ING
uniform
 Basic Line Types & Name
according to application
Thicknes Thick Thin 1. Dimension line
s 2. Extension line
Visible line 3. Leader line
Style
Continuous Hidden line
Dash
Chain Center line

1. Visible line represent features that can be seen in the current view.
2. Dimension line
Extension line indicate the sizes and location of features.
Leader line

3. Hidden line represent features that cannot be seen in the current view.

4. Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,

axis of axisymmetrical parts.
 Arrowheads
• Used to terminate dimension lines and leader lines and on
cutting-plane lines and viewing plane lines.
• They should be three times as long as they are wide.
• They should be the same size throughout the drawing.
• The filled arrowhead is generally preferred because of its
clarity.
Projection of Points
 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS OF
POINTS
TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,
ONE MUST HAVE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
A) OBJECT
{ WITH IT’S DESCRIPTION, WELL DEFINED.}
B) OBSERVER
{ ALWAYS OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESP.
REF.PLANE}.
C) LOCATION OF OBJECT,
{ MEANS IT’S POSITION WITH REFFERENCE TO H.P. &
V.P.}
TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P.
AND TERMS ‘INFRONT’ & ‘BEHIND’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO V.P
FORM 4 QUADRANTS.
OBJECTS CAN BE PLACED IN ANY ONE OF THESE 4 QUADRANTS.

IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( FV, TV )

OF THE OBJECT WITH RESP. TO X-Y LINE, WHEN PLACED IN DIFFERENT
QUADRANTS.
 NOTATIONS

Following notations should be followed while

naming Different views in orthographic
projections.

View Point Line

TOP VIEW a ab
FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’
SIDE VIEW a” a” b”

Same system of notations should be followed

Incase numbers, like 1, 2, 3 – are used.
 VP
1ST Quad.
2nd Quad.

Y
Observer

X Y HP
X

4th Quad.
3rd Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION
 Projection of Point
•A point may be situated, in space, in any one of the four
quadrants formed by the two principal planes of projection or
may lie in any one or both of them.
•Its projections are obtained by extending projectors
perpendicular to the planes.
•One of the planes is then rotated so that the first and third
quadrants are opened out. The projections are shown on a flat
surface in their respective positions either above or below or in
xy.
 Orientation of Point in Space
(1) In quadrant I (Above H.P & In
Front of V.P.)

(2) In quadrant II (Above H.P & Behind

V.P.)

(3) In quadrant III (Below H.P &

Behind V.P.)

(4) In quadrant IV (Below H.P & In

Front of V.P.)
 Orientation of Point in Space
(5) In Plane (Above H.P. & In V.P.)

(6) In Plane (Below H.P. & In V.P.)

(7) In Plane ( In H.P. & In front of V.P.)

(8) In Plane ( In H.P. & Behind V.P.)

(9) In Plane ( In H.P. & V.P.)

Position 1 V.P.

.a1’ Y
A1- Point a1’- F.V.
a1 - T.V. .A 1
Y (3D)

X .a 1 H.P.

In 3D In 2D
Above H.P. Front View Above Reference .a ’
1 X
In front of V.P. Line
Top View Below Reference
Line

X Y
(2D)
Position 2
Y
.P.
A2- Point a2’- F.V. A2 V
a2 - T.V.
.
H.P .a . a. 2
2 Y
’
(3D)
X
In 3D
Above H.P.
In 2D
Front View Above Reference
.a2
X

Behind V.P. Line Top View Above Reference

Line
.a ’
2
(2D)

X Y
 Position 3 Y
(3D)
A3- Point a3’- F.V. a. Y
a3- T.V. 3

3. X
A
In 3D In 2D .a ’
3

Below H.P. Front View Below Reference

Behind V.P. Line Top View Above Reference .a 3
X
Line

X Y
(2D)
 Position 4 Y
Y

X
A4- Point a4’- F.V. a.
a4- T.V.
.
a4 ’ 4

. (3D)
A4
X

X Y
In 3D In 2D
.a ’
4

.a
Below H.P. Front View Below Reference
In front of V.P. Line Top View Below Reference
(2D)
4
Position 5 Y
A P.
. .V.
a’
A5- Point
H.P 5 5

a5’- F.V. .a Y (3D)

a5 - T.V. 5
P.
X H.
In 3D In
Above H.P.
2D
Front View Above Reference X
On V.P. Line Top View On Reference
Line
A5 .a5’
(2D)
X a
. 5 Y
 Position 6 Y
Y
A6- Point a6’- F.V. .a
a6- T.V. X 6

A6.a6’

X (3D)

X . Y
a6
In 3D In 2D
Below H.P.
On V.P.
Front View Below Reference
Line Top View On Reference
A .a ’ (2D)
6
Position 7
Y

A7 Point a7’- F.V. Y

(3D
a )
a7 - T.V.
X
. 7

’
A7.a7
In 3D In 2D
X
On H.P. Front View On Reference Line
In Front of V.P. Top View Below Reference
Line X .a ’ 7 Y
A.a
7
(2D)
7
Position 8
Y
A8- Point a8’- F.V.
a8 - T.V.
A .a
8
8
Y
a
. 8

In 3D In 2D X ’ X
On H.P. Front View On Reference Line
(3D)
Behind V.P. Top View Above Reference
A8 . a8
Line

(2D)
X a 8’ Y
Position 9 V.P.
Y
A9- Point
a9’- F.V. Y (3D)
a9 - T.V.
a.9
A9 a 9 .
X ’ H.P
In 3D In 2D
On
H.P.
Front View On Reference
Line
X
Top View On Reference
On V.P. Line
X Y
.
A a 9
9
a 9’ (2D)
Projection of Point in different quadrants

1. The point is situated in the first quadrant.

2. The point is situated in the second quadrant.

3. The point is situated in the third quadrant.

4. The point is situated in the fourth quadrant.

 Point A is POINT A IN VP POINT A IN
Placed In 2ND QUADRANT 1ST QUADRANT
VP a’
different A A
a’
quadrants
and it’s Fv & Tv a
are brought in HP OBSERVER
same plane
for
Observer to see HP OBSERVER
clearly
Fv is. visible as
it is a view on a
VP. But as Tv is
is a view on
Hp,it is rotated
downward 900,
In clockwise
direction.The a
In front part of
Hp comes below
xy line and the HP
HP OBSERVER
OBSERVER
part behind
Vp comes
above.
Observe and a
a’
note the A a’ A
process. POINT A IN POINT A IN
3RD QUADRANT VP VP 4TH QUADRANT
 PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For TV
For TV

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For TV

PRESENTATIO PRESENTATIO
a’ N A N
a’
A Y
Y
Y a’
a
a
X X X A
a

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.

FV above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

TV below Tv on xy. Tv below xy.
xy.
VP VP VP
a’ a’

X Y X Y X
a’ Y
a

a a
HP HP HP
 PROJECTION OF POINT IN 1ST
QUADRANT
If a point is above HP and in front of VP then it is situated in the 1st quadrant
For TV
FV above xy,
TV below
xy.
a’
25 VP a’
A
Y 30
30
x y
X 25
a
a
HP

General Observations
• When HP is rotated by 90o in clockwise direction then HP (TV) will move
below xy line.
• FV (a’) will be above the xy axis while TV (a) will be below the xy axis.
• Vertical distance from HP will be visible in FV while horizontal distance from VP
will be visible in TV.
 PROJECTION OF POINT IN 2nd
QUADRANT
If a point is above HP and behind VP then it is situated in the 2nd quadrant
For TV FV above xy,
TV below
xy.
A

VP HP
25 a’ a
Y a’
a 30
25
x y
X

General Observations :-
• When HP is rotated by 90o in clockwise direction then HP (TV) will move above
xy line. VP (FV) and HP (TV) will overlap each other and will be above xy line.
• FV (a’) and TV (a) both will be above the xy line.
• Vertical distance from HP will be visible in FV while horizontal distance from VP
will be visible in TV.
 PROJECTION OF POINT IN 3rd
QUADRANT
If a point is below HP and behind VP then it is situated in the 3rd quadrant
TV above xy,
For TV
FV below
xy.
HP
a
a
Y
20

40
x y
X
40
A a’
20
a'
VP

General Observations
• FV (a’) will be below the xy axis while TV (a) will be above the xy axis.
• Vertical distance from HP will be visible in FV while horizontal distance from VP
will be visible in TV.
• Point is denoted by capital letter while its views are denoted by small
letters.
 PROJECTION OF POINT IN 4th
QUADRANT
If a point is below HP and in front of VP then it is situated in the 4th quadrant

For TV
FV above xy,
TV below
Y
xy.

x y
X a 25
30 a'
25

a
a’ A VP HP

General Observations :-
• When HP is rotated by 90o in clockwise direction then HP (TV) will move below
xy line. VP (FV) and HP (TV) will overlap each other and will be below xy line.
• FV (a’) and TV (a) both will be below the xy line.
• Vertical distance from HP will be visible in FV while horizontal distance from VP
will be visible in TV.
1. Draw the projections of the following points on the same ground line, keeping the projectors 25
mm apart.
A, in the H.P. and 20 mm behind the V.P.
B, 40 mm above the H.P. and 25 mm in front of the V.P
C, in the V.P. and 40 mm above the H.P.
D, 25 mm below the H.P. and 25 mm behind the V.P.
E, 15 mm above the H.P. and 50 mm behind the V.P.
F, 40 mm below the H.P. and 25 mm in front of the V.P.
G, in both the H.P. and the V.P.
e
b’ c'
d
a 40
40
30

20
25
e’
15 g, g’
x a' c y
25 25 15

40

b d' f
f’
25 25 25 25 25 2
5
Draw the projections for the below points. Take a single reference line.
a) Point ‘A’ is 20mm above HP and 30mm in front of VP.
b) b) Point ‘B’ is 20mm below HP and 40mm behind VP.
c) c) Point ‘P’ is 10mm above HP and 30mm Behind VP.
d) d) Point ‘C’ is 45mm below HP and 35mm in front of VP.