n. zaaliSvili n.

iosebaSvili

biologia

X klasi

saxelmZRvanelo grifirebulia ganaTlebis xarisxis

ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier
(brZ. N375, 18.05.2012 weli)

VDJDPRPFHPORVD[OL

2012 weli
VDJDPRPFHPORVD[OL

redaqtori: x. klau
teqredaqtori: g. CiqviniZe
mxatvrebi: l. siWinava
l. cxondia
dizaini,
komp. uzrunvelyofa: g. tabliaSvili
l. siWinava

sagamomcemlo saxli `triasi~

Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7.
tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06; +995 32 2 14 52 52.
+995 32 2 14 99 77; +995 0 570 50 12 89;
mob.: +995 599 55 56 59; +995 79 49 77 99
www.triasi.ge
Email: [email protected]

© sagamomcemlo saxli `triasi~

ISBN 978-9941-9249-5-8 EAN 9789941924958

 sarCevi

I sicocxlis molekulebi
§1. organizmis qimiuri Sedgeniloba .................................................................................. 7
araorganuli nivTierebebi
wyali da mineraluri marilebi
§2. organuli nivTierebebi ........................................................................................................ 18
cilebi. cilebis struqtura
§3. organuli nivTierebebi ................................................................................................22
cilebi
cilebis funqciebi
§4. organuli nivTierebebi ................................................................................................30
naxSirwylebi: monosaqaridebi, oligosaqaridebi, polisaqaridebi
naxSirwylebis mniSvneloba
§5. organuli nivTierebebi ................................................................................................35
lipidebi: cximebi, fosfolipidebi, cvilebi, steroidebi
lipidebis daniSnuleba
§6. organuli nivTierebebi. dnm ......................................................................................42
dnm-is aRmoCenis istoria
§7. dnm-is qimiuri Sedgeniloba .......................................................................................47
Cargafis kanoni
dnm-is rentgenuli kristalografia
dnm-is molekulis ormagi spiralis modeli

II ujredi
§8. ujreduli Teoria ............................................................................................................52
§9. plazmuri membrana ...........................................................................................................56
plazmuri membranis agebuleba
plazmuri membranis funqciebi
§10. birTvi ...................................................................................................................................64
ribosoma
endoplazmuri bade
goljis kompleqsi
§11. lizosoma .............................................................................................................................68
mitoqondria
qloroplasti
citoConCxi

III nivTierebaTa cvla ujredSi

§12. plastikuri da energetikuli cvla ......................................................................75
ujreduli sunTqva
§13. plastikuri cvla mcenareebSi .................................................................................82
fotosinTezi

IV fotosinTezi da transporti mcenareebSi

§14. foTlis agebuleba .........................................................................................................87
mcenaris sunTqva da fotosinTezi
§§15. mcenare da mineralebi ...............................................................................................92
mineraluri marilebis mniSvneloba mcenareebisTvis
mineraluri marilebis ujredebSi SeRwevis gzebi
sasuqebi
§16. mcenaris satransporto sistema ............................................................................97
fesvuri wneva, transpiracia

V sakvebi da saWmlis moneleba

§17. heterotrofuli kvebis tipebi ...............................................................................105
erTujredianebis, uxerxemlo da xerxemliani cxovelebis kveba da
moneleba
§18. ZuZumwovrebis saWmlis momnelebeli sistema ................................................113
moneleba piris RruSi
moneleba kuWSi
§19. sakvebis moneleba wvril nawlavSi .......................................................................119
Sewova wvril nawlavSi
msxvili nawlavis funqciebi
§20. sakvebis Sedgeniloba ........................................................................................... 124
mcenareuli da cxoveluri sakvebi
vitaminebi, maTi daniSnuleba
§21. sakvebis energetikuli Rirebuleba .............................................................. 134
sakvebSi energiis gansazRvra
adamianis moTxovnileba energiaze
dabalansebuli kveba

VI sisxli da sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema

§22. satransporto sistema cxovelebSi ......................................................................144
sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema uxerxemlo cxovelebSi
Tevzebis, amfibiebis, qvewarmavlebisa da frinvelebis sisxlis
mimoqcevis sistema
§23. ZuZumwovrebis sisxlis Sedgeniloba ..................................................................150
sisxlis Semadgeneli komponentebis funqciebi
§24. ZuZumwovrebis sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema ....................................................154
gulisa da sisxlZarRvebis agebuleba da funqciebi
gulis ciklis fazebi
zogierTi gul-sisxlZarRvovani paTologiebi

VII sunTqva
§25. sunTqva sxeulis zedapiriT .....................................................................................161
sunTqva traqeebiT
sunTqva layuCebiT
sunTqva filtvebiT. ZuZumwovrebis sunTqva
sunTqviTi parametrebi
VIII homeostazi
§26. homeostazuri meqanizmis struqtura .................................................................173
deteqtori, sakontrolo centri, efeqtori
Termoregulacia. TermoregulaciaSi monawile struqturebi
§27. eqskrecia da osmoregulacia ...................................................................................178
eqskrecia da osmoregulacia mtknari wylis, zRvisa da
xmeleTis cxovelebSi
Tirkmelebi _ adamianis eqskreciisa da
osmoregulaciis mTavari organo

IX koordinacia da regulacia
§28. nervuli da endokrinuli sistema. maTi moqmedebis ...................................186
Taviseburebebi
nervuli sistemis tipebi
nervuli impulsis buneba
refleqsuri rkali
§29. xerxemliani cxovelebis Tavis tvinis agebuleba ........................................194
adamianis Tavis tvini
mexsiereba. mexsierebis meqanizmi
Zili. Zilis fazebi
§30. nervul sistemaze moqmedi nivTierebebi ..........................................................201
stimulatorebi, depresantebi, narkotikebi, halucinogenebi
§31. receptorebi ......................................................................................................................205
mxedvelobis organos agebuleba
mxedvelobis receptorebis tipebi
feradi mxedveloba
§32. endokrinuli sistema ...................................................................................................213
xerxemliani cxovelebis Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebi.
hormonebis moqmedebis meqanizmi
hipofizi da hipoTalamusi _ sasicocxlo procesebis mTavari
regulatorebi
§33. mcenareuli hormonebi .................................................................................................220
auqsinebi, giberelinebi, eTileni, abscizini

X moZraoba
§34. hidrostatikuri ConCxi ..............................................................................................227
garegani ConCxi
Sinagani ConCxi
§35. kunTis SekumSvis meqanizmi ......................................................................................232
ujreduli sunTqva fizikuri gadatvirTvis dros
§36. moZraoba haerSi ...............................................................................................................237
frinvelis ConCxis agebuleba
moZraoba wyalSi
 pirobiTi niSnebi

sakiTxebis CamonaTvali, romelzec unda moxdes moswavlis

yuradRebis gamaxvileba

daskvniTi nawili

eqsperimenti, praqtikuli samuSao. tabulebis, cxrilebis,

diagramebisa da eqsperimentis Sedegebis analizi

kiTxvebi

testebi

rTuli kiTxvebi

davaleba masalis irgvliv: referati, referatis prezentacia

modeli

girCevT

sakvanZo sityvebi internetSi informaciis mosaZieblad.

internetmisamarTebi

gakveTilis teqstSi CarTuli kiTxva

gakveTilis teqstSi CarTuli cda

I sicocxlis molekulebi
§1
organizmis qimiuri Sedgeniloba
araorganuli nivTierebebi
wyali da mineraluri marilebi

yoveli cocxali arseba aTasobiT sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTierebebis uni­

kalur nakrebs Seicavs. organizmis arseboba am nivTierebebis normalur Sem­
cvelobasa da maT qimiur gardaqmnebzea damokidebuli. xangrZlivi cvli­
lebebi, nivTierebebis normaluri Semcvelobis TvalsazrisiT, da qimiuri
procesebis msvlelobis darRveva organizmis ganadgurebiT mTavrdeba.
qimiuri elementebis Semcvelobis mxriv, gansxvaveba cocxal da araco­
cxal bunebas Soris ar SeimCneva. es imas niSnavs, rom cocxal organizmebSi
ar aris aRmoCenili raime iseTi gansakuTrebuli elementi, romelic mxolod
maTSi gvxvdeba da aracocxali samyaro mas ar Seicavs. Tumca, qimiuri elemen­
tebis raodenobrivi Semcvelobis TvalsazrisiT, gansxvaveba am or samyaros
Soris Zalian didia.

1 daakvirdi ilustracias. ro­

SiSi mel qimiur elementebs Seicavs de­
OO 25.8%
25,8% damiwis qerqi gansakuTrebiT didi ra­
49,4%
49.4 odenobiT?
cocxali organizmebi qimiuri ele­
mentebidan daaxloebiT 25­s iyeneben.
maT gansxvavebuli raodenobiT Sei­
caven sxvadasxva organizmebi. piro­
Al biTad, am elementebs mecnierebi or
7%
danarCeni Ca Fe jgufad _ makroelementebad da mik­
H K 3.4 % 4.7 % roelementebad yofen. makroelemen­
0.8 % 0.9 % 2.4 %
Ti Na tebs im elementebs uwodeben, romelTa
2.6 %
0.6 % Mg Semcveloba organizmSi 0,1%­s aRe­
1.9 % mateba.

dedamiwis qerqis qimiuri Sedgeniloba

mikroelementebis jgufSi is qimiuri elementebia gaerTianebuli, rom­

lebsac organizmi 0,01­0,001%­is farglebSi Seicavs.
Zalze mcire, 0,000001%­ze naklebi raodenobiT Sedis cocxal organizmSi
oqro, vercxli, platina. am elementebs zogi mecnieri calke, ultramikro­
elementebis jgufSi aerTianebs.

7
 2 romeli elementebi Sedis
gansakuTrebiT didi raodeno­
C biT adamianis organizmSi?
O
65.0 %
18.5 % 3 ra gavlenas axdens adami­
H anis janmrTelobaze rkinis nak­
N 9.5 % leboba sakveb produqtebSi?
3.3 % 4 romeli daavadebaa daka­
vSirebuli iodis deficitTan?
5 ras iwvevs ftoris defi­
citi?
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni
mikroelementebi Ca ­1.9 % K ­ 0.4 % organizmi mikroelementebs Za­
B; Cr; Co; Cu; F; I; S ­ 0.3 % Na ­ 0.2 % lian mcire raodenobiT Seicavs,
Fe; Mn; Mo; Zn; Si P ­1.0 % Cl ­ 0.2 % isini udides gavlenas axdenen
0.01­0.001 % Mg ­ 0.1 % Cvens janmrTelobaze.
adamianis organizmis qimiuri Sedgeniloba

elementi mniSvneloba organizmisTvis

aucilebelia Tavis tvinis normaluri

liTiumi funqcionirebisTvis. misi nakleboba
depresias iwvevs.

monawileobs cilebisa da lipidebis

manganumi gardaqmnaSi. aucilebelia ConCxis normaluri
ganviTarebisTvis.

aucilebelia insulinisa da sasqeso hormonebis moqmedebisTvis.

monawileobs ynosvis,
TuTia
mxedvelobis, gemovnebis SegrZnebebis
CamoyalibebaSi.

spilenZi monawileobs imunuri sistemis moqmedebaSi.

nakleboba iwvevs gulis kunTis muSaobis

seleni
Sesustebas.

qromi monawileobs lipidebis gardaqmnaSi.

platina gavlenas axdens nervuli sistemisa da imunuri sistemis moqmedebaze.

gansxvaveba cocxal da aracocxal bunebas Soris molekulur doneze

iCens Tavs. yvela cocxali organizmi organul nivTierebebs _ cilebs, li­
pidebs, naxSirwylebsa da nukleinis mJavebs Seicavs. es nivTierebebi mxolod
cocxali organizmebis `kuTvnilebaa~. araorganuli nivTierebebi ki gvxvde­
ba rogorc cocxal, aseve aracocxal bunebaSi.

8
 nivTierebebi

araorganuli % organuli %

wyali 70­80 cilebi 10­20

naxSirwylebi 0.2­2.0
lipidebi 1.0­1.5
nukleinis mJavebi 1.0­2.0
mineraluri marilebi 1­1.5 sxva nivTierebebi 0.1­0.5

araorganuli nivTierebebi

wyali yvelaze gavrcelebuli nivTierebaa dedamiwaze. dedamiwis zeda­

piris udidesi nawili wyliTaa dafaruli. is erTaderTi nivTierebaa, ro­
melic bunebriv pirobebSi samive agregatul mdgomareobaSi arsebobs; wyali
aisbergsac warmoqmnis, Rrubelsac da mdinaresac.

Cveni sxeulis 80% wyalia. is aris rogorc ujredSi, ise mis gareT _ qso­
vilur siTxeSi, sisxlSi, limfaSi, nerwyvSi.
rac yvelaze metad sainteresoa, wylis Semcveloba TiTqos pirdapir mi­
uTiTebs mTlianad organizmisa da ama Tu im ujredis aqtivobaze. magaliTad,
bavSvis organizmi didi raodenobiT wyals Seicavs. asakTan erTad misi Semc­
veloba TandaTan klebulobs. Tavis tvinSi wylis Semcveloba 90%­ia, cximo­
van qsovilSi ki mxolod 10%.
zrdasruli adamiani dReRameSi saSualod 2 litramde wyals Rebulobs
da amdensave gamohyofs. isic sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom adamiani mxolod
3­5 dRe Zlebs wylis miRebis gareSe, sakvebis deficits ki ufro xangrZlivad
itans. wylis 6­8%­is dakargvis Semdeg adamians aqvs gulis wasvlis, gonebis
dakargvis SegrZneba; 10%­is dakargvis Semdeg ewyeba halucinacia; 12%­is da­
kargvis Semdeg ki iRupeba.
es magaliTebi imaze miuTiTeben, rom wyals didi mniSvneloba unda hqon­
des sicocxlisTvis.
aRmoCnda, rom es, erTi SexedviT, Cveulebrivi molekula, romelic yvel­
ganaa Cven garSemo da romelic Cveni yofis ganuyofeli nawilia, srulia­
dac ar aris Cveulebrivi. mas mravali uCveulo, unikaluri Tviseba gaaCnia,

9
romelTagan, mecnierTa azriT, ramdenimem gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa dedami­
waze sicocxlis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebaSi. mkvlevarebis azriT, sicocx­
le wyalSi Caisaxa da wyali erTgvar `mbrZanebel~ molekulad iqca _ ujre­
dis struqturis awyoba wylis Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT moxda.
wylis unikaluri Tvisebebi misi molekulis aRnagobidan gamomdinareobs.
wyali polaruli molekulaa, romlis erTi nawili uaryofiTadaa damuxtu­
li, xolo meore _ dadebiTad.
wylis erTi molekulis uaryofiTad damuxtuli Jangbadi izidavs wylis
meore molekulis dadebiTad damuxtul wyalbads da maT Soris e.w. wyalba­
duri bmebi warmoiqmneba.

+
H

H
O

O
O

+
H

+
H
H H
+ +
wyalbaduri bmebi wylis molekulebs Soris

wyalbaduri bma gacilebiT sustia kovalentur bmaze. is swrafad war­

moiqmneba da swrafadve iSleba. swored wyalbaduri bmebiT aris gamowveuli
wylis sicocxlisTvis mniSvnelovani unikaluri Tvisebebi.
wylis zedapirze wyalbaduri bmebiT TiTqos erTmaneTTan `miwebebuli~
wylis molekulebi erTgvar apks warmoqmnian. am movlenas zedapirul daWimu­
lobas uwodeben.

wylis es Tviseba sakmaod xelsayreli aR­

moCnda zogierTi fexsaxsrianisTvis, romle­
bic ise daabijeben wyalze, rom ar arRveven
wylis molekulebis am TvaliT uxilav apks.

wyals maRali Tbotevadoba gaaCnia. mis gasacxeleblad, sxva nivTierebeb­

Tan SedarebiT, gacilebiT didi siTburi energiis daxarjvaa saWiro. es imi­
tom xdeba, rom siTburi energiis nawili wyalbaduri bmebis gaxleCas xmarde­
ba da wylis temperatura SedarebiT naklebad matulobs. wyali `jiuti~
molekulaa. is TiTqos cdilobs, SeinarCunos temperatura da ewinaaRmde­
geba rogorc siTbos miRebas, ise gacemas.
6 ra mniSvneloba aqvs wylis am Tvisebas Cveni ujredebisTvis?
wyals duRilis maRali temperatura aqvs. imisTvis, rom wylis molekulam
gawyvitos yvela wyalbaduri kavSiri mezobel molekulebTan, gaTavisufl­
des da haerSi gadainacvlos anu aorTqldes, is 1000C­mde unda gacxeldes.
`cxel molekulebs~ Tan miaqvT siTburi energiis didi nawili anu aor­
Tqlebas siTburi energiis xarjva moyveba.

10
 am movlenasTan aris dakavSirebuli or­
ganizmis temperaturis daweva _ gagrile­
ba oflis gamoyofis dros.
wyals kidev erTi ucnauri Tviseba aqvs
_ mas Txevad mdgomareobaSi ufro meti sim­
kvrive aqvs, vidre myarSi. sxva nivTierebis
gacivebisas, mis molekulebs Soris manZi­
li mcirdeba, is zomaSi iklebs da ufro
mkvrivi xdeba. wylis SemTxvevaSi piriqiTaa
_ gacivebisas wylis molekulebi erTma­
neTs scildeba da ise ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs
wyalbaduri bmebiT, rom kristalur mesers
warmoqmnis. am meserSi molekulebisgan Ta­
visufali bevri adgilia. amitom yinulis
simkvrive, Txevad wyalTan SedarebiT, gaci­
lebiT dabalia _ is tivtivebs.
oflis gamoyofa organizms agrilebs

Txevadi wyali yinuli

yinuli sabaniviT efareba wylis zeda­

pirs da icavs mis qveS mdebare wylis fenebs
civi haeris uSualo zemoqmedebisgan.
7 ra biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs am
faqts?

wyali araCveulebrivi gamxsnelia. masSi uamravi nivTiereba ixsneba, bev­

rad meti, vidre sxva romelime siTxeSi.

11
 am SemTxvevaSic gadamwyveti mniSvneloba wylis polarobas aqvs. wylis po­
laruli molekulebi cal­calke ertymis gars sufris marilis natriumisa da
qloris ionebs. isini erTmaneTs scildeba _ marili wyalSi ixsneba. xsnarSi
ionebi Tavisuflad moZrao ben da advilad erTvebian sxvadasxva reaqciebSi.
amitomaa, rom ujredSi, romelic 80%­mde wyals Seicavs, reaqciebi advilad
mimdinareobs.

wyalSi kargad ixsneba aseve pola­

ruli nivTierebebic _ Saqrebi, ami­
nomJAavebi, spirtebi. wyalSi xsnad niv­
Tierebebs hidrofilur nivTierebebs
uwodeben. arapolaruli nivTierebebi,
magaliTad, cximebi wyalTan kavSirs
ver amyarebs _ wyalSi ver ixsneba. isi­
ni hidrofoburi nivTierebebi arian.
+
Na filos _ berZnulad siyvaruls niS­
navs, xolo fobos _ siZulvils, SiSs.
Cl

marilis kristalis gaxsna

wyalSi

ujredSi, Cveulebriv, wylis molekulebis didi umravlesoba stabilu­

­
ria. Tumca, maTi Zalian mcire nawili disocirdeba _ H+ da OH ions warmo­
qmnis:
­
H 2O H+ + OH
­
wyalSi disocirebisas H+ ionebs mJavebi iZlevian, xolo OH ionebs _
­
fuZeebi. ujredisTvis H+ da OH raodenobriv Sefardebas gadamwyveti mniS­
vneloba aqvs. am mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad pH­is Skalas iyeneben, romlis
ricxviTi maCveneblebi 1­dan 14­mde icvleba.

mJava neitraluri tute

0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH ­is Skala

pH­is ricxviTi mniSvneloba 7­is qvemoT miuTiTebs, rom am xsnarSi H+­is

­
koncentracia aWarbebs OH ­is koncentracias. rac ufro dabalia pH­is ma­
Cvenebeli, miT metia am xsnaris mJavianoba da piriqiT _ pH­is maRali maCve­
nebeli xsnaris tutianobaze miuTiTebs.

12
 vinaidan wyali Tanabari raodenobiT iZleva mJavuri Tvisebebis H+­sa da
­
fuZe Tvisebebis OH ­s, is neitraluria da misi pH 7­is tolad aris miCneuli.
ujredebis umravlesobis pH stabilurad 7­is tolia, miuxedavad imisa,
rom masSi erTdroulad mravali reaqcia mimdinareobs da SesaZloa, am dros
didi raodenobiT gamoTavisufldes H+ da ujredis SigniT are gaamJavianos,
an piriqiT. pH­is mudmivobis SenarCuneba e.w. buferuli nivTierebebis saSua­
lebiT xorcieldeba. maT aqvT unari, miitacon `zedmeti~ H+ an gamoaTavisuf­
lon isini areSi da amiT daicvan ujredebi pH­is ryevisgan. magaliTad, fos­
faturi buferuli sistema NaH2PO4­isa da Na2HPO4­gan Sedgeba. pirveli
marili moqmedebs rogorc wyalbadis donori, anu gatutianebis saSiSroebi­
sas is aTavisuflebs ujredSi H+­s. Na2HPO4­s ki aqvs unari, gamJavianebis sa­
SiSroebisas miitacos Warbi H+, anu is wyalbadis aqceptoria:

­ ­
H2PO4 H+ + HPO42

sisxlis mJaAva­tutovan wonasworobas mZlavri buferuli sistema icavs,

ris gamoc sisxlis pH 7,3­7,4­is farglebSi meryeobs. pH 6,8­ze an 7,8­ze si­
cocxle wydeba. am sistemis erT­erTi komponenti bikarbonatuli buferia. is
H2CO3­sa da da NaHCO3­is wyvilisgan Sedgeba:
­
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3

naxSirmJava H+­is donoria, bikarbonati ki misi aqceptori. sisxlSi didi

­
raodenobiT mJava produqtebis dagrovebisas H+ uerTeba HCO3 ­s da H2CO3 ­s
warmoqmnis. is swrafad iSleba wylad da naxSirorJangad. es nivTierebebi or­
ganizms tovebs da sisxlis pH ar icvleba.
ujredi sxva marilebsac Seicavs. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba im mari­
lebs gaaCnia, romlebic disociaciisas Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ kaTionebsa da
­ ­ ­ ­
HPO32 , H2PO3 , Cl , HCO3 anionebs iZleva.

araorganuli da organuli samyaro, qimiuri elementebis raode­

nobrivi Semcvelobis TvalsazrisiT, erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gan­
sxvavdeba. wyali ujredis erT­erTi umniSvnelovanesi naerTia. mas
gadamwyveti roli aqvs ujredis da mTeli organizmis normaluri
funqcionirebisaTvis. mineralur marilebs ujredi SedarebiT
mcire raodenobiT Seicavs, Tumca, isini mraval sasicocxlo pro­
cesSi monawileoben.

1. dakvirvebixar, plaJze, mzian amindSi, diliT qviSa ufro cxe­

lia Tu wyali? ratom?
2. ratom gsiamovnebs zRvaSi saRamos Casvla? romeli ufro Tbi­
lia, wyali TYu qviSa?

13
 3. sufTa wylis pH 7­is tolia. Teoriulad, wvimis wylis pH­ic
7­is toli unda iyos. Tumca, is odnav mJavianobisken aris xol­
me gadaxrili. rogor fiqrob, ra unda iyos amis mizezi?
4. ifiqre, erTnairi iqneba Tu ara wvimis wylis pH­is maCvenebeli
TbilisSi, xevsureTisa da svaneTis mTebSi? Seamowme Seni qa­
laqis Tu soflis wvimis wylis pH. saamisod pH­is maCvenebeli
qaRaldis indikatorebi gamoiyene.

1. Cveni organizmis mJava­tutovani wonasworoba sxvadasxva faq­

torebis zemoqmedebiT SeiZleba dairRves. magaliTad, cnobi­
lia, rom xSiri stresi, swrafi kvebis produqtebis, Cais, yavis,
comeulis, tkbileulis zedmetad xSiri gamoyeneba organiz­
mis pH­s odnav dabla swevs. amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania imis
codna, Tu rogor unda vikveboT. cxrilSi e.w. tute da mJava
produqtebis CamonaTvalia mocemuli. swori kveba, dietolo­
gebis azriT, am produqtebis dabalansebuli raodenobiT mi­
Rebas gulisxmobs.

susti
tute susti tute mJava
mJava

Tafli Saqari

leRvi, nesvi,
forToxali,
yurZeni, vaSli, alubali, Savi
banani, bali, qliavi
msxali, qiSmiSi, qliavi, mayvali
ananasi, atami
sazamTro, mango

mwvane lobio, kartofili,

Warxali, salaTi, stafilo, ispanaxi, Sokoladi,
xaxvi, niori, pomidori, soko, lobio nayini
oxraxuSi simindi, kombosto

nuSi wabli mzesumzira

Tevzi, indauri,
kvercxi, qaTami,
Txis rZe
karaqi, Zroxis xorci,
yveli Roris xorci

mwvane Cai yava, Cai, ludi

14
 imis garkveva, produqts mJAava reaqcia aqvs Tu tute, martivi
pH indikatoriT _ wiTeli kombostoTia SesaZlebeli. is pig­
ments _ anTocianins Seicavs, romelic fers sxvadasxva pH­ze
icvlis: mJava areSi wiTldeba, xolo tute areSi molurjo
fers Rebulobs. indikatoris dasamzadeblad daWeri kombos­
to wvrilad, daamate aduRebuli wyali da 10 wuTi daayovne.
gafiltre. daawveTe is sxvadasxva produqts, magaliTad, li­
mons, vaSls, yvels, xaxvs da daakvirdi, rogor icvleba feri.
gaiTvaliswine, rom zogierTi produqti, magaliTad, limoni
wiTlad Seifereba, Tumca, is mJava produqtad ar iTvleba,
radgan organizmSi sxvadasxva reaqciebSi CarTvis Semdeg Warb
H+­s ar warmoqmnis.
2. Cvens kans mJava reaqcia aqvs. misi pH kanis sxvadasxva ubanze
daaxloebiT 4.5­5­is farglebSi meryeobs.
cdaSi monawile adamianTa did jgufs SesTavazes erTi Tvis
manZilze piris dasabanad myari saponi gamoeyenebinaT, xolo
Semdeg ki is Txevadi sapniT SeecvalaT. dermatologebi am
xnis manZilze akvirdebodnen baqteriebis raodenobas kanis
TiToeul sm2­ze da kanis pH­s. monacemebi warmodgenilia gra­
fikis saxiT.
baqteriebis raodenoba

10,00 5,50
9,50 5,25
9,00 5,00
pH

8,50 4,75
4,50
8,00
7,50 4,25
4,00
1 10 17 24 31 38 45 52 58 1 10 17 24 31 38 45 52 58
dReebi dReebi

scade, gaaanalizo cdis monacemebi.

a. ra mimarTulebiT icvleboda pH pirveli sami kviris ganmav­
lobaSi?
b. rogor fiqrob, rogori pH unda hqonoda myar sapons?
g. rodis daiwyo mkveTrad kleba baqteriebis raodenobam kanze?
d. rogori pH unda hqonoda Txevad sapons?
e. rogor fiqrob, arsebobs raime kavSiri kanis pH­sa da mis dam­
cvelobiT funqcias Soris?
v. Seni azriT, ra mimarTulebiT unda icvlebodes kanis pH kanis
daavadebis _ aknes dros?
z. moiZie informacia am daavadebis Sesaxeb. gamarTlda Seni vara­
udi?

15
 3. wylis am molekulas wyalbaduri bmebiT
daukavSire wylis sxva molekulebi. ramden
O
molekulasTan SeuZlia dakavSireba wylis
erT molekulas?
H H
+ +
1. dedamiwaze wylis mxolod 3% aris mtknari. misi didi nawili
gayinulia. adamianebi sasmelad mtknari wylis mxolod 1.1%
moixmaren. amitom msoflio bazarze mineralur wylebze di­
di moTxovnaa. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ro­
mel mineralur marilebs Seicavs wyali da ra raodenobiT,
anu rogoria misi mineralizaciis xarisxi. didia moTxovna
dabali mineralizaciis wylebze, romlebSic mineraluri
marilebis jamuri raodenoba 1.0­2.5 g/l­is farglebSia.

`borjomi~ da `nabeRlavi~ brendebia, romlebic mowonebiT

sargeblobs ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed sazRvargare­
Tac. moiZie informacia am produqciebis mwarmoebeli kom­
paniebis Sesaxeb da masala warmoadgine referatis saxiT. re­
feratSi ganixile Semdegi sakiTxebi:
a. ramdeni saxis produqcias uSveben kompaniebi;
b. rogoria wylebis mineraluri Semcveloba;
g. rogoria produqciis mineralizaciis xarisxi _ dabali, zo­
mieri Tu maRali. miTiTebulia Tu ara es etiketze;
d. Seicavs Tu ara romelime maTgani iodsa da ftors. ramdenad
mniSvnelovania es monacemebi;
e. romeli maTgania bunebrivad gazirebuli;
v. rogoria am wylebis pH;
z. romeli maTganis gamoyeneba SeiZleba sasmelad xangrZlivad;
T. romeli maTgani gamoiyeneba samkurnalod, romeli daa­
vadebis winaaRmdeg da ratom.

16
1. ekologebi wyalmcenareebiT uxvad dasaxlebuli tbis wylis
pH­s ikvlevdnen. dilis (mzis amosvlamde), SuadRis, saRamos
da Ramis monacemebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeboda. rogor
fiqrob, es maTi arazusti muSaobis Sedegia? SesaZloa, am
faqts mecnieruli axsna moeZebnos?

5
pH

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Ddro (sT.)

1. hortenzia niadagis pH­is indikatorad SeiZleba gamodges.

am yvavilis pigmentebi _ anTocianebi mJava areSi wiTel, nei­
tralurSi lurj, xolo tuteSi mwvane fers iReben.

2. simsivnuri ujredebis pH 7­ze naklebia. isini mJava areSi vi­

Tardebian. neitraluri da tute are am ujredebisTvis dam­
Rupvelia. Tanamedrove onkologiis erT­erTi meTodi daava­
debulis organizmSi ceziumis Seyvanaa. am elementis STanTqmis
Semdeg ujredebis pH izrdeba.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSLUwmJOo_M

17
I sicocxlis molekulebi
§2
organuli nivTierebebi
cilebi. cilebis struqtura

cilebi organuli nivTierebebis umniSvnelovanesi jgufia, romelsac

organizmSi mravalgvari funqcia akisria. cilebis gansakuTrebuloba maTi
agebulebis specifikurobidan gamomdinareobs.
cila polimeria, romlis monomeri aminomJavaa.
NH2N CH COOH cilis SenebaSi oci sxvadasxva aminomJava monawile­
1 2 obs. yvela maTgani amino da karboqsilis jgufs Sei­
R
3
cavs. isini mxolod radikalebiT gansxvavdebian.
1. Aaminojgufi zogi aminomJavas radikali hidrofoburia, zogis _
2. karboqsilis jgufi hidrofiluri, zogis _ dadebiTad damuxtuli, zo­
3. radikali gis ki _ uaryofiTad.

hidrofoburi aminomJavebi

valini fenilalanini alanini

hidrofiluri aminomJavebi

cisteini serini Tirozini

dadebiTad da uaryofiTad damuxtuli aminomJavebi

(CH2)n
N
+
N H#3
- N+H
COO

glutaminis mJava lizini histidini

18
 peptiduri bma

NHN CH COOH
dipeptidi
R1 NH2O R2 R1 R2

aminomJavebi erTmaneTs kovalen­

1 2 turi, e.w. peptiduri bmebiT ukavSir­
deba da warmoqmnis polipeptids _
Zafisebr struqturas, romelsac ci­
lis pirveladi struqtura hqvia. Za­
fi Semdeg spiralurad ixveva. spi­
ralSi xveulebi susti wyalbaduri
bmebiT fiqsirdeba da warmoiqmneba
cilis meoreuli struqtura. spi­
rali kidev erTxel, axla ukve Zafis
gorgaliviT ixveva da cilis mesa­
3 4
meul struqturas warmoqmnis. mis
fiqsaciaSi aminomJavaTa radikale­
bi monawileobs, romlebic spiralis
gareT arian mimarTuli.
zogierT cilaSi mesameuli struq­
turis mqone ramdenime gorgali erTi­
cilis molekulis struqturebi
andeba da cilis meoTxeul struqtu­
1. pirveladi struqtura;
ras qmnis. cila specifikur funqciebs
2. meoreuli struqtura;
3. mesameuli struqtura; mxolod mesameul an meoTxeul struq­
4. meoTxeuli struqtura. turaSi iZens.
cilis meoreul, mesameul da me­
oTxeul struqturas susti bmebi afiqsirebs. sxvadasxva fizikuri an qimiuri
faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT isini advilad wydeba da cila pirvelad struqtu­
ras ubrundeba. am process denaturacia hqvia. xSir SemTxvevaSi, faqtoris
zemoqmedebis Sewyvetis Semdeg cila isev aRidgens misTvis damaxasiaTebel
formasa da Tvisebebs _ renaturirdeba. Zlieri faqtoris zemoqmedebiT ci­
la renaturaciis unars kargavs.

denaturacia renaturacia

19
 cilis Tvisebebs misi pirveladi struqtura gansazRvravs. es imas niS­
navs, rom misi Tvisebebi mTlianad imazea damokidebuli, Tu ramden aminomJa­
vur erTeuls Seicavs cila, romelia es aminomJavebi da ra TanmimdevrobiT
arian isini ganlagebuli polipeptidur jaWvSi. am grZeli jaWvidan Tundac
erTi aminomJavas adgilis Secvlam an misma `amogdebam~, SesaZloa, mTlianad
Secvalos cilis Tvisebebi da, aqedan gamomdinare, funqciac.
simartivisTvis warmovidginoT, rom cila mxolod xuTi monomerisgan
Sedgeba. monomerebad oci aminomJavadan xuTi SevarCioT da aseTi Tanmimdev­
robiT ganvalagoT:

1. alanini _ valini _ lizini _ fenilalanini _ histidini

SevucvaloT adgilebi, vTqvaT, pirvelsa da mesame aminomJavas:

2. lizini _ valini _ alanini _ fenilalanini _ histidini

axla, pirvel cilaSi monomerebis ricxvi igive davtovoT, magram rome­

lime aminomJava orjer gavimeoroT, jaWvidan sxva romelime aminomJavis
amogdebis xarjze:

3. alanini _ valini _ valini _ fenilalanini _ histidini

amjerad, pirvel cilas CamovaciloT erT­erTi romelime aminomJava,

vTqvaT histidini:

4. alanini _ valini _ lizini _ fenilalanini

aseTi manipulaciebiT Cven vRebulobT oTx sxvadasxva cilas, romlebic

erTmaneTisgan absoluturad gansxvavdeba Tavisi fizikur­qimiuri Tvisebe­
biTa da funqciebiT.
realurad, saqme gacilebiT rTuladaa. cilebs aSenebs ara xuTi, aramed
oci aminomJava, xolo monomerebis ricxvma zogierT cilaSi SesaZloa 1000­
sac ki miaRwios. Tu CavTvliT, rom cilis SenebaSi ocive aminomJava monawi­
leobs, xolo monomerebis ricxvi 1000­ia, vRebulobT 201000 saxis cilas. ase
rom, Teoriulad ganusazRvreli raodenobis sxvadasxvagvari cilis arsebo­
baa SesaZlebeli.
imis sademonstraciod, Tu rogor cvlis cilis funqciebs misi amino­
mJavuri Sedgenilobisa da Tanmimdevrobis cvlileba, aseTi analogia gamoga­
dgeba:
daakvirdi, rogor cvlis sityvis mniSvnelobas misgan erTi asos amogdeba
an Secvla sxva asoTi.
rigrigobiT Secvale sityvaSi `Tvali~ pirveli aso Semdegi asoebiT: d, k,
o, r, Z. axla, saerTod Camoacile sityvas pirveli aso.

20
cilis molekula polimeria, romelsac oci sxvadasxva saxis mono­
meri _ aminomJava aSenebs. cilas gaaCnia pirveladi, meoreuli, me­
sameuli da, zog maTgans, meoTxeuli struqtura.

1. ilustraciaze cilis erT­erTi struqturis

modelia.
rogor fiqrob:
a. cilis romel struqturas asaxavs ilustra­
cia?
b. cilis molekulis ra nawili warmoqmnis spi­
rals?
g. ras asaxavs spiralTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasx­
va formisa da Seferilobis figurebi?
2.
a. davuSvaT, rom cilis spiralTan da­
kavSirebuli ori figura aminomJa­
va valini da alaninia. isargeble
tabuliT (gv.18) da gvipasuxe.
rogor formas miiRebs spirali
aminomJavebis aseTi ganlagebis ga­
mo?
gaiTvaliswine, rom cilis struq­
turis formireba citoplazmaSi,
anu wylian garemoSi xdeba.
b. cilis spiralTan dakavSirebuli
ori figura glutaminis mJava da
lizinia.
rogor Seicvlis spirali formas
mocemuli aminomJavebis urTierT­
qmedebis Sedegad?
g. davuSvaT, cilis molekulaSi erT­
maneTTan axlos aminomJava lizini da histidini aRmoCnda.
rogor formas miiRebs spirali amis gamo?
d. zemoT motanili magaliTebidan gamomdinare gviTxari, rome­
li Zalebi monawileoben cilis mesameuli struqturis Camoya­
libebaSi?
e. ra damokidebuleba arsebobs cilis pirvelad struqturasa
da mesameul struqturas Soris?
rogor fiqrob, aqvs Tu ara moxarSuli kvercxis cilas renatura­
ciis unari? ratom fiqrob ase?

highered.mcgraw.com/sites/0072943696/student_viewD/chapter2/anima-
tion_protein_denaturation.html

21
I sicocxlis molekulebi
§3
organuli nivTierebebi
cilebi, cilebis funqciebi

cilebis erT­erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia ujredSi qimiuri reaqciebis

warmarTvaa. cila­fermentebis wyalobiT, romlebic nivTierebaTa gardaqm­
nebs aseul milionjer aCqareben, Cvens organizmSi reaqciebi Zalian maRali
siswrafiT, TiTqmis myisierad mimdinareobs.
1 gaixsene, zogadad ras vuwodebT cilebis damSlel fermentebs? lipi­
debis damSlel fermentebs?
fermentebi moqmedebis maRali specifikurobiT gamoirCeva. es imas niS­
navs, rom yoveli fermenti mxolod garkveuli nivTierebis garkveuli mimar­
TulebiT gardaqmnas uwyobs xels.
gardasaqmneli nivTiereba, romelsac substrati hqvia, fermentis patara
ubans, e.w. aqtiur centrs ukavSirdeba. substrati formiTa da zomiT zustad
Seesabameba aqtiur centrs, amitom is masSi jdeba da droebiT fiqsirdeba.
fermenti substrats sxva nivTierebad _ produqtad gardaqmnis, rome­
lic myisve tovebs fermentis molekulas. erT ferments milionobiT sub­
stratis gardaqmna SeuZlia ise, rom TviTon ar icvleba _ fermentebi bio­
katalizatorebi arian.

3
2
1
1. fermenti;
2. substrati;
3. produqti.

2 rogor fiqrob, ra Zalebi SeiZleba akavebdes substrats aqtiur cen­

trSi?
zogi fermenti reaqciis dasaCqareblad damxmare nivTierebebs moiTxovs.
aseT nivTierebebs kofaqtorebi hqvia. isini, rogorc wesi, dabalmolekulu­
ri aracilovani molekulebi arian. magaliTad, Zn­is, Mg­is, Mn­is, Cu­is
ionebi mravali fermentis kofaqtoria.
ujredSi arsebobs iseTi nivTierebebic, romlebic xels uSlian fermen­
tebs, blokaven maT moqmedebas. am nivTierebebs inhibitorebi daarqves. zogi
maTgani imeorebs substratis formas, fermenti `tyuvdeba~ da mis aqtiur

22
centrSi substratis nacvlad inhibitori aRmoCndeba. am situaciaSi fer­
mentisTvis substrati miuwvdomelia da ujredSi misi gardaqmna wydeba.
amgvarad moqmed inhibitorebs konkurentuli inhibitorebi hqvia.
3 visi konkurentebi arian es inhibitorebi?

2
1
1
1. fermenti;
2. konkurentuli inhibitori;
3 3. arakonkurentuli inhibitori.

arakonkurentul inhibitorebs sxvagvari `taqtika~ gaaCniaT. isini ar hgva­

nan substratebs da aqtiur centrs ar ikaveben. Tumca, fermentTan dakav­
Sirebisas ise cvlian da `amaxinjeben~ aqtiur centrs, rom masSi substrati
veRar Tavsdeba da misi gardaqmna wydeba.
miuxedavad fermentebis mimarT antagonisturi damokidebulebisa, inhi­
bitorebi Zalian mniSvnelovani molekulebi arian. isini ujredSi qimiuri
reaqciebis msvlelobas aregulireben. magaliTad, rodesac ujredSi fer­
mentis moqmedebis Sedegad Warbi raodenobis produqti iwarmoeba, reaqcia
inhibitoris moqmedebiT wydeba. reaqciis produqtis aTvisebis da ujredSi
misi gamolevis SemTxvevaSi, inhibitori scildeba ferments da is isev aqti­
urdeba. magram arsebobs nivTierebebi, romlebic Seuqcevadad ukavSirdeba
fermentis molekulas da sabolood gamoyavs mwyobridan. aseTi zemoqmedeba
fermentebze, sul mcire koncentraciebSic ki, aqvs mZime metalebs _ vercx­
liswyals, vercxls, dariSxans da sxv.
fermentebis inhibitorebs xSirad ama Tu im daavadebis samkurnalod iye­
neben. magaliTad, ferment trifsinis inhibitori gamoiyeneba pankreasis an­
Tebis _ pankreatitis samkurnalod. trifsini kuWqveSa jirkvlis erT­erTi
proteazaa. jirkvalSi mis moqmedebas inhibitori blokavs da trifsinis
gaaqtiveba mxolod TormetgojaSi xdeba, sadac is sakvebSi arsebul cilebs
Slis. pankreatitis dros, inhibitoris ararsebobis gamo, trifsini naadre­
vad aqtiurdeba da sakvebis nacvlad pankreasis ujredebs Slis.
struqturul cilebs samSeneblo daniSnuleba aqvs. kolageni Cveni sxe­
ulis mTeli ciluri Sedgenilobis 35%­s Seadgens.
is SemaerTebeli qsovilis mTavari cilaa. kolageni
Sedis myesebis, iogebis, xrtilis, Zvlis, kanis Sed­
genilobaSi da maT simtkicesa da elastikurobas
uzrunvelyofs. kolagenis funqcias misi agebule­
ba ganapirobebs. is uCveulo cilaa. misi molekula
sami spiralurad daxveuli polipeptiduri jaWvis­
gan Sedgeba. ramdenime aseTi molekula erTmaneTs kolageni
ukavSirdeba da erT mTlian struqturas warmoq­
mnis. kolagenis molekulebi am struqturaSi erTmaneTs kovalenturi bmebiT
ukavSirdeba. swored am kavSirebis gamoa kolagenis molekula mtkicec da Wim­
vadic.

23
 kolageni Sedis rqovanasa da brolis Sed­
genilobaSi. keratinTan erTad, kolageni gan­
sazRvravs kanis elastikurobas. asakSi misi
degradacia naoWebis gaCenas iwvevs. kolagens
Tanamedrove kosmetologiaSi iyeneben. misi
ineqciiT tuCis formis Secvlaa SesaZlebeli.
keratini Tmis, frCxilebis, rqebis, bum­
bulis mTavari struqturuli cilaa. elas­
tini aortis, arteriebis, filtvebis, Sardis
buStis elastikurobas ganapirobebs. obobas nazi qseli wylis
fibroini Sedis abreSumis Wiisa da obo­ wveTebis simZimes uZlebs
bas jirkvlebis mier gamomuSavebul sekret­
Si. is abreSumis Zafisa da obobas qselis simtkices gansazRvravs.

satransporto daniSnuleba aqvs cila­hemoglobins, romelic filtvebi­

dan sxvadasxva qsovilebamde Jangbadis transports uzrunvelyofs.

hemoglobini transferini

satransporto cilaa sisxlis Sratis transferinic, romelic nawlavebi­

dan Sewovili rkiniT itvirTeba da is sxeulis yvela ujredamde miaqvs.
transferinis erT molekulas rkinis ori atomi gadaaqvs.
4 Sewovili rkinis 75% Zvlis tvinamde transportirdeba, sxvadasxva
ujredebamde ki mxolod 25% midis. axseni, ratom?
ujredebSi rkina samarago cila­feritinSi inaxeba.
es globularuli cila 24 suberTeulisgan Sedgeba, ro­
melic sferos warmoqmnis. rkinis ionebi sferos siR­
rueSi arxebis gavliT xvdeba da iq fosfatis ionebs uka­
vSirdeba. feritinis erT molekulas 45 000­mde rkinis
ionis dateva SeuZlia. amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan
Tavisufali rkina sakmaod toqsikuria. feritinis wyalo­
feritini biT, ujredi saimedod aris daculi Tavisufali rkinis
ionebisgan. organizmSi rkinis deficitisas, ionebi tove­
ben feritinis molekulas da ujredSi gadadian. ase rom, feritini buferis
rols asrulebs ujredebSi rkinis deficitsa da siWarbes Soris.
damcvelobiTi funqcia aqvs cila­antisxeulebs, romlebsac imunuri sis­
tema organizmSi SeWrili baqteriebisa da virusebis, anu antigenebis aRmo­
Cenisa da SeboWvisTvis iyenebs. sxvadasxva antigenis winaaRmdeg organizmSi
sxvadasxva antisxeuli gamomuSavdeba.

24
 miuxedavad antisxeulebis Zalian didi mraval­
ferovnebisa, maT agebulebis saerTo gegma aqvT: 1
yvela antisxeuli cilebis kompleqsia, romelic
Sedgeba ori `mZime~ da ori `msubuqi~ polipeptiduri 2
jaWvisgan. jaWvebi ise lagdeba, rom kompleqsi Y
formas Rebulobs. antisxeulebi antigenebs msubuq
da mZime jaWvis boloebiT amoicnobs, romlebsac
kurdRlis yurebs adareben.
antisxeulebi erTmaneTisgan swored am ubnebiT
gansxvavdeba. sxvadasxva antisxeuli am ubanSi 130­
mde sxvadasxva aminomJavas Seicavs, romlebic sxva­
dasxva TanmimdevrobiT lagdeba. es ki am ubans sru­ antisxeuli:
liad unikalur formas aniWebs. is antigenis formas 1. mZime jaWvi;
2. msubuqi jaWvi.
imeorebs, amis gamo antisxeuli antigens ikavSirebs
da boWavs mas.
5 gaixsene, rogor moqmedeben cila­receptorebi?
cilebi organizmSi sxvadasxva saxis moZraobas uzrunvelyofs. amis Ses­
axeb mogvianebiT gveqneba saubari.

cilebs organizmSi mravalgvari funqcia akisria. cila­fermen­

tebi qimiur reaqciebs aCqarebs. kofaqtorebi cilebis damxmare
nivTierebebia. inhibitorebi Trgunavs fermentebis moqmedebas.
struqturul cilebs samSeneblo daniSnuleba gaaCnia. satrans­
porto cilebs sxvadasxva nivTierebebi gadaaqvs. cila­antisxeu­
lebs damcvelobiTi funqcia aqvs. receptoruli cilebi ujred­
Tan misul brZanebas aRiqvams. cilebi organizmSi sxvadasxva saxis
moZraobas uzrunvelyofs.

1. ilustraciaze warmodgenilia ori mrudi, romelic asaxavs da­

mokidebulebas reaqciis siCqaresa da temperaturas Soris ara­
cocxal (A) da cocxal (B) bunebaSi.
a. rogori damokidebulebaa reaqciis siCqaresa da temperatu­
ras Soris aracocxal bunebaSi da riTaa es gamowveuli?
b. ratom iwvevs garkveul sididemde temperaturis mateba reaq­
ciis siCqaris zrdas cocxal organizmebSi?
g. ratom iwyeba garkveuli temperaturis miRwevis Semdeg reaq­
ciis siCqaris kleba cocxal bunebaSi?

A B
reaqciis siCqare

reaqciis siCqare

temperatura temperatura

25
 d. axseni, ratom gvirCeven eqimebi sicxis damwevi preparatebis
miRebas, rodesac sxeulis temperatura 390C­s aWarbebs?
2. suraTze gamosaxuli mrudebi giCvenebs ori sxvadasxva fer­
mentis reaqciis siCqaris damokidebulebas garemos pH­ze.

B
reaqciis siCqare
A

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
pH
a. ratom unda icvlebodes reaqciis siCqare pH­is cvlilebiT?
b. SenTvis cnobil romel ferments SeiZleba axasiaTebdes A da B
mrudebi?

3. ujredSi qimiuri gardaqmnebis Sedegad, zogjer toqsikuri

nivTierebebi warmoiqmneba, magram yovelTvis moiZebneba ma­
Ti detoqsikaciis saSualebebi. erT­erT aseT toqsikur niv­
Tierebas wyalbadis zeJangi warmoadgens, romelsac ferme­
ti katalaza uvnebel nivTierebebad _ wylad da Jangbadad
gardaqmnis.

2H2O2 2H2O + O2

gTavazobT martiv eqsperiments, romelic SesaZleblobas mog­

cems, daakvirde pH­is gavlenas katalazis aqtivobaze.
aiRe sami sinjara da danomre. samiveSi Caasxi 3­3 ml. H2O2. pir­
vel sinjaraSi Caamate 3 ml. wyali, meoreSi _ 3 ml. 6M HCl,
mesameSi _ 6M NaOH.

CamoaWeri kartofilis gor­

gals sami kubis formis naWeri,
moculobiT 1sm3, gasrise da cal­
calke gadaitane samive sinjar­
aSi.
sanam cdas Caatareb, rveul­
Si Camowere kiTxvebi da gverdze
miuwere Seni savaraudo pasuxe­
bi.
1 2 3

26
 kiTxvebi pasuxebi

a. romeli movlena an parametri

SeiZleba gamogadges reaqciis
siCqaris maxasiaTeblad?

b. yvela sinjaraSi elodebi buStebis

gamoyofas? ratom?

g. romel sinjaraSia mosalodneli

fermentis yvelaze maRali aqtivoba?
ratom?

d. rogor fiqrob, ra Seicvleboda,

kartofilis kubebi pirdapir rom
mogeTavsebina sinjarebSi? ra azri
hqonda kartofilis daqucmacebas?

cdis Catarebis Semdeg Seamowme, gamarTlda Tu ara yvela Sem­

TxvevaSi Seni varaudi.
4. dagegme da Caatare eqsperimenti, romlis drosac daakvirdebi
temperaturis gavlenas katalazas aqtivobaze.
5. ici, ratom `vtiriT~ xaxvis daWrisas?
xaxvis ujredebis sxvadasxva struqturul komponentSi moTav­
sebuli fermentebi da sxvadasxva nivTiereba, romlebic erTma­
neTisgan gamijnuli iyo, xaxvis ujredebis dazianebisas erTma­
neTs ereva da fermentebi maTTvis sruliad uCveulo gardaqmnebs
awarmoeben. erT­erTi aseTi reaqciis Sedegi aris gogirdSemcve­
li aqroladi naerTi, romelic cremlSi arsebul wyalTan Sedis
reaqciaSi da gogirdmJavas warmoqmnis. gogirdmJava Tvalebs gvw­
vavs da mis Camosarecxad cremldena Zlierdeba.
aiRe xaxvis ori bolqvi da gafcqveni. erTi bolqvi moaTavse
mduRare wyalSi da xarSe daaxloebiT 10­15 wT. meore bolqvi
moaTavse macivris sayinuleSi da datove, sanam kargad gaiyi­
neba. amis Semdeg daWeri wvrilad orive bolqvi. dagewva Tvale­
bi? axseni, ratom?

1. sasmel wyalSi mZime metalebis Semcveloba mkacrad kontrol­

deba. ratom?

27
 2. romel antigens boWavs mocemuli antisxeuli?

1 2 3

4 5 6

3. zogierT sarecx fxvnils, romelic recxvis maRali efeqturo­

biT gamoirCeva, etiketze miTiTebuli aqvs, rom is fermentebs
Seicavs da 100 0C ­ze fxvnili kargavs efeqturobas.
a. romel ferments SeuZlia qsovilidan cilis laqis gaqroba?
b. romel ferments amohyavs cximis laqa qsovilidan?
g. ratom kargavs fxvnili efeqturobas 1000C­ze?

keratini cilaa, romelic adamianis Tmis Sed­

genilobaSi Sedis da mis Tvisebebs ganapiro­
bebs. cila oTxi polipeptiduri jaWvisgan
Sedgeba. TiToeul maTgans meoreuli struq­
tura gaaCnia, romlis xveulebi wyalbaduri
bmebiT fiqsirdeba. jaWvebi wyvil­wyvilad
egrixeba erTmaneTs da Tokis msgavs struq­
turas warmoqmnis, romelsac gaWimvis unari
aqvs.
a. xveuli Tma dabanisas swordeba. romeli keratini
bmebi wydeba am dros?
gaSrobis Sedegad is Cveul formas ub­
rundeba. aqvs Tu ara keratins renatu­
raciis unari?
b. Tmas dauToebac asworebs. axseni amis mi­
zezi.

28
1. dReisTvis mravali kosmetikuri saSualeba arsebobs, romelic
xveul Tmas xangrZlivad asworebs. gaecani maT anotaciebs da
gaarkvie, rogori zemoqmedeba aqvT maT keratinze.
2. sxvadasxva organos an qsovilis dazianebisas, masSi arsebuli
fermentebi sisxlSi xvdeba. maT sisxlSi aRmoCenas diagnosti­
kuri mniSvneloba aqvs. aseTi testi didi mgrZnobelobiT ga­
moirCeva da maRali albaTobiT miuTiTebs ama Tu im organos
dazianebaze. zogierTi fermentis sisxlSi gadasvla RviZlis
daavadebaze, zogi Tormetgojas avTvisebian gadagvarebaze
metyvelebs. sxva fermentis sisxlSi aRmoCena miokardiumis in­
farqtis maniSnebelia.
3. germaneli fizikosi julian van
andrea gatacebulia cilebis
modelebis SeqmniT. misi mra­
vali namuSevari xelovnebis
nimuSad aris aRiarebuli. man
`Zegli~ daudga kolagens. mec­
nieris azriT, kolagenis figu­
ra, romlis erT boloSi poli­
peptiduri jaWvebi erTmaneTs
scildeba, organizmis zrdisa
da daberebis metaforaa.
kolagenis figura

www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/enzyme.html
www.purchon.com/biology/protein.html

29
I sicocxlis molekulebi
§4
organuli nivTierebebi
naxSirwylebi: monosaqaridebi, oligosaqaridebi,
polisaqaridebi
naxSirwylebis mniSvneloba

naxSirwylebi organuli nivTierebebis didi jgufia, romelSic gaer­

Tianebulia monosaqaridebi, oligosaqaridebi da polisaqaridebi.
monosaqaridebi martivad agebuli naxSirwylebia. maTi zogadi formulaa
Cn(H2O)n, sadac n­ma SeiZleba miiRos mniSvneloba 3­dan 9­mde.
1 daakvirdi formulas. ratom daarqves am organul nivTierebebs naxSir­
wylebi?
martivi naxSirwylebis yvelaze cnobili warmomadgenlebi glukoza da
fruqtozaa. maTSi n eqvsis tolia.
dawere glukozisa da fruqtozis empiriuli formula.
imaze, Tu rogor lagdeba glukozis molekulaSi C­is, H­isa da O­is ato­
mebi, warmodgenas misi struqturuli formula gvaZlevs. Tumca, wyalSi gax­
snisas, glukozis molekula eqvskuTxa cikluri molekulas warmoiqmnis. es
procesi Seqcevadia. ase rom, wyalxsnarSi erTdroulad arsebobs rogorc
sworxazovani, aseve cikluri molekulebi.

6
1

2 5

3
4
4 1

5
3
6 2

glukoza da fruqoza tkbili, wyalSi kargad xsnadi nivTierebebia, romel­

sac didi raodenobiT Seicavs xili da Tafli.
monosaqaridebis upirvelesi daniSnuleba organizmis energiiT momarage­
baa. 1 gr. glukozis wvisas 9 kkaloria siTbo warmoiqmneba:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energia

marTalia, lipidebis wvisas ujredSi gacilebiT meti energia Tavisufl­

deba, Tumca, zogierTi organosTvis lipidi am mizniT sruliad gamousade­

30
garia. magaliTad, Tavis tvini sawvavad mxolod glukozas iyenebs. amgvarad,
glukoza universaluri sawvavia.
oligosaqaridebi monosaqaridebis SeerTebiT warmoiqmneba. sityva oli­
go _ cotas, mcires niSnavs. monosaqaridebis ricxvma oligosaqaridSi Sei­
Zleba 7­s miaRwios. sakvebi Saqari, anu saqaroza disaqaridia, radgan mis
molekulas ori monosaqaridi _ glukoza da fruqtoza qmnis. disaqarids,
romelic rZes tkbil gemos aniWebs, laqtoza, anu rZis Saqari hqvia.
monosaqaridebsa da oligosaqaridebs Saqrebsac uwodeben, maTi tkbili
gemos gamo. Tu Warbad miRebuli Saqrebi organizmma maSinve ar gamoiyena saw­
vavad, maSin isini didi zomis polimerebad gardaiqmneba da ujredSi grov­
deba.
cxoveluri organizmebis polisaqaridi glikogenia, romelic granule­
bis saxiT grovdeba kunTebsa da RviZlis ujredebSi.
kunTSi glikogeni, romelic kunTis masis daaxloebiT 1%­s Seadgens, ad­
gilobrivi moxmarebis `marags~ qmnis. glukozis deficiti, kunTis gaZliere­
buli muSaobisas, glikogenis daSliT warmoqmnili glukoziT ivseba.
mozrdili adamianis RviZlSi 120 gramamde glikogenia, rac RviZlis masis
daaxloebiT 8%­s Seadgens.
2 rogor fiqrob, risTvis aris gamiznuli RviZlis glikogeni?

saxamebeli xorblis ujredebSi glikogeni RviZlis ujredebSi

mcenareebis samarago polisaqaridi saxamebelia. mas yvela mwvane mcenare

asinTezebs. saxamebeli sitkbos moklebuli, TeTri, usuno, wyalSi uxsnadi
nivTierebaa. cxel wyalSi gaxsnisas is Jelesmagvar struqturas warmoqmnis,
romelic wyals akavebs.
saxamebels udidesi sakvebi Rirebuleba gaaCnia. Cvens organizmSi is saWm­
lis momnelebeli fermentebiT sabolood glukozamde iSleba da Cven ener­
giiT vmaragdebiT.
celuloza polisaqaridia, romelsac struqturuli daniSnuleba gaaC­
nia. is yvelaze gavrcelebuli organuli nivTierebaa dedamiwaze imis gamo,
rom mcenareuli ujredebis kedels aSenebs.

31
 am polisaqaridSi glukozis 3 000­mde molekula erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba
da mraval dautotav Zafs warmoqmnis. Zafebi erTmaneTs wyalbaduri bmebiT
ukavSirdeba da konebs qmnis. aseTi struqtura celulozas meqanikur mdgra­
dobasa da elastikurobas aniWebs.
celuloza uZlebs maRal tem­
peraturas, ar ixsneba organul gam­
celulozis fibrilebi xsnelebsa da sust mJavebSi. is mxo­
lod Zlieri mJavebis zemoqmedebiT,
maRAal temperaturaze SeiZleba da­
iSalos. celuloza hidrofiluri
nivTierebaa, Tumca, didi zomis gamo
wyalSi ver ixsneba. aseTi Tvisebebis
wyalobiT, celuloza, erTi mxriv,
icavs mcenareebis ujredebs sxva­
dasxva faqtorebis zemoqmedebisgan,
meore mxriv, advilad atarebs wyals
da masSi gaxsnil nivTierebebs.

qitini azotSemcveli struqturuli polisaqaridia. is fexsaxsrianebisa

da sxva uxerxemloebis garegani ConCxis ZiriTadi komponentia. qitini Sedis
aseve baqteriebisa da sokoebis ujredis kedlis SedgenilobaSi. mcenareebSi
is aRmoCenili ar aris.
sufTa qitini aris gamWvirvale, plasti­
kuri, rbili nivTiereba, romelic ar ixsneba
wyalSi, spirtSi, mJavebSi, organul gamxsne­
lebSi. fexsaxsrianebis garegani ConCxis qi­
tini cilasTanaa dakavSirebuli. amis gamo is
mtkice da drekadia. moluskebis magari niJa­
ra qitinTan dakavSirebul CaCO3­s Seicavs.
3 yvela organizmi, romelic qitins war­
moqmnis, qitinis damSlel ferments _ qitin­
azas Seicavs. rogor fiqrob, risTvis sWirdebaT maT es fermenti?

Saqrebi wyalSi xsnadi, tkbili nivTierebebia. polisaqaridebi wyal­

Si ar ixsneba. isini ujredis kedlis SenebaSi monawileoben. naxSir­
wylebs energetikuli daniSnuleba aqvs _ maT organizmi sawvavad
iyenebs.

1. warmoidgine, rom gadmogces ucnobi fxvnilebiT savse sami pa­

keti. erT maTganSi natriumis bikarbonatia, meoreSi _ saxa­
mebeli, mesameSi _ saqaroza. gaiTvaliswine am nivTierebebis
fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi da amoicani isini.

32
2. imaSi dasarwmuneblad, `amarTlebs~ Tu ara naxSirwyali Tavis
saxelwodebas, aseTi eqsperimenti gamogadgeba: glukozidan
C6(H2O)6 wylis mocileba advilia koncentrirebuli H2SO4­iT.
dehidrataciis procesi ukeTesad wava, Tu glukozas dehidra­
taciamde, jer mcire raodenobiT wyals daumateb, mxolod amis
Semdeg H2SO4­s da swrafad mourev minis wkiriT. wylisgan gaTAa­
visuflebuli naxSirbadi grafits warmoqmnis, romelic Wiqidan
moTvinierebuli gveliviT amoyofs Tavs:

C6H12O6 6C + 6H2O

gaiTvaliswine! reaqcia aucileblad amwov karadaSi Caatare

da daicavi mJavasTan muSaobis yvela wesi.
3. bambis nawarmi 99,5% celulozas Seicavs. bambis nawarmis tare­
ba, xelovnur boWkosTan SedarebiT, bevrad higienuria, radgan
is kargad atarebs haers da kargad iSrobs ofls. Tu gaintere­
sebs, tansacmeli namdvilad bambisgan aris damzadebuli Tu
xelovnuri boWkosgan, qsovilis patara naWers an Zafs daasxi
17,5% NaOH. Tu ZAafi ar gaixsna, Seni tansacmeli bambisgan yo­
fila moqsovili.

1. daasaxele dedamiwaze yvelaze gavr­

celebuli elementi; araorganuli
nivTiereba; organuli nivTiereba.
2. zogierTi termitis ZiriTadi sakvebi
celulozaa. romeli fermenti gaaC­
nia mas adamianisgan gansxvavebiT?
kvebiTi jaWvis romel rgols mia­
kuTvneb mas?
3. grafiki gamoxatavs qudiani sokos
qitinazas aqtivobas misi sasicocxlo ciklis sxvadasxva etapze.
axseni es faqti.
qitinazas aqtivoba

1. spora;
2. sporis gaRiveba;
3. hifebis warmoqmna;
4. miceliumis zrda;
5. zrdasruli forma.

1 2 3 4 5
sokos sasicocxlo cikli

33
 4. riboza xuTnaxSirbadiani monosaqaridia. is rnm­is Sedgeni­
lobaSi Sedis. dawere ribozas empiriuli formula. dezoq­
siriboza dnm­is Semadgeneli nawilia. daakvirdi termins. Seni
azriT, riT unda gansxvavdebodes is ribozasgan? Seamowme Se­
ni varaudi. moiZie informacia enciklopediaSi an internetiT.

1. mcenareebi qitins ar Seicaven, Tumca, zogierT maTganSi qiti­

nazaa aRmoCenili. axseni es faqti. risTvis sWirdebaT mcena­
reebs qitinaza?
2. warmoidgine, rom Sen xeli migiwvdeba Tanamedrove genur teq­
nologiebze. dagegme samuSao da gamoiyene qitinaza marcvleu­
lis mosavlianobis gasazrdelad.

qitonebs wyalSi mcxovreb patara uxer­

xemlo cxovelebs uwodeben. qitoni tan­
sacmelia, romelsac Zveli berZnebi xma­
robdnen. moiZie informacia da axseni,
ratom moixseneben maT erTnairi saxe­
liT?

simsivnuri ujredebi Cveulebriv ujredebTan SedarebiT bevrad

met glukozas iTviseben. Tumca, energetikuli miznebisTvis mis
Zalian mcire nawils iyeneben, ZiriTad nawils ki ujredis gamrav­
lebas axmaren. maTi es Tviseba simsivneebis sadiagnostikod ga­
moiyeneba. avadmyofis venaSi SehyavT radiaqtiuri JangbadiT (O18)
moniSnuli glukoza. xelsawyo aRricxavs, romelma qsovilma ga­
moiyena aseTi glukoza didi raodenobiT.

34
I sicocxlis molekulebi
§5
organuli nivTierebebi
lipidebi: cximebi, fosfolipidebi, cvilebi, steroidebi
lipidebis daniSnuleba

lipidebs gansxvavebuli agebulebisa da funqciis mqone organul niv­

Tierebebs uwodeben, romlebsac erTi saerTo Tviseba aqvT _ isini hidro­
foburebi arian da kargad ixsnebian arapolarul gamxsnelebSi, magaliTad,
acetonSi, qloroformSi, spirtSi.
cximebi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli lipidebia. cximSi erT molekula
glicerins sami molekula umaRlesi cximovani mJava ukavSirdeba. es mJavebi
grZeljaWviani organuli mJavebia. swored isini aniWeben cxims hidrofobur
bunebas. ase rom, cximis molekulas sami grZeli hidrofoburi kudi aqvs.

cximovani mJava

glicerini
cximis molekula

1 aiRe wyliani sinjara, Caumate zeTi. Se­

amCnev, rom is wylis zedapirze moeqceva (1). ze­ 1 2 3
Tis molekulebi wylis molekulebTan kavSirs
ver amyarebs, TiTqos eSinia maTi da gaurbis.
anjRrie sinjara didxans da energiulad. xsna­
ri SeimRvreva da gaTeTrdeba (2). wylis mole­
kulebs Soris iZulebiT moxvedrili zeTis mo­
lekulebi cota xnis Semdeg erTmaneTs moZeb­
nian _ maT wylis siZulvili aerTianebs _ isini
erTmaneTs e.w. hidrofoburi ZalebiT daukav­
Sirdebian da isev wylis zedapirze dalag­
debian.
zogierTi cximovani mJava erT an ramdenime ormag bmas Seicavs. maT ujer
cximovan mJavebs uwodeben.

35
 1 rogor fiqrob, ratom uwodes maT
ujeri mJavebi? ra akliaT maT? riT ar
arian isini gajerebuli?
2 daakvirdi, rogor cvlis ormagi
bma cximovani mJavis molekulis for­
mas. Seadare is najer mJavas.
cxoveluri cximebi ZiriTad najer
cximovan mJavebs Seicavs. maTi sami swor­
xazovani kudi kompaqturad lagdeba
cximis molekulaSi da amitom cxoveluri
cximebi oTaxis temperaturaze myaria.
2 daasaxele SenTvis cnobili cxo­
veluri cximebi.
mcenareul cximebSi, ZiriTadad, uje­
ri cximovani mJavebi Sedis. maTi texili 1 2 3
kudebi ver uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs da najeri (1) da ujeri (2, 3) cximovani mJavebi
mcenareuli cximebi, romelsac zeTebs
uwodeben, Txevadia.

zogjer sakvebi produqtis etiket­

ze SeiZleba amoikiTxo, rom is F vita­ najeri (1) da ujeri (2, 3) cximebi
mins Seicavs. F vitaminis saxelwodebiT
cnobilia zogierTi ujeri cximovani mJava, romelic adamianis organizmSi ver
sinTezdeba da mas mxolod sakvebTan erTad vRebulobT. es mJavebi aucilebe­
lia Cveni organizmisTvis.
cximebs organizmSi ZiriTadad energetikuli da damcvelobiTi funqcia
akisria. cximebis wvisas naxSirwylebTan SedarebiT orjer meti energia Tavi­
sufldeba, amitom organizmebi lipidebs xSirad imarageben.
3 lipidebis wvisas organizmSi didi raodenobiT wyali gamoiyofa. ro­
gor pirobebSi mcxovrebi organizmebisTvis unda hqondes am faqts didi mniS­
vneloba?
cximi kargi Tboizolato­
ria, amitom is gansakuTrebiT
didi raodenobiT grovdeba
civ pirobebSi mcxovrebi or­
ganizmebis kanqveS. kanqveS da
Sinagan organoebs Soris dag­
rovebuli cximi icavs orga­
nizms meqanikuri dazianebis­
gan. magaliTad, zRvis loms,
romelic 1 tonamde iwonis, Se­
uZlia 5 metris simaRlidan ga­
daxtes qvian sanapiroze ise,
rom ar daziandes. zRvis lomebi kldovan sanapiroze

36
 fosfolipidebSi erT­erTi cximovani
mJavas adgils araorganuli fosformJava 1
ikavebs. amis gamo fosfolipidis moleku­ 2
laSi Cndeba patara polaruli ubani _ Ta­
vi, romelsac kargi damokidebuleba aqvs
wyalTan, is hidrofiluria. misi moleku­
lis did nawils ki _ hidrofobur kudebs, fosfolipidi
sZuls wyali da gaurbis mas.
1. hidrofiluri Tavi;
wyalTan aseTma gaorebulma damoki­ 2. hidrofoburi kudebi.
debulebam ganapiroba is faqti, rom fos­
folipidebi biologiuri membranebis au­
cilebeli da mTavari komponenta. ase rom, fosfolipidebs ujredSi samSeneblo
funqcia gaaCnia. membranis agebulebas Sen mogvianebiT gaecnobi.
steroidebi lipidebis gansakuTrebuli jgufia, romelic agebulebiTa
da funqciebis mixedviT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba cximebisa da fosfolipide­
bisgan. yvela steroids saerTo aqvs `ConCxi~, romelic oTxi calkeuli rgol­
isgan Sedgeba. maT sxvadasxva saxis funqciuri jgufebi uerTdeba da sxvadasxva
steroids warmoqmnis. yvelasTvis cnobili steroidi qolesterinia. mas `cudi
saxeli~ aqvs gavardnili.
4 ra gsmenia qolesterinis Sesaxeb?
qolesterini sulac ar aris `cudi molekula~. misgan warmoiqmneba qalisa
da mamakacis sasqeso hormonebi.
5 daakvirdi, rogor mcired gansxvavdeba es ori hormoni qimiurad erT­

estrogeni
qolesterini

androgeni

maneTisgan. CamoTvale, ra saxis fizikur da fiziologiur gansxvavebebs war­

moqmnian isini qalisa da mamakacis organizmSi.
Cvens kanze mzis ultraiisferi sxivebis moqmedebiT qolesterini D vita­
minad gardaiqmneba, romlis nakleboba raqits iwvevs. Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis
qerqovani Sris hormonebi mineraluri da organuli nivTierebebis cvlas
aregulirebs. magaliTad, erT­erTi hormonis brZanebiT natriumi da qlori
rCeba Cvens organizmSi, kaliumi ki idevneba.
6 rogor fiqrob, romelia am hormonis samizne organo?

37
 cvilebic lipidebs miekuTvneba. maTi lRobis temperatura gacilebiT
maRalia yvela sxva lipidTan SedarebiT. cvilis Txeli feniTaa dafaruli
mcenareTa foTlebi, nayofi. cvili dasvelebisgan icavs cxovelis kans, bewvs,
bumbuls.
7 cvils Seicavs aseve sasmeni milis jirkvlebis sekreti. ra daniSnuleba
aqvs am sekrets?

cvili foTols dasvelebisgan icavs futkari fiWas cvilisgan amzadebs

lipidebi gansxvavebuli struqturis hidrofoburi nivTierebe­

bia, romlebic organul gamxsnelebSi ixsneba. maT organizmSi ener­
getikuli, struqturuli, damcvelobiTi da sasignalo daniSnu­
leba aqvT.

1. moifiqre mcenareTa TeslebSi lipidebis aRmoCenis yvelaze

martivi gza.
2. gTavazobT sakveb produqtebSi lipidebis aRmoCenis erT­erT
meTods.
0,5­1 gr. kaklis lebani kargad danaye da sinjaraSi gadaitane.
daumate 2 ml. 98%­iani spirti. kargad SeanjRrie. daayovne 5 wu­
Ti. lipidebi spirtSi gaixsneba. gafiltre. daumate 2 ml. civi
wyali da SeanjRrie. xsnari gaTeTrdeba. gamoiyene es meTodi
sxvadasxva produqtSi lipidebis aRmosaCenad.

3. dagegme cda, riTac daamtkiceb, rom lipidebis wvis dros wya­

li gamoiyofa.

38
 4. aiRe ori sinjara. oriveSi Caasxi
380C temperaturamde gamTbari
wyali, Tanabari raodenobiT.
orive sinjaraSi CauSvi Termo­ wyali
metri. erT­erTi sinjara moa­ zeTi
Tavse zeTian WiqaSi. sinjariani
Wiqa da meore sinjara erTdro­
ulad moaTaAvse didi zomis yinu­
lian WurWelSi. daakvirdi wylis
temperaturis cvlilebas orive
sinjaraSi. ris models warmoadgens zeTiani Wiqa sinjariT?
romel cocxal organizmebSi aqvs adgili analogiur situacias?
5. daxate, rogor ganlagdeba wyalSi fosfolipidis 10 moleku­
la.
6. lecitini erT­erTi fosfolipidia. is xSirad gvxvdeba sxva­
dasxva sakvebi produqtis etiketze. mas didi raodenobiT Sei­
cavs kvercxis guli. lecitins, iseve rogorc sxva fosfolipi­
debs, aqvs unari, daamyaros urTierToba rogorc wyalTan, ise
lipidebTan da Seurios es ori siTxe erTmaneTs. lecitinis es
Tviseba gamoiyeneba yvelaze cnobili sakvebi emulsiis _ mai­
onezis dasamzadeblad.

daamzade maionezi. amisTvis aiRe:

200 ml zeTi;
10 ml Zmari;
1 kvercxis guli;
3 gr. marili;
3 gr. mdogvis fxvnili.
aTqvife blenderiT maRal siCqareze 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
sqematurad warmoadgine wylis (Zmris), zeTisa da lecitinis
molekulebis ganlageba maionezis emulsiaSi.
7. gadaitane sqema rveulSi da Seavse carieli ujrebi nimuSis mi­
xedviT.

aqvs funqcia
aqvs funqcia aqvs funqcia
aris aris aris
lipidi
aris
fosfolipidi
aqvs funqcia
struqturuli

39
 1. daajgufe hidrofilur da hidrofobur nivTierebebad: suf­
ris marili, cvili, karaqi, fexsacmlis sacxi, navTi, benzini,
spirti, saWmeli soda. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da Seavse.

hidrofiluri hidrofoburi

2. Seadare naxSirwylebisa da cximebis funqciebi. Sedegebi gamo­

saxe venis diagramis saxiT.

naxSirwylebi cximebi

3. moZebne Sesabamisi wyvilebi:

cximi damcvelobiTi
cvili energetikuli
fosfolipidi samSeneblo
steroidi sasignalo

4. qvemoT CamoTvlili terminebidan, romeli aerTianebs yvela

danarCens?
a. cvili;
b. steroidi;
g. cximi;
d. fosfolipidi;
e. lipidi.

1. gaiTvaliswine cximis simkvrive da gvipasuxe, ra daemarTeboda

aqlems, sawvavad cximis nacvlad naxSirwylebi rom daegrove­
bina?
2. sityva `fobia~ safuZvlad daedo daavadebis aRmniSvnel mra­
val samedicino termins. ivaraude, ras unda niSnavdes baqte­
riofobia?

40
1. mosavlis ukeT SeNAnaxvis mizniT, fermerma gadawyvita vaSlebi
saguldagulod gaewminda, gaeprialebina da ise Caelagebina yu­
TebSi. Tumca, mTeli mosavlis ase damuSaveba ver moaxerxa. misda
gasakvirad, gawmendili vaSlebis didi umravlesoba dalpa, gau­
wmendavi ki gadarCa. axseni, ra moxda?
2. Tevzis qoni, yvela cxoveluri cximisgan gansxvavebiT, Txevadia.
masSi didi raodenobiT Sedis Seucvleli cximovani mJavebi. ro­
gor fiqrob, rogor aRmoCndnen isini Tevzis qonSi?

es ainStainis fotosuraTi ar gegonos; cvilisgan damzadebuli

misi figuraa.

lipidebi _ lipids
cximovani mJava _ fatty acid
fosfolipidi _ phospholipid
steroidi _ steroid
cvili _ wax

41
I sicocxlis molekulebi
§6
organuli nivTierebebi. dnm
dnm-is aRmoCenis istoria

Sen, albaT, ukve darwmundi, rom cocxal organizmebSi ar arsebobs kargi da

cudi, pirvelxarisxovani da meorexarisxovani molekulebi. magram mainc, Tu
SevecdebiT, nivTierebebi imis mixedviT davajgufoT, ujredSi romeli romels
emorCileba, ierarqiis yvelaze maRal safexurze dnm­is molekula aRmoCndeba.
am molekulaSia Cawerili informacia, ra memkvidruli niSnebi unda gaaCndes
ama Tu im organizms da am brZanebis aRsrulebas emsaxureba yvela sxva danar­
Ceni nivTiereba.
dnm 1869 wels 25 wlis Sveicarielma eqimma, fridrix
miSerma aRmoaCina. man arc ki icoda, am aRmoCeniT ra
gadatrialebas Cauyara safuZveli biologiaSi. es im­
denad mniSvnelovani movlena iyo, rom namdvilad Rirs
gavecnoT misi aRmoCenis istorias.
miSeri sruliadac ar eZebda memkvidrul nivTiere­
bas. axalgazrda eqimi histoqimiiT iyo gatacebuli.
histoqimia mecnierebaa, romelic ujredebisa da qso­
vilebis qimiur Sedgenilobas swavlobs.
f. miSeri Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli, rom qsovilebis
gansxvavebul agebulebasa da funqciebs maTi gansxva­
vebuli qimiuri Sedgeniloba ganapirobebda. mas gansa­
kuTrebiT birTvis kvleva ainteresebda, radgan miu­
xedavad imisa, rom birTvi 1831 wels aRmoaCines, misi
f. miSeri qimiuri bunebis Sesaxeb araferi iyo cnobili.
sakvlev masalad, rac unda gasakviri iyos, f. miSer­
ma Cirqi airCia. is Tvlida, rom CirqSi arsebuli leikocitebi mSvenier sakvlev
obieqts warmoadgenda, ujredebis martivi agebulebis gamo. garda amisa, sakv­
levi masalis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT mas problema ar hqonda _ qirurgiuli
klinika yoveldRiurad amaragebda dolbandiT, romliTac operaciebis Sem­
deg avadmyofebs Wrilobebs uxvevdnen.
birTvebis gamosayofad f. miSeri leikocitebs Roris kuWis wveniT amu­
Savebda. kuWis wvenis marilmJava da pepsini, birTvis garda, praqtikulad mTli­
anad Slida leikocitis ujreds.
birTvis SigTavsis kvlevisas man daadgina, rom birTvSi arsebobs raRac
nivTiereba, romelic ar hgavs manamde cnobil arc erT nivTierebas. cilebis
msgavsad, is didi raodenobiT Seicavs azots, magram maTgan gansxvavebiT, ar
Seicavs gogirds. amas garda, es nivTiereba, cilebisgan gansxvavebiT, Zalian
mdidaria fosforiT.

42
 ucnob nivTierebas miSerma nukleini uwoda.
male mecnieri cvlis sakvlev masalas. is nuk­
leins ukve oragulis spermatozoidebSi eZebs.
amas ori mizezi aqvs: f. miSeri q. bazelSi gada­
dis samuSaod, romelic oragulis rewviT iyo
ganTqmuli da is sakvlevi masalis deficits
ar ganicdis. garda amisa, oragulis spermato­
zoidi did birTvs Seicavs, romelsac ujredis
moculobis 90% ukavia. aseTi sakvlevi masalis
xelmisawvdomoba namdvilad didi bednierebaa
axalgazrda mecnierisTvis. f. miSeris laboratoria
miSeri bevrs muSaobs gausaZlis pirobebSi
_ siciveSi, radgan rwmundeba, rom nukleinis gamoyofa dabal temperatu­
raze sjobs _ maRal temperaturaze is Tvisebebs icvlis.
erTi wlis dauRalavi Sromis Sedegad f.miSeri midis daskvnamde, rom nuk­
leini makromolekulaa (pergamentis filtrSi ver gadis), romelsac mJavuri
buneba aqvs. metic, is didi raodenobiT Seicavs mJa­
vur naSTebs.
magram imdroindeli qimiuri kvlevis meTodebi
mecniers ar aZlevs saSualebas, ufro CauRrmavdes nuk­
leinis qimiuri bunebis garkvevas.
axla is, kvlevis obieqtidan gamomdinare, svams
kiTxvas: ra roli SeiZleba hqondes nukleins ganayo­
fierebis procesSi?
es yvelaze dramatuli momentia mecnieris cxov­
rebaSi. mas sul erTi nabiji aSorebs im meore umniSvne­
lovanesi faqtis aRmoCenas, rom nukleini memkvidruli
nivTierebaa. amisTvis sakmarisia kiTxvis sxvagvarad
sinjara `nukleiniT~ dasma, magram is sul sxva mimarTulebiT ganagrZobs kv­
levas. cdilobs daamtkicos, rom nukleini xels uwyobs
ganayofierebis process. muSaobas Sedegi ver moaqvs.
nukleiniT axla sxva mecnierebi interesdebian. isini adgenen, rom nukle­
ini qromosomis SedgenilobaSi Sedis
da amitom is memkvidruli nivTiereba
unda iyos. warmoidgine, rom nukleins
axal saxelsac _ nukleinis mJavas
sxvebi arqmeven. sul male irkveva, rom
arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis nukleinis
mJava.
genetikuri nivTierebis qimiuri bu­
nebis dasadgenad, 1952 wels amerikel­
ma mecnierebma k. herSma da m. Ceizma baq­
teriofagebi gamoiyenes.
fagi virusis nairsaxeobaa, romelic
maspinZlad baqteriis ujreds irCevs, m. Ceizi da k. herSi

43
saxldeba masSi da aiZulebs Seicvalos `cxovrebis stili~ _ baqteria sa­
kuTar ujredSi sakuTari resursebiT iwyebs uamravi virusis warmoqmnas, ris
gamoc sabolood iRupeba. praqtikulad, fagi Tavs baqterias amravlebinebs.
im droisTvis ukve cnobili iyo, rom virusi qimiurad mxolod ori kom­
ponentisgan _ cilisgan da cilovan garsSi SefuTuli dnm­isgan Sedgeboda.

fagis gamravleba baqteriis ujredSi

1. fagi; 2. baqteria.

swored agebulebis aseTi simartiviT iyo ganpirobebuli misi sakvlev obieq­

tad SerCeva.
mecnierebs ainteresebdaT, fagis romeli komponenti iWreboda baqteriis
ujredSi _ dnm Tu cila, anu romelia maTgan informaciuli molekula.
kvlevisas isini eyrdnobodnen im droisTvis ukve dadgenil faqts, rom
cila Seicavs gogirds da TiTqmis ar Seicavs fosfors, dnm ki mdidaria fos­
foriT da ar Seicavs gogirds. laboratoriul pirobebSi maT xelovnurad
miiRes fagebis ori jgufi. erTi jgufis fagebis cilovani garsi radiaqtiur
gogirds Seicavda, xolo meore jgufis dnm _ radiaqtiur fosfors.
radiaqtiuri gogirdiT moniSnuli fagebi mecnierebma baqteriebis erT
jgufs `Seusies~, radiaqtiuri fosforiT moniSnuli ki _ meores. ramdenime

1 3
2 4

fagis agebuleba
1. cilovani garsi; 2. dnm; 3. radiaqtiuri gogirdiT moniSnuli cila;
4. radiaqtiuri fosforiT moniSnuli dnm.

wuTSi, mas Semdeg, rac fagebma ukve moaswres baqteriebis inficireba, sanjR­
revelaTi baqteriebs fagebi Camoaciles da maTi narevi daacentrifuges.

44
 centrifuga xelsawyoa, romel­
sac narevis komponentebis erTmane­
1 Tisgan gamosacalkeveblad iyeneben.
centrifugis mbrunav nawilSi _ ro­
2
torSi Tavsdeba siTxiT savse sinja­
rebi, romlebic sakvlev nivTierebebs
an ujredul struqturebs Seicavs.
rotoris swrafi trialiT sinjaraSi
iqmneba Zlieri gravitaciuli Zala,
romelic zogjer 100 000­jerac ki
aRemateba dedamiwis mizidulobas. am
Zalis gavleniT narevis is komponen­
tebi, romlebsac sxvasTan SedarebiT
maRali simkvrive an didi zomebi gaaC­
nia, naleqSi _ sinjaris fskerze aR­
3 moCndeba, naleqzeda siTxeSi ki Sedar­
1. rotori;
2. sinjara; ebiT msubuqi struqturebi darCeba.
3. naleqi.

pirveli jgufis baqteriebis SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarebma radiaqtioba na­

leqzeda siTxeSi aRmoaCines, romelic msubuq virusebs Seicavda. meore jgu­
fis SemTxvevaSi ki radiaqtioba naleqSi aRmoCnda, romelic virusTan Sedar­
ebiT mZime baqteriebs Seicavda.

xe
siT

sanjRrevelaSi centrifugireba naleqi

gadatana

xe
siT

naleqi
sanjRrevelaSi centrifugireba
gadatana
herSisa da Ceizis eqsperimenti

45
 am brwyinvaled dagegmili da Catarebuli eqsperimentiT, romlis gamo
herSi nobelis premiiT dajildovda, erTmniSvnelovnad dadasturda, rom
swored dnm­ia is nivTiereba, romelic fagebidan baqteriis ujredSi gada­
dis da sruliad gardaqmnis mas. baqteria TiTqos iviwyebs sakuTar Tavs da
iZens misTvis sruliad uCveulo Tvisebas _ gaamravlos virusi, romlis age­
bulebis Sesaxeb informacia virusis dnm­Sia moTavsebuli.

dnm 1869 wels f. miSerma aRmoaCina. 1952 wels a. herSisa da m. Ceizis

eqsperimentiT dadasturda, rom genetikuri nivTiereba dnm­ia.

centrifugis rotoris brunvisas warmoqmnil gravitaciul Zala­

ze warmodgenas aseTi martivi cda Segiqmnis:
daikave wyliT savse saTli da mxris saxsarSi 3600­iani brunviTi
moZraobiT swrafad atriale. iRvreba wyali vedrodan? TandaTan
Seamcire brunvaTa ricxvi. ras amCnev?
rogor fiqrob, ra damokidebuleba arsebobs brunvis siCqaresa da
am dros warmoqmnil gravitaciul Zalas Soris?

mecnierebi xumroben, rom maTi saqmianoba sxva araferia, Tu ara

kiTxvebi, romelsac isini bunebas usvamen, raTa gamotyuon mas sa­
idumloebebi. sworad dasmul kiTxvebs buneba gulwrfelad pa­
suxobs. Tumca, didi mecnieruli aRmoCenisTvis mxolod kiTxvebis
sworad dasma ar kmara; saWiroa didi Sroma, raTa bunebis gulmo­
wyaleba daimsaxuro.
rogor fiqrob, ra unda ekiTxa miSers bunebisTvis, rom igi meore
mecnieruli aRmoCenis avtori gamxdariyo? Sromismoyvareoba mas
namdvilad ar aklda.

warmoidgine, rom mecnieri xar da gadawyvite herSisa da Ceizis eqs­

perimentis gameoreba. Seni cdis Sedegebi moulodnelad ar daem­
Txva cnobili mecnierebis eqsperimentis Sedegebs _ baqteriebis
virusebTan xanmokle inkubaciis Semdeg, orive jgufis SemTxveva­
Si, Sen radiaqtioba mxolod naleqSi aRmoaCine. axseni, cdis rome­
li etapis gamotovebas SeiZleba gamoewvia aseTi Sedegi da ratom?

www.youtube.com/watch?v=YG3d77SRWZI

46
I sicocxlis molekulebi
§7
dnm-is qimiuri Sedgeniloba
Cargafis kanoni
dnm-is rentgenuli kristalografia
dnm-is molekulis ormagi spiralis modeli

mas Semdeg, rac eqsperimentebiT dadasturda, rom dnm­is molekula gene­

tikuri informaciis mtarebelia, is mravali mecnieris yuradRebis centrSi
moeqca da daiwyo misi struqturis intensiuri kvleva.
gairkva, rom dnm­is molekula polimeria, romlis monomers nukleotidi
warmoadgens.
nukleotids sakmaod rTuli agebuleba aqvs. is sami komponentisgan Sedgeba.
es komponentebia: azotovani fuZe, xuTnaxSirbadiani monosaqaridi _ dezoq­
siriboza da fosformJava. dnm sul oTxi saxis nukleotids Seicavs, romlebic
erTmaneTisgan mxolod azotovani fuZiT gansxvavdeba. es fuZeebia: adenini,
guanini, citozini da Timini. amasTan, adeninisa da guaninis didi zomis moleku­
lebs erTmaneTis msgavsi agebuleba aqvs da maT purinis jgufs miakuTvneben.
Timinisa da citozinis SedarebiT mcire zomis molekulebic erTmaneTs hgavs da
isini pirimidinebis jgufSi Sedian.

adenini guanini Timini citozini

dnm­is SenebaSi monawile nukleotidebi

1. fosformJava; 2. dezoqsiriboza.

1940 wels e. Cargafis mier dnm­is Sedgenilobis ori umniSvnelovanesi

kanonzomiereba iqna aRmoCenili, romelsac SemdgomSi Cargafis kanoni ewoda:
 dnm­is nukleotidebis raodenobrivi Semcveloba sxvadasxva saxeobis
organizmSi gansxvavebulia;
 yovel saxeobaSi adeninis raodenoba Timinis raodenobis tolia (a=T),
xolo guaninisa _ citozinis (g=c). amasTan, yvela saxeobis dnm­Si purinebis
fuZeebis raodenoba pirimidinis fuZeebis raodenobis tolia (a+g = T+c).
magram mxolod qimiuri Sedgeniloba arafers eubneboda mecnierebs am
molekulis struqturaze. gaucemeli rCeboda pasuxi kiTxvaze: rogor asru­
lebs aseTi molekula mis biologiur daniSnulebas _ Seinaxos da gadasces
memkvidruli informacia?

47
 kvlevaSi amjerad fizikosebi CaerTnen. maT gadawyvites dnm­is molekula
rentgenuli kristalografiis meTodiT gamoekvliaT.

am meTodis principi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: sakvlev nivTierebaSi rent­

genis sxivebs atareben. sxivebi nivTierebebis atomebis mier sxvadasxva mi­
marTulebiT irekleba da fotofirfitaze moxvedrisas Sav laqebs to­
vebs. laqebis intensivobisa da ganlagebis mixedviT, msjeloben sakvlev
nivTierebaSi misi Semadgeneli atomebis ganlagebaze.
Tu nivTierebaSi atomebi mkacrad gansazRvruli wesiT, regularu­
lad aris ganlagebuli, maSin maTze moxvedrili sxivebic erTi mimarTu­
lebiT airekleba da fotofirfitaze garkveuli wesiT dalagebul mkveTr
Sav laqebs datovebs. nivTierebaSi araregularulad ganlagebuli ato­
mebi ki sxivebs sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT areklavs da fotofirfitazec
yovelgvari kanonzomierebis gareSe gafantuli mkrTali laqebi dafiq­
sirdeba.

3
1 2

rentgenuli kristalografia
1. rentgenis sxivi;
2. dnm;
3. areklili sxivi. dnm­is rentgenograma

am meTodiT dnm­is molekula inglisel­

ma mecnierebma e. uilkinsma da r. franklinma
gamoikvlies. fotofirfitaze miRebuli wri­
ulad ganlagebuli, Zalze mkveTri Savi laqebis
mixedviT mecnierebma daaskvnes, rom dnm­is mo­
lekula spiralia, romelSic raRac komponenti
mudmivad meordeba. kristalografiis monace­
mebi miuTiTebda agreTve, rom spiralis sigane
2 nanometria.
erTi mxriv, Cargafisa da meore mxriv, uil­
kinsisa da franklinis monacemebma safuZveli
Cauyara im udides movlenas, romelsac biolo­
giur azrovnebaSi momxdar revoluciasac ki
r. franklini uwodeben.

48
 revoluciis liderebi 24 wlis amerikeli
genetikosi jorj uotsoni da ingliseli bio­
fizikosi frensis kriki iyvnen. 1953 wels isini
gaecnen monacemebs dnm­is qimiuri da fizikuri
maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb da brwyinvaled gamoi­
yenes es dnm­is samganzomilebiani hipoTeturi
modelis Sesaqmnelad. am modelis mixedviT dnm­
is molekula ase gamoiyureba:
 dnm­is molekula ormagi spiralia _ Sed­
geba spiralurad daxveuli ori polinukle­
otiduri jaWvisgan;
 molekulis sigane mTel mis sigrZeze ar
icvleba da 2 nanometris tolia; j. uotsoni da f. kriki
 TiToeul jaWvSi nukleotidebi erTmaneTs dnm­is molekulis modelTan
myari kovalenturi bmebiT ukavSirdeba, ro­
melic mezobeli nukleotidebis fosformJavasa da naxSirwyals Soris
warmoiqmneba;
 mopirdapire jaWvebi erTmaneTTan susti wyalbaduri bmebiT kavSirdeba,
romlebic maT azotovan fuZeebs Soris warmoiqmneba. erTi jaWvis adenini
yovelTvis meore jaWvis TiminTan, xolo guanini citozinTan qmnis bmas
_ isini erTmaneTis Sesabamisi, anu komplementarulebi arian.

a T
P T a P
c g
a
1

g c
P P
c g
T a
P T a P
g c 2

P c P
g
a T
g c
3 T
T a P a P

c
P g P
c g
a T

dnm­is struqtura
1. polinukleotiduri jaWvi; 2. nukleotidi; 3. wyalbaduri bma.

49
 dnm­is es hipoTeturi modeli mravali eqsperimentiT gamoicada. man da­
majereblad upasuxa modelis Seqmnamde da misi Seqmnis Semdeg dasmul yvela
kiTxvas, romelic am memkvidruli molekulis biologiur SesaZleblobebs
exeba. am modeliT SesaZlebelia, molekulur doneze aixsnas memkvidreobi­
Tobisa da cvalebadobis movlena da masTan dakavSirebuli yvela sakiTxi.
dnm­is modelis SeqmnisTvis e. uilkinss, j. uotsonsa da f. kriks 1962
wels nobelis premia mianiWes. r. franklini, romelsac udidesi wvlili mi­
uZRvis modelis SeqmnaSi, premiiT ver dajildovda. is 1958 wels simsivniT
gardaicvala.

dnm polinukleotidia, romlis monomerebs nukleotidebi warmo­

adgens. yovel saxeobaSi a=T da g=c; aseve a+g=T+c. dnm­is mo­
lekula Sedgeba spiralurad daxveuli ori polinukleotiduri
jaWvisgan. misi sigane 2 nanometria. mopirdapire jaWvebi erTma­
neTs komplementarul azotovan fuZeebs Soris warmoqmnili wyal­
baduri bmebiT ukavSirdeba.

1. ilustraciaze dnm­is molekulis erTi jaWvia:

a_a_g_c_c_g_T_c_T_T
aRadgine dnm­is molekula _ warmoadgine meore jaWvis nuk­
leotiduri Sedgeniloba.
2. dnm­is modelze muSaobis sawyis etapze j. uotsonma da f. krik­
ma polinukleotidur jaWvebSi nukleotidebi ise ganalages,
rom dnm­is molekulaSi purinis pirdapir purini aRmoCnda,
xolo pirimidinis pirdapir _ pirimidini.
a. Cargafis kanonis romel punqts arRvevda aseTi ganlageba?
b. r. franklinis romel monacemebs ewinaaRmdegeboda es varian­
ti?
g. scade, sqematurad gamosaxo dnm­is aseTi molekulis forma.

1. xSirad, dnm­is moleku­

las kibes adareben, rom­
lis marjvniv mobrunebiT
xveuli kibe miiReba. axse­
ni, dnm­is molekulis ro­
meli komponentebi qmnis
kibis sayrden, vertika­
lur RerZebs da romeli
_ safexurebs?

2. am kibis romeli safexu­

ria Cangreuli?

50
 a T
T a
g c
g c
T a
c a
g c
a T

1. romeli punqti asaxavs sworad sxvadasxva struqturis ganla­

gebas misi agebulebis sirTulis zrdis mixedviT CamonaTval­
Si:
a. dnm­is molekula, azotovani fuZe, nukleotidi, polinukleo­
tiduri jaWvi;
b. azotovani fuZe, dnm­is molekula, nukleotidi, polinukleo­
tiduri jaWvi;
g. azotovani fuZe, nukleotidi, polinukleotiduri jaWvi, dnm­
is molekula.
2. Tu dnm­is molekula 30% Timins Seicavs, masSi:
a. 70% purinebi unda iyos;
b. 20% guanini unda iyos;
g. 30% adenini unda iyos.

azotovan fuZeebs Soris arsebuli wyalbaduri bmebi advilad Sei­

Zleba gawydes sxvadasxva saxis fizikuri an qimiuri faqtorebis
zemoqmedebiT. miSers warmodgenac ar hqonda am bmebze, Tumca, is
yvelanairad cdilobda, ar daeSva wyalbaduri bmebis gawyveta.
rogor axerxebda amas?

bevr qveyanaSi bavSvebi pirvel informacias dnm­is struqturis

Sesaxeb saTamaSo konstruqciebiT Rebuloben.

51
II ujredi
§8
ujreduli Teoria

warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom yoveli cocxali arseba ujredebisagan

Sedgeba, mravalricxovani kvlevebis Sedegad, nabij­nabij Camoyalibda.
ujredis arsebobis Sesaxeb pirvelad ingliselma mecnierma robert hukma
1665 wels ganacxada. mis mierve Seqmnili martivi mikroskopiT korpis anaT­
lis Tvalierebisas hukma SeniSna, rom is patara datixruli nawilebisagan
Sedgeboda, romelic monastris oTaxebs _ keliebs Seadara.
samecniero mikroskopebis erT­erTma fuZemdebelma anton van levenhuk­
ma 1674 wels mikroskopSi pirvelma dainaxa mikroorganizmebi da cxoveluri
ujredebi _ eriTrocitebi da spermatozoidebi.
XIX saukuneSi, mikroskopis gaumjobesebasTan
erTad, ujredebis Seswavlis axali etapi daiwyo.
aRmoCnda, rom ujreds aqvs SigTavsi, romelic um­
niSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs ujredis sicocxle­
Si. mas Cexma mecnierma ian purkiniem protoplazma
uwoda. manve aRmoaCina birTvi frinvelis kvercxuj­
redSi. mogvianebiT birTvebi sxva ujredebSic iyo
nanaxi.
amave periodSi germanelma mecnierma, maTias Sle­
idenma mravali mcenaris sxvadasxva organoebidan dam­
zadebuli uamravi anaTlis Seswavlis safuZvelze, da­
majereblad daasabuTa, rom yvela mcenares ujreduli
m. Sleideni
Seneba aqvs. am monacemebma misi Tanamemamulis, Teo­
dor Svanis didi interesi gamoiwvia. man uzarmazari
kvleva Caatara, romlis mizani mcenareebisa da cxo­
velebis qsovilebis SedarebiTi Seswavla iyo. T. Svan­
ma ganazogada im droisTvis arsebuli yvela monacemi
mcenareuli da cxoveluri ujredebis Sesaxeb da 1839
wels gamoaqveyna Sedegebi. am Sedegebis mixedviT uda­
vo iyo, rom yvela cocxal organizms ujreduli age­
buleba aqvs. T. Svani pirveli ujreduli Teoriis av­
torad iTvleba, xolo m. Sleidens mis Tanaavtorad
miiCneven.
ujreduli Teoriis pirveli versiis ZiriTadi
principebia:
T. Svani  yoveli cocxali arseba ujredebisgan Sedge­
ba.

52
  yvela ujreds msgavsi agebuleba da qimiuri Sedgeniloba aqvs.
 yoveli ujredi damoukidebelia: organizmis moqmedeba misi Semadgene­
li ujredebis moqmedebis jamia.
m. Sleidensa da T. Svans SecdomiT miaCndaT, rom ujredebis warmoqmna
araujreduli nivTierebebidan SeiZleba. ujreduli Teoriis Semdgomi ganvi­
TarebisTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda rudolf virxovis gamokvlevebs, ro­
melmac daamtkica, rom nebismieri ujredi mxolod dediseuli ujredis gayo­
fis gziT warmoiqmneba.
ujreduli Teoriis ganviTarebaSi sruliad axa­
li etapi eleqtronuli mikroskopis Seqmnis Sem­
deg daiwyo. mecnierebi gaaoca ujredis agebulebis
sirTulem. maT bevri iseTi ram dainaxes ujredSi,
rac sinaTlis mikroskopSi ar Canda. bioqimiisa da
molekuluri biologiis ganviTarebam kidev ufro
Seavso warmodgena ujredis Sesaxeb.
Tanamedrove ujreduli Teoria, romlis safuZ­
vels T. Svanis Teoria warmoadgens, Semdeg debule­
bebs moicavs.
 ujredi sicocxlis elementaruli erTeulia,
romelsac aqvs TviTganaxlebis, TviTregulaciisa
r. virxovi
da TviTwarmoqmnis unari. is yvela cocxali orga­
nizmis agebulebis, funqcionirebisa da ganviTarebis erTeulia.
 cocxali organizmebis ujredebi msgavsia agebulebiT, qimiuri Sedge­
nilobiTa da cxovelqmedebiT.
 ujredebis gamravleba xdeba dediseuli ujredis gayofis gziT.
 mravalujredian organizmebSi ujredebi funqciebis mixedviT specia­
lizdeba da qsovilebs warmoqmnis. qsovilebiT agebulia organoebi da maTi
sistemebi.
 mravalujrediani organizmi ar aris ujredebis jami. ujredebis muSa­
oba koordinirebulia da organizmi erT mTlian sistemas warmoadgens.
 ujredebi Seicavs memkvidrul informacias, romelic Taobidan Taobas
gadaecema.

warmodgena cocxali organizmebis ujreduli agebulebis Sesaxeb,

mravalricxovani kvlevebis Sedegad Camoyalibda. pirveli uj­
reduli Teoria XIX saukuneSi Seiqmna. misi avtorebi germaneli
mecnierebi, maTias Sleideni da Teodor Svani arian. Tanamedrove
ujreduli Teoria efuZneba eleqtronuli mikroskopiis, bioqi­
miisa da molekuluri biologiis kvlevis Sedegebs.

53
 1. ilustraciaze warmodgenilia tipuri cxoveluri (A) da mcena­
reuli (B) ujredis agebulebis sqematuri gamosaxuleba, ro­
melic ujredebis eleqtronuli mikroskopiT kvlevis Sede­
gebs eyrdnoba.

1
6
2 10
7

11

9
8
3
A 4
5
B
1. birTvi; 2. citoplazma; 3. plazmuri membrana; 4. ujredis kedeli;
5. mitoqondria; 6. endoplazmuri bade; 7. goljis kompleqsi;
8. lizosoma; 9. ujredis centri; 10. vakuoli; 11. qloroplasti.

a. gaixsene, ra aris organoidi. daasaxele SenTvis cnobili orga­

noidebi. romeli mikroskopiT SeZeli maTi danaxva?
b. daakvirdi da CamoTvale yvela organoidi, romelsac ilustra­
ciaze xedav.
g. CamoTvale organoidebi romelsac cxovelur ujredSi ver xe­
dav.
2. daakvirdi sinaTlis mikroskopisa da eleqtronuli mikrosko­
pis gamadidebel SesaZleblobebs da gvipasuxe:
100 mkm M
100 nm M

10 mkm M
0.1 nm M

10 nm M

0.1 m M
1mkm M

10 m M
1 sm M
1 nm M

1 mm M

1mM

eleqtronuli mikroskopi SeuiaraRebeli Tvali

sinaTlis mikroskopi

lipidi
baqteria
virusi kolibri
cila
atomi mitoqondria Tevzis
ujredi qviriTi
ribosoma M adamiani

1mm = 1000 mkm, 1mkm = 1000 nm.

54
a. SesaZlebelia eleqtronuli mikroskopiT dnm­is danaxva?
b. Cans Tu ara eleqtronul mikroskopSi atomebi?
g. Tu baqteriis mxolod danaxva ar gakmayofilebs da gsurs, ga­
moikvlio misi agebuleba, romel xelsawyos gamoiyeneb?
d. warmoidgine, eqimi xar da eWvi gaqvs, rom Seni pacienti leiS­
manioziT aris daavadebuli. diagnozis dasasmelad romel mik­
roskops gamoiyeneb?
3. qvemoT CamoTvlili parazitebidan romels vxedavT TvaliT,
sinaTlis mikroskopiT, mxolod eleqtronuli mikroskopiT:
wiTuris gamomwvevs, dizenteriul amebas, tripanosomas, eqi­
nokoks, askaridas, triqinelas, Sids­is gamomwvevs.
gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da Seavse.

vxedavT

SeuiaraRebeli sinaTlis eleqtronuli

TvaliT mikroskopiT mikroskopiT

55
II ujredi
§9
plazmuri membrana
plazmuri membranis agebuleba
plazmuri membranis funqciebi

plazmuri membrana barieria, romelic ujredis SigTavss garemosgan ga­

moyofs. magram es barieri absolutur izolaciaSi ki ar amyofebs ujreds,
aramed piriqiT, yovelmxriv uzrunvelyofs mis mudmiv kavSirs garemosTan.
es uTxelesi apki, romlis sigane daaxloebiT 75 nm­ia, aregulirebs nivTiere­
baTa transports garemodan ujredSi da ujredidan gareT, aRiqvams garemos
signalebs, amoicnobs mis msgavs ujredebs da kavSirs amyarebs maTTan.
plazmuri membranis upirvelesi daniSnuleba nivTierebaTa transporti­
rebaa. maszea damokidebuli, SeaRwevs Tu ara nivTiereba ujredSi, ra gziT
aRmoCndeba iq da ra gziT datovebs is ujreds. sxvadasxva qimiuri da fizi­
kuri Tvisebebis nivTierebaTa ujredSi transportirebis gzebs mTlianad
membranis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da misi struqtura gansazRvravs.
membranas Txevad mozaikas amsgavseben. mozaikis Txevadi nawili fosfoli­
pidebis ormagi Srea, romelSic alag­alag sxvadasxva zomisa da formis ci­
lis molekulebia gabneuli.

4 4

1
2 2
2
2

2 1 3
2 plazmuri membranis struqtura
1. fosfolipidi; 2. cila; 3. qolesterini; 4. naxSirwyali.

membranaSi fosfolipidebi or Sred lagdeba ise, rom erTi Sris fosfo­

lipidebis polaruli Tavebi ujredis gareT aris mimarTuli, xolo meore
Sris _ citoplazmisken. maTi hidrofoburi kudebi erTad kargad grZnobs
Tavs. ase membrana or wylian garemos _ qsovilur siTxesa da citoplazmas
mijnavs erTmaneTisgan.

56
 fosfolipidebi erT adgilze ar arian fiqsirebuli, isini ganuwyvetliv
moZraoben _ irxevian. xSirad erTi Sris mezobeli fosfolipidebi erTma­
neTs adgils ucvlian. ufro iSviaTad, fosfolipidma erTi Sridan meoreSi
SeiZleba gadainacvlos. maRal temperaturaze fosfolipidebis moZraobis
siCqare izrdeba. am dros membrana Txevaddeba. dabal temperaturaze maTi
moZraoba mcirdeba da membrana SedarebiT myardeba. membranis normaluri
funqcionirebisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania misi normaluri konsistenciis
SenarCuneba. amaSi did rols fosfolipidebis molekulebs Soris CarTuli
qolesterinis molekulebi asruleben. temperaturis gazrdisas isini zRu­
daven fosfolipidebis zedmet moZraobas, anu xels uSlian membranis gaTxe­
vadebas. temperaturis dawevisas qolesterinis molekulebi ar aZleven sa­
Sualebas mezobeli fosfolipidebis kudebs, erTmaneTs Seewebon da membrana
gamyardes. ase rom, qolesterinis molekula am SemTxvevaSi erTgvari regu­
latoris rolSi gvevlineba.
mozaikis `myar nawilakebs~ _ cilebs lipidebis ormag SreSi sxvadasxva
pozicia ukavia. zogi maTgani membranis zedapirzea moTavsebuli, zogi nawi­
lobrivaa Casmuli masSi, zogi ki mTlianad ganWolavs membranas.
zogierT cilas rTuli, datotvili naxSirwylebi ukavSirdeba. aseT ci­
lebs glikoproteinebi ewodeba.
moZebne ilustraciaze cilebis garda sxva nivTierebebi, romlebsac nax­
Sirwylebi ukavSirdebian da daarqvi maT saxelebi.
ai, aseT rTul struqturaSi unda gaikvlios gza da imoZraos sxvadasxva
nivTierebebma garemodan ujredSi da piriqiT. membranaze amboben, SerCevi­
Tad ganvladiao. membranaSi nivTierebaTa ganvladobas maTi sami ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebeli gansazRvravs:
 zoma _ didia molekula Tu patara;
 muxti _ daumuxtavia, dadebiTi muxti aqvs Tu uaryofiTi;
 polaroba _ hidrofoburia molekula
Tu hidrofiluri;
O2­is, CO2­is, N2­is patara molekulebi
advilad miZvrebian fosfolipidebis mole­
kulebis kudebs Soris. uproblemod moZraobs
fosfolipidebis gavliT aseve SedarebiT didi
zomis hidrofoburi nivTierebebi, romelic
advilad amyarebs kontaqts fosfolipidebTan.
CamoTvale es nivTierebebi.
rogorc airebs, aseve hidrofobur naer­
Tebs, membranis gavliT orive mimarTulebiT
SeuZliaT gadaadgileba. gadaadgilebis mimar­
Tulebas am nivTierebaTa koncentracia gan­
sazRvravs. isini yovelTvis maRali koncentra­
ciidan dabali koncentraciis mimarTulebiT
hidrofoburi nivTierebebis
difuziiT gadaadgildebian. gadaadgileba membranaSi

57
 hidrofiluri nivTierebebisa da ionebisTvis fosfolipidebis hidro­
foburi ormagi Sre gadaulaxavi barieria. maT transportirebaSi membranu­
li cilebi monawileoben. zogi maTgani arxs warmoqmnis, zogi ki ikavSirebs
nivTierebas ujredis gareT da ise Seaqvs ujredSi.
Na­is, K­is, Ca­is, Cl­is ionebi e.w. ionuri arxebis saSualebiT gadaadgil­
debian. ionuri arxebi uSualod ar ukavSirdebian gadasatan molekulebs.
arxebi membranis gamWoli cilebia, romlebic hidrofilur `derefnebs~ qmni­
an. masSi gavla mxolod garkveuli zomisa da muxtis mqone ions SeuZlia.
cila­transporterebi ki fizikurad ukavSirdebian gadasatan moleku­
las. am dros maTi konformacia ise icvleba, rom sabolood gadasatani
molekula ujredis SigniT aRmoCndeba. ase gadaitaneba glukoza Cveni kun­
Tebisa da RviZlis ujredebSi, eriTrocitebSi.

ionis gadaadgileba arxiT glukozis gadaadgileba transporteriT

amave transporteris saSualebiT glukozam SeiZleba datovos RviZlis

ujredi da gareT gamovides. magaliTad, rodesac sisxlSi glukozis raode­
noba mkveTrad mcirdeba, RviZlis ujredebidan glukoza sisxlSi gadadis.
ionebisa da hidrofiluri nivTierebebis transports membranis gavliT
gaadvilebuli difuzia uwodes.
arc erTi saxis difuziaze ujredi energias ar xarjavs, vinaidan difu­
zia yovelTvis nivTierebaTa maRali koncentraciidan dabalis, anu koncen­
traciuli gradientis mimarTulebiT xdeba. aseT transports pasiuri trans­
porti hqvia.
magram xandaxan saWiroa, rom nivTierebebma kon­
centraciuli gradientis sawinaaRmdegod imoZraon,
anu gadaadgildnen iqiT, sadac maTi koncentracia
isedac maRalia. am SemTxvevaSi ujredi nivTiere­
baTa transportirebaze did energias xarjavs. aseT
transports aqtiuri transporti uwodes. magali­
Tad: kuWSi mJAava aris SenarCunebas uzrunvelyofs mis
epiTeluri ujredebis plazmur membranaSi CaSen­
ebuli cila, e.w H H +K+­atf­aza. atf — adenozintri­
fosformJava didi energiis Semcveli nivTierebaa,
romelzec Cven kidev gveqneba mogvianebiT saubari.
H+K+­atf­aza fermentia, romelic Slis atf­s da am atf
dros gamoTavisuflebul energias iyenebs imisaT­
vis, rom ujredidan gareT gamotumbos H+, xolo
aqtiuri tranporti
ujredSi mis nacvlad K+ Seitanos.

58
 makromolekulebis transportirebisTvis ujredi gansakuTrebul xerxs
mimarTavs. nukleinis mJavebi, cilebi, mikrobebi plazmur membranaSi ifuTe­
ba da ise aRwevs ujredSi. am process endocitozi (endo _ SigniT, cito _
ujredi) uwodes. arsebobs endocitozis ramdenime forma.
fagocitozis dros membrana gamonazardebs warmoqmnis, romelic gars
ertymis baqteriebsa da virusebs. warmoiqmneba vakuoli, romelic mowydeba
membranas da citoplazmaSi gadaadgildeba.
pinocitozis gziT ujredSi koloiduri xsnarebi, suspenziebi xvdebian.
am dros membrana gamonazardebs ar warmoqmnis. is citoplazmisken izniqeba,
gars ertymis siTxes da warmoqmnili, SedarebiT mcire zomis vakuolebi ci­
toplazmaSi aRmoCndebian. pinocitozis unari ujredebis umravlesobas, maT
Soris mcenareul ujredebsac axasiaTebs. pinocitozs ujredebis `wylis smas~
adareben.

citoplazma citoplazma

fagocitozi pinocitozi

zogi makromolekula ujredSi ise

citoplazma
ver SeaRwevs, Tu mas plazmur membra­
naze moTavsebuli receptori winaswar
ar amoicnobs. aseT endocitozs recep­
tor­damokidebuli endocitozi hqvia.
am gziT xvdeba ujredSi, magaliTad, qo­
lesterini, rkiniT datvirTuli trans­
ferinis molekulebi, sxvadasxva medi­
receptor­damokidebuli endocitozi
kamenti.
endocitozis sawinaaRmdego procesi egzocitozia. am dros ujredSi war­
moqmnili maRalmolekuluri nivTierebebi membranaSi SefuTulebi toveben
ujreds.
sainteresoa, rogor gadalaxavs membranis hid­
rofobur bariers wylis polaruli molekula _
wyalsa da lipidebs xom erTmaneTi sZuls.
wyali membranis uwvriles forebSi moZraobs,
romlebSic sxva polaruli, ufro didi zomis mo­
lekulebi ver eteva. cilebs, romlebic am forebs
qmnian, aqvaporinebi daarqves. miuxedavad imisa, aqvaporini
rom wylis molekula polarulia, is imdenad pa­
taraa, rom membranis odnav `gaTxevadebisas~, mas fosfolipidebis kudebs Sori­
sac SeuZlia gaZroma.

59
 Tu glukozis Zlier koncentrirebul xsnars zemodan frTxilad wyals
daaSreveb, maT Soris gamyofi sazRvari warmoiqmneba, romelsac TvaliTac
advilad SeamCnev. garkveuli xnis Semdeg sazRvari TandaTan waiSleba, radgan
wylisa da glukozis molekulebi erTmaneTs adgils gaucvlis, erTmaneTs
Seereva da imden xans imoZravebs, vidre xsnarSi Tanabrad ar gadanawildeba.
amaSi advilad darwmundebi, Tu xsnaris zedapiridan aRebul wylis wveTs
gemos gausinjav.
magram ra moxdeba im SemTxveva­
Si, Tu glukozis xsnarsa da wyals 1
Soris iseT naxevrad ganvlad bari­
I II
ers movaTavsebT, romelic SerCeviT
2
atarebs mxolod wylis patara mole­ 3
kulebs, glukozis didi molekulebi
ki masSi ver eteva (I)? 1. naxevrad ganvladi membrana; 2. glukoza;
wyali difuziiT misi maRali kon­ 3. wyali.
centraciis adgilidan dabali kon­
centraciis adgilisken _ glukozis wyalxsnarisken gadaadgildeba, amitom si­
Txis done membranis marcxena mxares WurWelSi aiwevs (II).
wylis difuzias misi maRali koncentraciis adgilidan dabalis mimarTu­
lebiT, osmosi uwodes. osmosi iseTi difuziaa, romlis dros gadaadgildeba
mxolod wylis molekulebi, xolo wyalSi gaxsnili nivTierebebis moZraoba
membranis gavliT SezRudulia. cocxal organizmebSi osmosi mraval sa­
sicocxlo process udevs safuZvlad.
wyali niadagidan fesvis ujredSi membranis gavliT xvdeba. is ujredis
araorganuli da organuli nivTierebebisken iswrafvis, radgan wylis kon­
centracia niadagSi ufro maRalia, vidre ujredis SigniT. xsnars, romelSic
naklebi nivTierebaa gaxsnili citozolTan SedarebiT, hipotonuri hqvia.
xsnari, romelic citozolTan SedarebiT gaxsnili nivTierebis met raode­
nobas Seicavs hipertonulia. ujredSi Sesuli wyali zrdis misi SigTavsis
moculobas da Zlier awveba ujredis kedels. am movlenas turgori hqvia. am
dros ujredSi wneva imdenad izrdeba, rom osmosis procesi wydeba. rom ara
ujredebis mtkice kedeli, Sesuli wyali wneviT aucileblad gaxeTqavda ke­
dels.
cxovelur ujredebs kedeli ar gaaCnia da osmosi maTTvis didi safrTxis
Semcvelia. rogor arian cxovelebis ujredebi daculi osmosis `damangreve­
li~ zemoqmedebisgan? mtknari wylis amebis ujredSi osmosiT Sesuli wyali
specialuri organoidiT, e.w. mfeTqavi vakuoliT gamoidevneba. Cvens orga­
nizmSi osmoss Tirkmelebis muSaoba aregulirebs.
plazmuri membranis erT­erTi daniSnuleba misi msgavsi ujredis amocno­
ba, masTan kontaqtis damyareba da qsovilis warmoqmnaa. am procesSi datot­
vili naxSirwylis molekulebi monawileobs. isini antenebiviT arian amoSve­
rili da msgavs naxSirwyals mezobeli ujredis membranaSi eZeben.
simsivnur ujredebs darRveuli aqvs mocemuli qsovilis normaluri uj­
redebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli naxSirwylebis struqtura, amitom maT TiTqos
`aviwydebaT sakuTari warmoSoba~ _ ar ician, romel qsovils miekuTvnebian

60
da mezobel ujredebTan kontaqts veRar amyareben. Tu aseTi gadagvarebuli
ujredebi sisxlis nakadSi moxvda, isini mTel organizmSi vrceldebian, iWre­
bian normalur qsovilebSi da swrafad mravldebian.
plazmuri membranis kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia ujredTan mi­
suli signalis aRqmaa. Sen ukve ici, rom ujredebi erTmaneTs informacias
qimiuri nivTierebebis saxiT ugzavnian. am informaciul molekulebs membra­
naSi CaSenebuli receptorebi ikavSireben. amas ujredis pasuxi mohyveba.
2 gaixsene, rogor pasuxobs ujredi insulinis mier motanil informa­
cias.

plazmuri membrana uTxelesi apkia, romelic ujredis SigTavss

garemosgan gamoyofs. is Sedgeba fosfolipidebis ormagi Srisgan,
romelSic alag­alag cilebia CarTuli. plazmuri membrana aregu­
lirebs nivTierebaTa transports, aRiqvams garemos signalebs, amo­
icnobs mis msgavs ujredebs da kavSirs amyarebs maTTan.

1. CamoaWeri kartofilis gorgals sami erTnairi zomis kubis

formis naWeri (gverdis sigrZe 2 sm.). sam qimiur WiqaSi Caasxi
200 ml. wyali. pirvel WiqaSi gaxseni 10 gr. sufris marili, me­
oreSi _ 1 gr.
moaTavse kartofilis kubebi WiqebSi da daayovne 2­3 saaTi.
ra Sedegs eli? rogor fiqrob, ra daemarTebaT kartofilis
kubebs? ratom fiqrob ase? gamarTlda Seni varaudi?
2. Caasxi menzuraSi 100 ml. wyali da Cayare masSi 50 gr. lobios
Tesli. gazome wylis done da gamoiangariSe lobios moculoba.
monacemi Seitane cxrilSi. dadgi Tavdaxuruli menzura siTboSi
24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. cariel menzuraSi Caasxi 100 ml. wya­
li, Cayare gajirjvebuli lobios Teslebi. CainiSne wylis done
da gamoiangariSe lobios Teslis moculoba. monacemi Seitane
cxrilSi. Seadare erTmaneTs lobios Teslis sawyisi da saboloo
moculobebi. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da Seavse. gaaanalize
monacemebi da gaakeTe Sesabamisi daskvna.

lobios Teslebis lobios Teslebis cvlileba cvlileba

sawyisi saboloo moculobaSi moculobaSi
moculoba moculoba (%)

1. ratom ar SeiZleba plazmur membranaSi fosfolipidebis erTi

Sre iyos?
2. rogor fiqrob, ra gziT aRwevs aminomJavebi ujredSi?

61
 3. ratom grZnoben adamianebi alkoholis zemoqmedebas swrafad?
4. diasaxlisebi zafxulSi mwvanils mWidrod Tavdaxuruli qiliT
macivarSi inaxaven. axseni, ratom?

1. gaixsene plazmis qimiuri Sedgeniloba.

daakvirdi ilustracias da ivaraude, rogor xsnarSa moTavse­
buli eriTrocitebi 1, 2 da 3 SemTxvevaSi.

1 2 3

2. mcenaris ujredi pirvel situaciaSi izotonur xsnarSia moTav­

sebuli. rogor xsnarSia is meore da mesame situaciaSi?

1 2 3

3. arsebobda hipoTeza, romelic plazmur 1

membranas sendviCis msgavs struqturad 2
warmoadgenda. am hipoTezis mixedviT, li­
pidebis (2) ormagi Sre gamomwyvdeuli iyo
cilebis (1) zeda da qveda Sres Soris. Se­
ni azriT, ratom uaryves es hipoTeza?
plazmuri membranis romel Tvisebas ver
xsnida is?
4. ilustraciaze sami membranuli cilaa war­
B
modgenili. ra Zalebi afiqsirebs am mo­
lekulebs? ratom ar Zvreba A cila mem­
branas? ratom ar ganidevneba B da C cilis
molekula membranidan?
5. ratom ar SeiZleba mcenareebis mariliani
wyliT morwyva? A C

1. membranis qvemoT CamoTvlili komponentebidan, romeli ar

gvxvdeba membranis citoplazmis mxares?

62
 a. fosfolipidebi;
b. cilebi;
g. naxSirwylebi.

2. garemos temperaturis mkveTrad Semcirebisas, baqteriebi plaz­

mur membranaSi najer lipidebs ujeriT cvlian. axseni es faqti.
3. svetovani diagrama gamosaxavs najeri fosfolipidebis Semcve­
lobas civ, cxel da zomier klimatSi
mcxovreb organizmebSi. miakuTvne

fosfolipidebis
svetebs Sesabamisi organizmebi.

Semcveloba
4. ipove logikuri wyvilebi:

difuzia Jangbadi
osmosi wyali
gaadvilebuli difuzia spirti
fagocitozi aminomJava
A B C
cila
organizmebi

5. gadaitane sqema rveulSi da Seavse carieli ujrebi.

membranuli
transporti

patara
molekulebi

pasiuri
transporti egzocitozi

osmosi

wyali

Sens xelTaa Jelatini da sxvadasxva feris plastilini. Seecade,

Seqmna membranis modeli. membranis romeli komponentisTvisaa uke­
Tesi Jelatinis gamoyeneba? romel komponents gamoZerwav plasti­
liniT?

63
II ujredi
§10
birTvi
ribosoma
endoplazmuri bade
goljis kompleqsi

plazmuri membranis SigniT citoplazmaa. is avsebs sivrces plazmur mem­

branasa da birTvs Soris. citoplazma Sedgeba blant siTxeSi _ citozolSi
Setivtivebuli mravali organoidisgan.
birTvi ujredis yvelaze didi da mniSvnelovani struqturuli komponen­
tia. is akontrolebs ujredSi yvela sasicocxlo process. birTvi garedan
garsiTaa dafaruli.
1 daakvirdi ilustracias.
ramdeni membranisgan Sedgeba 2
birTvis garsi? 6 4
1
2 romeli mikroskopiTaa 5
gamokvleuli birTvis agebule­
ba?
birTvis garsis SigniT Jeles
msgavsi nivTierebaa, romelsac
birTvis wvens uwodeben. masSi
qromatini da birTvakebia mo­ 3
Tavsebuli.
qromatini dnm­isa da cilis­
birTvi
gan warmoqmnili grZeli Zafebia.
1. birTvis gareTa membrana;
misgan qromosomebi yalibdeba, 2. birTvis SigniTa membrana; 3. forebi;
birTvakebi ki ribosomebs war­ 4. birTvaki; 5. qromatini; 6. endoplazmuri bade.
moqmnian.
ribosomebi pawawina organoidebia (20 nm). isini rnm­isa da cilisgan Sedge­
ba. ribosomebi birTvSi warmoiqmneba, magram muSaobas mxolod maSin iwyebs,
rodesac citoplazmaSi aRmoCndeba. zogi ribosoma Tavisuflad aris moTav­
sebuli citozolSi. aq isini sxvadasxva cilebsa da im fermentebs asinTeze­
ben, romlebic citozolSi mimdinare qimiur reaqciebs warmarTaven. zogier­
Ti ribosoma endoplazmur bades emagreba.
endoplazmuri bade milebisgan Seqmnili erTgvari qselia, romlis siR­
rue birTvis membranaTaSoris sivrceSi ixsneba. milebis kedlebi membraniT
aris aSenebuli. endoplazmuri bade yvelaze didi membranuli warmonaqmnia
ujredSi. ganarCeven gluv da xorklian endoplazmur bades. isini fiziku­
rad erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba da erTmaneTis gagrZelebas warmoadgens, Tumca,
erTmaneTisgan garegnuladac gansxvavdeba da funqciebiTac.

64
 3 ilustraciaze endoplaz­ 1
muri badea warmodgenili. moZe­
4
bne da ganasxvave erTmaneTisgan
gluvi da xorkliani bade. saidan
warmodga maTi saxelwodebebi?
gluvi endoplazmuri badis mem­
branebSi CaSenebuli fermentebi
asinTezebs sxvadasxva fosfoli­
pids, cximovan mJavebs, steroi­
3
debs, monawileobs naxSirwylebis
2
gardaqmnaSi.
RviZlis gluvi endoplazmuri
bade Seicavs detoqsikaciur fer­ 1. birTvi;
mentebs, romlebic auvneblebs 2. xorkliani endoplazmuri bade;
rogorc ujredSi qimiuri garda­ 3. ribosomebi;
4. gluvi endoplazmuri bade.
qmnebis dros warmoqmnil toqsi­
kur nivTierebebs, aseve medika­
mentebsa da sxvadasxva egzotoqsinebs.
4 rogor gesmis termini `egzotoqsini~?
5 amave principiT, ras daarqmev iseT toqsikur nivTierebebs, romlebic
organizmSi nivTierebaTa cvlis Sedegad warmoiqmneba?
endoplazmuri badis fermentebi toqsikur nivTierebebs hidrofilur niv­
Tierebebad gardaqmnis. isini wyalSi absoluturad xsnadi xdebian da Tirk­
melebiT advilad gamoidevnebian.
6 warmoidgine, rom ginda kargad daakvirde gluvi endoplazmuri badis
struqturas. romel qsovilebs airCevdi mikroskopSi dasaTvaliereblad?
romeli mikroskopiT daakvirdebodi gluv endoplazmur bades?
gluvi endoplazmuri bade gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs kalciumis ujred­
Sida normaluri koncentraciis SenarCunebaSi. es metad mniSvnelovania uj­
redis normaluri funqcionirebisTvis, radgan kalciumi gavlenas axdens
fermentebis aqtivobaze, kunTis SekumSvaze, antigenebis moqmedebaze da sxva
procesebze. gluvi endoplazmuri bade kalciumis ZiriTadi sacavia. `zed­
meti~ kalciumi gluv endoplazmur badeSi inaxeba, deponirdeba. kalciumi am
depodan mudmivad citoplazmisken iswrafvis da gaadvilebuli difuziiT ci­
tozolSi gadadis. misi ukan gadatvirTva koncentraciuli gradientis sawi­
naaRmdego mimarTulebiT badeSi CaSenebuli Ca++­atf­aziT xdeba. es fermenti
gluvi endoplazmuri badis mTeli membranuli cilebis 90%­s Seadgens.
xorkliani endoplazmuri bade ribosomebiTaa dafaruli, Tumca, isini Zli­
er, stabilur kavSirs ar warmoqmnian. ribosoma bades mxolod maSin uerTdeba,
rodesac is sekreciisTvis an sxvadasxva organoidebis membranebSi Casanergad
gankuTvnili cilis sinTezs awarmoebs. ase rom, xorkliani endoplazmuri ba­
dis ZiriTadi funqcia cilis sinTezia.
ribosomis mier damzadebuli zogierTi cila endoplazmuri badis membra­
naSive CaSendeba, transportirebisTvis gankuTvnili ki badis siRruisken ga­

65
daadgildeba _ is goljis aparatis, lizo­
somebis, plazmuri membranis, birTvis Sida
membranaSi unda CaSendes. es cilebi endo­
plazmuri badis membranebSi ifuTeba. war­
moiqmneba patara buStuki _ vezikula, ro­
melic wydeba bades da citoplazmaSi gadadis.
aRwere ilustraciaze warmodgenili
procesi, gadaixate rveulSi da gaukeTe war­
werebi.
membranaSi SefuTuli cila goljis kompleqsisken miemarTeba. am orga­
noidis funqcia endoplazmur badeze sinTezirebuli nivTierebebis _ ci­
lebis, lipidebis, naxSirwylebisa da sxva naerTebis miReba, daxarisxeba,
gardaqmna da transportirebaa. goljis kompleqsi erTmaneTze dalagebul
brtyel tomrebs hgavs. swored am tomrebSi aRmoCndeba endoplazmuri badi­
dan gagzavnili nivTierebebi. aq isini fermentebis gavleniT odnav icvlian
saxes, kvlav membranebSi ifuTebian da isev citozolSi gamoiyofian.
goljis kompleqsSi warmoqmnili ve­
zikulebi ujredis sxvadasxva organoide­
bisken miemarTeba da membranebSi Sefu­
Tul, maTTvis gankuTvnil nivTierebebs
gadascems.
zogierT vezikulaSi moTavsebuli niv­
Tiereba ujredidan gareT gasatanad _
saeqsportodaa gankuTvnili. aseTi vezi­
kulebi plazmuri membranisken miemarTe­
ba da SigTavss ujredis gareT aTavisuf­
lebs.
7 ra hqvia am process?
8 daakvirdi ilustracias. saidan mo­
emarTeba lurji vezikula? ra aris masSi goljis kompleqsi
moTavsebuli?
9 sad warmoiqmneba wiTeli vezikula? ras Seicavs is da saiT miemarTeba?
10 saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis romel ujredebSi mimdinareobs msgavsi
procesi?

birTvi ujredSi yvela sasicocxlo process akontrolebs. ri­

bosomebi cilis sinTezSi monawileobs. gluvi endoplazmuri ba­
dis erT­erTi funqcia sxvadasxva lipidis sinTezi da toqsikur
nivTierebaTa gauvneblebaa. gluvi endoplazmuri bade kalciu­
mis sacavia. xorklian endoplazmur badeSi membranuli da saeqs­
porto cilebis sinTezi xdeba. goljis kompleqsi endoplazmuri
badidan gadmogzavnil nivTierebebs axarisxebs da gardaqmnis.

66
1. gadaixate rveulSi sqe­
ma, aRwere sqemaze war­
modgenili procesi da
masSi monawile yvela
struqturas miuwere
saxelebi.

1. Tu ujreds ganixilav, rogorc did sawarmos, maSin ujredis

romeli komponenti warmogidgenia am sawarmos mmarTvelad?
2. ratom aqvs birTvs didi forebi?

1. ganmarte termini `endoplazmuri bade~.

2. amave principiT, ras daarqmevdi plazmur membranas?
3. endoplazmuri bade masSi moTavsebul nivTierebebs sakuTar
membranaSi fuTavs da ise agzavnis goljis kompleqsisken. ro­
gor fiqrob, ratom ar xdeba endoplazmuri badis TandaTan
dapataraveba, ganleva da sabolood gaqroba? ra ganapirobebs
mis mudmiv arsebobas ujredSi?
4. warmoidgine, rom eleqtronuli mikroskopiT aTvaliereb or,
SenTvis ucnob preparats. erT­erTi maTgani sanerwyve jirkv­
lisgan aris damzadebuli, meore ki RviZlisgan. romeli or­
ganoidiT ganasxvaveb maT erTmaneTisgan?
5. gadaixate rveulSi da Seavse sqema

Se
ic
av
s
aSenebulia mdebareobs
endoplazmuri
bade

aqvs funqcia

ribosoma _ ribosome
endoplazmuri bade _ endoplasmic reticulum
goljis kompleqsi _ golgi apparatus

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp04/0402002.html

67
II ujredi
§11
lizosoma
mitoqondria
qloroplasti
citoConCxi

lizosoma berZnulad damSlel sxeuls niSnavs. am organoids zogi ujre­

dis naRmad, zogi ki TviTmkvlelobis iaraRad moixseniebs. lizosoma gol­
jis kompleqsSi warmoiqmneba da vezikulas saxiT citozolSi gamoiyofa. is
patara vezikulaa (0,5 mkm) , romelic ujredSi arsebuli yvela organuli niv­
Tierebis damSlel fermentebs Seicavs.
1 rogor fiqrob, ra daemarTeba ujreds, SemTxveviT es naRmi rom `afeTq­
des~ _ membrana gaixsnas da fermentebi citoplazmaSi aRmoCndnen?
SemTxveviT ujredSi, sabednierod, araferi xdeba.
lizosomebi protistebis saWmlis monelebis procesSi monawileobs.
sainteresoa, rogor axerxebs ameba sakvebis monelebas ise, rom lizo­
somebis fermentebi mis ujreds ar Slis?
fagocitozis gziT amebis ujredSi
SeRweul, membranaSi SefuTul sakvebs
lizosoma uaxlovdeba. ori membrana
3
erTiandeba da lizosomis fermentebi
2
sakvebis daSlas iwyebs ise, rom isini
citozolisgan isev gamijnulebi ari­
an. mounelebeli sakvebi egzocitozis
gziT gareT gamoiyofa. aseve inelebs
Cveni fagocitebis mier STanTqmul 1
baqteriebs fagocitebis lizosomebi.
4
sainteresoa, rom lizosomis fer­
mentebi mxolod mJava areSia aqtiuri.
lizosomis SigniT pH 4,5­5­is tolia. lizosomebis moqmedeba
amas lizosomis membranaSi CaSenebuli 1. sakvebi; 2. lizosoma; 3. mitoqondria;
H+­atf­aza uzrunvelyofs, romelic 4. goljis kompleqsi.
wyalbadis ionebs citozolidan lizo­
somaSi tvirTavs. citoplazma lizosoma
xangrZlivi SimSilisas, rodesac uj­
+ + H+
reds ar aqvs samSeneblo an energeti­ H H
kuli masala, lizosoma iwyebs ujredis H+
Semadgeneli makromolekulebis, maga­ +
H H+ H+
liTad, cilebis daSlas. am process
mikroautofagia ewodeba. +
lizosomis H ­atf­aza

68
 2 scade, ganmarto es termini.
ujredSi gamudmebiT xdeba Zveli organoidebis axliT Canacvleba, Zvel
organoidebs ki lizosomebi inelebs.
xelis gaWrisas aTasobiT ujredi kvdeba. maT adgils axali ujredebi ika­
vebs. ra emarTeba mkvdar ujredebs? ujredis dazianebas didi raodenobiT
lizosomis daSla mohyveba, rasac Tan sdevs ujredis moneleba anu autolizi.
arsebobs autolizis erT­erTi saintereso forma _ apoptozi, romelsac
ujredis programirebul sikvdils uwodeben. is Zireulad gansxvavdeba
ujredis `iZulebiTi~ sikvdilisgan _ nekrozisgan. apoptozis dros ujre­
di aqtiur monawileobas iRebs sakUuTari Tavis ganadgurebaSi ise, rom prob­
lemebs ar uqmnis mezobel ujredebs. am dros, nekrozisgan gansxvavebiT, ujre­
dis plazmuri membrana ar ziandeba, ujredis SigTavsi gareT ar gadmoiRvreba
da anTebiTi procesi ar viTardeba.
apoptozis gziT Cveni organizmi yovel wams milionobiT dazianebul,
daberebul ujreds icilebs Tavidan. magaliTad, apoptozis gziT nadgur­
deba msxvili nawlavis epiTelis ujredebi, romlebic sakvebSi arsebuli to­
qsinebiT ziandeba; aseve epidermisis ujredebi, romlebzec mravali faqtori
moqmedebs damazianeblad.
mitoqondria umniSvnelovanesi organoidia, romelic ujreds energiiT
amaragebs. es energia mitoqondriaSi organuli nivTierebebis wvis Sedegad
Tavisufldeba da atf­is molekulaSi inaxeba. am saintereso molekulas Sen
Semdeg paragrafSi gaecnobi.
mitoqondrias ori membrana aqvs. gareTa, gluvi membrana didi raodenobiT
arxs Seicavs, romelSic Tavisuflad mo­
Zraobs Saqrebi da aminomJavebi. ufro
didi zomis molekulebi ki specialuri 1
gadamtanebis, e.w. translokazebis saSu­
alebiT aRwevs membranaTaSoris sivrceSi. 2
isini muSaoben SigniTa membranis trans­
lokazebTan erTad, raTa didi zomis mo­
lekulebi, magaliTad, cilebi, romelic 4
aucilebelia mitoqondriis funqcioni­ 5
rebisTvis, mitoqondriis SigniT aRmoCn­ 3
des. mitoqondria
SigniTa membrana danaoWebulia da sa­ 1. gareTa membrana;
varcxlis msgavs gamonazardebs _ kris­ 2. SigniTa membrana;
3. matriqsi;
tebs warmoqmnis. kristebs Soris sivr­
4. fermentebi;
ce amovsebulia Txevadi nivTierebiT _ 5. organuli nivTierebebi.
matriqsiT. swored matriqsSi da SigniTa
membranaze aris ganlagebuli is fermen­
tebi, romlebic organul nivTierebebs Slis.
3 ifiqre, ra gavlena SeiZleba hqondes mitoqondriis SigniTa membranis
Zlier danaoWebas nivTierebaTa wvasTan?

69
 qloroplastebSi fotosinTezis 3
1 2
procesi mimdinareobs. qloroplas­
tebs, mitoqondriebis msgavsad, ori
membrana aqvs. qloroplasti sqeli
siTxiT _ stromiT aris amovsebu­
li. stromaSi granebia moTavsebuli.
granebs erTmaneTze dalagebuli, mem­
branebisgan Seqmnili patara, brtyeli
4 5
tomsikebi _ Tilakoidebi warmoqmnis. qloroplasti
Tilakoidebis membranebSi qlorofi­
1. gareTa membrana; 2. SigniTa membrana;
lis molekulebia CaSenebuli. mas si­ 3. stroma; 4. grana; 5. Tilakoidi.
naTlis sxivi ecema da fotosinTezis
procesi iwyeba. is stromaSi grZeldeba. aq glukozis molekulebis sinTezi
xdeba.
citoConCxi cilovani Zafebis xSiri
qselia, romelic mTel citoplazmas
moicavs. citoConCxi ujredebSi igive
rols asrulebs, rasac Cvens orga­
3 nizmSi sayrden­mamoZravebeli siste­
ma. is ConCxiviT sayrdens warmoadgens
ujredebisTvis da kunTebiviT uzrun­
2 velyofs ujredisa da organoidebis
moZraobas.
citoConCxi sami saxis Zafs Seicavs:
mikrofilamentebs (1), Sualedur fila­
1 mentebsa (2) da mikromilakebs (3).
mikrofilaments cila­fibrilaru­
li aqtini (F) aSenebs. is globularuli
citoConCxi (G) aqtinis polimerizaciiT miiReba.
fibrilarul aqtins minus (­) da plius
(+) bolo aqvs. minus bolodan mas aqtinis globulebi scildeba da is mokl­
deba, xolo plius bolodan emateba da is grZeldeba. aqtinis Zafebis sigrZis
aseTi cvlilebebi ujredis formis cvlilebas da mis moZraobas uzrunvel­
yofs. aqtinis Zafebis dagrZeleba­damoklebiT gadaadgildebian, magaliTad,
ameba da leikocitebi. ase rom, mikrofilamentebi ujredebisTvis ufro `kun­
Tebia~, vidre `ConCxi~.
Sualeduri filamenti ujredis namdvili ConCxia. misi Zalian mtkice
da amavdroulad, elastikuri cilovani Zafebi ukavSirdeba birTvs, endo­
plazmur bades, mitoqondriebs, afiqsirebs maT da gansazRvravs maT ad­
gils citoplazmaSi. am cilebis damsaxurebaa, rom organoidebi ujredebSi
Tavisuflad ar dacuravs. es cilebi uzrunvelyofs ujredebis gamZleobas
sxvadasxva meqanikuri stresebis mimarT. iTvleba, rom swored isini gansazR­
vraven ujredis formas. miuxedavad unarisa, warmoqmnas aseTi myari struq­
tura ujredis SigniT, es bade Zalian swrafad iSleba mitozis dros.

70
 F
1
G + ­

2
+ ­

3
citoConCxi
1. mikrofilamenti;
2. mikromilaki;
3. Sualeduri filamenti.

mikromilaki 25 nm diametris milia, romlis kedeli cila tubulinis po­

limerizaciiT miiReba. aqtinis msgavsad, mikromilakebsac aqvT minus (­) da
plius (+) bolo. maTi minus bolo centrosomasTan aris mierTebuli, plius
bolo ki arastabiluria, SeuZlia polimerizacia­depolimerizacia anu dag­
rZeleba­damokleba. mikromilakebi monawileoben organoidebis ujredis
SigniT gadaadgilebaSi.
mikromilakebs organoidebis 1
gadaadgilebaSi e.w. motoruli
2
cilebi exmareba. isini erTi bo­
loTi mikromilaks ukavSirdeba,
meoreTi ki tvirTs ikavSirebs da
mikromilakebis `liandagebze~
moZraobs. am gziT aRwevs, maga­ 3
liTad, lizosoma mosanelebel
nivTierebamde. organoidis transportireba
1. organoidi; 2. motoruli cila;
3. mikromilaki.

lizosomebi yvela organuli nivTierebis damSlel fermentebs Sei­

cavs. isini protistebis saWmlis monelebis procesSi monawileoben.
lizosomebi inelebs daberebul organoidebsac. mitoqondriaSi
organuli nivTierebebis wva mimdinareobs. is energiiT amaragebs
ujreds. qloroplastebSi araorganuli nivTierebebidan organuli
nivTierebebis sinTezi xdeba. citoConCxi cilebis rTuli qselia,
romelic, erTi mxriv, uzrunvelyofs ujredis formis SenarCune­
bas da gansazRvravs organoidebis adgils citozolSi, xolo, meore
mxriv, warmarTavs ujredisa da misi organoidebis koordinirebul
moZraobas.

71
 1. ujredis romeli organoidi ar Seicavs membranas? aqvs erTi
membrana? aqvs ori membrana? rveulSi Seavse cxrili.

ar aqvs membrana aqvs erTi membrana aqvs ori membrana

2. amoirCie organoidebi da aaSene mcenareuli da cxoveluri

ujredi.

ujredis kedeli
membrana
endoplazmuri bade
vakuoli
mitoqondria
qloroplasti
goljis kompleqsi
ujredis centri
birTvi
ribosoma
lizosoma

1. rogor fiqrob, ilustraciaze mocemuli qsovilebidan rome­

li unda Seicavdes mitoqondriebs meti raodenobiT da ra­
tom?

SemaerTebeli qsovili kunTovani qsovili

2. bayayis Tavkombalas kudi aqvs, zrdasrul bayays _ ara. rogor

qreba kudi?
3. rodesac organizmi medikamentebiT itvirTeba, RviZli arnaxu­
li raodenobiT detoqsikaciuri fermentebis sinTezs iwyebs

72
 da endoplazmuri bade ramdenime dReSi ormagdeba. medika­
mentebis miRebis SeCerebis Semdeg ki isev normas ubrundeba.
axseni, rogor pataravdeba endoplazmuri bade?

gadaitane rveulSi da daakavSire organoidebi maT funqciebTan:

ribosoma moneleba
mitoqondria detoqsikacia
endoplazmuri bade cilis sinTezi
lizosoma sunTqva
citoConCxi fotosinTezi
qloroplasti organoidebis moZraoba

1. centrifugirebiT SesaZlebelia narevis komponentebis cal­

calke miReba. amisaTvis narevs jer dabal siCqareze acentri­
fugeben. am dros sinjaris fskerze didi zomis komponentebi
gamoileqeba. naleqzeda siTxe sxva sinjaraSi gadaaqvT da zrdi­
an rotoris brunvis siCqares. naleqSi axla siTxeSi darCenili
komponentebidan yvelaze didi aRmoCndeba. naleqzeda siTxe
isev sxva sinjaraSi gadaaqvT da centrifugirebas ufro ma­
Ral siCqareze agrZeleben. ase, safexur­safexur, narevis yve­
la komponentis cal­calke miRebaa SesaZlebeli. warmoidgine,
rom Sens xelTaa sinjara, romelic Seicavs birTvebis, mitoqon­
driebisa da ribosomebis narevs. Seadgine centrifugirebis
sqema. romeli organoidebi aRmoCndeba 1, 2 da 3 naleqSi.

centri­ centri­ centri­

fugireba fugireba fugireba

dabali gazrdili maRali

siCqare siCqare siCqare

naleqi 1 naleqi 2 naleqi 3

2. lizosomebidan xandaxan fermentebi `ipareba~ da citozolSi

gadadis, Tumca, ujreds araferi emarTeba. is normalurad ga­
nagrZobs funqcionirebas. axseni es faqti.

73
 3. gadaitane sqema rveulSi da Seavse carieli ujrebi.

organuli nivTiereba

Sedis qsovilebis aris aqvs

SedgenilobaSi funqciebi
cila

aSenebs ujredis organoidebs

4. yovel qsovilsa da organoSi ujredebis raodenoba mkacradaa

gansazRvruli da reglamentirebuli. Seni azriT, ra Sedegi
SeiZleba mohyves ujredebis gamravlebasa da sikvdils Soris
wonasworobis darRvevas?
5. gansxvavdeba Tu ara erTmaneTisgan gluvi endoplazmuri ba­
dis, goljis kompleqsis, mitoqondriebis, lizosomebis mem­
branebis cilebi da rogor aisaxeba es maT funqciebze?

Sens xelTaa qaRaldi, muyao, plastilini. SearCie masala da Seq­

meni mitoqondriis modeli.

Tea­saqsis saxelwodebiT cnobili erT­erTi umZimesi genetikuri

daavadebis dros, lizosomebi ar Seicavs erT­erTi saxis lipidis
damSlel ferments. bavSvebi erT Tvemde normalurad viTardebi­
an, Semdeg ki, rodesac neironebSi lipidis intensiuri sinTezi
iwyeba, magram misi daSla aRar xdeba, is Tavis tvinSi grovdeba da
iwvevs sibrmaves, dayruebas, kunTebis atrofias, paralizebas. am
daavadebis ramdenime forma arsebobs. umetes SemTxvevaSi, daa­
vadebuli bavSvebi oTxi wlis asakamde ver aRweven.

lizosoma _ lysosome
mitoqondria _ mitochondria
qloroplasti _ chloroplast
citoConCxi _ cytoskeleton

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120067/bio01.swf
www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/cellstructures/
microtubuletransport.swf

74
III nivTierebaTa cvla ujredSi
§12
plastikuri da energetikuli cvla
ujreduli sunTqva

Sen ukve ici, romel nivTierebebs Seicavs ujredi; gaqvs warmodgena, rome­
li nivTierebebi aSenebs organoidebs da rogor ganapirobeben isini am or­
ganoidebis funqciebs. magram sainteresoa, saidan aRmoCnda an rogor war­
moiqmna es nivTierebebi ujredSi?
ujredi Caketili da izolirebuli struqtura ar aris. is garemosTan
mudmivad awarmoebs nivTierebaTa da energiis mimocvlas. es procesi grZel­
deba manam, vidre ujredi cocxalia. ujredSi yovel wams aTasobiT sxvadasx­
va reaqcia mimdinareobs, romlis gareSe sicocxle warmoudgeneli iqneboda.
am reaqciebis erTobliobas nivTierebaTa cvla anu metabolizmi hqvia. niv­
TierebaTa cvlas, pirobiTad, plastikur da energetikul cvlad yofen.
plastikuri cvlis reaqciebSi aerTianeben yvela im tipis reaqcias, rom­
lis drosac martivi nivTierebebidan rTuli nivTierebebis sinTezi xdeba.
sityva plastika berZnulad skulpturas, gamoZerwils aRniSnavs. am termi­
niT mecnierebs imis xazgasma surdaT, rom sinTezis gziT warmoqmnili rTu­
li organuli nivTierebebi Zerwavs, aSenebs sakuTar organoidebs, ujredebs
da mTel sxeuls. magram am rTuli da Sromatevadi samuSaos Sesasruleblad
ujreds energia sWirdeba. `vin~ amaragebs ujreds energiiT?
mza energiis uwyveti nakadiT mxolod qlorofilis Semcveli organizme­
bia `ganebivrebuli~. mxolod maT SeuZliaT, mzis energia gamoiyenon martivi
araorganuli nivTierebebidan organuli nivTierebebis dasamzadeblad, anu
mxolod maT SeuZliaT, sxva organizmebisgan damoukideblad, TviTon daim­
zadon organuli nivTierebebi da aiSenon sxeuli. amitomac uwodes maT av­
totrofebi.
heterotrofebi qlorofils ar Seicaven, amitom maT energia unda mo­
ipovon. energiis wyaro maTTvis sakvebi produqtebia, romlebic sxva orga­
nizmebis mier damzadebul rTul organul nivTierebebs Seicavs. es nivTiere­
bebi ujredSi martiv nivTierebebad iSleba. maTi daSlisas, qimiuri bmebis
gawyvetis dros energia Tavisufldeba, romelic ujredSi sxvadasxva saxis
energiad gardaiqmneba. am energias ujredi sxvadasxva miznebisTvis iyenebs,
maT Soris imisTvisac, rom sakuTari ujredebi aiSenos.
daSlis reaqciebis erTobliobas, romelic ujreds energiiT amaragebs,
energetikuli cvla ewodeba. energetikuli cvlis yvelaze STambeWdavi maga­
liTi ujreduli sunTqvaa.
Zalian martivad da sqematurad es procesi SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energia

75
 amrigad, ujreduli sunTqva aerobuli procesia, romlis dros glukoza
iwveba. wvis produqtebia CO2 da H2O, magram am reaqciis warmarTvisas ujre­
di ara wvis produqtebiT, aramed energiiT aris `dainteresebuli~.
daaxloebiT igive sqema gamogvadgeba im procesis aRsawerad, rac buxarSi
SeSis an ubralod, qaRaldis wvisas xdeba. magram didi gansxvaveba am or pro­
cess Soris wvisas gamoyofil energiaSia.
1 ra saxis energiad gardaiqmneba celulozaSi arsebuli qimiuri bmebis
energia wvisas?
warmoidgine, ra daemarTeboda Cvens ujreds, masSi glukozis wva qa­
Raldis wvis msgavsad rom warmarTuliyo; is aaldeboda da ramdenime wuTSi
ferflad iqceoda, glukozaSi arsebuli qimiuri bmebis energia ki garemoSi
mTlianad siTbosa da sinaTlis saxiT gaifanteboda.
cocxali ujredebi sxvagvarad iqcevian. wvisas gamoyofil energias isini
umniSvnelovanesi qimiuri naerTis _ atf­is warmoqmnas axmaren da masSi ina­
xaven, xolo siTbod energiis mxolod nawili gardaiqmneba.
daakvirdi atf­is struq­
turas. is adeniniani nukleo­ adenini
adenozini
tidia, romelTanac ori fos­
fatis naSTi gansakuTrebuli,
SenTvis ucnobi bmebiTaa daka­
riboza
vSirebuli. aseTi niSniT didi
qimiuri energiis Semcvel anu
makroergul bmas aRniSnaven. amf
isini bevrad met energias Sei­ adf
caven, vidre misi mezobeli ko­
atf
valenturi bmebi.
2 ratom daarqves am molekulas adenozintrifosfati? ramden fosfatis
jgufs Seicavs is? ramdenia maT Soris makroerguli bmebiT dakavSirebuli?
3 gaiTvaliswine es principi da gaSifre abreviatura `adf~ da `amf~. gan­
marte, ramden makroergul bmas Seicavs es nivTierebebi?
aseTi didi potenciuri energiis Semcveli molekula Zalian arastabilu­
ria. atf­s advilad wydeba bolo, kidura fosfatis jgufi da ujredSi energia
Tavisufldeba. es energia amoZravebs motorul cilebs, amuSavebs atf­azebs,
romlebic ionebs gradientis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT tvirTaven. atf­
is energia ixarjeba atomebs Soris qimiuri bmebis warmoqmnaze rTuli niv­
Tierebebis sinTezis dros.
mivubrundeT isev ujreduli sunTqvis amsaxvel sqemas da davazustoT is:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38 adf 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 atf + siTbo

rogorc xedav, erTi molekula glukozis wvisas 38 molekula atf war­

moiqmneba. rogor SeiZleba erTma molekula glukozam, romelic saerTod
ar Seicavs makroergul bmas, warmoqmnas 38 molekula ori makroerguli bmis
Semcveli naerTi? rogor xdeba es `saswauli~?
ujreduli sunTqva urTulesi procesia, romelSic sxvadasxva ujreduli

76
struqtura da mravali fermentia CarTuli. mas sam ZiriTad stadiad yofen.
es stadiebia: glikolizi, krepsis cikli da eleqtronebis transporti.
hans krebsi iyo mecnieri, romelic ujredul sunTqvas swavlobda.

glukoza

krepsis eleqtronebis
ZmarmJava transporti
cikli

piruvati

2 2 34
atf atf atf

glikolizi ujreduli sunTqvis pirveli etapia. is uJangbadod mimdin­

areobs da amitom mas anaerobul sunTqvasac uwodeben. am dros glukozis eqvs­
naxSirbadiani molekula TiTqos or samnaxSirbadian naerTad _ piroyurZnis
mJavad _ piruvatad ixliCeba. SeiZleba ifiqro, rom am procesisTvis erTi
fermentic sruliad sakmarisia. magram sinamdvileSi glikolizs 10 fermenti
awarmoebs. isini citozolSi arian ganlagebuli. am qimiuri reaqciebis Sede­
gad mxolod ori molekula atf warmoiqmneba. Tu ujredSi sakmarisi Jang­
badia, piroyurZnis mJava citozolidan mitoqondriis membranebis gavliT
matriqsSi gadadis, sadac mas erTi naxSirbadi Camocildeba da ornaxSirba­
dian ZmarmJavad gardaiqmneba.
ZmarmJava krebsis ciklSi erTve­ ZmarmJava
ba. es naerTi iq rva fermentis xelSi
aRmoCndeba, romlebic rigrigobiT,
TandaTan Slis mas naxSirorJangad
H
8 1
da wyalbadebad. am process Zvelebur
xelis qvis wisqvilSi xorblis dafq­
vas adareben. xorbali ZmarmJavas mo­
lekulebia, fqvili _ naxSirorJangi
7 2
CO2
da wyalbadis atomebi, rva fermenti
wisqvilis qvebia, romlebic ZmarmJa­ H
vas fqvavs, xolo qvebis xvreli is ad­ 6 3
gilia, sadac ZmarmJava krebsis cikl­
CO2
Si erTveba.
ciklSi warmoqmnili naxSirorJan­ H 5 4 H
gi Tavs aRwevs mitoqondriis or mem­
branas, citozols, plazmur membra­
krebsis cikli
nas da ujredidan gareT gamodis.

77
 sunTqvis procesi axla mitoqondriis SigniTa membranaze grZeldeba. am
membranaze erTmaneTis mimdevrobiT CaSenebulia cilebi, romlebsac eleq­
tronebis gadamtan jaWvs uwodeben. jaWvis TavSi mdgomi molekula advilad
uTmobs krebsis ciklSi warmoqmnil wyalbadis eleqtrons mis Semdgom mole­
kulas. is, Tavis mxriv, eleqtrons jaWvis Semdeg wevrs gadascems. ase `xelidan
xelSi~ gadadis eleqtroni, vidre jaWvis boloSi ar gava da Jangbadis mole­
kulamde ar miaRwevs. Jangbads yvelaze meti swrafva aqvs eleqtronisadmi. is
miitacebs eleqtronebs da uaryofiTad imuxteba.
bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: Tu Jangbadi ase `dainteresebuli~ iyo eleq­
troniT, ratom pirdapir ar miierTa is, ra azri hqonda aseTi grZeli jaWvis
gavlas?

H+
H+
+
3 H+ H+
H+

H+
­
4
H+

e- e-
2 e- e-
atf
adf
1 4 H+ + O2 2H2O
H0 H 0 0 H+
H
H0
eleqtronebis gadamtani jaWvi da atf­is sinTezi
1. matriqsi; 2. mitoqondriis SigniTa membrana; 3. membranaTaSorisi sivrce;
4. atf­sinTaza.

saqme isaa, rom eleqtrons sakmaod maRali potenciuri energia gaaCnia.

JangbadTan misi pirdapir mierTebis SemTxvevaSi, is ucbad gamoTavisufl­
deboda da energia siTbos saxiT gaifanteboda. jaWvSi moZraobis dros ki
es energia patara ulufebad Tavisufldeba da is dadebiTad damuxtuli
wyalbadis ionebis membranaTaSoris sivrceSi gadatvirTvas xmardeba. e.i.
mitoqondriis SigniTa membranaze erTdroulad ori procesi mimdinareobs:
uaryofiTi muxtis dagroveba membranis matriqsisken mimarTul zedapirze
-
(O2 ) da dadebiTi muxtis dagroveba membranis gareTa zedapirze (H+). rode­
sac membranaTaSoris sivrceSi H+­is koncentracia zRvars miaRwevs, ixsneba
arxi, romelsac membranaSi CaSenebuli cila _ atf­sinTaza warmoqmnis. wyal­
badis ionebi am arxis gavliT didi siswrafiT iwyeben moZraobas matriqsisken.
maT ori didi Zala miaqanebs _ koncentraciuli da eleqtruli gradienti.
4 axseni, rogor gesmis wyalbadebis ionebis moZraoba koncentraciuli
da eleqtruli gradientis gavleniT?

78
 swored am dros xdeba `mTavari saswauli~. wyalbadebis vardnis kineti­
kuri energia adf­isa da fosfatis erTmaneTze gadakerebas, anu makroerguli
qimiuri bmis warmoqmnas xmardeba. am etapze 34 molekula atf warmoiqmneba.
paralelurad, matriqsSi wyalbadis ionebi Jangbadis molekulas uerTdebi­
an da wyals warmoqmnis.
5 mitoqondriis SigniTa membranaze gaTamaSebul procesebs mecnierebi
hidroeleqtrosadguris muSaobas adareben. ra msgavsebas xedav maT Soris?
rogorc xedav, energetikulad yvelaze mdidari ujreduli sunTqvis bo­
lo etapia; etapi, rodesac procesSi Jangbadi erTveba.
sainteresoa, rogor maragdebian energiiT uJangbado garemoSi mcxovre­
bi anaerobuli organizmebi? isini ujreduli sunTqvis mxolod pirveli eta­
pis _ glikolizis dros warmoqmnili energiiT kmayofildebian.
6 daasaxele SenTvis cnobili anaerobuli organizmebi. Seadare, ramde­
nad meti energiis mflobelebi arian aerobuli organizmebi, anaerobulTan
SedarebiT.

ujreduli spirtuli rZemJava

sunTqva duRili duRili

glukoza glukoza glukoza

piroyurZnis piroyurZnis piroyurZnis

mJava mJava mJava

+O2
CO2 + H2O + 38 atf CO2 + spirti + 2atf rZemJava + 2atf

arsebobs baqteriebi, romlebic glikolizis dros warmoqmnil piro­

yurZnis mJavas anaerobuli sunTqvisas rZemJavad gardaqmnis.
7 daasaxele produqtebi, romelTa warmoebaSi rZemJava baqteriebs iye­
neben.
safuara sokos ujredebi piroyurZnis mJavas ornaxSirbadian eTilis spir­
tad da naxSirorJangad gardaqmnian.
8 rogor iyenebs adamiani safuara sokos am unars?
arseboben anaerobuli organizmebi, romlebic ara Tu ver iyeneben Jang­
bads sunTqvisTvis, aramed maTTvis is sruliad miuRebelia. Jangbadian areSi
isini iRupebian. maT obligaturi anu mkacri anaerobebi hqviaT. safuara so­
koebi ki fakultaturi anaerobebi arian. fakultatur anaerobebs arseboba
SeuZliaT rogorc aerobul, ise anaerobul garemoSi. safuaras ujredebSi
Jangbadian areSi glukoza naxSirorJangamde da wylamde iSleba.
ujredSi mimdinare qimiuri reaqciebis erTobliobas metabolizmi
anu nivTierebaTa cvla hqvia. mas energetikul da plastikur cvlad
yofen. plastikuri cvlis reaqciebisas ujredSi rTuli nivTierebebi
sinTezdeba, romlebiTac ujredis organoidebi Sendeba. energetiku­

79
 li cvla gulisxmobs rTuli nivTierebebis daSlas. am dros gamoTa­
visuflebul energias ujredi sxvadasxva samuSaos Sesasruleblad
iyenebs.
ujreduli sunTqva ujreds sasicocxlod aucilebeli energiiT
amaragebs. is sami stadiisgan Sedgeba. energetikulad momgebiani
sunTqvis mesame stadiaa, romelic mitoqondriis SigniTa membranaze
mimdinareobs.

1. warmoidgine, rom samecniero laboratoriaSi akvirdebodnen

gaRivebuli Teslebis sunTqvis process. specialuri aparatu­
ra aRricxavda Teslebis mier Jangbadis STanTqmas sxvadasxva
temperaturaze. dakvirvebis Sedegebi cxrilSia warmodgeni­
li.
aage mrudi am monace­ temperatura ( toC ) Jangbadis
moxmareba ( ml/wm)
mebis mixedviT da ims­
jele: 10 0.5
a. ratom aqvs mruds ase­ 20 1.0
Ti forma? 30 2.0
b. ratom airCies sakvle­ 40 1.5
vad gaRivebuli Tes­ 50 0.3
lebi? 60 0.0

2. sqema gamoxatavs glukozis daSlas ujredSi. rgolebi naxSir­

badis atomebs aRniSnavs. gadaixate sqema rveulSi. miuwere is­
rebsa da nivTierebebs Sesabamisi saxelebi.

3. mozile safuariani comi. romeli sami niSani miganiSnebs,

rom soko sunTqavs?

1. Tu ginda, rom comi kargad da swrafad afuvdes, rogor piro­

bebs Seuqmni safuars?
2. romeli organizmebi iyeneben sakvebSi akumulirebul qimiur
energias maqsimalurad _ aerobebi Tu anaerobebi?
3. CamoTvale SenTvis cnobili fermentebi, romlebic muSaobis
Sesasruleblad atf­is energias saWiroeben.

1. rogor fiqrob, erTnairia Tu ara adamianis organizmSi plas­

tikuri cvlis intensivoba sxvadasxva asakSi? daasabuTe Seni
mosazreba.

80
2. sunTqvis romel etapze erTveba Jangbadi qimiur reaciebSi:
a. glikolizis dros;
b. krebsis ciklSi;
g. eleqtronebis transportSi.
3. gaiazre, ujredis romeli struqturebia CarTuli ujreduli
sunTqvis procesis sxvadasxva etapze. gadaitane CamonaTvali
rveulSi da moZebne logikuri wyvilebi:

plazmuri membrana eleqtronebis gadatana

citozoli glikolizi
mitoqondriis gareTa membrana krebsis cikli
mitoqondriis SigniTa membrana O2­is transporti
matriqsi CO2­is transporti

1. aerobuli sunTqvisas gamoTavisuflebuli energiis mxolod

40% inaxeba atf­is molekulaSi, 60% ki siTbos saxiT gamoiyo­
fa. rogor fiqrob, ase araracionalurad aris agebuli Cveni
organizmi? siTburi energia fuWi danakargia?
2. naxSirbadis monoqsidi da cianidi sasikvdilo Sxamebia. isini
sunTqviT jaWvSi eleqtronebis moZraobas blokaven. axseni,
ratom iRupeba amis gamo adamiani?
3. ratom vgrZnobT Tavs sustad uJangbado areSi?
4. fotoze warmodgenilia saskolo
laboratoriaSi safuara sokos
sunTqvaze Catarebuli eqsperi­
mentis Sedegi.
oTx sxvadasxva sinjaraSi wylis,
safuara sokosa da Saqris erTi
da igive raodenobaa. oTxive sin­
jaraze rezinis buStia wamocmu­
li.
a. rogor fiqrob, romeli parametriT msjeloben moswavleebi
safuaras sunTqvaze?
b. rogor mimdinareobs sunTqva 1, 2, 3 da 4 sinjaraSi?
g. me­3 da me­4 cdis Sedegi garegnulad erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvav­
deba, Tumca, maT sxvadasxva mizezi aqvT. ivaraude mizezebi.

highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120071/bio11.swf
vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/atpgradient/movie-flash.htm
bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp07/0702001.htm

81
III nivTierebaTa cvla ujredSi
§13
plastikuri cvla mcenareebSi
fotosinTezi

plastikuri cvla ujredSi fotosinTezis magaliTze ganvixiloT.

fotosinTezis gziT yovelwliurad Cvens planetaze 160 milioni tona
organuli nivTiereba mzaddeba, romelic kvebavs da aSenebs ara mxolo mcena­
reebis organizms, aramed yovel cocxals dedamiwaze.
1 CamoTvale, ra saxis sakvebs Rebulob dRis ganmavlobaSi da ifiqre, ra
kavSiri aqvs mas fotosinTezTan.
2 aris maT Soris romelime, romelic aranairad araa dakavSirebuli
mcenaresTan?
fotosinTezi, moreagire nivTierebebisa da reaqciis Sedegad warmoqm­
nili produqtebis TvalsazrisiT, ujredis sunTqvis Sebrunebuli procesia.
sunTqvisas warmoqmnili nivTierebebisgan _ naxSirorJangisa da wylisgan _
fotosinTezis procesSi glukoza mzaddeba da Jangbadi warmoiqmneba.
sinaTlis energia

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

es toloba bevr kiTxvas badebs. magaliTad:

 glukoza naxSirwyalia. misi saxelwodebidan gamomdinare, naxSirorJan­
gis naxSirbadi da wyali pirdapir xom ar uerTdeba erTmaneTs?
 rogori warmomavloba aqvs fotosinTezis dros warmoqmnil Jangbadis
molekulas _ naxSirorJangs ekuTvnoda Tu wyals?
 ras warmoadgens sinaT­
lis energia da rogor garda­
iqmneba is qimiuri bmis ener­ H2O CO2
giad?
ujreduli sunTqvis msgav­
sad, fotosinTezi rTuli pro­
cesia, romelic or etapad mim­ 1 2
dinareobs. pirvel etaps sinaT­
H
lis reaqciebis etapi uwodes,
atf
meores ki kalvinis cikli, anu
sibnelis reaqciebis etapi.
sinaTlis reaqciebis mTa­ C6H12O6
O2
vari monawile qlorofilis mo­
lekulaa, romelic Zalian mgrZ­
1. sinaTlis reaqciebi; 2. sibnelis reaqciebi.
nobiarea mzis sxivebis mimarT.

82
 mzis sinaTle gansxvavebuli talRis
sigrZisa da energiis mqone sxivebisagan
Sedgeba. wiTel sxivebs yvelaze grZeli
talRa da mcire energia aqvs, iisfer sxi­
vebs ki piriqiT. qlorofilis molekula,
ZiriTadad, iisfer, lurj, narinjisfer
da wiTel sxivebs STanTqavs.
rodesac qlorofilis molekulebs qlorofilis STanTqmis speqtri
sinaTlis sxivi ecema, qlorofilis eleqtronebi atomis birTvidan dacile­
buli ufro maRali orbitebisken gadainacvlebs da amitom advilad wydeba
mis molekulas. qlorofilis am mdgomareobas agznebuli mdgomareoba daar­
qves. is didxans ar Cerdeba aseT mdgomareobaSi da sakuTari eleqtronebis
danakargs wylis eleqtronebiT inazRaurebs _ arTmevs mas eleqtronebs.
amas wylis molekulis daSla mohyveba. wyali protonebad da molekulur
Jangbadad iSleba. Jangbadi tovebs mcenaris ujreds da garemoSi gamoiyofa.
Tavisufali eleqtronebi ki gadamtani molekulebis xelSi aRmoCndeba, rom­
lebic maT Tilakoidis membranis gareT gadaitans. am process Tan axlavs
protonebis SemotvirTva Tilakoidis SigniT. ase rom, TandaTan Tilakoidis
membranis SigniT dadebiTi muxti grovdeba, gareT ki uaryofiTi.

CO2 +H→ naxSirwyali

stroma
H+ +e-→ H
atf adf

e- e-
+
H e-

4e- e-
e-
O2
e- atf-
H2O H+ H+ H+ sinTaza
H 2O H+ H+
H+ H+ H+
H+ H+
Tilakoidis membrana

fotosinTezi

3 Seadare TilakoidSi mimdinare procesi mitoqondriis SigniTa membra­

naze mimdinare process. xedav msgavsebas maT Soris?
4 Seni azriT, ra Sedegi unda mohyves am situacias? rogor unda wari­
marTos Semdegi procesi?

83
 Tilakoidis membranaSi CaSenebuli atf­sinTaza, mitoqondriebis atf­
sinTazas msgavsad, iyenebs protonebis gradientis energias atf­is sinTe­
zisTvis. amiT fotosinTezis sinaTlis faza mTavrdeba. am fazis produqte­
bia Jangbadis molekula, atf­is molekula da wyalbadis atomebi.
sibnelis faza stromaSi mimdinareobs. kalvinis ciklis fermentebi atf­
is energias CO2­is naxSirbadis atomebis erTmaneTze gadakerebas axmaren. sa­
bolood iqmneba eqvsnaxSirbadiani jaWvi, romelsac wyalbadisa da Jangbadis
atomebi aqvs mierTebuli, anu sinTezdeba glukozis molekula. rogorc xe­
dav, swored aq, am etapze iqmneba pirveli organuli nivTierebebi dedami­
waze, romlebic Semdeg sxva organul naerTebs warmoqmnis. termini `sibne­
lis reaqciebi~ srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom am reaqciebisTvis sibnelea
aucilebeli. es reaqciebi sinaTlis fazis reaqciebis gagrZelebas warmoad­
gens da maTTan erTad mimdinareobs. aRniSnuli terminiT mecnierebs imis xa­
zgasma surdaT, rom am reaqciebis warmarTvisTvis ujreds sinaTlis energia
aRar esaWiroeba. sinaTlis energia ukve atf­is energiadaa gardaqmnili, ro­
melic glukozis molekulaSi qimiuri bmebis warmoqmnisTvis ixarjeba.

fotosinTezis procesSi sinaTlis energia qimiuri bmis energiad

gardaiqmneba. fotosinTezi qloroplastebSi or etapad mimdin­
areobs. sinaTlis fazaSi qlorofilis monawileobiT wylis mole­
kula iSleba. am fazis produqtebia O2, HH da atf. sibnelis fazaSi
glukozis molekula sinTezdeba.

1. aRwere da grafikulad warmoadgine gza, romelsac fotosin­

Tezis dros warmoqmnili Jangbadi gaivlis, vidre is ujredis
gareT gamoiyofa.
2. qlorofilis garda, mcenareebi yviTel, narinjisfer, yavis­
fer da wiTel pigmentebs Seicaven. qlorofili Crdilavs am
pigmentebs, Tumca, SemodgomiT, rodesac qlorofili iSleba,
isini lamazad aWreleben Semodgomis tyeebs. am pigmentebis
aRmoCena martivad SegiZlia. aiRe romelime foTolcvenia xis
foToli, romelic Semodgomaze fers icvlis, magaliTad, ne­
kerCxlis foToli. daWeri Zalian wvrilad, moaTavse kolbaSi
da daumate acetoni ise, rom siTxe foTols faravdes. daaxure
kolbas saxuravi mWidrod da dadgi Tbili wylis abazanaze 90
wuTi. kolba drodadro anjRrie. siTxe gamwvandeba.
daWeri filtris qaRaldi 1 sm siganis lentebad, filtris qa­
Raldis lentze qveda kididan 2 sm­iT maRla pipetiT daitane
1­2 wveTi foTlis acetoniani eqstraqti. daayovne, sanam SeS­
reba da imave adgilas isev daitane eqstraqtis ramdenime wve­
Ti. qimiur WiqaSi Caasxi acetoni, Wiqis Tavze moaTavse minis
wkiri, miamagre masze filtris qaRaldi da CauSvi acetonSi ise,
rom acetonis done ver wvdebodes mwvane laqas. daayovne daax­
loebiT 2 sT. filtris qaRaldis mTel sigrZeze Sen sxvadasxva
feris laqebs SeniSnav.

84
 am meTods qromatografiis meTodi hqvia. is saSualebas ga­
Zlevs, erTmaneTs daacilo sxvadasxva qimiuri struqturis
nivTierebebi, romlebsac sxvadasxva polaroba da, aqedan ga­
momdinare, xsnadoba gaCnia.
gamoiyene qromatografiis meTodi sxvadasxva foTolcvenia
mcenareebisa da romelime maradamwvane mcenaris, magaliTad,
fiWvis pigmentebis qromatografirebisTvis. Seadare miRebu­
li Sedegebi erTmaneTs.

fotosinTezis procesSi wylis daSlas fotolizi ewodeba. gan­

marte es termini.

1. germaneli botanikosi T. engelmani fotosinTezis process

ikvlevda. misi sayvareli obieqti Zafnairi wyalmcenare spi­
rogira iyo, radgan mas didi zomis qloroplastebi gaaCnia. en­
gelmanis erT­erTi maxvilgonieri eqsperimenti SemdegSi mdgo­
mareobda. is sasagne minaze, wylis wveTSi, romelic aerobul
baqteriebs Seicavda, spirogiras Zafs aTavsebda. sibneleSi da
sinaTleze es preparati
1 2
sxvadasxvagvarad gamoiyu­
reboda.
a. risi garkveva surda mec­
niers am eqsperimentiT?
b. ra daskvna gaakeTa T. en­
gelmanma eqsperimentidan
gamomdinare?
g. romeli ilustracia asa­
xavs situacias sibneleSi
da romeli _ sinaTleSi?
A B
1. spirogira; 2. baqteriebi.

85
 2. T. engelmani sxva eqsprimentSi
spirogiras mikroskopis sarkidan 2
areklili da prizmaSi gatarebu­
li mzis sxiviT anaTebda. ilus­
traciaze cdis Sedegia.
a. rogor fiqrob, ris garkveva sur­
da mecniers?
b. risi dadgena moxerxda am eqspe­
rimentiT?
3. erT­erT eqsperimentSi, romelsac
saetapo mniSvneloba hqonda fo­ 1
tosinTezis procesis Sesaswavlad,
mecnierebi qlorelas mZime izoto­
prizma
pis Semcvel wyalSi (H2O18) zrdid­
nen. mcenaris mier gamoyofili 1. spirogira
Jangbadi O18­s Seicavda, glukozis 2. baqteriebi
molekulaSi ki es izotopi ar aR­
moCnda.
a. rogor fiqrob, ra iyo am eqsperimentis mizani?
b. ra daskvna gaakeTes maT, eqsperimentis Sedegidan gamomdina­
re?
4. dagegme eqsperimenti, riTac glukozaSi arsebuli Jangbadis
warmomavlobas gaarkvev.

86
IV FfotosinTezi da transporti mcenareebSi
§14
foTlis agebuleba
mcenaris sunTqva da fotosinTezi

fotosinTezis procesi da glukozis gardaqmna sxva saxis organul niv­

Tierebebad, ZiriTadad, foTolSi mimdinareobs, miuxedavad imisa, rom qlo­
rofils, fesvis garda, mcenaris TiTqmis yvela organo Seicavs. amis gamo
foTols mcenaris samzareuloc Searqves. foToli araCveulebrivad aris
Seguebuli mis am metad mniSvnelovan funqciasTan _ aq damzadebuli sakvebi
xom ara mxolod mcenareebma, aramed mTelma danarCenma cocxalma samyarom
unda moixmaros.

3 2
5
4
foTlis agebuleba
1. cvili;
2. epidermisi;
3. mesriseburi ujredebi;
4. Rrubliseburi ujredebi;
6 5. ZarRvebi;
6. bage.

foTlis firfitas didi zedapiri aqvs da Txelia, raTa sinaTlem advilad

ganWolos.
foTlis zeda da qveda zedapiri dafarulia wvrili, sqelkedliani, erT­
maneTTan mWidrod mijrili ujredebis erTi SriT _ epidermisiT. es ujre­
debi gamoyofs cvils, romelic icavs foTols mikrobebis SeWrisgan. cvili
uferulia da sinaTles advilad atarebs. foTlis epidermisis ujredebic
uferulia. isini qloroplastebs ar Seicavs. sinaTle, maTi gavliT, advilad
aRwevs fotosinTezis mTavar adgilamde, e.w. mesrisebur ujredebamde. es
Txelkedliani, cilindruli ujredebi epidermisis perpendikularulad,
marTlac meseriviT aris ganlagebuli. isini, mis qveS mdebare RrubeliviT ga­
fantul ujredebTan SedarebiT, didi raodenobiT qloroplasts Seicaven.
ZarRvebis saSualebiT foTols fotosinTezisTvis saWiro wyali da mine­
raluri nivTierebebi miewodeba da foTolSi damzadebuli organuli niv­
Tierebebi sxva organoebSi gadanawildeba.

87
 mcenareTa umravlesobis qveda epidermisSi uxvadaa gafantuli uamravi
uwvrilesi xvreli, romelsac bagis xvrels uwodeben. bagis xvreli epider­
misis ori saxecvlili ujrediTaa SemosazRvruli, romlebsac xvrelis gax­
sna da daxurva SeuZlia.
xvrelis gavliT foTolSi garemodan haeri Sedis da mesrisebur da
Rrublisebur ujredebs fotosinTezisTvis saWiro naxSirorJangi miewode­
ba.
aseTi agebulebis foToli kargad aris Seguebuli sunTqvis proces­
Tanac. iseve, rogorc yoveli cocxali arseba, mcenarec sunTqavs. bagis xvre­
lis gavliT foTolSi sunTqvisTvis saWiro Jangbadi aRwevs da wvis Sedegad
warmoqmnili naxSirorJangi tovebs mcenaris organizms. ase rom, mcenareSi
erTdroulad ori, erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli procesi _ sunTq­
va da fotosinTezi mimdinareobs. mcenare sunTqavs dRisiTac da RamiTac,
fotosinTezs ki mxolod dRisiT awarmoebs. dRisiT, sinaTleze fotosin­
Tezis procesi intensiurad mimdinareobs da mcenaris sunTqvisas STanTqmu­
li Jangbadi bevrad naklebia mis mier fotosinTezis Sedegad warmoqmnil­
Tan SedarebiT, amitom haeri JangbadiT mdidrdeba. sibneleSi fotosinTezis
procesi wydeba, amitom mcenareebi RamiT sunTqvisas iseve aRaribeben haers
JangbadiT, rogorc adamianebi.

mcenaris organizmSi erTdroulad mimdinareobs erTmaneTis sa­

winaaRmdego ori procesi _ fotosinTezi da sunTqva. foToli
araCveulebrivad aris Seguebuli am or procesTan.

1. saxamebeli iodiT muq iisfrad, TiTqmis Savad iRebeba. scade,

gaaanalizo ilustraciaze warmodgenili cdis Sedegebi. iodiT
damuSavebuli A, B da C foToli or sxvadasxva qoTnis mcenares
ekuTvnoda. orive mcenare 48 saaTis ganmavlobaSi sibneleSi idga.
amis Semdeg pirveli qoTnis mcenaris erT­erTi foToli frTxi­
lad moaTavses farTopirian kolbaSi, romelSic KOH­is xsnari
esxa, meore ki NaHCO3­ian kolbaSi. kolbebs mWidrod daucves
Tavi sacobiT. meore
qoTnis mcenares Wreli
foTlebi aqvs. foTlis
kideebi TeTria, qloro­ A
fils ar Seicavs, Sua na­
wili ki mwvanea.
moZebne iodiT damuSa­
B
vebul foTlebs Soris
pirveli da meore qoT­
nis mcenaris A, B da C
foTlebi da axseni, ra­
C
tom gamoiyurebian ase?
I II

88
2. foTolSi mimdinare procesebze dasakvirveblad skolis labo­
ratoriaSi aseTi cda Caatares: aiRes sami kolba. samiveSi Caas­
xes erTnairi raodenobis indikatori, romelic neitralur
pH­ze narinjisferia, tute areSi yviTldeba, xolo mJava are­
Si iisfers Rebulobs. pirvel da meore kolbaSi wylis mcenare
elodeas patara Reroebi moaTavses, mesameSi ki elodeas Rero,
romelic 10 wuTi mduRare wyalSi iyo moTavsebuli. pirvel
kolbas folga Semoaxvies. samive kolbas gaukeTes sacobi da
sinaTleze dadges.
garkveuli xnis Semdeg xsnarebma feri icvala.

I II III
ra feri miiRo xsnarebma pirvel, meore da mesame kolbaSi. ax­
seni, ra moxda da daasabuTe Seni mosazreba.
3. Seadare erTmaneTs sunTqvisa da fotosinTezis procesi mce­
nareSi. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da Seavse marjvena grafa.

fotosinTezi sunTqva

1. warmoiqmneba organuli
nivTierebebi

2. mzis energia glukozaSi inaxeba

3. STainTqmeba naxSirorJangi

4. gamoiyofa Jangbadi

5. mimdinareobs mxolod sinaTleze

6. mimdinareobs mxolod
qlorofilis monawileobiT

89
 4. saxameblis aRmomCeni iodis testi, e.w. Tvisobrivi testia. is,
ubralod, gviCvenebs, aris Tu ara foTolSi saxamebeli. fo­
tosinTezis procesze dasakvirveblad da mis raodenobrivad
Sesafaseblad aseTi martivi mowyobiloba gamoiyene:
 aiRe didi zomis qimiuri WurWeli. Caasxi masSi 0,5%­iani NaHCO3­is
xsnari.
 basri daniT moWeri elodeas patara toti, moaTavse is WiqaSi
da daaxure minis Zabri. Zabrs Tavze sinjara wamoacvi.
 moaTavse WurWelSi wylis Termometri. CAaiwere wylis tem­
peratura da gamudmebiT amowme is cdis mimdinareobis yvela
etapze.
 dadgi WurWlidan 10 sm­is dacilebiT 60 w-iani naTura. Caab­
nele oTaxi da CarTe naTura.
 iTvale drois garkveul SualedSi, magaliTad, yovel 5 wT­Si
elodeas mier wyalSi gamoyofili buStukebis raodenoba. mo­
nacemebi Seitane cxrilSi. gamoiangariSe 5 wT­Si gamoyofili
buStukebis saSualo raodenoba. monacemebi Seitane cxrilSi.
 gamoiangariSe mocemul pirobebSi fotosinTezis siCqare, anu
1 wT­Si gamoyofili buStukebis raodenoba. monacemebi Seita­
ne cxrilSi.
 Secvale naTura, jer 100 w-ianiT, Semdeg ki 150 w-ianiT. daiT­
vale TiToeuli SemTxvevisTvis fotosinTezis siCqare. gada­
itane cxrili rveulSi da
Cawere monacemebi.
 aage mrudi am monacemebis
mixedviT, romelic giCve­
nebs fotosinTezis siCqa­
ris damokidebulebas si­
naTlis intensivobasTan da
aseve svetovani diagramebi
60 w-iani, 100 w-iani da 150 w-
iani naTurebisTvis.

sinaTlis gamoyofili buStukebis saSualo fotosinTezis

intensivoba raodenoba yovel 5 wuTSi sidide siCqare

60 w

100 w

150 w

90
 ganmarte:
a. romelia am eqsperimentSi damoukideblad cvladi sidide?
b. romelia damokidebulad cvladi?
g. ra damokidebuleba arsebobs am or sidides Soris?
d. cdis msvlelobisas ucvleli iyo Tu ara yvela sxva parame­
tri?
e. xom ar icvleboda romelime parametri Sengan damoukideb­
lad?
v. SesaZloa, am parametrs raime gavlena hqonoda cdis Sedegze?
ratom?
z. ifiqre, rogor SeiZleba Tavidan aicilo am parametris cvli­
leba?
T. SeiZleba Tu ara, es meTodi fotosinTezis siCqaris gazomvis
zust meTodad CaiTvalos?

1. Tu sinaTlis mikroskopSi foTlis mesrisebur ujredebs dRis

sxvadasxva dros kargad daakvirdebi, SeamCnev, rom masSi qlo­
roplastebi adgils icvlis. rogor fiqrob, ratom moZraobs
qloroplastebi?
2. cxovelebi sunTvisas warmoqmnili energiis did nawils moZ­
raobas axmaren. risTvis sWirdeba mcenares sunTqvis procesSi
warmoqmnili energia?
3. ratom aqvs foTlebis umravlesobas qveda mxare ufro baci
feris, zeda mxaresTan SedarebiT?

91
IV FfotosinTezi da transporti mcenareebSi
§15
mcenare da mineralebi
mineraluri marilebis mniSvneloba mcenareebisTvis
mineraluri marilebis ujredebSi SeRwevis gzebi
sasuqebi

fotosinTezis gziT damzadebuli glukoza mcenaris organizmSi rTul

naxSirwylebad, lipidebad, nukleinis mJavebad gardaiqmneba.
1 romeli qimiuri elementebisgan Sedgeba glukoza?
2 romeli qimiuri elementebi monawileobs cilebisa da nukleinis mJa­
vebis molekulebis SenebaSi?
3 glukozisgan gansxvavebul romel qimiur elementebs Seicaven isini?
sainteresoa, rogor xvdebian es elementebi mcenareSi da rogor mzad­
deba maTgan rTuli organuli nivTierebebi, romlebisganac Semdeg mcenaris
mTeli sxeuli Sendeba.
am qimiur elementebs niadagi Seicavs. isini niadagSi sxvadasxva saxis mine­
raluri marilebis saxiT arseboben.
gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare mcenare azotis naklebobis mimarTaa. am
dros misi zrda neldeba. mcenares Zalian susti Rero, ususuri patara foT­
lebi da cudad ganviTarebuli fesvTa sistema aqvs.
4 axseni, ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi?
kaliumis naklebobisas mcenares fesvebi normalurad uviTardeba, Tum­
ca, is yvavilebsa da nayofs ver warmoqmnis.
fosforis nakleboba mcenareSi dnm­is, fosfolipidebis, atf­is sinTe­
zis Seferxebas iwvevs.
5 axseni, ratom ferxdeba am dros mcenaris zrda?
magniumi qlorofilis molekulis aucilebeli komponentia. niadagSi mi­
si naklebobisas qlorozi viTardeba. am dros mcenares moyviTalo foTlebi
aqvs da fotosinTezi masSi SeferxebiT mimdinareobs.

-N -K -P -Mg
qimiuri elementebis gavlena mcenaris zrda­ganviTarebaze

92
 am mniSvnelovan elementebs mcenare ionebis saxiT STanTqavs. azots mce­
-
nare nitratis _ NO3 ­is an amoniumis _ NH4+­is saxiT Seiwovs, kaliumi nia­
+
dagidan K ­is saxiT Seiwoveba, fosfori mcenareSi fosfat ionis _ PO43-­is
saxiT xvdeba, magniumi ki Mg2+­is saxiT.
rodesac niadagSi am ionebis gacilebiT maRali koncentraciaa, vidre
fesvis ujredebSi, ionebi ujredSi difuziis gziT aRwevs. Tumca, mcenares
es ionebi SeuZlia maSinac STanTqas, rodesac maTi koncentracia niadagSi
gacilebiT naklebia, ujredTan SedarebiT. am dros ionebi fesvis ujredebSi
aqtiuri transportiT gadaadgildeba.
6 plazmuri membranis romeli komponentebi monawileobs ionebis aqti­
ur transportSi?
7 ra saxis energias iyenebs ujredi aqtiuri transportisTvis?
mcenareebis fesvebis ujredebis plazmur membranaSi CaSenebulia sa­
transporto cila _ protonebis tumbo, romelic Slis atf­s da am dros gamo­
yofil energias axmars protonebis gadatumbvas fesvis ujredidan membranis
gareT. amis gamo, membranis SigniT da gareT gansxvavebuli niSnis muxtebi
grovdeba. iqmneba membranuli potenciali. protonebis gradientis energias
mcenare sxvadasxva ionis ujredSi DSetanas axmars. magaliTad, niadagSi arse­
bul kaliumis ionebs membranis Sida mxareze dagrovebuli uaryofiTi muxti
-
izidavs. uaryofiTad damuxtuli NO3 ­is anionebi, wesiT, ujredSi ar unda
Sediodes. Tumca, isini ujredSi protonebTan erTad, erTi satransporto
ciliT gadaadgildebian.

citoplazma citoplazma
H+ NO3

K+ K+ K+
+
K NO3 NO3 NO3
+ +
K K+
K NO3
NO3

kaliumisa da nitratis ionebis transporti mcenaris ujredebSi

mcenareebisTvis aseTi mniSvnelovani nivTierebebi yovelTvis ar aris

xelmisawvdomi. maTTvis niadagSi ama Tu im mineraluri nivTierebis arsebo­
ba da raodenoba damokidebulia qanis qimiur Sedgenilobaze, mcenareuli
da cxoveluri naSTebis Semcvelobasa da gaxrwnaze, mcenareebisa da wvimis
wylebis moqmedebaze.
mcenareebi (SewoviT) da wvimis wylebi (gamorecxviT) aRaribebs niadags
mineraluri marilebiT.
8 rogor fiqrob, ra zegavlena aqvs niadagSi mineraluri marilebis Semc­
velobaze reducentebis moqmedebas?
bunebriv pirobebSi mineraluri marilebis warmoqmnasa da maT danakargs
Soris arsebobs balansi da niadagi yovelTvis Seicavs mineraluri marilebis
sakmao raodenobas. magram yanebidan, baRebidan, bostnebidan mosavlis aRebi­
sa da gamotanis Semdeg, reducentebs Zalian mcire raodenobiT mcenareuli
narCeni rCeba, raTa maTi mineralizaciiT niadagidan mcenaris mier mitace­

93
buli marilebis danakargi Seavsos. amitom niadagi xangrZlivi gamoyenebis
Semdeg, Raribdeba da misi nayofiereba klebulobs.
mosavlianobis gazrdis mizniT niadagSi sasuqebi SeaqvT.
nakeli, komposti, eqskrementebi bunebrivi sasuqebia.
xelovnuri kombinirebuli sasuqia e.w. NPK, romelic mcenarisTvis sam
mniSvnelovan elements _ azots, fosforsa da kaliums Seicavs.
bunebriv sasuqebs garkveuli upiratesoba aqvs xelovnur sasuqebTan Se­
darebiT. maT gardaqmnas reducentebis mier garkveuli dro sWirdeba. garda
amisa, isini kargad ikavSireben da inarCuneben wyals. ase rom, mcenare did­
xans aris uzrunvelyofili sakvebiT. xelovnuri sasuqebi swrafad Seiwoveba
mcenareebis mier da swrafadve irecxeba wvimis wylebiT.

glukozidan lipidebis, cilebis, nukleinis mJavebis dasamzadeb­

lad mcenares sxvadasxva qimiuri elementi esaWiroeba. maT mcena­
re niadagidan iwovs. es qimiuri elementebi ionebis saxiT xvdeba
mcenaris organizmSi. am elementebis naklebobisas niadagSi sa­
suqi SeaqvT.

1. imaze dasakvirveblad, Tu ra gavlena aqvs sxvadasxva qimiur

elements mcenaris zrda­ganviTarebaze, martiv mowyobilobas
iyeneben. erTi da igive asakisa da zomis mcenareebs aTavseben
sxvadasxva WurWelSi, romelic gansxvavebuli qimiuri Sedge­
nilobis xsnarebs Seicavs. erT­erT WurWelSi gazrdili mce­
nare sakontrolo mcenarea, romelsac zrda­ganviTarebisaT­
vis yvela saWiro qimiuri elementi miewodeba. yvela danarCen
WurWelSi ki xsnarebs erT­erTi elementi aklia. yvela mcena­
re erTnairi ganaTebisa da temperaturis pirobebSia moTavse­
buli. mocemul eqsperimentSi siminds sxvadasxva WurWelSi ak­
lia azotis, kaliumisa da magniumis ionebi.
a. gansazRvre, romelia am eqsperimentSi damoukideblad cvladi
sidide da romelia masze damokidebuli.
b. amoicani sakontrolo mcenare da mcenareebi romlebsac aklia
azotis, kaliumisa da magniumis ionebi.

A B C D

94
g. warmoidgine, rom sakontrolo mcenares Jangbadis miwodeba
Seuwyda. axseni, ra daemarTeba mas?
2. erT­erTi eqsperimentiT mecnierebi ikvlevdnen magniumis io­
nebis STanTqmas fesvis ujredebis mier. maT aseTi Sedegebi mi­
iRes:
 magniumis ionebis STanTqma izrdeboda temperaturis zrdas­
Tan erTad.
 40οC­is Semdeg ionebis STanTqmis siCqare mcirdeboda.
 xsnarSi cianidis Setanisas STanTqma Cerdeboda.
 STanTqma Cerdeboda, rodesac ujredebs Jangbads ar awvdid­
nen.
 STanTqma grZeldeboda, rodesac magniumis koncentracia xsnar­
Si gacilebiT mcire iyo, vidre ujredSi.
 magniumis STanTqmis paralelurad, ujredSi glukozis rao­
denoba mcirdeboda.
upasuxe kiTxvebs:
a. romelia am eqsperimentis damoukideblad cvladi sidideebi?
b. romelia maTze damokidebuli?
g. eqsperimentis dagegmvidan gamomdinare, Seni azriT, ra hipo­
Teza gaaCndaT mecnierebs magniumis ionebTan dakavSirebiT?
d. gamarTlda maTi mosazreba? ra daskvnamde mividnen isini?
3. mrudi gamoxatavs damokidebulebas niadagSi Jangbadis kon­
centraciasa da ionebis STanTqmas Soris.
ionebis STanTqma

Jangbadis koncentracia niadagSi

a. aRwere ra damokidebuleba arsebobs fesvis ujredebis mier

ionebis STanTqmasa da niadagSi Jangbadis koncentracias So­
ris.
b. Seni azriT, ratom STanTqavs fesvis ujredebi ionebs didi ra­
odenobiT, niadagSi Jangbadis maRali koncentraciis pirobeb­
Si?
g. daakvirdi ilustracias. fesvis ujredebSi ionebi im pirobeb­
Sic aRwevs, rodesac niadagSi Jangbadis koncentracia nuls
utoldeba. axsna mouZebne am faqts.

95
 4. gadaitane sqema rveulSi da Seavse carieli ujrebi.

aqvs funqcia
glukoza

gardaiqmneba nivTierebebad

saxamebeli celuloza

aqvs funqcia

samarago samSeneblo

1. daasaxele sasuqi, romelic, Seni azriT, niadagSi mcenaris aR­

mocenebis Semdegac SeiZleba Seitano.
2. Warbi morwyvisas mcenareebi cudad izrdebian. axseni, ratom?
3. fermerebi naTesebs zogjer Savi polieTileniT faraven. ro­
gor fiqrob, ratom?

fosforis deficiti mcenareSi azotisa da kaliumis Sewovas afer­

xebs. axseni, ratom?

didi samrewvelo qalaqebis gamdinare wylebi xSirad toqsikur qi­

miur elementebs _ selens, kadmiums, kalas Seicavs, romelic fes­
vebiT mcenareebSi xvdeba. aseTi mcenareebis sakvebad gamoyeneba
ukiduresad saSiSia.

96
IV FfotosinTezi da transporti mcenareebSi
§16
mcenaris satransporto sistema
fesvuri wneva, transpiracia

fesvis ujredebSi SeRweulma ionebma da osmosiT STanTqmulma wyalma

foTlebamde unda miaRwios.
fesvis ganiv Wrilze kargad Cans mce­ 5 4
naris am organos agebuleba. fesvi gare­
dan epidermisiTaa dafaruli, romelic 3
Txelkedliani ujredebis erTi Sris­
gan Sedgeba. am ujredebis umravleso­
2
bas wvrili gamonazardebi _ bususebi
gaaCnia, romlebic Zalian zrdis fesvis
Semwov zedapirs.
1 Seadare fesvisa da foTlis epi­ 1
dermisis ujredebi da daakavSire maTi
agebulebis Taviseburebani funqcieb­ fesvis ganivi Wrili
Tan. 1. epidermisi;
epidermisis qveS fesvis qerqia, ro­ 2. bususi;
3. qerqi;
melic msxvili Txelkedliani ujrede­
4. qsilema;
bisgan Sedgeba. mcenareTa umravlesoba­ 5. floema.
Si aq organuli nivTierebebi maragdeba.
qerqis Semdeg, fesvis centrSi gamtari qsovilebia moTavsebuli.
wyali da mineraluri marilebi epidermisis bususiani ujredebidan qer­
qis mezobel ujredebs plaz­
modesmebis saSualebiT gadae­
cema.
plazmodesmebi citoplaz­
muri xidakebia, romlebic me­
zobel ujredebs erTmaneTTan 4
akavSirebs. wyali erTi ujre­
didan meores, SesaZloa, cito­ 5
plazmis gverdis avliT, uj­
redis kedlis saSualebiTac
gadaeces. ase TandaTan aRwevs
wyali niadagidan fesvis Rrmad 3 2 1
mdebare ujredebSi. ufro did
manZilze nivTierebaTa gadata­ wylis moZraoba bususidan qsilemamde
nas mcenaris specializebuli 1. epidermisi; 2. qerqi; 3. qsilema; 4. PLAbususi;
qsovilebi _ qsilema da flo­ 5. plazmodesma.
ema emsaxureba.

97
 qsilema erTmaneTze dalagebuli mkvda­
ri ujredebisgan Sedgeba. maT erTmaneTTan
damakavSirebeli ganivi kedlebi CaSlili 1 2
aqvT da grZel cariel milebs warmoqmnian.
am milebs WurWlebsac uwodeben. WurWle­
bis kedeli ligniniTaa gaJRenTili, rac mas
damaxasiaTebel garegnobas aZlevs. lignini
milebs simtkices aniWebs. qsilemaSi wyali
mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT _ fesvebi­ 4
dan foTlebisken moZraobs. qsilema fesvis
centrSi varskvlaviseburad aris ganlage­
buli. mis sxivebs Soris floemaa moTavse­
buli.
floema e.w. sacrisebri milebisa da
Tanmxlebi ujredebisgan Sedgeba. sacri­ 3
sebri milebi cocxali ujredebia, Tumca,
maT birTvi da sxva organoidebi ar gaaC­
nia. ujredebis ganivi kedlebis xvrele­
biT organuli nivTierebebi erTi ujredi­ gamtari qsovilebi
dan meoreSi gadadis. Tanmxlebi ujredebi 1. qsilema;
organuli nivTierebebis transportSi ar 2. floema;
3. ganivi kedlebi;
monawileobs. isini sacrisebr milebs sasi­
4. Tanmxlebi ujredi.
cocxlo procesebis ganxorcielebaSi exma­
reba.
2 Tanmxlebi ujredebi awvdis sacrisebr milebs cilebsa da atf­s. ra­
tom sWirdeba sacrisebr milebs daxmareba? ratom ver asinTezebs isini am
nivTierebas?
floemaSi organuli nivTierebebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT moZraoben. ma­
galiTad, Semodgomaze glukozidan warmoqmnili saqaroza foTlebidan fesvebi­
sken moZraobs, iq saxameblad gadaiqceva da qerqSi
maragdeba. gazafxulze saxamebeli kvlav saqaro­
zad gardaiqmneba da qsilemis gavliT kvirtebs
miewodeba.
fesvis epidermisiT Sewovili wyali sabo­
lood WurWlebs miaRwevs da iq garkveuli si­
maRlis svets warmoqmnis. Tu mcenaris Reros
fesvTan axlos gadaWri da mas minis milaks mi­
uerTeb, dainaxav, rom milSi wyali Cadgeba. am
movlenas fesvur wnevas uwodeben. svetis simaR­
lem zogjer, SesaZloa, 30­50 sm­sac ki miaRwios.
zogierTi balaxovani mcenarisTvis es sru­
liad sakmarisia, raTa wyali foTlebs miewodos.
magram rogor unda miaRwios wyalma fesve­
wylis gadaadgileba
bidan foTlebamde, rodesac xe­mcenaris simaR­
fesvuri wnevis gavleniT
le aTeulobiT metria?

98
 simaRleze wylis atanaSi foTlebi monawileobs.
erTi SexedviT, saocaria, magram mcenare fesvebiT Sewovili wylis mxo­
lod 1­2%­s itovebs, danarCen 98­99%­s ki atmosferoSi wylis orTqlis sa­
xiT gamoyofs. Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom mcenare fuWad da araraciona­
lurad Sromobs. wylis aorTqlebiT is Tavs icavs gadaxurebisgan. mcenaris
mier wylis aorTqlebas transpiracia ewodeba.
3 moitane analogiuri magaliTi cxovelTa samyarodan.
bagis ujredebs xvrelisken mimarTuli kedeli gasqelebuli aqvs, misi mopir­
dapire kedeli ki Txelia. bagis ujredebi,
epidermisis ujredebisgan gansxvavebiT, 4
qlorofils Seicavs. mzis sinaTleze mas­ 4
2
Si glukoza warmoiqmneba da epidermisis
mezobeli ujredebidan bagis ujredebSi
wyali Sedis. ujredebi ibereba. kedlebis 1 3
araTanabari gasqelebis gamo, isini for­
mas imdagvarad icvlian, rom maT Soris
xvreli warmoiqmneba.
Rrublisebur ujredebs Soris sivr­
1. bagis ujredebi;
ceSi wyliT gajerebuli haeri bagis xvre­ 2. epidermisis ujredebi;
liT foTlidan gareT gamodis. foTlis 3. bagis xvreli;
SigniT tenianoba iklebs, amitom Rrub­ 4. wylis moZraoba;
lisebri ujredebidan wyali ujredSo­
ris sivrceSi gadmodis. ujredi, romelmac wyali dakarga, mis deficits mezo­
beli ujredidan inazRaurebs. is, Tavis mxriv, mis mezobel ujreds arTmevs
wyals da a.S. sabolood, aorTqlebuli wylis danakargi qsilemis wyliT ivseba.
wyali qsilemaSi erT mTlian svetad dgas.

4
3
3

transpiracia
5 5
1. kanis ujredebi; 2. mesriseburi ujredebi; 3. Rrubliseburi ujredebi;
4. gamtari qsovilebi; 5. bagis ujredebi.

99
 4 gaixsene, romeli Zalebi monawileobs wylis molekulebis erTmaneT­
Tan dakavSirebaSi?
imis gamo, rom wylis molekulebi erTmaneT­
Tan SeWidula, svetis `TavSi~ mdgomi wylis mo­
lekula aorTqlebisas wylis mTlian svets ze­
moT eqaCeba da sveti zemoT iwevs. wyali axla
qsilemasTan uSualo SexebaSi myof fesvis uj­
reds akldeba. is wyals Tavis mezobel ujreds
arTmevs. ase rigrigobiT, erTmaneTis xarjze
ivsebs wylis deficits fesvis ujredebi. sabo­
lood, fesvis epidermisis bususiani ujrede­
bi mezobeli ujredebis mier warTmeul wyals
niadagis wylidan inazRaurebs.
rogorc xedav, mTeli wyali mcenareSi, foT­
lis bagis ujredidan dawyebuli, fesvis bu­
susebiani ujrediT damTavrebuli, erT mTlian
wylis gadaadgileba mcenareSi
jaWvs qmnis, romelic ganuwyvetliv moZraobs.
mas ori Zala _ fesvuri wneva da transpiracia amoZravebs. moZraobis siC­
qarem. SesaZloa, 1 saaTSi 40 metrsac ki miaRwios. gamoTvlilia, rom erT sa­
Sualo sididis xe­mcenares dReSi 200 litramde wylis aorTqleba SeuZlia.
mcenareebs sxvadasxvagvari Seguebulobani gamoumuSavdaT wylis defi­
citisa da siWarbis mimarT.
5 kaqtuss foTlebi ar aqvs. sad da rogor imzadebs is sakvebs?
xmeleTis mcenareebis umravlesobas, romlebsac horizontalurad gan­
lagebuli foTlebi aqvT, bageebi foTlis qveda epidermisze aqvT ganlage­
buli, raTa mzis pirdapirma sxivebma wylis didi danakargi ar gamoiwvios.
6 Seni azriT, rogori unda iyos bageebis ganlageba simindis an xorblis
vertikalurad mdgar foTlebSi?
wylis mcenares dumfaras fesvebi mTlianad wyalSi aqvs moTavsebuli,
misi foTlebi ki wylis zedapirze tivtivebs.
7 rogor fiqrob, ra akavebs dumfaras di­
di zomis foTlebs wylis zedapirze? ratom
ar iZireba is, ra amsubuqebs mas? sad aqvs dum­
faras foTlebs bageebi?

dumfara

did manZilze nivTierebaTa gadasaadgileblad mcenareebs sa­

transporto sistema gaaCniaT. qsilemaSi araorganuli nivTiere­
bebi erTi mimarTulebiT _ fesvebidan foTlebisken moZraoben.
floema organul nivTierebebs sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ata­
rebs. fesvebidan foTlebisken wyals ori Zala _ fesvuri wneva
da transpiracia amoZravebs. transpiracia icavs mcenares gadaxu­
rebisgan.

100
1. qoTnis mcenares Semoaxvie polieTi­
lenis parki da daamagre ise, rom masSi
haerma ver SeaRwios.
dadgi qoTani mzian adgilas ramdenime
saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
parkis kedlebze wveTebs SeamCnev.
a. saidan gaCnda wveTebi? romeli nivTi­
erebis wveTebia?
b. rogor fiqrob, igive raodenobis wve­
Tebi warmoiqmneba RamiT? axseni, ra­
tom fiqrob ase. Seamowme Seni varau­
di.
2. mcenareebis satransporto sistemis Sesaswavli erT­erTi pir­
veli eqsperimenti XVII saukunis italiel mecniers, marCelo
malpigis ekuTvnis. is rgolurad aWrida xes qerqs. qerqs Re­
ros gareTa nawils uwodeben, romelic, mfaravi da meqanikuri
qsovilebis garda, floemasac Seicavs. cota xanSi Semorgo­
lili ubnis zemoT qerqi sqeldeboda da iqidan siTxe Jonavda,
romelsac mwerebi exveodnen. garkveuli xnis Semdeg foTlebi
Wkneboda da mcenare iRupeboda.

a. axseni, risi garkveva surda amgvarad dagegmili cdiT malpi­

gis?
b. ra siTxe Jonavda qerqidan?
g. ratom inarCunebdnen foTlebica da mcenarec garkveuli xnis
manZilze sicocxlisunarianobas?
d. ratom daiRupa mcenare foTlebis daWknobis Semdeg?
e. ra daskvna gaakeTa malpigim am cdis Sedegebis mixedviT?
3. Tu gsurs, Tvali miadevno wylis gadadgilebas qsilemaSi, aiRe
romelime grZelReroiani TeTryvavilebiani mcenare, magali­
Tad, kala, mixaki an qrizanTema. basri daniT an makratliT
frTxilad gaWeri yvavilis Rero sigrZeze da misi erTi nawili
moaTavse lurji sakvebi saRebaviT Seferil wyalSi, xolo me­
ore _ wiTelsaRebavian wyalSi. daakvirdi, ramdenime saaTSi

101
 rogor Seifereba yvavilis furclebi sxvadasxva ferad. ga­
daWeri yvavilis Rero horizontalurad da lupiT daakvirdi
gadanaWerze sxvadasxva ferad Seferili qsilemis mdebareo­
bas.
4. es eqsperimenti XVIII saukuneSi inglisSi stefan heilzma Caata­
ra. man mcenares sami toti moWra, romelTac daaxloebiT Ta­
nabari raodenobis foToli esxa. heilzma erT­erT maTgans
foTlebis raodenobis naxevari moacila, meores ki arc erTi
foToli ar dautova. amis Semdeg man samive toti sam sxvadasxva
WurWelSi moaTavsa, romlebSic Tanabari raodenobis wyali es­
xa. heilzis eqsperimenti ilustraciazea warmodgenili. daak­
virdi ilustracias da ivaraude, ra hipoTeza gaaCnda heilzs
da ra daskvnamde mivida is eqsperimentis Sedegad.

5. Seni amocanaa, dagegmo da Caataro eqsperimenti, romelic

giCvenebs, romeli ufro did rols TamaSobs wylis transpor­
tirebaSi _ fesvuri wneva Tu transpiracia.
Sens xelTaa lobios ramdenime samkviriani aRmonaceni, danayo­
febiani didi zomis qimiuri sinjarebi, qimiuri Wiqa wyliT, pi­
peti, basri dana da mzesumziris zeTi.
SearCie sami aRmonaceni da Caatare eqsperimenti.
upasuxe kiTxvebs:
a. rogori aRmonacenebi SearCie eqsperimentisTvis?
b. romeli mcenare warmoadgenda kontrols mocemul eqsperi­
mentSi?
g. risTvis dagWirda dana? rogori manipulacia Cautare danar­
Cen or mcenares?
d. rogor gamoiyene zeTi?
e. romel sinjaraSi daiwia yvelaze metad wylis donem?
v. ra daskvnas gakeTeb, cdis Sedegidan gamomdinare?
z. Seadare Seni eqsperimenti heilzis eqsperiments. Seni eqsperi­
mentis romelma pirobam gazarda monacemebis sarwmunoeba, he­
ilzis eqsperimentTan SedarebiT?

102
6. diagrama giCvenebs mcenaris transpiraciis intensivobas:
a. Zlieri ganaTebisas;
b. Zlieri ganaTebisa da qaris dros;
g. RamiT;
d. RamiT Zlieri tenianobisas.
ipove am pirobebis Sesabamisi svetebi.

A
transpiraciis
intensivoba
C

B
D

bunebrivi pirobebi

7. erTi da igive wablis xidan 4 foToli mowyvites. foTlebi

awones. erTs cviliT daufares zeda da qveda zedapiri, meores
mxolod qveda, mesmes _ mxolod zeda, meoTxe ki cviliT ar da­
umuSavebiaT. oTxive foToli haerze erTi da igive pirobebSi
moaTaAvses. 48 saaTis Semdeg foTlebi isev awones.
cdis Sedegebs cxrili giCvenebs.

foTlis sawyisi foTlis saboloo masis cvlileba

masa (gr.) masa (gr.) (%)

a 5.2 5.1
b 5.6 5.4
g 4.9 3.5
d 5.1 3.5
a. gadaiwere cxrili rveulSi. gamoiangariSe foTlebis masis pro­
centuli cvlilebebi da Seavse cxrilis Sesabamisi grafa.
b. cxrilis monacemebis mixedviT amoicani pirveli, meore, mesame
da meoTxe foToli. axseni ras efuZneba Seni mosazreba.
g. rogor fiqrob, igive Sedegebs miiRebdnen, wablis xis nacvlad
simindis an xorblis foTlebi rom gamoeyenebinaT?
d. romel variantebs Soris iqneboda gansakuTrebiT didi sxvaoba
simindisa da wablis xis foTlebs Soris?
e. simindisa da wablis xis foTlebis romeli variantebis Sedegebi
daemTxveoda erTmaneTs?

1. daasaxele sami mTavari faqtori, romelic wyals aiZulebs, fes­

vidan foTlis mimarTulebiT gadaadgildes.

103
 2. aRwere, riT gansxvavdeba bageebis ujredebi epidermisis sxva
ujredebisgan da ra mniSvneloba aqvs amas mcenarisTvis.

1. gadaitane sqema rveulSi da daukavSire foTlis struqturebi

maT funqciebs.
haeris Sesvla
foTolSi
WurWlebi
wylis Sesvla
sacrisebri foTolSi Rerodan
milebi
nivTierebebis
bagis transporti foTlidan
ujredebi mcenaris sxva nawilebSi

bagis foTlis dacva

xvreli wlis dakargvisagan

2. mcenaris romel nawilebSia qsilema:

a. foTlebSi;
b. ReroSi;
g. fesvSi;
d. yvela zemoT CamoTvlilSi;
e. arc erT maTganSi.
3. gadaiwere teqsti da Cawere gamotovebuli sityvebi.
wyali mcenareSi fesvis ­­­­­­­­­ Sedis. isini Zalian ­­­­­­­ fesvis
Semwov zedapirs. wylis garda, misi saSualebiT aRwevs mcenare­
Si sxvadasxva ionebi ­­­­­­­­ da ­­­­­­­­ transportiT. ­­­­­­­­­­io­
ni aucilebelia qlorofilis sinTezisTvis. ­­­­­­­­­­­­­ monawi­
leobs cilebis sinTezSi. ­­­­­­­­­­­­ da ­­­­­­­­­­ Sedis nukleinis
mJavebisa da atf­is SedgenilobaSi.

1. moifiqre da daasaxele pirobebi, romlis dros fesvma wyali

STanTqmis nacvlad SeiZleba dakargos.
2. fesvebiT mopovebuli wylis 98%­s mcenare aorTqlebisas kar­
gavs. am danakargSi didi wvlili bageebs miuZRvis. ra moxdebo­
da, mcenares bageebi rom ar hqonoda da gasagrileblad wyali
foTlis zedapiridan aeorTqlebina?

1. Tu gsurs, WknobaSeparul moWril vards sicocxle gauxangr­

Zlivo, basri daniT iribad gadauWeri Reroebi da 1­2 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi cxel wylian (400C) qilaSi Cade. mcenare Tvalsa
da xels Sua gamococxldeba.

104
V sakvebi da saWmlis moneleba
§17
heterotrofuli kvebis tipebi
erTujredianebis, uxerxemlo da xerxemliani cxovelebis kveba
da moneleba

heterotrofebs O_ uqlorofilo mcenareebsa da baqteriebis umravleso­

bas, sokoebs, cxovelebs, adamianebs, ar SeswevT unari, mcenareebis msgavsad,
iarsebon araorganuli nivTierebebis xarjze da Seqmnan maTgan organuli niv­
Tierebebi. amitom isini sakvebad sxva organizmebis organul nivTierebebs iye­
neben.
sakvebi produqti Seicavs cximebs, cilebs, naxSirwylebs, agreTve wyals,
mineralur marilebsa da vitaminebs. am nivTierebebidan organizmi pirdapir
mxolod wyals, mineralur marilebsa da vitaminebs iTvisebs, xolo danar­
Cens mxolod mTeli rigi qimiuri gardaqmnebis Semdeg, vinaidan es nivTiere­
bebi ver gadis ujredebis membranebSi. amitom sakvebis cilebis, cximebisa
da naxSirwylebis rTuli, didi zomis molekulebi ganicdis monelebas, anu
fermentebis moqmedebiT ixliCeba SedarebiT martiv, patara molekulebad:
cilebi _ aminomJavebad, cximebi _ cximovan mJavebad da glicerinad, xolo
rTuli naxSirwylebi _ glukozad.

proteazebi lipazebi amilazebi

amilazebi
proteazebi

glicerini da
aminomJavebi glukoza
cximovani mJava
rTuli
cilebis moneleba cximebis moneleba naxSirwylebis moneleba

membranis gavliT ujredSi SeRwevis Semdeg am nivTierebebis nawilidan

organizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli cilebi, cximebi da naxSirwylebi sinTezde­
ba, xolo nawili ki iJangeba, iwveba energiis misaRebad.
heterotrofuli cxovelebi sakvebs sxvadasxvagvarad moipoveben da ine­
leben.
ganarCeven heterotrofuli kvebis oTx tips: halozours, saprofituls,
simbiozursa da parazituls.

105
 halozouri tipiT mkvebavi organizmebi _ cxovelebi da mweriWamia mcena­
reebi sakvebs sxeulis SigniT moaqceven. momnelebeli wvenebis moqmedebiT
sakvebi nivTierebebi moineleba _ gardaiqmneba mcire zomis molekulebad,
romelsac organizmi Seiwovs da gamoiyenebs energiis misaRebad an misi orga­
nizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli nivTierebebis sinTezisTvis. cxovelebis umrav­
lesobas amisTvis gaaCnia specialuri saWmlis momnelebeli traqti, sadac es
procesi mimdinareobs.
halozouri kveba axasiaTebT mweriWamia mcena­
reebsac, romlebic mityuebul mwerebs saxeSecv­
lil foTlebs Soris moiqceven da momnelebeli
wvenebiT moineleben.
saprofituli tipiT mkvebavi heterotrofu­
li organizmebi _ sokoebi, baqteriebis umrav­
lesoba fermentebs gareT _ uSualod sakvebze
gamoyofen. saprofitebis sakvebis _ mkvdari an
mweriWamia mcenare xrwnadi organizmebis organuli nivTierebebis
moneleba am SemTxvevaSi am organizmebis gareT
xdeba. monelebis saboloo produqtebs _ martiv,
xsnad molekulebs saprofitebi advilad Seiwo­
ven.
simbiozuri tipiT kvebisas sxvadasxva organiz­
mi sakvebis miRebis mizniT erTiandeba. magaliTad,
umartivesebi, romlebic celulozas saprofitu­
lad ineleben, binadroben termitebis nawlavebSi.
saprofituli soko umartivesebi monelebuli sakvebis nawils saku­
Tari miznebisTvis iyeneben, xolo nawils termitebs
uwiladeben, romlebsac celulozis gadamuSaveba ar
SeuZliaT. termitebi mTlianad ar arian damokidebu­
li umartivesebze. maT halozouradac SeuZliaT kveba.
kvebis parazituli tipi gulisxmobs erTi orga­
nizmis mier meoris cocxal sakveb substratad gamo­
yenebas. parazitebi mTlianad maspinZeli organiz­
mis xarjze arseboben.
1 gaixsene parazituli uxerxemlo cxovelebi.
sad binadroben da rogor ikvebebian isini? raflezia

lianebis fesvebze dasaxlebuli raflezia maspinZeli

mcenaris wvenebiT ikvebeba.
naxevrad parazitia fiTri, vinaidan maspinZeli mcenari­
dan is mxolod wyalsa da mineralur marilebs iwovs, xolo
organul naerTebs TviTon asinTezebs Tavis xorcovan mwva­
ne foTlebsa da ylortebSi.

fiTri

106
 ameba da sxva erTujredianebi ikvebebian maTze patara arsebebiT _ erTu­
jrediani wyalmcenareebiT, baqteriebiT, wvrili umartivesebiT. magram isini
arc imdenad patarebi arian, rom daubrkoleblad SeaRwion ujredis membra­
naSi. gamosavali fagocitozSi _ dedamiwaze kvebis erT­erT uZveles xerxSia.

amebis kveba da sakvebis moneleba

erTujredianebSi sakvebis moneleba ujredis SigniT mimdinareobs, ami­

tom monelebis am tips ujredSida moneleba hqvia.
2 gaixsene cxovelebi, romlebsac ujredSida moneleba axasiaTebT.
yvela nawlavRruianis _ hidras, meduzas, marjnis polipis kveba da sak­
vebis moneleba erTmaneTis msgavsia. msxverpls es mtacebeli cxovelebi jer
adamblaveben an klaven, xolo Semdeg sacecebiT pirisken agzavnian.

2 2
1

3 1. piri;
2. sacecebi;
4 3. nawlavis Rru;
4. entodermis
ujredebi.

hidrAAas kveba da sakvebis moneleba

hidra nawlavis RruSi sakvebs oTxi saaTis manZilze inelebs. amisTvis misi
entodermis zogierTi ujredi gamoyofs saWmlis momnelebel wvens. swored
am wvenis fermentebis moqmedebiT, msxverplis sakvebi nivTierebebi Sedare­
biT mcire fragmentebad iSleba. aseT monelebas ujredgare moneleba hqvia.
hidras nawlavis RruSi nawilobriv monelebul sakvebs entodermis sxva
ujredebi amebis msgavsi cru fexebiT STanTqavs. am ujredebSi moneleba iseve
mimdinareobs, rogorc amebaSi. sakvebi nivTierebebis monelebis produqtebi
am ujredebidan yvela ujredSi gadanawildeba. mounelebeli narCenebi jer
nawlavis RruSi gadadis, xolo iqidan isev piriT gareT gamoidevneba.

107
 es, ra Tqma unda, hidras uxerxulobas uqmnis _ sanam moneleba ar das­
ruldeba da narCenebi gareT ar gamoidevneba, mas sakvebis axali ulufis
miReba ar SeuZlia.
es problema gamWolma saWmlis momnelebelma sistemam gadawyvita.
aseTi saWmlis momnelebeli sistema erTgvar mils warmoadgens, romelsac
orive boloSi xvreli aqvs; erTSi sakvebi Sedis, xolo meoreTi mounelebeli
narCenebi idevneba. sakvebi am milSi erTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs, ase rom,
cxovels Tavisuflad SeuZlia miiRos axali sakvebi, roca adre miRebulis
moneleba jer kidev mimdinareobs.
es sqema saerToa rogorc uxerxemlo, ise xerxemliani cxovelebisTvis,
ZuZumwovrebis CaTvliT.
Wiayelas saWmlis momnelebeli sistema Sedgeba pirisgan, lorwos gamom­
yofi kunTovani xaxisgan, saylapavisgan, Txelkedliani CiCaxvisgan, sadac sak­
vebi maragad inaxeba, kunTovani sqelkedliani kuWisgan, sadac xdeba ujred­
gare moneleba. sakvebis monelebis produqtebi nawlavis kedliT Seiwoveba,
xolo mounelebeli narCenebi gareT analuri xvreliT gamodis.

3 4 5 6
1. piri;
2 2. xaxa;
3. saylapavi;
4. CiCaxvi;
1 5. kuWi;
6. nawlavi.
Wiayelas saWmlis momnelebeli sistema

lokokina da loqora sakvebs mcenareebidan raduliT anu safxekiT fxe­

ken. amisTvis maTi piri moxerxebuladaa aRWurvili. safxeki enis zedapirze
ganlagebuli firfitebia, romlebic dafarulia aTasobiT pawawina, basri,
kauWisebri, ukan mimarTuli kbiliT. radulis win da ukan moZraobisas misi
kbilebi sakvebs xexavs, rac aadvilebs mis monelebas.

1. piri;
7 2. radula;
3 4 3. xaxa;
6 4. saylapavi;
5. CiCaxvi;
6. kuWi;
7. nawlavi.
2
1 5

lokokinas saWmlis momnelebeli sistema

ablabudaSi gabmul msxverpls oboba Sxams uSxapunebs da klavs. Semdeg

ki nadavlSi SeuSvebs nerwyvs, romelic intensiurad Slis mis SigTavss _
gadaaqcevs Txier fafad, romelsac oboba iwovs.
3 monelebis rogori tipi axasiaTebs obobas?

108
 mwerebis piris aparatis agebuleba
saocari mravalferovnebiT gamoirCe­
va da damokidebulia sakvebis tipze.
kalia foTlebs mRrRneli piris
aparatiT RrRnis da msxvili zeda ybe­
biT ReWavs.
xoWoebis piris apratis agebuleba
damokidebulia imaze, Tu riTi ikve­
beba is _ foTlebiT, TeslebiT, yvavi­
lis neqtriT, xrwnadi mcenareebisa da
1 2 3 cxovelebis narCenebiT Tu funiT.
sisxlismwoveli koRo mCxvletav­
mwerebis piris aparatebi
mwuwnavi piriT xvrets msxverplis kans
1. koRos mCxvletav­mwuwnavi piris da sisxls grZeli xorTumiT iwovs.
aparati;
2. peplis mwuwnavi piris aparati; xorTumiT iwoven Txevad sakvebs pep­
3. xoWos mlokavi piris aparati. lebic.
yvela xerxemlian cxovels _ Tev­
zebidan adamianis CaTvliT _ saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis agebulebis er­
Tiani gegma aqvs. sqematurad is SeiZleba Semdegnairad warmovidginoT:

xerxemliani cxovelebis saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis agebuleba

9 6 7
3 4 5 8
2

1. piris Rru;
2. saylapavi mili;
1 3. kuWi;
4. Tormetgoja 9. sanerwyve
nawlavi; jirkvali;
12 10. RviZli;
5. wvrili nawlavi;
6. msxvili nawlavi; 11 11. naRvlis buSti;
7. swori nawlavi; 12. kuWqveSa
10
8. analuri xvreli. jirkvali.

saWmlis momnelebeli milis sxvadasxva nawilSi ixsneba momnelebeli wve­

nebis gamomyofi jirkvlebis _ sanerwyve, kuWqveSa jirkvlebisa da RviZlis
sadinarebi. am wvenebis moqmedebiT sakvebi ganicdis qimiur gardaqmnas asaT­
visebel formamde, romelic Seiwoveba da miitaneba yvela ujredamde. moune­
lebeli narCenebi yvela amfibiis, qvewarmavlis, frinvelis sxeulSi gadadis
nawlavis bolo, gafarToebul nawilSi _ kloakaSi, saidanac analuri xvre­
liT gareT gamoiyofa. aRsaniSnavia, rom kloakaSi ixsneba agreTve Sardsawve­
Ti da sasqeso jirkvlebis sadinarebi.

109
 sakvebis efeqturi monelebisa da SewovisTvis saintereso Seguebuloba
gaaCnia zvigens. mas SeuZlia msxverplis sxeulidan xorcis didi naWrebis mo­
gleja, radgan ybebi mxolod myesebiTaa erTmaneTTan SeerTebuli da piris
didad gaReba ar uWirs.
kbilebi mas ramdenime rigad aqvs Cawyobili. zvigenis wina kbilebi Zalian
swrafad cvdeba da arcTu iSviaTad tydeba. maT adgils maSinve ikavebs kbile­
bi, romlebic gamodis ukana sarezervo rigidan. sicocxlis manZilze zogi­
erTi zvigeni 30 000­mde kbils icvlis.

nawlavi

zvigenis kbilebi zvigenis saWmlis momnelebeli sistema

zvigenis nawlavis Semwov zedapirs maq­ 2 3

4 8
simalurad zrdis uamravi naoWi.
amfibia wvril mwerebs lorwovani eniT 1 5
iWers. amfibiis mier daWerili msxverpli 7
piridan pir­xaxis RruSi gadadis, Semdeg
ki saylapavSi. 6
bayayebsa da gombeSoebs pir­xaxis Rru­
dan saylapavSi sakvebis gadatanaSi exmare­ bayayis saWmlis momnelebeli
ba Tvalebi, romlebic am siRruidan Txeli sistema
lorwovani garsiTaa gamoyofili. Tvale­ 1. piri; 2. xaxa; 3. saylapavi; 4. kuWi;
5. nawlavi; 6. kloaka; 7. RviZli;
biT isini pir­xaxas awvebian da sakvebi ad­
8. kuWqveSa jirkvali.
vilad gadadis saylapavSi, saylapavidan ku­
WSi, Semdeg nawlavebSi da bolos kloakaSi.
qvewarmavlebis saWmlis momnelebeli
sistema cotad Tu gansxvavdeba amfibiebis
momnelebeli sistemisgan, Tu ar CavTvliT
piris Rrus.
zogierT gvels imdenad Wimvadi piri
aqvs, rom SeuZlia Tavis Tavze 4­jer didi
diametris mqone msxverpli gadaylapos.
es ki imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom qveda
ybis ori naxevari erTmaneTTan elasti­
kuri kvanZiTaa dakavSirebuli.

110
 gvelebi da xvlikebi msxverpls mTlianad an naWrebad, dauReWavs ylapaven.
frinvelebis sakvebis mitacebis ZiriTadi organoa niskarti. niskartis
forma damokidebulia sakvebze. magaliTad, pincetis msgavsi niskarti aZlevs
saSualebas beRuras, gamoaZvrinos patara uxerxemlo cxoveli TavSesafri­
dan. niskartis boloze basri kauWi an niskartis basri kideebi exmareba mta­
cebel frinvels didi zomis moZravi nadavlis daWeraSi.

beRura arwivi kolibri

yvavilis wveniT mkvebav kolibrs ena miliseburad aqvs Caxveuli, romli­

Tac neqtars iwovs.
frinvelis grZel saylapavs gaaCnia gafarToebuli nawili _ CiCaxvi. aq
frinveli sakvebs inaxavs da aqve iwyeba mi­
si monelebac.
frinvelis kuWi organyofilebiania. 2
jirkvlovani kuWis wveniT gaJRenTili
4
sakvebi kunTovan kuWSi gadadis. misi Si­ 1 5
10 7
ga zedapiri amofenilia borcvebiani rqo­
vani garsiT. kunTovani kuWis Zlieri, ri­ 3
tmuli SekumSvis gamo, sakvebi ifqveba, 8
raSic frinvelis mier gadaylapuli ken­
Webi monawileoben. isini wisqvilis qvis
rols asruleben. frinvelis kunTovani 9
6
kuWi imave rols asrulebs, rasac ZuZu­
mwovrebis kbilebi ReWvisas. moneleba
frinvelis saWmlis momnelebeli
grZeldeba TormetgojaSi, sadac ixsne­
sistema
ba naRvlisa da kuWqveSa jirkvlis sadina­
1. piri; 2. saylapavi; 3. CiCaxvi;
rebi. wvenis moqmedebiT monelebuli 4. jirkvlovani kuWi; 5. kunTovani
sakvebi wvrili nawlaviT Seiwoveba. nar­ kuWi; 6. Tormetgoja nawlavi;
7. wvrili nawlavi; 8. kloaka;
Cenebi gadadis kloakaSi da Semdeg gareT
9. RviZli; 10. kuWqveSa jirkvali.
gamoiyofa.

111
 sakvebi uzrunvelyofs organizms saWiro saSeni masaliTa da ener­
giiT. heterotrofuli organizmebi mza organuli nivTierebebiT
ikvebebian. am nivTierebebs isini mTeli rigi qimiuri gardaqmnebis
Semdeg SeiTviseben, vinaidan isini ver gadian ujredebis membra­
nebSi.
ganarCeven heterotrofuli kvebis oTx tips: halozours, sapro­
fituls, simbiozursa da parazituls.
heterotrofuli cxovelebis saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis age­
buleba damokidebulia cxovelis organizaciis doneze, saarsebo
garemoze.

Seadare erTmaneTs sokoebi heterotrofuli kvebis mixedviT.

gadaixate cxrili rveulSi da Seavse.

sokoebi saprofituli simbiozuri parazituli

1. heterotrofuli kvebis romeli tipebi axasiaTebT protis­

tebs?
2. kvebis romeli tipi axasiaTebT producentebs? reducentebs?
konsumentebs?
3. ra gansxvavebaa askaridasa da Roris soliteris kvebas Soris?

saWmlis moneleba _ digestion; heterotrofebi _ heterotrophs;

ujredSida moneleba _ intracellular digestion; ujredgare moneleba
_ extracellular digestion.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6i3F9nbHwA

112
V sakvebi da saWmlis moneleba
§18
ZuZumwovrebis saWmlis momnelebeli sistema
moneleba piris RruSi
moneleba kuWSi

ZuZumwovrebis, maT Soris adamianis saWmlis momnelebeli traqti piris

RruTi iwyeba. aq xdeba sakvebis gemosa da xarisxis gasinjva, misi daquc­
maceba, naxSirwylebis daSlis dawyeba, lukmis formireba da misi saylapavSi
gadagzavna.

2
adamianis saWmlis
momnelebeli traqti
1
1. piris Rru;
2. xaxa;
3 3. saylapavi;
4. kuWi;
5. Tormetgoja nawlavi;
12
4 6. wvrili nawlavi;
7. msxvili nawlavi;
13 8. brma nawlavi;
adamianis kbilis tipebi
14 9. Wiisebri gamonazardi; mWrelebi
5 10. swori nawlavi;
11. analuri xvreli; eSvebi
7 6 12. RviZli; mcire ZiriTadi kbilebi
13. naRvlis buSti;
14. kuWqveSa jirkvali. didi ZiriTadi kbilebi

8
9 10
11

ZuZumwovrebis kbilebi, sxva cxovelebis kbilebisgan gan­

sxvavebiT, erTnairi ar aris da sxvadasxva funqcias asrulebs.
ganarCeven mWrelebs, eSvebs, mcire da did ZiriTad kbilebs.
adamianebs e.w. `kbilebis sruli nakrebi~ anu ZuZumwovre­
bisTvis damaxasiaTebeli oTxive tipis kbilebi aqvT.
1 daakvirdi ilustracias. ra nawilebisgan Sedgeba kbi­
li? ra nivTierebisganaa is agebuli?
miuxedavad imisa, rom bavSvi kbilebis gareSe ibadeba, isi­
ni axalSobils ukve aqvs, ubralod, kbilebi RrZilebSi ima­
leba da `Tavis dros elodeba~.
kbilis
agebuleba

113
xuTi­eqvsi Tvis asakisTvis qveda ybis SuaSi amoiWreba pirveli kbili. ori
wlisTvis bavSvs ukve 20 kbili aqvs. am kbilebs sarZeve kbilebi hqvia.

7­9 Tve 10­12 Tve 12­16 Tve

16­20 Tve 24­30 Tve

sarZeve kbilebis amosvlis vadebi

sarZeve kbilebis qveS kbilebis meore cvlaa, romelTa amoWrac eqvsi wli­
dan iwyeba. es ukve mudmivi kbilebia. isini TaAndaTaAn cvlian sarZeve kbilebs.
mudmivi kbilebis amosvlamde ybebi zrdas iwyebs. isini adgils `amzadeben~
ybebis orive mxares 3­3 ZiriTadi kbilisTvis. mudmivi kbilebi TandaTan izr­
deba, awveba sarZeve kbilebs, iwvevs maT moryevas da amovardnas. amrigad, moz­
rdil adamians 20 sarZeve kbilis nacvlad amosdis 32 mudmivi kbili: 4­4 mWre­
li, 2­2 eSvi, 4­4 mcire da 6­6 didi ZiriTadi kbili yovel ybaze.
2 rogor iyenebs adamiani mWrelebs, eSvebsa da ZiriTad kbilebs?
ZuZumwovar cxovelebs yovelTvis imdeni da iseTi formis kbilebi aqvT,
romlebic ukeT Seesabameba maTi cxovrebis nirs, kvebisa da sakvebis tips.
Cveulebriv, kbilebis zrda wydeba garkveuli zomis miRwevisas, Tumca,
zogierTi cxovelis eSvebi, mRrRnelebis mWrelebi, agreTve cxenebis ZiriTa­
di kbilebi Zlier cvdeba. amitom isini mudmivad izrdeba.

mRrRnelis kbilebi mtaceblis kbilebi balaxismWamelis kbilebi

mWrelebi eSvebi mcire ZiriTadi didi ZiriTadi

mtaceblebis kbilebi momarjvebulia msxverplis dasaWerad, dasaglejad.

msxverpls isini eSvebiT klaven. mtaceblis zogierTi ZiriTaAdi kbili Zlier
gadidebulia da aqvs basri qimebi. am kbilebs mtacebeli kbilebi hqvia. msxverp­
lis nawilebad gaglejisas am kbilebis moqmedeba makratlis moqmedebas hgavs _

114
zeda ybis kbilebis Sida zedapiri, piris daxurvisas, mWidrod edeba qveda ybis
kbilebis gare zedapirs. mtacebeli kbilebiT mtaceblebi Zvlebsac fSvnian.
balaxismWamelebis ZiriTad kbilebs gaaCnia farTo zrdapiri. maT zeda­
pirs kidev ufro adidebs saReWi zedapiris naoWebi. am naoWebis qimebi mtkice
minanqriTaa dafaruli. coxnisas zeda da qveda kbilebis naoWebi erTmaneTSi
jdeba da sakvebi kargad ifqveba.
ulvaSebian veSapebs kbilebi ara aqvT. ma­
Ti uzarmazari piri Sevsebulia sasadan daS­
vebuli rqovani firfitebiT, e.w. `veSapis ul­
vaSebiT~. ulvaSebi wina nawilSi SedarebiT
moklea, gverdebze ki grZeli. maTi boloebi
foCebiviTaa daSvebuli. veSapis pirSi aseTi
firfita sul 250­300 calia. piris gaRebisas
firfitebi maRla iweva da veSapi advilad is­
rutavs `planqtonis wvnians~. piris daxurvi­
sas firfitebi eSveba da mWidrod jdeba erT­ veSapis ulvaSebi
maneTSi. warmoiqmneba saceri. Caylapul wyals veSapi eniT gareT ubiZgebs.
sacerSi Tavisuflad mxolod wyali gadis. yvelafers, rac ki sacerze rCeba,
veSapi saylapaviT kuWSi agzavnis.
ena rbili, moZravi, kunTovani organoa. mis
lorwovan garsSi gemovnebis receptorebia.
ena aqtiurad monawileobs sakvebis arevasa da
saylapavisken gagzavnaSi.
mcoxnelebi enas balaxis, foTlebis an ned­
li totebis mosaglejad iyeneben. WianWvela­
Wamias ki 60 santimetriani ena webovan `ankesad~
gadaeqca, romelsac is WianWvelebis budeSi
yofs. enas uamravi WianWvela ewebeba.
WianWvelaWamia 3 piris RruSi sakvebis daqucmacebas­
Tan erTad xdeba misi nerwyviT gaJRenTva. daasaxele
ilustraciaze warmodgenili sanerwyve jirkvlebi.
4 CamoTvale nerwyvis Semadgeneli komponente­
bi da TiToeuli maTganis daniSnuleba.
piris RruSi daqucmacebuli, nerwyviT gaJRenTi­
li sakvebis gunda xaxaSi gadadis.
xaxa erTdroulad emsaxureba haerisa da sakvebis
gatarebas; xaxidan sakvebi gadadis saylapavSi, xolo
cxvir­xaxidan Sesuli haeri _ xorxSi. xaxis Sua na­
wilSi haerisa da sakvebis gadaadgilebis gzebi ikve­
Teba. Tu haeri SeaRwevs saylapavSi, amiT araferi
daSavdeba, magram sakvebi ar unda moxvdes xorxSi, sanerwyve jirkvlebi
radgan is xorxs daacobs da sunTqvis Seferxebas ga­
moiwvevs.

115
 ylapvisas sasunTi gza gamo­
eyofa saWmlis momnelebel gzas _
xorxSi Sesasvlels yrud xuravs
xorxsarqveli. amrigad, sakvebis
gunda sasunTqi gzebis gverdis
1 avliT saylapavisken igzavneba.
saylapavi viwro milia. misi
3
kedlebis kunTebis SekumSva pe­
2
ristaltikas iwvevs, rac lukmas
TandaTan kuWSi gadaaadgilebs.
1. saylapavi mili; 2. xorxi; lukmis gadaadgilebas aadvilebs
3. xorxsarqveli. saylapavi milis saylapavi milis Siga Sris jirkv­
peristaltika lebis mier gamoyofili lorwo.
piris Rrudan ramdenime wam­
Si sakvebis gunda saWmlis momnelebeli traqtis yvelaze farTo nawilSi _
kuWSi aRmoCndeba.
kuWSi sakvebi intensiurad ireva da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, gamoi­
yofa kuWis wveni, romliTac xorcieldeba sakvebis qimiuri damuSaveba.
kuWis lorwovani garsi danaoWebulia, rac kuWis zedapirs zrdis. lor­
wovani garsis siRrmeSi uamravi jirkvalia, romelic sxvadasxva tipis sekre­
torul ujredebs Seicavs; zogi ujredi momnelebel fermentebs gamoimu­
Savebs, zogi marilmJavas gamoyofs, zogi _ lorwos.

kuWis lorwovani garsi

5 kuWis wveni gamWvirvale siTxea, aqvs mJava reaqcia, radgan mis Sedgeni­
lobaSi 0,4% marilmJavaa. ra daniSnuleba aqvs marilmJavas?
kuWis wvenis proteazebia pepsini da qimozini.
pepsini iwyebs cilis molekulebis grZeli jaWvebis SedarebiT patara
fragmentebad _ peptidebad daxleCas, e.i. cilis moneleba ukve kuWSi iwyeba,
magram cilas saboloo monelebamde grZeli gza aqvs gasavleli.
sainteresoa, Tu pepsini cilebs Slis, ratom ar Slis is kuWis kedlebs,
kuWis kedlis ujredebi xom cilebisgan Sedgeba?
kuWis ujredebis mier gamoyofili lorwo barieris funqcias asrulebs
_ icavs kuWis kedlebs marilmJavasa da pepsinis momnelebeli moqmedebisgan.
qimozins rZis xsnadi cila kazeinogeni uxsnad kazeinSi gadahyavs da rZes
axaWoebs.

116
 kuWSi sekretirdeba agreTve lipaza. is mxolod rZis emulgirebul cxi­
mebze moqmedebs da Slis maT glicerinamde da cximovan mJavebamde.
kuWis wveni naxSirwylebze moqmed fermentebs ar Seicavs. piris RruSi
dawyebuli naxSirwylebis moneleba kuWSi wydeba, vinaidan mJava areSi amila­
za inaqtivirdeba.
6 naxSirwylebis moneleba nawilobriv lukmis SigniT mainc mimdinare­
obs. axseni, ratom?
Taviseburi agebuleba aqvs mcoxnelebis _ Zroxis, cxvris, irmis, anti­
lopasa da sxvaTa kuWs. balaxobis Semdeg, dasvenebis dros, isini gamudmebiT
icoxnebian _ ReWaven sakvebs. ratom iqcevian ase?

mcoxnelebs bevri balaxi sWirdebaT, vinaidan mcenareuli sakvebi nakle­

bad yuaTiania. amitom maT bevri balaxis Caylapva unda moaswron da dro da­
ReWvaze ar unda dakargon. swored amitomaa, rom balaxobisas balaxi TiTq­
mis ar iReWeba. is mxolod uxvad iJRinTeba nerwyviT da maSinve gadadis kuWis
specialur ganyofilebaSi _ faSv­
Si. faSvSi momnelebeli wvenebi ar
gamoiyofa. samagierod, aq binadrobs
1
mikroorganizmTa (infuzoriebi da 2
baqteriebi) mTeli armia. es mikroor­ 4
ganizmebi asinTezebs ferment celu­
lazas, romelsac gareT gamoyofs da 5
Slis faSvSi moxvedrili balaxis ce­
lulozas.
mcoxnelebis kuWSi nawilobrivad
gadamuSavebuli sakvebi kuWis Semdeg
ganyofilebaSi _ baduraSi gundad 3
ikvreba da iqidan saylapaviT isev pir­ mcoxnelebis kuWis agebuleba
Si brundeba. es aris swored is masa,
1. saylapavi; 2. faSvi; 3. badura;
romelsac cxoveli dasvenebisas ase 4. wignara; 5. maWiki.
gulmodgined, auCqareblad ReWavs.
ukve kargad gadaReWili sakvebi wignaraSi Cadis, xolo iqidan maWikSi. aq sakvebi
iJRinTeba kuWis wveniT da misi fermentebiT iwyeba organuli nivTierebebis
rTuli molekulebis qimiuri gardaqmna. maWikSi mJava area.
sakvebis Semdgomi moneleba ZuZumwovrebis umravlesobisTvis TiTqmis
erTnairad mimdinareobs.

ZuZumwovrebisa da adamianis saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis agebu­

lebas erTiani gegma gaaCnia. is warmoadgens saWmlis momnelebel
mils, romelSic ixsneba jirkvlebis sadinrebi. piris RruSi sakvebi
qucmacdeba da naxSirwylebi nawilobriv moineleba. kuWSi kuWis
wvenis fermentebis moqmedebiT cilebi nawilobriv iSleba. mcoxne­
lebis kuWSi celuloza moineleba.

117
 daawveTe puris naWerze 1 wveTi iodis xsnari. ra moxda?
puri didxans ReWe (daaxloebiT 10 wuTi). Semdeg daReWili masa
moaTavse faifuris WiqaSi da daawveTe iodis wveTi. ras xedav?
ra daskvnas gaakeTeb?

1. analizma uCvena, rom avadmyofs kuWis mJavianoba Zalian

daqveiTebuli aqvs. romeli nivTierebis monelebaa gaZnele­
buli kuWSi? rogor unda daexmaro avadmyofs?
2. Sen sauzmob salaTiT, romelic ZmriTaa Sezavebuli. romeli
fermentis moqmedeba Seferxdeba am dros piris RruSi?
3. ratom ilokaven cxovelebi Wrilobas?
4. funqciis mixedviT, mcoxnelebis kuWis romeli ganyofileba
gagonebs adamianis kuWs?
5. heterotrofuli kvebis romeli tipi axasiaTebT mcoxnelebs?
6. mtacebeli ZuZumwovrebi sakvebis did naWrebs swrafad yla­
paven. SeeZlo Tu ara amas gamoewvia maTi nerwyvis Sedgenilo­
bis cvlileba? pasuxi daasabuTe.

fermerebi cxovelebis sakvebs fermentebiT amuSaveben. ra upi­

ratesoba eqneba fermentebiT damuSavebul sakvebs CveulebrivTan
SedarebiT?

http://gam3avoice.com/library/?p=219
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrIqTCFidgA&feature=endscreen&
NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7xKYNz9AS0

118
V sakvebi da saWmlis moneleba
§19
sakvebis moneleba wvril nawlavSi
Sewova wvril nawlavSi
msxvili nawlavis funqciebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom kuWma didi samuSao Caatara, nawilobriv daSlili

cilebi, cximebi da naxSirwylebi jer kidev ar aris mzad SewovisTvis. kuWis
kedlebi mxolod cota wyals, marilebs, zogierT samkurnalo preparatsa da
alkohols iwovs.
kuWidan sakvebi fafa Tormetgoja nawlavSi gadadis.
1 Tormetgoja nawlavi saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis yvelaze aqtiuri
nawilia. gaixsene, romeli jirkvlis sadinrebi ixsneba TormetgojaSi?
RviZli adamianis organizmis yvelaze
didi jirkvalia. misi sekreti naRvelia, ro­
2 melic naRvlis buStSi grovdeba. naRvlis
5 warmoqmna RviZlSi ganuwyvetliv mimdina­
reobs, Tumca, TormetgojaSi misi gadasvla
3 periodulad, mxolod sakvebis moxvedrisas
xdeba.
naRveli odnav mosqelo, momwvano­yvi­
1 Teli feris siTxea. mis SedgenilobaSi Se­
4
dis naRvlis mJAavebi da naRvlis pigmentebi,
1. Tormetgoja nawlavi; mineraluri marilebi, qolesterini. miuxe­
2. RviZli; 3. naRvlis buSti; davad imisa, rom naRveli momnelebel fer­
4. kuWqveSa jirkvali; 5. kuWi. mentebs ar Seicavs, is aqtiuradaa CarTuli
sakvebis monelebaSi. kerZod:
 axdens cximebis emulgirebas.
 qmnis Tormetgojasa da wvrili nawlavis sxva ganyofilebebSi tute
ares.
 aaqtiurebs yvela saWmlis momnelebel ferments, gansakuTrebiT li­
pazas.
 aZlierebs nawlavebis peristaltikas.
 aCqarebs cximebis daSlis produqtebis Sewovas.
kuWqveSa jirkvlis _ pankreasis sekrets tute reaqcia aqvs. sekretSi
fermentebis mTeli nakrebia, romelsac SeuZlia yvela saxis rTuli nivTie­
rebebis daSla. isini fermentul aqtivobas mxolod tute areSi inarCuneben.
erT­erTi fermenti _ trifsini, jer kidev kuWSi dawyebul cilis daS­
las agrZelebs. trifsini TormetgojaSi araaqtiuri trifsinogenis saxiT
gamoiyofa da sxva fermentis moqmedebiT trifsinad gardaiqmneba.

119
 qimotrifsinic cilis did fragmentebs Slis.
kuWqveSa jirkvlis lipaza naRveliT emulgirebul cximebs glicerinad da
cximovan mJavebad gardaqmnis.
kuWqveSa jirkvlis amilaza rTul naxSirwylebs disaqaridamde _ malto­
zamde xleCs, xolo maltaza maltozas _ glukozamde.
nukleazebi dnm­sa da rnm­s nukleotidebamde Slis.
Tormetgoja nawlavidan sakvebis fafa wvrili nawlavis Semdgom ganyo­
filebebSi gadainacvlebs. wvrili nawlavis lorwovan garsSi uamravi wvrili
jirkvalia. maTi nawili lorwos gamoyofs, raTa sakvebis fafam advilad imoZ­
raos nawlavSi, xolo nawili _ nawlavis wvens.
wvrili nawlavis peristaltikiT sakvebi gadaadgildeba mis mTel sigrZeze
da sxvadasxva fermentis moqmedebiT mTavrdeba cilebis, cximebisa da naxSir­
wylebis saboloo daSla. aqve mimdinareobs monelebis saboloo produqtebis
Sewova. nawlavidan es molekulebi transportirdeba nawlavis kedlis ujre­
debSi da Semdeg sisxlis mi­
moqcevis sistemaSi.
2 wvrili nawlavi kargadaa
Seguebuli Tavis funqcias
_ rac SeiZleba efeqturad
ganaxorcielos Sewova. ra­
Si gamoixateba es Segueba?
wvrili nawlavis
daakvirdi ilustracias da
SigniTa zedapiri aRwere nawlavis SigniTa ze­
dapiris agebuleba.

naxSirwylebisa da cilebis monelebis Sedegad warmoqmnili glukoza da

aminomJavebi SeaRwevs xaos ujredebSi da iqidan sisxlZarRvTa kapilarebSi
gadadis.
amilaza proteaza
rTuli
naxSirwyali cila
amilaza proteaza

glukoza aminomJavebi

1 1

2
1. wvrili
nawlavis xaos
rTuli naxSirwylis ujredebi;
moneleba da Sewova cilis moneleba da Sewova 2. kapilari.

120
 cximebis daSlis produqtebi _ glicerini
lipaza
da cximovani mJavebi, wvrili nawlavis SigTavsi­
cximi dan SeaRwevs xaos ujredebSi, sadac warmoiqmneba
cximovani glicerini adamianis organizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxi­
mJavebi mebi. es cximebi jer xaos limfur ZarRvSi gada­
dis, xolo Semdeg sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemaSi.
Sewovili nivTierebebi RviZlis karis veniT
wvrili
RviZlSi miitaneba. RviZlSi daaxloebiT 500­mde
nawlavis gansxvavebuli bioqimiuri reaqcia mimdinareobs.
xaos glukozis didi nawili RviZlSi glikogenad gar­
ujredi daiqmneba, nawili ki sisxliT RviZlidan gamo­
dis da Camorigdeba organizmis yvela qsovilis
ujredebSi. rodesac ujredebis moTxovnileba
glukozaze izrdeba, maSin RviZlSi damaragebuli
limfuri glikogeni gardaiqmneba glukozad da sisxliT am
ZarRvi ujredebs miewodeba.
cximis moneleba RviZlSi sisxliT mitanil aminomJavebs mara­
da Sewova gis saxiT dagroveba ar SeuZlia, amitom Warbi
aminomJavebi RviZlSi dezaminirebas ganicdian
_ aminomJavebs scildeba aminojgufi, romelic Sardovanad gardaiqmneba. Sar­
dovana sisxliT TirkmelebSi miitaneba da SardTan erTad gamoiyofa. deza­
minirebis Sedegad darCenili aminomJavebis molekulebis narCenebi gardaiqm­
neba glikogenad da isic RviZlSi maragis saxiT inaxeba. RviZlSi aminomJavebi
transaminirebasac ganicdis _ erTi saxis aminomJaAvebi sxva saxis aminomJa­
vebad gardaiqmneba.
sakvebis miRebidan daaxloebiT rva saaTis Semdeg yvelaferi, risi monele­
bac SeiZleboda, monelebulia; risi Sewovac SeiZleboda, wvrilma nawlavma
ukve Seiwova. rac Seexeba mounelebel narCenebs da wyals _ is msxvil nawlav­
Si gadads.
wvrili nawlavisa da msxvili nawlavis sazR­
varze brma nawlavia Wiisebri gamonazardiT _ 2
apendiqsiT. misi zoma sxvadasxva ZuZumwovarSi
sxvadasxvaa. yvelaze patara brma nawlavi da ap­
endiqsi xorcismWamelebs aqvT. cxovelebs, rom­
lebic ikvebebian uxeSi mcenareuli sakvebiT, brma
nawlavi sakmaod didi aqvT. swored aq binadrobs
celulozis damSleli baqteriebi, romlebic
gamoyofs fermentebs da celulozas martiv
Saqrebad gardaqmnis.
adamianis brma nawlavi, mcenareWamia cxove­ 3 4 5
1
lebis brma nawlavTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT pa­
taraa, rac dakavSirebulia mis racionSi mcena­ 1. wvrili nawlavi; 2. msxvili
nawlavi; 3. brma nawlavi;
reuli sakvebis mcire raodenobasTan. adamianis 4. Wiisebri gamonazardi;
organizmSi is celulozis monelebis procesSi 5. swori nawlavi;
ar monawileobs.

121
 miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis momnelebeli wvenebi ar Seicavs celulo­
zas damSlel ferments da amis gamo celulozas ara aqvs sakvebi Rirebuleba,
nawlavis peristaltika misi kedlebis meqanikuri gaRizianebiT warmoiqmneba,
romelsac celuloziani SigTavsi iwvevs. amitom celulozis Semcveli sakve­
bi CvenTvis aucilebelia.
imis gamo, rom msxvil nawlavSi ar mimdinareobs sakvebi nivTierebebis
moneleba da aqtiuri Sewova, misi agebuleba gansxvavdeba wvrili nawlavis
agebulebisgan. mis lorwovan garss ara aqvs mravalricxovani naoWebi, xaoe­
bi, momnelebeli jirkvlebi mniSvnelovnad cotaa da mis mier gamomuSavebuli
wveni RAaribia fermentebiT.
msxvil nawlavSi uamravi e.w. nawlavis baqteria binadrobs. zogierTi
baqteriis moqmedebiT mimdinareobs gadaumuSavebeli cilis narCenebis daS­
la _ lpoba. cilebis lpobis Sedegad gamoiyofa Sxamiani nivTierebebi. isini
msxvili nawlavidan sisxlSi Seiwoveba da RviZlSi miitaneba.
RviZlSi xdeba Sxamiani nivTierebebis gauvnebleba. RviZlis am funqcias
barieruli anu damcvelobiTi hqvia.
msxvil nawlavSi binadari zogierTi baqteria asinTezebs aminomJaAvebs.
msxvili nawlavis umniSvnelovanesi funqcia wylisa da marilebis Sewovaa.
am dros xdeba sakvebis narCenebis gamkvriveba, anu fekaliebis warmoqmna.
msxvili nawlavis mier gamoyofili lorwo aadvilebs gamkvrivebuli
fekaliebis gadaadgilebas swori nawlavisken. swori nawlavidan fekaluri
masebi analuri xvreliT gareT gamoiyofa.

Tormetgoja nawlavSi ori didi jirkvlis sadinari ixsneba. kuW­

qveSa jirkvlis sekretis fermentebis moqmedebiT iSleba cile­
bi, cximebi da naxSirwylebi. RviZlis sekreti _ naRveli cximis
wveTebis emulgirebas iwvevs, aaqtiurebs fermentebs, gansakuT­
rebiT lipazas. RviZls barieruli funqcia aqvs.
wvril nawlavSi sruldeba sakvebis moneleba. sakvebSi Semavali ci­
lebis, cximebisa da naxSirwylebis daSlis produqtebi wvrili
nawlavis kedlebiT Seiwoveba.
msxvil nawlavSi Seiwoveba wyali, mineraluri marilebi, zogierTi
vitamini. aqve xdeba ganavlis formireba, romelic swori nawla­
viT gareT gamoidevneba.

1. aage saxameblis gardaqmnis sqema, saxameblis organizmSi mox­

vedridan ujredSi misi daSliT damTavrebuli.

2. aiRe ori qimiuri Wiqa. oriveSi Caasxi 10 ml zeTi. pirvel Wiqa­

Si Caasxi 5 ml wyali, meoreSi ki 5 ml naRveli. siTxeebi wkiriT
kargad Seurie. orive Wiqidan amoiRe TiTo wveTi narevi da
moaTavse sasagne minaze. daaTvaliere lupiT. ra suraTs xe­
dav? axseni, ra moxda pirvel da meore WiqaSi.

122
3. aiRe ori sinjara. oriveSi mo­
10
aTavse Zabri filtris qaRal­ 6
1
diT. erTi filtris qaRaldi
wyliT daasvele, xolo meore
_ naRveliT. TiToeul ZabrSi
Caasxi 10 ml zeTi. daakvirdi
filtraciis siCqares. filt­ 8
9
ratis erTnairi raodenoba
miiRe orive sinjaraSi?
Seni azriT, ris models war­ 2
moadgens filtris qaRali?
4. daakvirdi ilustracias, ro­ 7
3
melic giCvenebs rTuli nivTi­
erebebis gardaqmnas saWmlis 11
momnelebel sistemaSi.
gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da 4
Seavse.
5

saWmlis
momnelebeli 1. kuWi;
funqcia
sistemis 2. Tormetgoja nawlavi;
ganyofileba 3. wvrili nawlavi;
4. msxvili nawlavi;
kuWi 5. swori nawlavi;
Tormetgoja nawlavi 6. RviZli;
7. kuWqveSa jirkvali;
wvrili nawlavi
8. cila;
msxvili nawlavi 9. disaqaridi;
swori nawlavi 10. cximi;
11. wyali.

bayayis Tavkombalas nawlavebi bevrad grZelia, vidre zrdasruli

bayayis. mouZebne axsna am faqts.

sakvebis moneleba da Sewova _ digestion and absorbtion;

dezaminireba _ desamidization; transaminireba _ transamination.
http://gam3avoice.com/library/?p=225
http://gam3avoice.com/library/?p=223
http://gam3avoice.com/library/?p=226
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KED6BHVM97s&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1sDOJM65Bc&feature=rel

123
V sakvebi da saWmlis moneleba
§20
sakvebis Sedgeniloba
mcenareuli da cxoveluri sakvebi
vitaminebi, maTi daniSnuleba

SimSili organizmis miniSnebaa imaze, rom mas energia da gansazRvruli niv­

Tierebebi esaWiroeba organoebis muSaobisTvis, maTi nawilebis ganaxlebis­
Tvis da saSeni masalis warmoqmnisTvis, Tu zrdis procesSi varT.
kveba organizmis yvela am saWiro nivTierebebiT momaragebaa. am nivTiere­
bebs sakvebi produqtebi Seicavs.
Cveni sakvebi produqti mravalferovania. warmoSobis mixedviT ganarCe­
ven mcenareul da cxovelur sakvebs. isini Seicaven cilebs, cximebs, naxSir­
wylebs, wyals, mineralur marilebsa da vitaminebs.
cilebiT mdidari sakvebis miReba organizmisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniS­
vnelovania.

cilebiT mdidari cilebiT mdidari

cxoveluri produqtebi mcenareuli produqtebi

1 gaixsene, ra roli aqvs cilebs Cvens organizmSi.

cilebis kvebiTi Rirebuleba damokidebulia mis aminomJAavur Sedgeni­
lobaze. arseboben e.w. Seucvladi aminomJavebi, romlebic Cvens organizm­
Si ver sinTezdeba, amitom isini organizmma sakvebiT unda miiRos.
Seucvlad aminomJavebs gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT cxoveluri
produqtebi Seicavs. mcenareebSi isini Zalian mcire raodenobiT Sedis.
cilebis moxmarebis dRiuri norma Seadgens 80 ­120 grams. aqedan 55%
cxoveluri warmoSobis unda iyos.
2 ratomaa mniSvnelovani, bavSvebisa da orsulebis sakvebi rom mdida­
ri iyos cilebiT?
3 ra daniSnuleba aqvs Cvens organizmSi cximebs?
cximebis normebs gansazRvraven asakis, fizikuri datvirTvis, klimatis
Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. cximebis moxmarebis normad miRebulia
dRe­RameSi 106 ­185 gr aqedan cxoveluri warmoSobis cximi 70­80% unda iyos.
asakis matebasTan erTad, rekomendebulia sakvebSi cxoveluri cximebis Tan­
daTan Semcireba da zeTebis raodenobis momateba. cximebis ukmarisobam

124
SeiZleba gamoiwvios darRvevebi centralur nervul sistemaSi, imunitetis
daqveiTeba, cvlilebebi kanSi, TirkmelebSi, mxedvelobisa da sxva organoe­
bSi.

cximebiT mdidari cxoveluri cximebiT mdidari mcenareuli

produqtebi produqtebi

cxoveluri cximebis moxmarebis zrdas Tan sdevs sxvadasxva daavadebis _

simsuqnis, aTerosklerozis, hipertoniis ganviTarebis riski.
naxSirwylebi organizmis ZiriTadi sawvavia. adamiani kvebisas naxSirwy­
lebis umetes nawils mcenareuli sakvebiT iRebs. gamonaklisia Tafli, rZe,
xorci da RviZli.

naxSirwylebiT mdidari cxoveluri naxSirwylebiT mdidari mcenareuli

produqtebi produqtebi

naxSirwylebi didi raodenobiTaa marcvlovnebidan damzadebul produq­

tebSi, xilsa da bostneulSi.
adamianis mier dRis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli sakvebi 60­70%­mde naxSir­
wyals unda Seicavdes.
naxSirwylebis naklebobas organizmi praqtikulad arasdros ganicdis.
Tu adamianma naxSirwylebi arasakmarisi raodenobiT miiRo, is organizmSi
cilebisa da cximebisgan sinTezdeba.
naxSirwylebze moTxovnileba gansakuTrebiT fizikuri datvirTvisas
Zlierdeba.

vitaminebi

normaluri zrda­ganviTarebisTvis, cilebis, cximebis, naxSirwylebisa da

mineraluri nivTierebebis garda, Zalze mcire raodenobiT saWiroa dabal­
molekuluri organuli nivTierebebi, romlebic aucilebelia ujredSi me­
tabolizmis normaluri warmarTvisTvis. am nivTierebebs vitaminebs uwode­
ben.

125
 organizmSi vitaminebis sakmarisi raodenobiT sinTezi ar xdeba da amitom
isini adamianma sakvebTan erTad unda miiRos.
vitaminebis ukmarisoba iwvevs daavadebebs, romlebic hipovitaminozebis,
xolo vitaminebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi _ avitaminozebis saxelwodebi­
Taa cnobili. normaze mniSvnelovnad meti raodenobis vitaminebis miRebiT
SeiZleba hipervitaminozebi ganviTardes. hipervitaminozis dros adgili
aqvs intoqsikacias. is xSirad gvxvdeba mozardebs Soris, romlebic misdeven
esoden modur bodibildings.
arsebobs wyalSi da cximSi xsnadi vitaminebi.

vitaminebi

wyalSi xsnadi cximSi xsnadi

B1, B2, B5, B6, B9, B12, PP, C A, D, E, K

wyalSi xsnadi vitaminebi warmoadgens sxvadasxva fermentebis kofermen­

tebs. amitom maTi naklebobis dros organizmSi brkoldeba esa Tu is qimiuri
gardaqmna, rac sxvadasxva avitaminozisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simptomebiT
vlindeba. cximSi xsnadi vitaminebi ki Tavisi moqmedebiT hormonebs hgavs.
wyalSi xsnadi vitaminebis ZiriTadi wyaroa xili da bostneuli.
C vitaminis _ askorbinis mJavas
ukmarisoba iwvevs daavadeba sura­
vands. suravandiT daavadebuls da­
qveiTebuli aqvs imuniteti sxvadasxva
infeqciuri daavadebis mimarT. misi
Zvlebi msxvrevadia. mas advilad uzi­
suravandiT daavadebulis qveda andeba kapilarebi, rac iwvevs sisxl­
kidurebi da RrZilebi Caqcevebs da sisxldenas. adamians Wri­
lobebi ar uxorcdeba, RrZilebidan
sisxldenis Sedegad kbilebi eryeva da cviva.
suravandi sazRvao mogzaurobebisa da eqspediciebis mudmivi Tanamgzav­
ri iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi monawileebi Rebulobdnen sakmaod kalo­
riul da ciliT mdidar sakvebs. isini moklebulni iyvnen xils, nedl bost­
neulsa da xorcs. vasko da gamas eqspediciaSi (1497­1499) suravandiT daiRupa
misi mezRvaurebis 60%. igive bedi ewia cnobili zRvaosnis, v. beringis eqs­
pediciis monawileebs. TviT beringic suravandiT daiRupa.
suravandi saxmeleTo jarebis avbediTi megzuric iyo. sxvadasxva omis
dros mravali jariskaci swored suravands emsxverpla.
C vitamini aZlierebs organizmis imunitets, uzrunvelyofs kapilarebis
ganvladobas, icavs organizms daberebisgan.
4 C vitamini im erT­erTi fermentis kofermentia, romelic cila­ko­
lagenis sinTezSi monawileobs. axseni C avitaminozisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
simptomebis mizezi.

126
 C vitaminiT
mdidari
produqtebi

1890 wels holandieli eqimi eikmani kunZul iavaze saSinel daavadebas

akvirdeboda. avadmyofebi ver dadiodnen, fexebi TiTqos jaWvebiT hqondaT
Seborkili. swored am simptomis gamo am daavadebas beri­beris (borkilebi)
eZaxdnen. es daavadeba xSirad sikvdiliT mTavrdeboda. daavadebis mizezis
garkvevaSi eikmans daexmara qaTmebze dakvirveba. man SeamCnia, rom galiaSi
msxdom qaTmebs, romlebsac kangaclili brinjiT kvebavdnen, aReniSnebodaT
beri­berisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. maTi umravlesoba iRupeboda. is
qaTmebi ki, Tavisuflad rom seirnobdnen ezoSi, janmrTelebi iyvnen, radgan
mravalferovan sakvebs poulobdnen. ra iyo brinjis kanSi, eikmanma ver daad­
gina.
dReisTvis dadgenilia, rom am daavadebis mizezi B1 vitaminis Zlieri nak­
lebobaa. B
B 1 vitamini (Tiamini) moqmedebs naxSirwylebis cvlis procesebze. is
aucilebelia im organoebis normaluri cxovelqmedebisTvis, sadac ujredis
sunTqva intensiurad mimdinareobs.
beri­beriT daavadebuls uziandeba centraluri
nervuli sistema da periferiuli nervebi, usustdeba
kunTebi, uWirs siaruli, uviTardeba gulis ukmarisoba.
B12 vitaminis ararseboba iwvevs Tvalebis, enis, piris
Rrus daavadebebs. is bevria ludsa da safuarSi, RviZl­
Si, kvercxis gulSi, qatoSi, stafiloSi, kartofilsa da
kombostoSi.
B6 vitaminis ararseboba kanis daavadebebis _ derma­
titebis mizezia. B6 vitamini aris RviZlSi, xorcSi, rZe­
Si, bostneulSi, kvercxSi, gaRivebul xorbalSi.

beri­beriT daavadebuli

B jgufis
vitaminebiT
mdidari
produqtebi

127
 A vitaminis deficiti arRvevs mxedvelobis receptorebis _ Cxirebis
muSaobas, radgan A vitamini Sedis mis SedgenilobaSi. viTardeba e.w. `qaTmis si­
brmave~, rodesac adamiani ver xedavs cudi ganaTebis pirobebSi. am vitaminis
xangrZlivi ukmarisoba sibrmaves iwvevs. ganviTarebad qveynebSi 10 wlamde
asakis 3 milioni bavSvi brmaa am mizeziT.
A vitaminiT gamowveuli avitaminozi bavSvebSi zrdis Seferxebas iwvevs. A
vitamini gansakuTrebiT bevria zRvis cxovelebisa da Tevzebis RviZlSi, Tev­
zis qonSi, karaqSi, rZeSi, kvercxSi.

A vitaminiT
mdidari
produqtebi

A vitaminze moTxovnileba SesaZlebelia dakmayofilebuli iyos im mcena­

reuli sakvebiTac, romelic pigment karotins Seicaven. aseTebia, magaliTad,
stafilo, wiTeli wiwaka, pomidori. adamianis organizmSi karoitini A vita­
minad gardaiqmneba.
D vitamini uzrunvelyofs nawlavis xaos ujredis plazmuri membranis
im cila­transporteris sinTezs, romelsac kalciumi nawlavis SigTavsidan
xaos ujredebSi Seaqvs. xaodan kalciumi sisxlSi gadadis da Zvlovan qsovil­
Si lagdeba, rac Zvals simtkices aniWebs da ganapirobebs ConCxis normalur
formirebas.
D avitaminozis dros raqiti viTardeba.
ZvlebSi Semcirebuli kalciumisa da fosfo­
ris raodenobis gamo, Zvlebi ver uZlebs sxe­
ulis simZimes da ConCxi deformirdeba. daa­
vadebuls fexebi umruddeba, Tavi da muceli
udiddeba, ecvleba gulmkerdis forma. de­
mineralizacias ganicdis ara mxolod Zvle­
bi, aramed kbilebic. daavadebuls axasiaTebs
mousvenari, mSfoTvare Zili, oflianoba. raqitiT daavadebulis
Cvens kanze ultraiisferi sxivebis moq­ qveda kidurebi
medebiT kanSi qolesteroli D D vitaminad gardaiqmneba. zafxulis TveebSi
warmoqmnili DD vitamini maragis saxiT RviZlSi inaxeba. mas organizmi sxva
TveebSic iyenebs. D
D vitaminiT mdidaria cxoveluri sakvebi _ Tevzis qoni,
Tevzi, RviZli, kvercxis guli, karaqi.

D vitaminiT
mdidari
produqtebi

128
 K vitamini aCqarebs sisxlis Sededebas, amcirebs kapilarebis ganvlado­
bas, astimulirebs dazianebuli qsovilis aRdgenas.
K vitamini didi raodenobiTaa TeTrTavian da yvavilovan kombostoSi,
pomidorSi, gograSi, RviZlSi, xorcSi, kvercxSi. Tumca, K vitamins nawlaveb­
Si binadari nawlavis Cxiric asinTezebs.
5 baqteriebiT gamowveuli sxvadasxva infeqciebis mkurnalobis Semdeg
xSiria K K hipovitaminozi. ra aris amis mizezi?

organizmisTvis saWiro yvela sakveb nivTierebas sakvebi produq­

tebi Seicavs. mcenareuli da cxoveluri sakvebi nivTierebebis Sed­
genilobiTa da maTi raodenobiT gansxvavdeba.
vitaminebi dabalmolekuluri organuli naerTia. vitaminebi auci­
lebelia ujredSi metabolizmis warmarTvisTvis. vitaminebis arar­
sebobis SemTxvevaSi avitaminozebi viTardeba.

1. nayinSi cilis aRmoCena.

sinjaraSi Caasxi 1 ml. gamdnari nayini da daamate 5­7 ml. gamo­
xdili wyali, daaxure sacobi da SeanjRrie. miRebuli narevis
1 ml­s daamate 2M NaOH­sa da 10% CuSO4­is ramdenime wveTi.
sinjara SeanjRrie.
H 2O 2M NaOH 10% CuSO
4

kaSkaSa iisferi Seferilobis gaCena mowmobs nayinSi cilis ar­

sebobaze.
2. naxSirwylis aRmoCena SokoladSi.
sinjaraSi moaTavse mcire raodenobiT dafxvnili Sokoladi,
gaxseni cota wyalSi da kargad SeanjRrie. daumate ramdenime
wveTi iodis spirtiani xsnari. siTxe galurjdeba, rac naxSir­
wylis arsebobas miuTiTebs.
H2O iodi

129
 3. D D vitaminis aRmosaCenad sinjaraSi Caasxi Tevzis qonis an kver­
cxis yviTris 1 ml da daamate 1 ml bromis xsnari. D vitaminis
arsebobisas narevi momwvano­mocisfrod Seferaddeba.

bromis
xsnari

4. C vitaminis aRmoCena vaSlis wvenSi.

Caasxi sinjaraSi 2 ml vaSlis wveni da daamate 10 ml wyali.

daumate cota saxameblis webo (mis mosamzadeblad 1 gr. saxa­
mebeli gaxseni 1 Wiqa mduRare wyalSi). Semdeg wveT­wveTobiT
daamate 5%­iani iodis xsnari, lurji Seferilobis miRebamde,
romelic ar gaqreba 10­15 wm.
gansazRvris meTodi dafuZnebulia imaze, rom askorbinis mJa­
vas molekula advilad iJangeba iodiT. rogorc ki iodi daJan­
gavs mTel askorbinis mJavas, Semdegi wveTi, saxamebelTan moq­
medebisas, Seferavs xsnars lurjad.

5. Tu Sen kartofilis Sewvisas misi kvebiTi Rirebulebis Senar­

Cuneba gsurs, ra SemTxvevaSi iqcevi sworad:
a. kartofils Tli, recxav, Wri patara naWrebad da wvav;
b. kartofils Tli, Wri patara naWrebad, recxav da wvav.
Seni mosazrebis sisworeSi dasarwmuneblad Caatare cda:
gaTale kartofilis gorgli, CamoaWeri mas kubis formis, ori
erTnairi zomis (sigrZe _ 3 sm, sigane _ 3 sm, simaRle _ 3 sm)
naWeri.
erT­erTi naWeri daWeri wvrilad. mTliani naWeri moaTavse
erT WiqaSi, xolo daWrili _ meore WiqaSi. orives erTdrou­
lad daasxi 100 ml wyali. daayovne 5 wT. drodadro urie
wkiriT. 5 wuTis Semdeg Wiqebidan sxvadasxva sinjaraSi gadai­
tane 5­5 ml siTxe da daumate TiTo wveTi iodis xsnari. daak­
virdi siTxeebis Seferilobas sinjarebSi. xedav maT Soris
gansxvavebas? Seferilobis intensivobis mixedviT imsjele
Seni mosazrebis sisworeSi.
6. puri bevr saxamebels Seicavs. daReWe puri kargad da pirSi
didxans gaaCere. icvala man gemo? ra daskvnas gaakeTeb?

7. rZe mniSvnelovani sakvebi produqtia. is mraval organul da

130
 araorganul nivTierebas Seicavs. scade zogierTi nivTierebis
aRmoCena rZeSi.
qimiur WiqaSi Caasxi rZe da aduRe 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. dadgi
gasacieblad. gaciebul rZes gausinje gemo.
romeli organuli nivTierebis gemos grZnob?
daakvirdi rZis zedapirs. risi wveTebi gaCnda masze?
ratom ver amCnevdi am wveTebs duRilis dros?
gadaasxi rZe mTlianad meore qimiur WiqaSi. daakvirdi cari­
eli Wiqis fskers.
romeli nivTiereba gamoileqa?
pipetiT gadaitane sinjaraSi 10 ml rZe. daamate kalciumis qlo­
ridis xsnari. SeanjRrie.
romeli nivTiereba gamoileqa?
gafiltre rZe da daakvirdi filtris qaRaldze naleqs. romel
sakveb produqts gagonebs?
daakvirdi filtratis fers, gazome misi moculoba. monaceme­
bi Caiwere.
romeli araorganuli nivTiereba qmnis rZis ZiriTad masas?
romeli organuli nivTierebaa rZeSi didi raodenobiT?

8. maRali xarisxis makarons iseTi fqvilisgan amzadeben, ro­

melic cilebs didi raodenobiT Seicavs. xarSvisas aseTi ma­
karoni zomaSi imatebs, dabali xarisxis makaroni ki patarav­
deba _ TiTqos dneba. aiRe samomxmareblo bazarze arsebuli
sami firmis mier warmoebuli (pirobiTad a, b, da g ) makaroni.
gamoiangariSe maTi moculoba Semdegnairad: sam graduirebul
qimiur WiqaSi Caasxi 300­300 ml. wyali da Cayare masSi a, b da g
firmis makaroni 100 gr.­is odenobiT. amis Semdeg gazome wylis
done WiqebSi da gamoiangariSe a, b da g makaronis moculoba.
gadaitane cxrili rveulSi. monacemebi Seitane cxrilSi. sam
WurWelSi aaduRe TiTo litri wyali da Cayare a, b da g ma­
karoni. xarSe 15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. gadmoasxi naxarSebi sam
sxvadasxva gamWvirvale WiqaSi. imave meTodiT gamoiangariSe a,
b da g mwarmoeblis moxarSuli makaronis moculoba da monace­
mebi Seitane cxrilSi.

makaronis makaronis ramdenjer

makaronis
sawyisi saboloo moimata
firma
moculoba moculoba moculobam?
a
b
g

131
 monacemebis safuZvelze aage svetebiani diagrama.
Seadare naxarSebi erTmaneTs gamWvirvalobis mixedviT.
ram gamoiwvia naxarSis SemRvreva?
rogor Seamowmeb Sen varauds?
aris Tu ara raime kanonzomiereba makaronis moculobaSi cvli­
lebasa da naxarSis gamWvirvalobas Soris?
ra daskvnas gaakeTebdi?
romeli firmis makaroni aRmoCnda yvelaze maRali xarisxis?

1. erTi Wiqa mouxdeli rZe Seicavs 288 mg kalciums. ramdeni rZe

unda davlioT, rom Cveni organizmi uzrunvelvyoT am elemen­
tis sakmao raodenobiT? (dReRamuri saWiroebaa 800 mg)

2. gamoTvale, limonis ra raodenobaa saWiro yoveldRiurad,

rom dakmayofildes organizmis moTxovnileba C vitaminze.
gamoTvlisas gaiTvaliswine, rom limonis masaa 100 gr. C vita­
minis Semcveloba limonSi Seadgens 0,5%­s. mozrdili adamia­
nis dReRamuri moTxovnileba 100 mg­ia.

3. kartofilis romel organoSi warmoiqmneba

da sad maragdeba saxamebeli? ras xmardeba
saxameblis maragi?

4. mcenaris kidev romel organoebSia mosa­

lodneli saxameblis dagroveba? axseni, ra­
tom?

5. adamianebi, romelTac gaxdoma surT, brinjs

moxarSvamde didxans alboben wyalSi. Semdeg
wyals Rvrian da brinjs xarSaven. axseni, ra­
tom iqcevian ase?

1. B B1 vitamini naxSirwylebis cvlaSi monawile

erT­erTi mTavari fermentis kofermentia.
am fermentis gareSe ujredi glikolizis
stadiidan Jangbadiani sunTqvis stadiaze ver gadadis.
axseni beri­berisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simptomebis mizezebi.

2. statistikurad dadgenilia, rom raqitiT umetesad avaddebian

Savkaniani adamianebi da CrdiloeTis qveynebis macxovreblebi.
axsna mouZebne am faqts.

132
erTaderTi sakvebi, romelsac ZuZumwovrebis umetesoba iRebs si­
cocxlis pirvel dReebSi, rZea. rZis SedgenilobaSi Sedis nivTie­
rebaTa sruli kompleqti, romelic aucilebelia mocemul pe­
riodSi ganviTarebisTvis. es nivTierebebia: cilebi, lipidebi,
naxSirwylebi, mineraluri elementebi, gansakuTrebiT kalciumi,
magniumi, fosfori, kaliumi da agreTve vitaminebi. erTaderTi,
rac rZeSi ar aris sakmarisi raodenobiT, rkinaa. Tumca, am prob­
lemas TviTon Canasaxi wyvets; jer kidev mucladyofnis periodSi,
dedisgan gadacemul rkinas igrovebs sxeulSi. es maragi bavSvs mya­
ri sakvebiT kvebis dawyebamde yofnis.

vitaminebi _ vitamins
avitaminozi_ avitaminosis
suravandi _ scurvy
beri­beri _ beriberi
qaTmis sibrmave _ night-blindness
raqiti _ rickets

133
V sakvebi da saWmlis moneleba
§21
sakvebis energetikuli Rirebuleba
sakvebSi energiis gansazRvra
adamianis moTxovnileba energiaze
dabalansebuli kveba
sakvebis energetikuli Rirebuleba energiis is raodenobaa, romelic war­
moiqmneba sakveb produqtebSi Semavali cilebis, cximebisa da naxSirwylebis
daJangvisas. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela produqts aqvs energetikuli eqviva­
lenti, romlis gazomvac SesaZlebelia kilojoulebSi an kilokaloriebSi
(1 kjoul = 0,24 kkal; 1 kkal.= 4,2 kjoul.).
albaT, xSirad ginaxavs, produqtebis etiketebze cifri, romelic See­
sabameba mocemuli produqtis 100 gramis kaloriulobas. Tu ici es sidide,
advilia gamoiangariSo, ramden energias miiRebs organizmi am produqtis
gansazRvruli raodenobiT miRebis Semdeg.
Tu etiketze ar aris miniSnebuli energetikuli Rirebuleba, magram
mocemulia cilebis, cximebisa da naxSirwylebis Semcveloba, Sen SegiZlia
gansazRvro kaloriuloba iqidan gamomdinare, rom organizmSi 1 gr cilis,
iseve, rogorc 1 gr naxSirwylis daJangvisas gamoiyofa 4,1 kkal energia. xo­
lo 1 gr cximis daJangvisas _ 9,3 kkal.
1 gamoTvale 1 Wiqa (200 gr) Zroxis rZis kaloriuloba, Tu cnobilia,
rom 100 gr. rZeSi cximi 3,2%­ia, cila _ 3,5%, rZis Saqari _ 4,7%.
garda amisa, arsebobs cnobari, sadac warmodgenilia praqtikulad yvela
sakvebi produqtis Sedgeniloba da kaloriuloba.

sakvebi kkal. 100 gr. sakvebi kkal. 100 gr.

produqti produqtze produqti produqtze
karaqi 700 koka­kola 220
Sokoladi 570 kvercxi 140
lori 450 banani 100
yveli 400 Tevzi 100
brinji 360 iogurti 96
Zexvi 350 kartofili 80
Tafli 290 rZe 65
TeTri puri 250 vaSli 45
Savi puri 230 stafilo 25
Zroxis xorci 200 kombosto 15
nayini 190 pomidori 15
torti, namcxvari 450­530 kitri 12

134
 sakvebi produqtebis energetikuli Rirebulebis gansazRvra SeiZleba
kalorimetrSi produqtis cnobili masis JangbadSi dawviT. produqtis dawvisas
warmoqmnili siTbo gadaecema wylis gansazRvrul masas. zomaven wylis tempera­
turis matebas. iqidan gamomdinare, rom 1 gr wylis 1οC-iT gasaTbobad saWiroa
1 kkal., SesaZlebelia im kilokaloriebis gamoTvla, romelic gamoiyofa mo­
cemuli sakvebi produqtis wvisas.

1 3
2

kalorimetri
1. Termometri;
2. miqseri;
3. amaalebeli mavTulebi;
4. Jangbadiani atmosfero;
5. wyali;
5 4 6. nimuSi jamSi.

sakvebSi energiis raodenobis gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba formula:

energiis raodenoba temperaturis namati (t 0C) X wylis moculoba (sm3)

sakvebSi kkal/gr =
sakvebis raodenoba (gr)

Tu gsurs, kilokaloriebis maCvenebeli gadaiyvano kilojoulebSi, am

formuliT ixelmZRvanele:

energiis sidide energiis sidide (kkal/gr)

= X 4.2
kjoul/gr 1 000

kalorimetrSi SesaZlebelia ara marto sakvebi produqtis energetikuli

Rirebulebis dadgena, aramed adamianis organizmis mier gamoyofili siTbos
raodenobis gazomvac, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebelia daxarjuli energiis
gansazRvra.
adamianis energetikuli danaxarjis gansazRvrisTvis gamoiyeneba `ara­
pirdapiri kalorimetris~ meTodi. energetikuli danaxarjis gamoTvlisTvis
awarmoeben Jangbadis STanTqmisa da naxSirorJangis gamoyofis zust gazom­
vas.

135
 meTods safuZvlad udevs Teoriuli varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom organizm­
Si 1 gr sakvebi produqtis dawvisas STainTqmeba iseTive raodenobis Jangbadi
da gamoiyofa iseTive raodenobis naxSirorJangi, siTbo da wyali, rac haerze
produqtis wvisas.
am meTodiT gansazRvra miaxloebiTia, radgan sakvebi produqtebis da­
Jangva organizmSi bolomde ar xdeba.

adamianis moTxovnileba energiaze

adamianis moTxovnileba energiaze damokidebulia sqesze, asakze, wonaze,

fizikur datvirTvaze, fsiqikur mdgomareobaze. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi
geografiuli, klimaturi pirobebi, pirvel rigSi temperatura.
energia ixarjeba ara marto fizikuri muSaobis dros, aramed ZilSi gu­
lisa da sasunTqi kunTebis muSaobaze, sxeulis mudmivi temperaturis Sesa­
narCuneblad, fiqrze, azrovnebaze.
organizmis energetikul danaxarjs 20οC temperaturaze, mosvenebul mdgo­
mareobaSi, ZiriTadi energetikuli cvla hqvia.
saSualo asakis janmrTeli adamianis ZiriTadi energetikuli cvlis done
1 saaTSi, sxeulis masis yovel 1 kilogramze, 1 kilokaloriaa.
amrigad, 70 kg wonis mamakacis ZiriTadi energetikuli cvlis done daax­
loebiT 1 700 kilokaloriaa dReSi.
2 ras udris Seni ZiriTadi energetikuli cvlis maCvenebeli dReSi?
nebismieri samuSao, iqneba is gonebrivi Tu fizikuri, moiTxovs energiis
damatebiT xarjvas. damatebiTi danaxarji, anu saqmianobaze daxarjuli ener­
gia, sxvadasxva samuSaosTvis gansxvavebulia.
dRis ganmavlobaSi damatebiTi energiis xarjvaa saWiro agreTve yoveli
Wamis Semdeg, radgan damatebiT ixarjeba energia saWmlis monelebaze.
amrigad, adamianisTvis aucilebeli energia dReSi, aris ZiriTad cvlaze,
saqmianobasa da saWmlis monelebaze daxarjuli energiebis jami. swored esaa
is aucilebeli energia, romelsac adamiani xarjavs dRis ganmavlobaSi.

aucilebeli energia ZiriTadi saqmianobaze saWmlis

dReSi = energetikuli + daxarjuli + monelebaze
cvla energia daxarjuli
energia

adamianis organizmis energetikuli danaxarji damokidebulia fizikur

da gonebriv datvirTvaze:

gonebrivi _ 2 800 kkal;

fizikuri _ 3 000­3 200 kkal;
mZime fizikuri _ 4 000­4 300 kkal;
grafiki asaxavs sxvadasxva adamianis energiaze moTxovnilebas.

136
 qali

kaci
energiis danaxarji (kjouli)

asaki/aqtivoba

25 wlis meZuZuri
mZinare adamiani

25 wlis orsuli
25 wlis ofisSi

60 wlis ofisSi
axalSobili da

8 wlis TamaSis

17 wlis sirbi­

25 wlis gzis
lis dros

momuSave

momuSave
dros

muSa

3 a. daakvirdi grafiks. ra ZiriTadi faqtorebi ganapirobebs am maCveneb­

lebs Soris gansxvavebas?
b. Seadare 25 wlis ofisSi momuSave da 60 wlis ofisSi momuSave mamakacebis
energetikuli danaxarjebi. es maCveneblebi umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba. riT
axsni am faqts?
g. Seadare erTmaneTs 25 wlis ofisSi momuSave mamakacisa da amave asakis
gzis muSis energetikuli danaxarjebi.
d. grafikze warmodgenili energetikuli danaxarjebi sxvadasxva adamia­
nisTvis gadaiyvane kilokaloriebSi.
adamianis energiis xarjva (kkal/sT) sxvadasxva saxis fizikuri aqtivobisas.

300 900 180­600 570 330

350 420 300 600

137
 dabalansebuli kveba

janmrTelebi rom viyoT, mniSvnelovania sworad vikvebebodeT. kerZod:

 unda arsebobdes wonasworoba sakvebTan erTad miRebul energiasa da
daxarjul energias Soris, anu energiis balansi. martivad rom vTqvaT, ram­
den energiasc davxarjavT, imdenive unda miviRoT sakvebiT.
 unda miviRoT sakvebi nivTierebebis gansazRvruli raodenoba gansazRv­
ruli TanafardobiT. magaliTad, gonebrivad momuSavesTvis normaSi Tanafar­
doba cilebs, cximebsa da naxSirwylebs Soris unda iyos Sesabamisad 1,0 : 1,1 : 4,0;
mZime fizikuri Sromisas 1,0 : 1,3 : 5,0; naklebad moZravi cxovrebis wesis dros
1,0 : 0,9 : 3,2. am Tanafardobas sakveb nivTierebaTa balansi hqvia.
cilebis saerTo raodenobidan 50­60% cxoveluri warmoSobis unda iyos.
cximebidan 20­25%­s zeTebi unda Seadgendes. dRiur racionSi naxSirwylebis
saerTo raodenobidan advilad aTvisebadi naxSirwylebi (saqaroza, fruqto­
za, laqtoza) unda Seadgendes 20%­s, saxamebeli _ 75%­s, xolo celuloza
_ 5%­s.
mineraluri nivTierebebis SeTviseba organizmis mier kargad xdeba maTi
gansazRvruli Tanafardobis dros. optimaluria kalciumsa da fosfors So­
ris Tanafardoba 1.0 : 2.0, xolo kalciumsa da magniums Soris _ 1.0 : 0.6.
ramdenad dasaSvebia mozardebisTvis vegetarianeloba? axseni Seni mo­
sazreba.
dabalansebul kvebas xSirad piramidis saxiT gamoxataven. is moicavs
produqtebis ZiriTad jgufebs, adamianisTvis misi mniSvnelobis mixedviT.

138
 rogorc xedav, wyali da sxvadasxva siTxe piramidis ZirSia, radgan isini
nebismieri racionis safuZvelia. moxmarebis mniSvnelobiTa da raodenobiT
maT mosdevs xili da bostneuli. Semdeg jgufSi marcvleulisgan momzade­
buli produqtebi, burRuleuli da kartofilia. maT Semdeg saqonlisa da
frinvelis xorci, Tevzeuli da kvercxi, agreTve rZe da rZis produqtebia.
bolo jgufSi cximebi, mcenareuli zeTebi da tkbileulia.
Tu Seni meniu ZiriTadad piramidis zeda nawilis produqtebisgan Sedge­
ba, Seecade, Seamciro maTi raodenoba da nacvlad CarTo masSi meti produq­
ti qveda jgufebidan.
Seni mizania, miaRwio sxvadasxva jgufis produqtebs Soris iseT Tana­
fardobas, rogoric piramidaSia. Wame bevri xili da bostneuli, dalie dReSi
aranakleb 1,5 l siTxe, SezRude tkbileulisa da cximiani sakvebis miReba,
bevri imoZrave da Sen janmrTeli cxovrebis wesis pirveli nabijebi ukve ga­
dadgmuli geqneba.
dabalansebuli kvebis darRveva, maT Soris sxvadasxva dieta, paTologi­
uri cvlilebebis, zogjer sikvdilis mizezic ki xdeba. araswori kveba niS­
navs rogorc arasakmaris kvebas da zogjer SimSilsac, ise Warb kvebas.
ganviTarebad qveynebSi dResac mwvaved dgas mosaxleobis sakvebiT uz­
runvelyofis sakiTxi. organizmisTvis gansakuTrebiT saSiSia cilis ukma­
risoba, romelic ori mizeziT SeiZleba ganviTardes. erTi mizezia, roca sa­
kvebi Seicavs sakmao energias, magram Raribia cilebiT. aseTi mdgomareoba
xSiria afrikaSi, sadac kvebis ZiriTadi produqti, magaliTad, simindi mdida­
ria saxamebliT, anu energiiT da Raribia ciliT. im raionebSi, sadac mohyavT
xorbali, cilis ukmarisoba iSviaTia. organizmSi cilis ukmarisobis meore
mizezi sakvebSi energiis naklebobaa, ris gamoc energiis wyarod organizmi
sakuTar cilebs iyenebs.
cilis ukmarisobis orive SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba ganviTardes daavadeba
kvaSiorkori. pirvelad es daavadeba 1935 wels aRweres ganaSi. misi saxeli
warmodgeba sityvidan, romelic `dabadebisTanave ZuZus mowyvetili bavSvis
daavadebas~ niSnavs. cilis ukmarisobas dedis rZidan bavSvis saxameblis Sem­
cvel sakvebze gadayvana iwvevs.
am daavadebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia: simaRlesa da zrdaSi CamorCena, hipo­
tonia, Tmis ferisa da formis cvlileba (e.w. `wiTeli biWebi~), kanis pigmentaciis
Secvla (e.w. `gvelis kani~), saxis mTvarisebri forma (iwvevs sanerwyve jirkvlebis
gadideba), hormonaluri darRvevebi, anemia, faRaAraTi, muclis Seberva; kunTebi
ganlevas ganicdis; pigmentaciuri laqebi Seuxorcebad wylulebad gadaiqceva;
imuniteti qveiTdeba; A vitaminebis naklebobis gamo kani iqercleba, gansakuTre­
biT piris irgvliv. aRiniSneba gonebrivi ganviTarebis CamorCena.

kvaSiorkoriT
daavadebulebi

139
 sakvebis ukmarisobiT gamowveuli erT­erTi sakma­
od cnobili daavadebaa marazmi (kaxeqsia) _ zogadi ga­
mofitva. marazmi yvela asakSi SeiZleba ganviTardes. da­
avadebis simptomebia: CamorCena fizikur ganviTarebaSi,
zrdis SeCereba, kunTebis ganleva, ris gamoc kidurebi
Zalian daTxelebulia; kanqveSa cximis ararsebobis gamo
saxe danaoWebulia, kani gamomSrali, rac maT `patara
moxucebs~ amsgavsebs. daavadebulebs imuniteti daqvei­
Tebuli aqvT.
nervuli anoreqsia da simsuqne ganviTarebuli qvey­
nebis damaxasiaTebeli daavadebebia.
nervuli anoreqsia gansakuTrebiT bolo aTwleuleb­
marazmiT
Si gavrcelda. misi gavrceleba ZiriTadad dakavSirebu­ daavadebuli
lia dasavleTis mdidar sazogadoebasTan, vinaidan maT­
Tvis sigamxdre silamazis etalonad miiCneva.
termini nervuli anoreqsia pirdapiri gagebiT `ner­
vul niadagze madis dakargvas~ niSnavs. magram es mTlad
ase ar aris, radgan am daavadebis `msxverplni~, Cveu­
lebriv, ar kargaven madas, magram wonis momatebis mud­
mivi SiSi Zlevs am grZnobas.
anoreqsiiT, ZiriTadad, axalgazrda qalebi itanje­
bian. dietis gamkacrebasTan erTad, qali sul ufro co­
tas Wams, vidre gasuqebis SiSi akviatebad ar gadaeqce­
va. fsiqologiurad, qals am stadiaze isev miaCnia, rom
misi wona Warbia, Tumca, sinamdvileSi mas ukve wonis
ukmarisoba aqvs. organizmSi iwyeba fizikuri cvlilebe­
bi. qals SeiZleba Seuwydes menstruacia. sxeulis wona anoreqsiiT
katastrofulad mcirdeba. organizmi energiisTvis iw­ daavadebuli
yebs kunTis cilebis gamoyenebas. kunTebi ifiteba, kbi­
lebi iSleba, imuniteti qveiTdeba, wneva dabla iwevs. Sedegi SeiZleba le­
taluri iyos.
meore ukiduresoba aris bulemia _ Rormuceloba, romelic iwvevs ara
marto simsuqnes, aramed seriozul fsiqikur problemebs. bulemiiT daavade­
bulebi, gansakuTrebiT gogonebi, romlebic ver akontroleben kvebas, didi
raodenobiT sakvebis miRebis Semdeg yvelanairad cdiloben, gaTavisufld­
nen misgan. isini kuWs irecxaven, xelovnurad iwveven Rebinebas. aseTma moq­
medebam, SesaZlebelia, kuW­nawlavis sakmaod mZime daavadebebi gamoiwvios.
dReisTvis Warbwonianoba mravali qveynis problemaa.
Warbwonianad iTvleba adamiani, romlis wona 20%­iT aRemateba im saSua­
lo wonas, romelic Seesabameba mis simaRlesa da aRnagobas.
Warbwonianoba viTardeba maSin, roca sakvebiT energiis miReba aRemate­
ba mis xarjvas. Warbwonianoba gadametebuli kvebiT, energetikulad mdida­
ri sakvebis xSiri miRebiTa da araaqtiuri cxovrebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
zogjer mas iwvevs hipoTalamusis an farisebri jirkvlis funqciis darRveva.

140
 Warbwonianoba emociur problemebsac qmnis.
bavSvebi, SesaZlebelia, dacinvis obieqtad iqc­
nen; zrdasrulebi ki mudmivad ganicdian, rom
ar hgvanan reklamebisa da filmebis tanad mode­
lebs.
Warbwonianobis Tavidan asacileblad saWi­
roa sakvebSi energiis Semcveloba iseT niSnu­
lamde Semcirdes, rom misi danaxarji meti iyos WarbwonianobiT
miRebulze. daavadebuli

yvela sakveb produqts energetikuli Rirebuleba aqvs, energe­

tikuli Rirebuleba energiis is raodenobaa, romelic warmoiqm­
neba am sakvebSi Semavali cilebis, cximebisa da naxSirwylebis da­
Jangvisas. sakvebSi energiis gansazRvrisTvis sxvadasxva meTods
mimarTaven.
adamianisTvis aucilebeli dRiuri energia aris ZiriTad cvlaze,
saqmianobasa da saWmlis monelebaze daxarjuli energiis jami.
sakvebi racioni unda Seesatyvisebodes organizmis energetikul
moTxovnebs, Seicavdes sakvebi nivTierebebis sakmao raodenobas
da maT Soris gansazRvrul _ dabalansebul Tanafardobas.

1. gazome 1 gr nigozSi energiis ra­

odenoba. amisTvis:
a. aiRe sinjara. gadaitane masSi 20 ml
moculobis wyali. sinjaraSi Cade
Termometri. gazome wylis tempe­
ratura (T1).
b. awone nigvzis naWeri, wamoacvi is
rkinis mavTuls da daiWire spirt­
quris alze, vidre mas cecxli ar
waekideba.
g. cecxlmokidebuli nigozi daiWi­
re sinjaris qveS.
d. nigvzis bolomde dawvis Semdeg,
daafiqsire Termometris monacemi (T2).
SegiZlia, sakvlevad SearCio sxvadasxva produqti.

141
 gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da Seitane monacemebi.

T1 T2 T2-T1 wylis wyalze sakvlevi energiis energiis

produqtis
o
( C) o
( C) (oC) moculoba gadacemuli obieqtis raodenoba raodenoba
dasaxeleba
(ml) energia wona (kkal/gr) (kjouli/gr)
(kkal)

e. gamoiyene formula (gv.135) da gansazRvre 1 gr nigozSi ener­

giis raodenoba.
v. Sen monacemebze dayrdnobiT, ramdeni kkal. iqneba 250 gr
nigozSi an sxva Sen mier gamokvleul produqtSi?

2. energiis ra raodenobas daxarjavs adamiani 30 wuTis manZilze

TxilamurebiT srialisas?

3. diagramis saxiT warmoadgine energiis danaxarjebi erT saaTSi

sxvadasxva saxis fizikuri aqtivobisas. (cxrili, gv. 137)

4. SeiZine Seni sayvareli produqti. paketze mocemuli informa­

ciis mixedviT, gansazRvre, ramden kkal. energias miiReb, Tu
miirTmev am produqtis 60 gr­s.

5. Tu Sen daaxloebiT 45­50 kg­s iwoni, maSin sasicocxlod yovel­

dRiurad 2 800 kkal energia gesaWiroeba.
cxrilis (gv.134) mixedviT da Seni gemovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
SearCie produqtebi, romliTac Sens organizms yoveldRiuri
energiiT uzrunvelyof.

6. sxvadasxva fizikuri aqtivobisas sxvadasxva raodenobis ener­

gia ixarjeba. daakvirdi cxrils (gv137). Tu Warbi wona gawuxebs,
cxovrebis rogor stils airCevdi wonis dasaklebad?

1. Tu Sen gaxdoma gsurs, romel gzas airCevdi: SezRudavdi sak­

vebis miRebas Tu gazrdidi fizikur aqtivobas? romeli maT­
gani ar aris Seni organizmisTvis saziano? daasabuTe Seni mo­
sazreba.

2. gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi iTvleboda, rom yvelaze didi ener­

gia dauTovebisa da miwis Txris procesSi ixarjeboda. marTebu­
lia Tu ara es mosazreba XXI saukuneSi?

142
3. fizikuri datvirTvis Semdeg, energiis swrafi aRdgenisTvis,
romel sakvebs mianiWebdi upiratesobas _ glukozis Semcvels
Tu saxameblis Semcvels?

4. adamiani avadmyofobis dros, romelsac Tan axlavs tempera­

turis momateba, wonaSi iklebs. daasaxele wonaSi daklebis mi­
zezi.

5. CamoTvale kvaSiorkoris simptomebi. axseni TiToeuli simp­

tomis mizezi.

6. suraTze mocemuli produqtebidan, romeli ufro metad uz­

runvelyofs organizms energiiT?

sakvebis energetikuli Rirebuleba _ energy value of food; kalo­

rimetri _ calorimeter; ZiriTadi energetikuli cvla _ primary
energy metabolism; dabalansebuli kveba _ balanced diet; dabalan­
sebuli kvebis piramida _ pyramid of a balanced diet; kvaSiorkori
_ kwashiorkor; marazmi _ marasmus; nervuli anoreqsia _ anorexia
nervosa; bulemia _ bulimia; Warbwonianoba _ obesity.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uz6201OJ1Qo&feature=endscreen&NR=1

143
VI sisxli da sisxlis mimoqceva
§22
satransporto sistema cxovelebSi
sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema uxerxemlo cxovelebSi
Tevzebis, amfibiebis, qvewarmavlebisa da frinvelebis sisxlis
mimoqcevis sistema
sxeulis yvela ujredSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa cvlis procesebs mud­
mivad esaWiroeba sakvebi nivTierebebisa da Jangbadis miwodeba, aseve cvlis
saboloo produqtebis mocileba. amisTvis ki saWiroa am nivTierebebis sxeu­
lis erTi nawilidan mis sxvadasxva nawilSi gadatana, rasac mravalujredian
cxovelebSi nivTierebaTa transportis specialuri sistema emsaxureba.
aseTi sistema ar esaWiroeba erTujredianebs, nawlavRruianebsa da brtyel
Wiebs. maTi sxeulis SigniT nivTierebebs imdenad
patara manZili aqvs gasavleli, rom isini difu­
ziiT gadaadgildeba. umartivesebSi, magaliTad,
amebaSi, molekulebis difuzias citoplazmis
moZraoba ganapirobebs; amebis moZraobis dros,
citoplazma ujredis ukana nawilidan mis wina
nawilSi gadaiRvreba. citoplazmis Semadgeneli
amebis citoplazmis nivTierebebi gadaadgildeba da gadanawildeba
moZraoba mTel ujredSi.
im umartivesebSi, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT sxeulis for­
mis cvlileba, citoplazma wriulad moZraobs, rac uzrun­
velyofs nivTierebebis gadatanas ujredis SigniT.
SedarebiT martiv mravalujredian cxovelebSi, magali­
Tad, nawlavRruianebSi, nawlavis Rru asrulebs rogorc
momnelebeli, ise satransporto sistemis rols. nawlavis
Rrudan Jangbadisa da Sida Sris ujredebSi monelebis Sede­
gad warmoqmnili nivTierebebi sxva ujredebs difuziiT
miewodeba.
didi zomisa da rTuli agebulebis cxovelebis sxeul­
Si ujredebis raodenoba da maT Soris manZili didia. niv­
Tierebebis SedarebiT did manZilze gadasatanad ki difuzia
transportirebis Zalian neli saSualebaa. amitom ujrede­
bis momaragebisTvis am cxovelebs gaaCniaT satransporto qalamanas
sistema. am sistemas sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema hqvia. citoplazmis
satransporto sistemam Tavisi funqcia rom Seasrulos, moZraoba
aucilebelia: siTxe, romelic imoZravebs am sistemaSi; dama­
kavSirebeli milebi, raSic es siTxe imoZravebs; SekumSvis unaris mqone or­
gano, romelic tumbos msgavsad imoqmedebs da aiZulebs am siTxes, imoZraos
milebSi.

144
 umravles SemTxvevaSi, es siTxe aris sisxli, milebi _ sisxlZarRvebi, xo­
lo tumbo _ guli.
sisxli Sedgeba Txevadi plazmisa da ujredebisgan _ eriTrocitebis,
leikocitebisa da Trombocitebisgan.

sisxli

plazma ujredebi

eriTrocitebi leikocitebi Trombocitebi

plazma sisxlis Txevadi nawilia. misi ZiriTadi komponentebia: wyali, cile­

bi, glukoza, cximebi, mineraluri marilebi.
eriTrocitebis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa, gadaitanos Jangbadi sasunTqi or­
ganoebidan qsovilebSi, xolo naxSirorJangi _ sapirispiro mimarTulebiT.
umetes SemTxvevaSi, sisxliT gadatanili JAangbadi plazmaSi ki ar aris
gaxsnili, aramed is dakavSirebulia romelime Jangbadis gadamtan cilasTan.
zogierT uxerxemloSi da yvela xerxemlianSi aseTi cila wiTeli feris hemo­
globinia.
Tevzebis, amfibiebis, qvewar­
mavlebisa da frinvelebis eriT­
rocitebs birTvi aqvs. ZuZumwov­
rebis eriTrocitebi ki ubirTvoa.
leikocitebi birTviani ufero
ujredebia. isini cxovelebis um­
ravlesobis sisxlis Sedgenilo­ amfibiis frinvelis
baSi Sedian. maT ameboiduri moZ­ eriTrocitebi eriTrocitebi
raoba axasiaTebs. leikocitebi organizmSi SeRweul mikrobebs fagocitozis
gziT ebrZvis.
Trombocitebi gaaCnia mxolod xerxemlian cxovelebs. isini monawileo­
ben sisxlis SededebaSi. ZuZumwovrebis garda, yvela sxva xerxemliani cxove­
lis Trombocitebi birTviani ujredebia. ZuZumwovrebis Trombocitebi ki
uformo da ubirTvoa, amitom mas sisxlis firfitebs uwodeben.
sisxls mravali funqcia akisria:
 sasunTqi _ Jangbadisa da naxSirorJangis transporti.
 trofikuli _ sakvebi nivTierebebis transporti.
 gamomyofi _ cvlis produqtebis transporti TirkmelebTan.
 damcvelobiTi _ mikroorganizmebis uvnebelyofa da sisxlis Sede­
deba
 humorul regulaciaSi monawileoba _ hormonebis transporti.
 homeostazuri _ organizmis Sinagani garemos mudmivobis SenarCuneba.
cxovelebis sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemaSi ganarCeven sami saxis sisxlZar­
Rvebs: arteriebs, romelTac sisxli gulidan gamoaqvs; venebs, romlebsac si­

145
sxli gulSi Seaqvs; kapilarebs, romelTa saSualebiT xdeba nivTierebaTa
mimocvla sisxlsa da qsovilebs Soris. sisxlZarRvebSi sisxlis moZraobas
uzrunvelyofs mfeTqavi sisxlZarRvi an guli.
sxvadasxva cxovelSi guli gansxvavebuli agebulebisaa, magram nebismier
SemTxvevaSi misi funqciaa, gadaqaCos sisxli sisxlZarRvebSi.
ganarCeven ori tipis sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemas: Rias da daxSuls.
fexsaxsrianebis umravlesobas da zogierT molusks sisxlis mimoqcevis
Ria sistema aqvs. is Sedgeba gulisa da sisxlZarRvebisgan. am cxovelebSi
sisxli da limfa erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli ar aris da siTxes, romelic sisxl­
ZarRvebSi moZraobs, hemolimfa ewodeba. guli hemolimfas aortaSi gada­
isvris, romelic arteriebad itoteba. Semdeg arteriebi `wydeba~ da hemo­
limfa CaiRvreba organoebs Soris. hemolimfa nela moZraobs, Semdeg venebis
Ria boloebiT ikribeba da isev gulSi Sedis. hemolimfa sruli brunvis Ses­
rulebisas ar aris `damwyvdeuli~ sisxlZarRvebSi da Tavisi gzis nawils sxe­
ulis RruSi gadis. qsovilebs Soris moZraobisas, hemolimfadan Jangbadi da
sakvebi nivTierebebi ujredebSi aRwevs, xolo ujredebidan hemolimfaSi ga­
dadis naxSirorJangi da nivTierebaTa cvlis produqtebi.

1 2 1
2

vazis lokokina kalia

sisxlis mimoqcevis Ria sistema
1. guli; 2. sisxlZarRvi.

zogierT uxerxemlosa da yvela xerxemlianSi sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema

sxvagvarad aris mowyobili. guli gadaqaCavs sisxls didi wneviT arteriebSi.
arteriebs venebTan akavSirebs uwvrilesi Txelkedliani sisxlZarRvebi _
kapilarebi. isini erTgvarad ketaven sisxlis mimoqcevis wres. mTel am gzaze
sisxli Caketilia sisxlZarRvebSi da ar Sedis uSualo kontaqtSi sxeulis
qsovilebis ujredebTan. amitom sisxlis mimoqcevis aseT sistemas daxSuli
sistema hqvia.
maSin, rogor xdeba ujredebis momarageba sakvebiTa da JangbadiT an nar­
Cenebis mocileba?
sisxli ujredebTan kavSirs qsoviluri siTxiT amyarebs. qsoviluri siTxe
warmoiqmneba kapilarebidan ujredSoris sivrceSi gaJonili plazmisgan, ami­
tom Tavisi SedgenilobiT is sisxlis plazmis msgavsia.
kapilarebidan sisxliT mitanili sakvebi nivTierebebi da Jangbadi qso­
vilur siTxeSi gadadis, iqidan ki ujredebSi Sedis. ujredebidan daSlis
produqtebi jer qsovilur siTxeSi gadadis da mxolod amis Semdeg, kapila­
rebis gavliT sisxlSi.

146
 Wiayelas daxSuli sisxlis mimoqcevis sis­ 2
1
tema Sedgeba zurgisa da muclis sisxlZarRve­
bisgan. isini erTmaneTTan sisxlZarRvebiTaa
dakavSirebuli. am sisxlZarRvebidan gamodis
wvrili ZarRvebi, romlebic kidev ufro ito­
teba da kansa da Sinagan organoebSi xSir kapila­ 4
3
rul qsels qmnis. sisxls amoZravebs zogierTi
Wiayelas sisxlis
rgoluri sisxlZarRvis kedlebis SekumSva­mo­ mimoqcevis sistema
duneba, romlebic `gulis~ rols asrulebs.
1. `guli~; 2. zurgis sisxlZarRvi;
xerxemlian cxovelebSi sisxlis garda aris 3. muclis sisxlZarRvi;
kidev sxva siTxe, limfa, romelic sisxlTan 4. rgoluri sisxlZarRvebi.
da qsovilur siTxesTan erTad nivTierebebis
transportSi monawileobs.
qsoviluri siTxe brmad daboloebul limfur kapilarebSi xvdeba da
limfad gardaiqmneba. kapilarebidan limfa sadinrebiT limfur kvanZebSi
gadadis. limfuri kvanZebi limfocitebs gamoimuSavebs, romlebic limfiT
mitanil mikrobebs auvneblebs. amgvarad, limfuri kvanZebi filtris rols
asrulebs. limfuri sadinrebi venebs uerTdeba da mikrobebisgan gaTavisu­
flebuli limfa isev sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemas ubrundeba.
xerxemlian cxovelebSi sisxli, lim­
4
fa da qsoviluri siTxe erTad organiz­
mis Sinagan garemos qmnis.
Tevzis tomrisebri guli ori sak­
nisgan _ winagulisa da parkuWisgan
3 Sedgeba. parkuWis SekumSvisas sisxli
1
2 Tevzis sisxlis layuCebisken miemarTeba da kapilare­
mimoqcevis sistema
bad itoteba. layuCis kapilarebSi sisx­
1. guli; 2. winaguli; li Tavisufldeba naxSirorJangisgan,
3. parkuWi; 4. layuCis
kapilarebi; 5. organo­ JangbadiT mdidrdeba da arteriul si­
5 Ta kapilarebi. sxlad gardaiqmneba.
layuCebidan arteriuli sisxli yve­
la ujredSi midis, iq daSlis produq­
tebiT itvirTeba da venur sisxlad ga­
daiqceva, romelic winagulSi Sedis,
xolo iqidan parkuWSi gadadis. ase cir­
kulirebs sisxli sisxlis mimoqcevis
erT Caketil wreSi.
amfibiis sisxlis amfibiebi filtvebiT sunTqaven. fil­
mimoqcevis sistema tvebsa da guls Soris Camoyalibda sisx­
lis mimoqcevis meore wre _ filtvis
wre.
1 daakvirdi ilustracias. ramdensakniania bayayis guli? rogori sisx­
lia marjvena winagulSi? marcxena winagulSi? parkuWSi?
qvewarmavlebis gulic samsakniania. gulis parkuWSi tixari Cndeba, rome­

147
lic nawilobriv mijnavs marjve­
6
na da marcxena parkuWs erTmane­
Tisgan. amis gamo qvewarmavlebis
arteriuli da venuri sisxli
gulSi erTmaneTs ereva.
frinvelebis guli oTxsakni­
ania. marjvena winaguli da par­
kuWi mTlianad gamoyofilia mar­
2 4
cxena winagulisa da parkuWisgan. frinvelis sisxlis
amitom sisxlis mimoqcevis didi 3 5 mimoqcevis sistema
da mcire wre mTlianadaa erTma­ 1. guli;
neTisgan gamoyofili da venuri 1 2. marjvena winaguli;
3. marjvena parkuWi;
da arteriuli sisxli erTmaneTs
4. marcxena winaguli;
ar ereva. 5. marcxena parkuWi;
2 daakvirdi ilustracias. 6. filtvis kapilarebi;
ra gzas gaivlis sisxli did wre­ 7. organoTa kapilarebi.
7
Si moZraobisas? mcire wreSi moZ­
raobisas?

sxeulis yvela ujredSi sakvebi nivTierebebisa da Jangbadis miwo­

debas da cvlis narCeni produqtebis mocilebas satransporto
sistema emsaxureba.
uxerxemlo cxovelebis umravlesobasa da yvela xerxemlian cxo­
velSi nivTierebaTa transportirebaSi sisxlis mimoqcevis siste­
ma emsaxureba. is Sedgeba gulisa da sisxlZarRvebisgan. arsebobs
Ria da daxSuli sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema. organizmebis Sinagan
garemos sisxli, qsoviluri siTxe da limfa qmnis.

1. venuri sisxli muqi wiTelia, xolo arteriuli _ alisferi.

erT­erT saskolo laboratoriaSi Caatares aseTi cda: veni­
dan aRebuli sisxli moaTavses qimiur WiqaSi da Wiqa erT si­
brtyeSi frTxilad, wriulad amoZraves. sisxlma feri icvala.
a. ra feris gaxda sisxli da ratom?
Semdeg Wiqidan TiTo mililitri sisxli gadaitanes or sinja­
raSi. erTs daumates 1 ml safuaris suspenzia, meores _ 1 ml
fiziologiuri xsnari.
b. aRwere, ra moxda I da II sinjaraSi. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi
da Seavse.
# cdis piroba cdis Sedegi daskvna
safuaris
I sisxli +
suspenzia
fiziologiuri
II sisxli +
xsnari

148
2. naxati gadaitane rveulSi, amoicani masze warmodgenili struq­
turebi, danomre da gaukeTe Sesabamisi warwerebi.

1. ra warmoadgens erTujrediani organizmebis, uxerxemlo

cxovelebisa da xerxemliani cxovelebis ujredebis im uSua­
lo garemos, romelTanac ujredebi nivTierebaTa mimocvlas
awarmoeben?
2. ram gamoiwvia amfibiebSi sisxlis mimoqcevis ori wris gaCena?
3. raSi mdgomareobs oTxsakniani gulis upiratesoba, samsaknian
gulTan SedarebiT?

dartymisgan sxeulis dazianebul adgilas silurje Cndeba. axse­

ni, ratom?

sxva qvewarmavlebis gu­

lisgan gansxvavebiT. niangis 1 3
guli oTxsakniania, is ori
winagulisa da ori parkuWis­
gan Sedgeba. gulis marjvena
da marcxena naxevari mTli­
anad gamoyofilia erTmane­ 2 4
Tisgan. gulis marjvena na­
wilis venuri da marcxena niangis guli
nawilis arteriuli sisxli 1. marjvena winaguli; 2. marjvena
erTmaneTSi ar ireva. parkuWi; 3. marcxena winaguli;
4. marcxena parkuWi.

sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema _ blood circulation system; sisxlis mi­

moqcevis Ria sistema _ open system blood circulation; sisxlis mimo­
qcevis daxSuli sistema _ closed system blood circulation.

http://gam3avoice.com/library/?p=88

149
VI sisxli da sisxlis mimoqceva
§23
ZuZumwovrebis sisxlis Sedgeniloba
sisxlis Semadgeneli komponentebis funqciebi

laboratoriaSi sisxlis preparatis mosamzadeblad gamoyenebuli er­

Ti wveTi sisxli Cveni organizmis `sarkea~, romelic mniSvnelovan infor­
macias iZleva janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze.
ra ganapirobebs mis esoden informaciulobas? vcadoT, vipovoT pasuxi
am kiTxvaze.
1 romel qsovils ganekuTvneba sisxli? riT gansxvavdeba es qsovili
sxva saxis qsovilisgan?

55% 45%

eriTrocitebi

Trombocitebi
plazma
leikocitebi

plazma kapilarebSi moZraobisas mudmivad iRebs da gascems sxvadasxva

nivTierebebs. miuxedavad amisa, misi Sedgeniloba stabiluria. plazmis cile­
bi mraval mniSvnelovan procesSi iRebs monawileobas. magaliTad, fibrino­
geni sisxlis Sededebas ganapirobebs, antisxeulebi gansazRvravs zogierTi
infeqciis sawinaaRmdego imunitets.
eriTrocitebs _ ubirTvo ujredebs, ormxriv Sezneqili diskis forma
aqvs. isini elastikurebi arian da amitom advilad gadian wvrili kapilarebis
sanaTurSi.
2 eriTrocitebis romel funqciasTanaa dakavSirebuli misi forma da
ubirTvoba?
rogorc ici, eriTrocitebs wiTel Seferilobas rkinis Semcveli cila _
hemoglobini aZlevs. hemoglobini advilad ierTebs Jangbads. am SenaerTs oqsi­
hemoglobini hqvia. hemoglobini aseve advilad gadascems ujredebs Jangbads,
miitans ra mas saWiro adgilas.

150
 ujredebidan hemoglobins naxSirorJangi gamoaqvs. naxSirorJangisa da he­
moglobinis SenaerTs karbhemoglobini hqvia.
eriTrocitebi Zvlis wiTel tvinSi warmoiqmneba. mis warmosaqmnelad au­
cilebelia vitamini B12.
eriTrocitebis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 3­4 Tvea. eriTrocitebis gar­
kveuli raodenoba elenTaSi droebiT inaxeba _ deponirdeba. daberebuli
eriTrocitebi RviZlsa da elenTaSi iSleba.
3 ramdeni jgufis sisxli aqvs adamians?
4 Sen ici, rom sisxlis gadasxmisas aucileblad unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebu­
li donorisa da recipientis sisxlis jgufebi. araswori SerCevisas avadmyofis
sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba. warmoadgine sisxlis jgufebis SeTavsebulobis
sqema.
sisxlis gadasxmisas, jgufTan erTad rezus­faqtoric unda iyos gaTvalis­
winebuli. SeuTavseblobam SeiZleba mZime Sokuri mdgomareoba an sikvdili
gamoiwvios.
5 ratom iCenen eqimebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas im rezus­uaryofiTi
orsulebis mimarT, romlebic mucliT rezus­dadebiT nayofs atareben?
sisxlis preparatSi yvelaze didi zomis ujredebi uformo, birTviani lei­
kocitebia. isini warmoiqmneba Zvlis wiTel tvinSi, limfur kvanZebsa da elen­
TaSi.
leikocitebi aqtiuri fagocitebia. ar arsebobs adgili, sadac maT SeRwe­
va ar SeuZliaT. amas isini ameboidu­
ri moZraobiT axerxeben. maT advilad
SeuZliaT gaaRwion kapilarebis ked­ 1
2
lebidan, Tavisuflad imoZraon uj­
redebs Soris. isini Tavs esxmian or­
ganizmisTvis nebismier `ucxos~ _
mikrobsa Tu nivTierebas, rac ki maT
gzaze aRmoCndeba. leikocitebi STan­
Tqavs maT da inelebs. xSirad am brZo­ 3
laSi TviTonac iRupeba imis gamo, rom
mikrobebi Zalian swrafad mravldeba fagocitozis procesi 4
da fagocitebi veRar ereva maT. mik­ 1. leikociti; 2. baqteria;
roorganizmebis am did `armiasTan~ 3. lizosoma; 4. daSlis produqtebi.
brZolaSi limfocitebi erTveba. isi­
ni specialuri cilebis _ antisxe­ 1
ulebis gamomuSavebas iwyeben, romle­
bic boWavs mxolod im ucxo mikrobebsa
da nivTierebebs, romlebic maTi war­ 2
moqmnis mizezi gaxda. magaliTad, yi­
vanaxvelas gamomwvevis sawinaaRmde­
god gamomuSavebuli antisxeulebi
mxolod yivanaxvelas baqterias amar­
cxebs da ususuria sxva nebismieri da­ antisxeulebiT SeboWili baqteriebi
avadebis gamomwvevis mimarT. 1. antigeni (baqteria); 2. antisxeuli.

151
 rogorc xedav, leikocitebi _ fagocitebi da limfocitebi, xels uSlis
organizmSi infeqciis ganviTarebas. amitom maT mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba
imunitetis CamoyalibebaSi _ imuniteti xom organizmis senSeuvalobas niS­
navs.
eriTrocitebisa da leikocitebis garda, sisxlis preparatSi yvelaze pa­
tara Trombocitebs dainaxav.
ZuZumwovrebisa da adamianis Trombocitebi sferuli an diskis formis
firfitebia, romlebic SemosazRvruli arian membraniT da ara aqvT birT­
vi. isini Zvlis tvinSi giganturi ujredebis
fragmentebisgan arian warmoqmnili. maTi dan­ 2
3 1
iSnuleba sisxlis Sededebis procesis dawye­
baa, romelic organizms sisxlis dakargvisgan
icavs.
sisxlis Sededeba plazmis funqciaa da ara
uSualod Trombocitis. sisxlis plazmaSi Se­
dedebis procesis CarTva mas Semdeg xdeba,
rodesac nazi, aramdgradi Trombocitebi da­
5 4
zianebuli sisxlZarRvis uswormasworo, uxeS
kedlebs ejaxeba da iSleba. daSlili Trom­
bocitebidan gamoyofili fermentebis zemo­
qmedebiT `irTveba~ qimiuri reaqciebis mTeli
jaWvi. am reqciebis Sedegad, plazmis xsnadi
cila _ fibrinogeni uxsnad fibrinad gardai­
qmneba. swored fibrinis Zafebi da maT Soris
gaWedili sisxlis ujredebi warmoqmnis sisx­ sisxlis Sededebis procesi
lis kolts _ Trombs, romelic sacobiviT ax­ 1. dazianebuli sisxlZarRvi;
Sobs dazianebul sisxlZarRvs. 2. eriTrociti; 3. Trombociti;
6 romeli genetikuri daavadebaa SenTvis 4. fibrinis Zafebi; 5. kolti.
cnobili, romelic sisxlis Sededebis daqvei­
TebiTa da sisxldeniT xasiaTdeba?

sisxlis Semadgeneli komponentebia: plazma, eriTrocitebi, lei­

kocitebi da Trombocitebi. eriTrocitebs gadaaqvs Jangbadi da
naxSirorJangi. leikocitebi gansazRvravs sisxlis damcvelobiT
funqcias _ axdens fagocitozs da warmoqmnis antisxeulebs,
romlebic mikrobebsa da organizmisTvis sxva ucxo nawilakebs auv­
neblebs. Trombocitebi, plazmasTan erTad, monawileobs sisxlis
SededebaSi.

152
daakavSire sisxlis funqciebi sisxlis Semadgenel komponenteb­
Tan, gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da Seavse.

1. sasunTqi
2. trofikuli
3. damcvelobiTi _ sisxlis Sededeba
4. humoruli regulacia
5. damcvelobiTi _ imuniteti

a. eriTrocitebi
b. leikocitebi
g. Trombocitebi
d. plazma

a b g d

1. davuSvaT, xar eqimi. mogitanes sami sxvadasxva adamianis sisx­

lis saerTo analizis pasuxi.
erT­erT maTgans daqveiTebuli aqvs Trombocitebis raode­
noba; meores eriTrocitebis raodenoba aqvs daklebuli; mesa­
me avadmyofs, normasTan SedarebiT, leikocitebis raodenoba
aqvs momatebuli.
ra saxis daavadebebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli sisxlis aRniS­
nuli cvlilebebi?

2. rogor fiqrob, ra SemTxvevaSi iyenebs organizmi elenTaSi

damaragebul eriTrocitebs?

eriTrociti _ erythrocyte; leikociti _ leukocyte; Trombociti

_ peatelet; sisxlis Sededeba _ blood clotting.

http://gam3avoice.com/library/?p=70
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chap-
ter24/animation__the_immune_response.html

153
VI sisxli da sisxlis mimoqceva
§24
ZuZumwovrebis sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema
gulisa da sisxlZarRvebis agebuleba da funqciebi
gulis ciklis fazebi
zogierTi gul-sisxlZarRvovani paTologiebi

Cveni sisxli mudmiv moZraobaSia. is moZraobs sisxlZarRvTa gigantur

qselSi, romelic sxeulis yvela organosa da qsovilamde aRwevs. sisxlis
moZraobas sisxlZarRvebSi gulis muSaoba uzrunvelyofs.
sisxlZarRvebi moqnil milebs
hgavs.
1 daakvirdi ilustracias. da­
asaxele qsovilebi, romliTac ar­
teriebis, venebisa da kapilarebis
kedlebia agebuli.
guli tumbosaviT muSaobs _
mudmivad gadaqaCavs sisxls sisxl­
ZarRvebSi.
guli kunTovani organoa. is
arteriebis, venebisa da kapilarebis garedan dafarulia Txeli apkiT
kedlebis agebuleba _ gulis perangiT, romlis SigniT

siTxea. siTxe atenianebs guls

da SekumSvebis dros amcirebs 12
14 13
xaxuns mezobel organoebTan.
2 romeli kunTovani qsovi­ 11
1
liTaa agebuli gulis kunTi _ 6
miokardi? 4 9
gulSi sisxli yovelTvis er­ 10
Ti mimarTulebiT moZraobs _ 7
winagulebidan parkuWebSi. amas 8
uzrunvelyofs winagulebsa da 5
2
parkuWebs Soris mdebare kari­ 15
ani sarqvelebi: marjvena mxares 3
gulis agebuleba
samsagduliani, xolo marcxena 1. gulis perangi; 2. gulis kunTi; 3. kunTovani Zgi­
mxares orsagduliani. isini ixs­ de; 4. marjvena winaguli; 5. marjvena parkuWi; 6.
neba erTi mimarTulebiT, atarebs marcxena winaguli; 7. marcxena parkuWi; 8­9. kari­
ani sarqvelebi; 10­11. namglisebri sarqvelebi;
sisxls da mere isev swrafad ixu­ 12. aorta; 13. filtvis vena; 14. zeda Rru vena; 15.
rebian. qveda Rru vena.

154
 parkuWebidan sisxlZarRvebiskenac sisxli erTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs.
amas uzrunvelyofs aortisa da filtvis arteriebis SesasvlelSi namglise­
bri sarqvelebi, romlebsac jibis forma aqvs. namglisebri sarqvelebis jibe­
ebi Tavisufali kideebiT mimarTulia sisxlZarRvis sanaTurisken.
guli yovel wuTSi 60­70­jer, zogjer ufro xSiradac ikumSeba. is saime­
do tumboa, romelic mTeli sicocxle SeuCereblad muSaobs da dRe­RameSi
10 tona sisxls gadaqaCavs.

gulis sruli moduneba

winagulebis
SekumSva

0,1 wm

sistola
0,3 wm
0,4 wm
diastola

parkuWebis
SekumSva

gulis cikli

gulis yvela ganyofileba erTdroulad ar ikumSeba; jer ikumSeba winagu­

lebis kedlebi, parkuWebi am dros modunebulia. winagulebis SekumSvisas ma­
Ti kedlebi awveba sisxls, romelic aRebs karian sarqvelebs da parkuWebSi ga­
dadis. winagulebis SekumSva grZeldeba sul 0,1 wami. am Zalian patara drois
monakveTSi winagulebi aswrebs mTeli sisxlis parkuWebSi gadaqaCvas. am dro­
isTvis aortisa da filtvis arteriebis namglisebri sarqvelebi daxurulia.
winagulebis SekumSvas mohyveba gulis parkuWebis SekumSva. parkuWebis
kedlebis SekumSvisas, sisxli didi wneviT awveba karian sarqvelebs, rac maT
daxurvas iwvevs da sisxls erTaderTi gza rCeba _ gadaityorcneba marcxe­
na parkuWidan aortaSi, xolo marjvena parkuWidan filtvis arteriebSi. am
dros namglisebri sarqvelebis jibeebi sisxlZarRvebis kedlebs ekroba da
xsnis aortisa da filtvis arteriebis sanaTurs.
parkuWebis SekumSva grZeldeba 0,3 wami.
amis Semdeg parkuWebi dundeba da sisxli cdilobs, aortidan da filtvis
arteriebidan parkuWebSi dabrundes. gulisken moZravi sisxli avsebs jibe­
ebs. jibeebi ibereba da ketavs aortisa da filtvis arteriebis sanaTurs.
parkuWebis moduneba 0,4 wami grZeldeba. am dros modunebulia winagule­
bic. amas gulis sruli moduneba hqvia.
periods winagulebis erTi SekumSvidan meoremde, gulis cikli hqvia.
ase rom, gulis cikli sami fazisgan Sedgeba.

155
 parkuWebisa da karisebri namglisebri
gulis ciklis xangr- winagulebis sarqvelebis sarqvelebis
fazebi Zlivoba mdgomareoba mdgomareoba mdgomareoba
winagulebis SekumSva
parkuWebi
anu winagulebis 0,1 wami Riaa daxurulia
modunebulia
sistola

parkuWebis SekumSva
winagulebi
anu parkuWebis 0,3 wami daxurulia Riaa
modunebulia
sistola

winagulebisa da parkuWebi da
parkuWebis moduneba 0,4 wami winagulebi daxurulia daxurulia
_ diastola modunebulia

guls avtomaturi moqmedebis unari aqvs.

gulis avtomatia gulis ritmulad SekumSvis
unaria TviT gulSi warmoqmnili impulsebiT, gare­
gani gamRizianeblis gareSe.
gulis kunTis avtomatur SekumSvas iwvevs spe­
cializebuli boWkoebi, romlebic kvanZebs qmnis.
gansazRvrul periodSi am kvanZebSi warmoiqmneba
impulsi, romelic vrceldeba winagulebis kunTe­
bze da aiZulebs maT, SeikumSos. Semdeg es impulsi
gadaecema parkuWebis kunTebs. impulsi parkuWebis
kvanZebi yvela nawilSi swrafad vrceldeba da parkuWebi
ikumSeba.
gulis avtomaturi magram guli yovelTvis erTnairad rodi muSa­
SekumSva
obs. stresebisa da fizikuri datvirTvis dros gu­
liscemis sixSire izrdeba, Zilis dros ki mcirdeba.
sisxli parkuWidan aortaSi 140­150 mm/vwy.sv. wneviT gadaityorcneba.
is didi ZaliT exeTqeba aortis kedels da afarToebs _ Wimavs mas. magram
aortis kedeli, rogorc yvela arteria, elastikuria da amitom cdilobs,
daubrundes Tavis sawyis mdgomareobas. am dros warmoiqmneba rxeva, romelic
vrceldeba yvela arteriis kedelze. Tu sxeulis zedapirTan axlos mdebare
arterias msubuqad Seexebi, am rxevas SeigrZnob. es pulsia.
frTxilad miide xeli kisris marjvena an marcxena mxares saZile arte­
riaze, romelsac sisxli gulidan tvinTan miaqvs. Sen mis pulsacias igrZnob.
daiTvale rxevebis raodenoba 1 wuTSi. is Seesabameba gulis SekumSvebis six­
Sires 1 wuTSi.
aortidan moSorebiT wneva TandaTan dabla iwevs da kapilarebSi is 40­20
mm/vwy.sv.­mde mcirdeba. Rru venebSi wneva atmosferul wnevaze dabalia.
aortaSia sisxlis moZraobis maqsimaluri siCqarec da is Seadgens 0,5 m/wm­s
kapilarebis sanaTuri aortis sanaTurTan SedarebiT 1000­jer pataraa da
Sesabamisad, sisxlis siCqarec 1000­jer naklebia; is Seadgens 0,5 mm/wm­s

156
 3 warmoidgine, rom sisxlSi mxolod erTi
eriTrocitia. veniT es eriTrociti marjvena wi­
nagulSi Sevida. mihyevi am eriTrocits sisxlis
mimoqcevis sistemaSi da aRwere gza, romelsac
is gaivlis, vidre isev marjvena winagulSi dab­
rundeba?
sisxlZarRvebSi sisxlis didi nawili moZra­
obs, mcire nawili ki inaxeba e.w. `sisxlis depoeb­
Si~ _ RviZlSi, elenTaSi, kanSi. fizikuri dat­
virTvisas an sisxldenis dros, sisxli depodan
sisxlZarRvebSi gadadis. rodesac samuSao wyde­
ba, sisxlis nawili isev ubrundeba `depoebs~.
sisxlis is nawili, romelic sisxlZarRvebSi
cirkulirebs, araTanabrad nawildeba organizm­
Si. gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT sisxli mo­
muSave organoebSi igzavneba.
sisxlZarRvebs gafrTxileba unda. maszea adamianis sisxlis
damokidebuli Cveni janmrTeloba, zogjer si­ mimoqcevis sistema
cocxlec ki. araaqtiuri cxovrebis wesis, aras­
wori kvebis, Tambaqosa da alkoholis moxmarebis
gamo, sisxlZarRvebi ziandeba, es ki aferxebs qsovilebSi cxovelqmedebis­
Tvis aucilebeli nivTierebebis mitanas.
aTerosklerozi sisxlZarRvebis daa­
vadebaa, romlis dros qolesterini didi da
patara sisxlZarRvebis kedlebze grovde­
ba da warmoiqmneba e.w. aTerosklerozuli
balTebi. balTa TandaTan aviwroebs sisxl­
ZarRvis sanaTurs, zogjer ki mTlianad
1 2
acobs mas.
3
aseTi sisxlZarRvebiT mitanili sisx­
1. janmrTeli adamianis arteria;
2. aTeroskleroziT daavadebuli lis raodenoba ver akmayofilebs qsovi­
adamianis arteria; 3. aTerosklero­ lebis moTxovnilebas sakvebsa da Jangbad­
zuli balTa. ze. viTardeba iSemia _ organos an organos
nawilis sisxliT, anu sakvebiTa da Jangba­
diT momaragebis daqveiTeba.
qveda kidurebis iSemiis dros wydeba sisxlis miwodeba kidurebis kunTeb­
Si. am dros adamians fexis TiTebi gaciebuli aqvs, fexis kani fers kargavs,
fexebi swrafad eRleba da koWlobas iwyebs. qsovilebi xangrZlivad ganicdis
Jangbadis naklebobasa da SimSils, rac sabolood maT kvdomas iwvevs. am daa­
vadebas endarteriti hqvia.
Tavis tvinis sixlZarRvebis aTerosklerozuli cvlileba iwvevs tvinSi
sisxlis mimoqcevis darRvevas, ris gamoc tvinis garkveuli nawili aRar as­
rulebs Tavis funqcias. es iSemiuri insultia. iseve, rogorc yvela orga­
nos, gulsac esaWiroeba sakvebiTa da JangbadiT momarageba. miokardSi es niv­
Tierebebi aortidan gamomavali koronaluri arteriebiT miitaneba.

157
 aTerosklerozis dros, koronaluri ar­
teriebis Zlieri Seviwroebisas, sisxlZar­
RvTa sanaTuri mTlianad iketeba, gulis
garkveuli ubnis sisxliT momarageba wyde­
ba da kunTis am nawilis ujredebi kvdeba.
swored es aris miokardis infarqti.
gulis manki gulis kunTis, gulis sar­
qvelebis an gulis sisxlZarRvebis anato­
miuri defeqtia.
gulis sarqvelebi SeiZleba daziandes
sxvadasxva infeqciuri daavadebebis, maga­ miokardis infarqti
liTad, anginis, gripis, revmatizmis gar­
Tulebis dros, rac iwvevs sarqvelebze nawiburebis, Sexorcebebis warmoqm­
nas. sarqvelebi deformirdeba, veRar asrulebs Tavis funqcias da veRar
uzrunvelyofs sisxlis erTi mimarTulebiT gagzavnas. magaliTad, kariani
sarqvelis funqciis moSlisas, parkuWis SekumSvis dros sisxli ukan, wina­
gulSi brundeba. sarqvelebis aseT cvlilebas SeZenili gulis manki hqvia.
Tandayolili gulis manki viTardeba nayofis mucladyofnis periodSi.
misi mizezia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, orsulobis periodSi alkoholis, sxvadasx­
va samkurnalo preparatis, narkotikebis miReba, infeqciuri daavadebebis
gadatana.
gul­sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebis sawinaaRmdegod brZolis saukeTe­
so saSualebaa varjiSi, fexiT siaruli, curva, velosipediT mgzavroba,
cxovrebis jansaRi wesi _ sigaretze, narkotikze, uxv Wamaze uaris Tqma.
adamianma bavSvobidan unda izrunos gulze _ avarjiSos is. sirbilis,
mZime fizikuri muSaobis, varjiSis dros organizmis moTxovnileba Jang­
badze daaxloebiT 8­jer imatebs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom gulma 8­jer meti
sisxli unda gadaqaCos, Cveulebriv mdgomareobasTan SedarebiT. adamiani,
romelic naklebmoZrav cxovrebas eweva, amas axerxebs ara gulis SekumS­
vaTa Zalis gazrdis xarjze, navarjiSebi adamianis msgavsad, aramed gulis
SekumSvebis sixSiris gazrdiT. Tumca, aranavarjiSebi guli, gulis susti
kunTiT, didxans ver muSaobs aseTi sixSiriT da Zalian male iRleba.

ZuZumwovrebis, maT Soris adamianis, sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema

gulisa da sisxlZarRvebisgan Sedgeba. sisxlZarRvebSi sisxlis
mudmiv dinebas gulis muSaoba ganapirobebs. is moqmedebs rogorc
tumbo. gulis cikli moicavs sam fazas: winagulebis sistolas,
parkuWebis sistolasa da gulis srul modunebas.

1. gulis navarjiSobis donis dasadgenad:

a. daiTvale Seni pulsi (X1).
b. gaakeTe 30 wamSi daaxloebiT 20 buqni. isev daiTvale pulsi (X2).

158
g. gamoiangariSe gulis navarjiSobis koeficienti formuliT:

X2 - X1
K = . 100
X1
d. miRebuli Sedegi Seadare cxrilSi mocemul monacemebs da
gakeTe daskvna Seni gul­sisxlZarRvTa sistemis navarjobis
Sesaxeb.
navarjiSobis navarjiSobis
koeficienti (%) done
25 da naklebi sanimuSo
26­50 kargi
51­75 saSualo
76 da meti cudi
guli Zlier aris agznebuli
100 an daavadebulia

2. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi da Seavse.

kiTxvebi SedarebisaTvis didi wre mcire wre

sad iwyeba?
sad mTavrdeba?
rogori sisxlia arteriebSi?
sad mdebareobs kapilarebi?
rogor icvleba sisxlis
Sedgeniloba kapilarebSi?
rogori sisxlia venebSi?

3. gadaiWire saCvenebeli TiTis ZirSi rezini an Zafi (2­3 wuTze

met xans nu gaiCereb). TiTi galurjdeba.
moixseni rezini (Zafi), daizile TiTi frCxilis wveridan Ti­
Tis Ziramde.
a. ratom galurjda TiTi?
b. ratom aris saziano maRalyelian fexsacmelze zonris mWid­
rod moWera? welze qamris Zlier SemoWera?
4. frCxilis fuZis sisxlZarRvebSi sisxlis dinebis siCqaris
gansazRvra.
masala: saxazavi, wammzomi.
a. frCxilis fuZis sisxlZarRvebidan gamodevne sisxli Semdeg­
nairad: Zlier daaWire cera TiTis frCxils saCvenebeli TiTi.
b. cota xanSi gaaTavisufle cera TiTi (frCxili gaTeTrda, vi­
naidan frCxilis qveS kapilarebidan sisxli gamoidevna) da
daiTvale, ramdeni wami dasWirdeba frCxilis isev gavardis­
frebas. es dro Seesabameba kapilarebis sisxliT Sevsebas.

159
 g. gansazRvre frCxilis firfitis sigrZe, anu im gzis sigrZe, rac
sisxlma gaiara. amisTvis saxazaviT gazome frCxilis sigrZe
fuZidan frCxilis im adgilamde, sadamdec is vardisferia.
d. sisxlis dinebis siCqare gamoiangariSe formuliT:

S V _ sisxlis moZraobis siCqare

V= S _ manZili, romelic sisxlma gaiara
t
t _ dro
miRebuli Sedegi Seadare sisxlis moZraobis siCqares aortaSi.

5. gamoiTvale dRe­Ramis ganmavlobaSi ramden xans muSaobs da

ramdens isvenebs guli.

1. Sen eqimi xar. pacients esaWiroeba saswrafo daxmareba. sam­

kurnalo preparats ra formiT dauniSnav _ abebiT, kunTSi
Tu venaSi gasakeTebels? axseni Seni gadawyvetileba.
2. mozard asakSi guli intensiurad izrdeba, xolo sisxlZar­
Rvebis diametris zrda ramdenadme CamorCeba gulis zrdis
temps. ra cvlilebis gamowveva SeuZlia am mdgomareobas?
SeiZleba CaiTvalos es mdgomareoba daavadebad?
3. Wamis Semdeg moTenTilobas vgrZnobT. axseni am SegrZnebis
mizezi.
4. gulis gaCerebis dros adrenalini
pirdapir gulis kunTSi SehyavT an
eleqtroSokiT cdiloben avadmyo­
fis gulis amuSavebas. ratom mimar­
Taven am meTods?
5. gadmocemiT, napoleon bonapar­
tis piradma eqimma erT­erTi ma­
makacis portretis naxvisas Tqva:
Tu mxatvarma zustad gadmosca eleqtroSoki
am adamianis saxis feri, maSin mas
gulis manki hqondao. rogor aisaxeba gulis daavadeba adami­
anis saxis ferze?
6. sul umniSvnelo dartymamac ki, SesaZlebelia, cxviridan sisxl­
dena gamoiwvios. riT SeiZleba aixsnas cxviris sisxlZarRvebis
`sisuste~?
7. xangrZlivi gonebrivi muSaobis Semdeg xandaxan fexebi civdeba.
ratom?
gulis cikli _ cycle of the heart; gulis sarqvelebi _ heart valves;
sistola _ systole; diastola _ diastole; gulis avtomatia _ auto-
maticity of the heart; aTerosklerozi _ atherosclerosis.
http://gam3avoice.com/library/?p=70
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABTvNR59K5Q
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=te_SY3MeWys&feature=relat

160
VII sunTqva
§25
sunTqva sxeulis zedapiriT
sunTqva traqeebiT
sunTqva layuCebiT
sunTqva filtvebiT. ZuZumwovrebis sunTqva
sunTqviTi parametrebi

cxovelebis umravlesobas sakvebis organuli nivTierebebis dasaJangad

da masSi `Senaxuli~ energiis gamosaTavisufleblad Jangbadi esaWiroeba. ami­
tom ujredebsa da qsovilebSi erTi wuTiTac ar wydeba JangviTi procesebi.
Jangbads yoveli organizmi misi saarsebo garemodan iRebs da aqve gamo­
yofs sunTqvis saboloo, narCen produqts _ naxSirorJangs. am process gaz­
Ta cvla hqvia.
yvela organizmSi gazTa cvla difuziiT xdeba. difuzia gansazRvrul
zedapirze mimdinareobs da am zedapirs sasunTqi zedapiri hqvia.
sasunTqi zedapiri unda iyos:
 ganvladi JaAngbadisa da naxSirorJangisTvis.
 Txeli, radgan difuzia efeqturia Zalian mcire manZilze (1 sm).
 teniani, radgan orive airi difundirebs mxolod siTxeebSi.
 didi, raTa SenarCunebuli iqnas gazTa cvlis sakmarisi siCqare.
erTujrediani organizmebis gazTa cvla garemosTan ujredis membra­
niT xdeba.

CO2

O2

CO2
2
O2 1
O2
CO2
O2 CO2 hidras sunTqva
1. eqtoderma;
2. entoderma.
amebas qalamanas
sunTqva sunTqva

nawlavRruianebis rogorc eqtodermis, ise nawlavis Rrus entodermis

ujredebi uSualod wyals exeba. amitom gazTa cvla TiToeuli ujredis memb­
ranis gavliT xdeba.
sxeulis mTeli zedapiriT xdeba gazTa cvla wyalSi an tenian niadagSi
mcxovrebi mravali wvrili uxerxemloebis sxeulSic, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT

161
 mkvrivi safarveli. amitom aseT cxovelebs araviTari specialuri sa­
sunTqi sistema ar esaWiroebaT.
cxovelis zomebis zrdasTan erTad, gazTa cvlaSi sul ufro da ufro
naklebi ujredi monawileobs, vinaidan am ujredebis umravlesoba sxeulis
siRrmeSia Camaluli.
amasTan, xmeleTze mcxovrebi cxovelebis gareTa ujredebi daculia
mkvrivi safarveliT, rac aferxebs gazTa cvlas. amitom am cxovelebs gaaC­
niaT specializebuli sasunTqi zedapiri _ sasunTqi organoebi. swored maTi
saSualebiT monawileobs gazTa cvlaSi sxeulis ujredebis umravlesoba.
Tevzebs, kibosnairebsa da wylis sxva cxovelebs saamisod layuCebi aqvT,
mwerebs _ uwvrilesi milebi _ traqeebi; amfibiebs, qvewarmavlebs, frinve­
lebsa da ZuZumwovrebs _ filtvebi.
TiToeuli sasunTqi organo Seguebulia konkretul garemoSi funqcioni­
rebas. xSirad sasunTqi organoebis kavSirs sxeulis yvela qsovilTan uzrun­
velyofs sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema, romlis gareSec SeuZlebeli iqneboda
TiToeuli ujredis sunTqva.
Wiayela sunTqavs sxeulis mTeli zedapiriT. mis Txelkedlian, lorwo­
van, mudam tenian, didi raodenobiT kapilarebis Semcvel kanSi gazTa cvla
difuziiT mimdinareobs.
mwerebi traqeebiT sunTqaven. traqea erTgvari milia. is erTi boloTi sxe­
ulis zedapirze xvreliT _ sasunTqiT ixsneba. sasunTqi aRWurvilia haeris
gamfiltravi wamwamebiT da sarqvelebiT. sarqvelebi xuravs da aRebs xvrels
da amiT aregulirebs organizmSi Sesuli haeris raodenobas.

3
3
4

1
1
2 2

mwerebis sasnuTqi sistema O2 CO2

1. traqea; 2. sasunTqi; 3. traqeolebi. 4. sxeulis ujredebi.

1 ra daniSnuleba aqvs wamwamebs?

traqeis meore bolo TandaTan itoteba traqeolebad. isini aRweven sxe­
ulis yvelaze daSorebul nawilebamde da JangbadiT mdidari haeri pirdapir
qsovilebSi miaqvT.
amrigad, Jangbadi traqeebiT sxeulis ujredebamde uSualod haeriT mi­
dis da gazTa cvla sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis gareSe xorcieldeba.
wylis binadarTa umravlesobis _ Tevzebis, mravali moluskisa da fex­
saxsrianis sunTqvis organo layuCia. layuCi aRWurvilia kapilarebis xSiri
qseliT. layuCebSi gamavali wylidan Jangbadi kapilarebis gavliT sisxlSi
gadadis, xolo sisxlidan wyalSi naxSirorJangi gadmodis. naxSirorJangiT
mdidari wyali layuCebidan gareT gamodis.

162
 4 2

3
1
1
Tevzebis sasnuTqi sistema
1. layuCi; 2. layuCis firfitebi; 3. JangbadiT mdidari wyali;
4. naxSirorJangiT mdidari wyali.

amfibiebSi gazTa cvla kaniTa da filtvebiT xdeba.

bayayis kani uxvadaa momaragebuli kapilarebiT da mudam teniania _ mas
lorwo faravs. haeris Jangbadi lorwoSi ixsneba da advilad aRwevs sisxl­
Si, naxSirorJangi ki sisxlidan kanis gavliT garemoSi gamoiyofa.
bayayis filtvebi tomrebia, romlis zedapiri danaoWebulia, magram es
zedapiri ar aris sakmarisi gazTa cvlisTvis. gazTa cvla filtvis tenian
epiTeliumsa da kapilarebis sisxls Soris mimdinareobs.
haers bayayi nestoebiT SeisunT­
1 qavs. piris RruSi CasunTqvisTvis au­
cilebeli dabali wneva iqmneba xaxis
2
fskeris dabla daweviT. vidre haeri
3 nestoebidan filtvebamde miaRwevs, is
jer piris Rrus, Semdeg xorxs, iqidan
traqeas gaivlis. traqea or bronqad
iyofa. bronqebiT haeri filtvebSi
Sedis. haeris filtvebidan ukan, gare­
bayayis sasnuTqi sistema moSi gamosayofad, bayayi sxeulis kun­
Tebs Zlier kumSavs.
1. nesto; 2. xaxa; 3. filtvi.

Canasaxovan stadiaze yvela amfibias layuCebi aqvs. mozrdil asakSi la­

yuCebs mxolod zogierTi kudiani amfibia inarCunebs.
2 gaixsene, romeli kudiani amfibia ici da rogor sunTqaven isini?
qvewarmavlebi kans sasunTq zedapirad ver iyeneben.

3 agebulebis ra TaviseburebasTanaa es dakavSirebuli?

qvewarmavlebis sxeulSi gazTa cvla mxolod filtvebSi mimdinareobs.
maTi filtvebic tomris formisaa, magram amfibiebis filtvebTan Sedare­
biT, mas didi zedapiri aqvs _ is datixrulia. aman mniSvnelovnad gazarda
gazTa cvlis intensivoba. CasunTqva­amosunTqvisTvis _ filtvebis venti­
laciisTvis aucilebelia gulmkerdis Rrus moculobis gazrda da Semci­
reba. es neknTaSua kunTebis SekumSva­modunebiT miiRweva.
frinvelebis sasunTqi gzebi nestoTi iwyeba, romelic gadadis cxviris
RruSi, iqidan xorxSi. xorxs mohyveba moqnili traqea, romelic or bron­
qad itoteba da filtvebSi Sedis.

163
 frinvelebis filtvebi patara da Rrub­
lisebria. filtvebSi Sesvlisas bronqe­
bis nawili uwvriles bronqebad itoteba.
maT gars artyia kapilarebi, rac uzrun­
velyofs bronqebiT motanil haersa da
kapilarebis sisxls Soris gazTa cvlas.
bronqebis nawili gamodis filtvebidan
da warmoqmnis Txelkedlian, elastikur,
kargad Wimvad ukana sahaero parkebs. frin­
6
velebs gaaCniaT wina sahaero parkebic, 3
romlebic bronqidan warmoiqmneba, filtv­
Si Sesvlamde. sahaero parkebis moculoba
bevrad aRemateba filtvebis moculobas.
isini mdebareoben organoebs Soris. maTi 2 5
totebi Rruian ZvlebSi Sedis. 1 4
mSvid mdgomareobaSi sunTqva xorci­ frinvelis sasunTqi sistema
eldeba gulmkerdis Rrus gafarToeba­ 1. traqea; 2. bronqi; 3. filtvi;
SeviwroebiT. frenisas, mkerdis kunTebis 4. wina sahaero parkebi; 5. ukana
muSaobis gamo, ase sunTqva SeuZlebelia. sahaero parkebi; 6. Rruiani Zvali.
am dros frinvelebs ormagi sunTqva aqvT.
is mimdinareobs filtvebisa da sahaero parkebis monawileobiT.
frTebis yovel aqnevaze sahaero parkebi iweleba, filtvebidan haeri
sahaero parkebSi gadadis. frTebis daSvebisas parkebi ikumSeba da haeri
filtvebis gavliT gareT gamodis. amrigad, frenisas haeri orjer gadis
filtvebSi da orjer xdeba gazTa cvla.
ormagi sunTqva uzrunvelyofs sisxlis JangbadiT mudmivad gamdi­
drebas da amave dros, JangbadiT qsovilebis uwyvetad momaragebas, gansa­
kuTrebiT ki mkerdis kunTebis momaragebas, romelic frenisas kolosalu­
ri datvirTviT muSaobs.
ZuZumwovrebi sunTqaven atmosferuli haeriT, miuxedavad imisa, xmele­
Tze binadroben isini Tu wyalSi.
ZuZumwovrebis umravlesobisa da adamianis sasunTqi sistema TiTqmis
ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan.
haeri adamianis sxeulSi nestoebiT Sedis. nestoebSi uamravi wamwamia.
misi zedapiri lorwovania da sisxlZarRvTa kapilarebiTaa momaragebuli.
4 gaixsene, ra daniSnuleba aqvs wamwamebs, lorwos, sisxlZarRvTa kapi­
larebs?
cxviridan haeri gadadis xaxaSi, Semdeg xorxSi.
5 xorxis agebulebis ra Tavisebureba ganapirobebs imas, rom sakvebi
ar xvdeba xorxSi da is saylapavSi igzavneba?
xorxidan haeri xvdeba traqeaSi, romelic or bronqad iyofa. traqeisa
da bronqebis kedlebi xrtilovani qsoviliTaa agebuli. bronqebi itote­
ba bronqeolebad da vrceldeba filtvis mTel moculobaSi. is xis varjs
mogvagonebs, amitom xSirad traqeasa da bronqebs, yvela ganStoebebiT,
bronqialur xes uwodeben.

164
 uwvrilesi bronqeolebi, rom­
lebic xrtils ar Seicavs, bolov­
deba Txelkedliani filtvis buS­
1
tukebiT _ alveolebiT. filtvebi
2 ZiriTadad alveolebisgan Sedgeba.
3 alveoli daaxloebiT 0,3 mm di­
4 ametris buStukia, romlis kedeli
66
5 erT Sred dalagebuli epiTeluri
ujredebisgan Sedgeba. yoveli al­
8
veolis kedelSi aris kolageni, ro­
melic mas moqnilobasa da elastiku­
11 robas aniWebs. es saSualebas aZlevs
11
9 10 6 alveols, Seicvalos moculoba Ca­
7 sunTqvisa da amosunTqvis dros.
alveolis Siga zedapiri dafa­
rulia baqteriociduli apkiT, ro­
melic, amave dros, xels uSlis al­
veolebis Sewebebas.
adamianis sasunTqi sistema
yvela alveoli erTad, isini ki
1. nesto; 2. xaxa; 3. xorxi; 4. traqea; daaxloebiT 500­600 milionia, qmnis
5. bronqebi; 6. bronqeolebi; 7. alveolebi;
8. filtvi; 9. vena; 10. arteria; 11. diafragma. swored im sasunTq zedapirs, ro­
melzec gazTa cvla mimdinareobs.
alveolebis gareTa mxare dafa­
rulia xSiri kapilaruli qseliT. yvela kapilari saTaves filtvis arteriidan
iRebs, bolos erTiandeba da warmoqmnis filtvis venas.
gazTa cvlis meqanizms filtvis alveolebsa da kapilarebs Soris, CasunTqu­
li da amosunTquli haeris Sedgeniloba gansazRvravs.

azoti,
haeri Jangbadi naxSirorJangi
inertuli airebi

CasunTquli 20,94 0,03 79,1

amosunTquli 16 4,5 79,5

gazTa cvla filtvebsa da qsovilebSi maT parcialur wnevazea damokide­

buli.
parcialuri wneva mocemuli airis wnevaa, romelic mis wilad modis im
airebis narevis saerTo wnevidan, romlis SedgenilobaSic is Sedis.
atmosferuli haeri airebis narevia. misi wneva 760 mm/vwy.sv. tolia. Jang­
badis Semcveloba atmosferul haerSi 20,94 %­s Seadgens. misi parcialuri
wneva gamoiTvleba proporciiT:
100% airebis narevi _ 760 mm/vwy.sv.
20,94 % Jangbadi _ X

165
 20,94 X 760
X = = 159,1 mm/vwy.sv.
100

1 gamoTvale parcialuri wneva naxSirorJangisa da azotisTvis.

vnaxoT, rogor xdeba Jangbadisa da naxSirorJangis cvla maTi parcialu­
ri wnevebis Sesabamisad.
sisxlis mimoqcevis mcire wriT alveolebis kapilarebSi gulidan venuri
sisxli midis. alveolebisa da kapilarebis kedlebi Zalian Txelia. alveo­
lebSi Sesul haerSi Jangbadis parcialuri wneva kapilarebis venur sisxlSi
Jangbadis parcialur wnevaze metia, amitom Jangbadi alveoluri haeridan
sisxlSi gadadis.
naxSirorJangis parcialuri wneva kapilarebis venur sisxlSi metia, vi­
dre alveolur haerSi da amitom is difundirebs venuri sisxlidan alveo­
lebSi.

4 5
5 6

3
3
2
1 2 1 4
gazTa cvla filtvebSi gazTa cvla qsovilebSi
1. alveoli; 2. kapilari; 1. ujredi; 2. qsoviluri siTxe;
3. eriTrociti; 4. Jangbadi; 3. kapilari; 4. eriTrociti;
5. naxSirorJangi. 5. Jangbadi; 6. naxSirorJangi.

filtvebSi gazTa cvlis Semdeg JangbadiT gamdidrebuli sisxli orga­

noebsa da qsovilebSi midis.
gazTa cvla qsovilebSi igive principiT xdeba, rogorc filtvebSi. kapi­
larebidan Jangbadi gadadis jer qsovilur siTxeSi, Semdeg ujredebSi da
CaerTveba JangvaSi. amave kanonebiT, naxSirorJangi ujredebidan, qsoviluri
siTxis gavliT, Sedis kapilarebSi da Semdeg venebSi.
gazTa cvla organizmSi SesaZlebelia mxolod filtvebSi haeris mudmivi
Secvlis pirobebSi. amitom sunTqva mudmivad mimdinareobs _ dabadebisas
pirveli CasunTqvis Semdeg adamiani mTeli sicocxle sunTqavs.
rogor xdeba filtvebis ventilacia, anu CasunTqva­amosunTqva? filtvi
ar aris kunTovani organo, romelic TviTon SeZlebda SekumSvas da gafar­
Toebas. filtvebi pasiurad mihyveba gulmkerdis Rrus kedlebis moZraobas.
filtvi garedan dafarulia plevriT, romelic amofens agreTve gul­
mkerdsa da diafragmas. plevris am or furcels _ filtvis plevrasa da ked­

166
lis amyol plevras Soris sivrcea _ plevris
Rru, romelic Seicavs plevris mier gamoyofil
siTxes. es siTxe atenianebs plevras da amcirebs
xaxuns filtvis plevrasa da kedlis amyol plev­
ras Soris, sunTqviTi moZraobis dros. plevris
RruSi haeri ar aris.
sunTqviTi moZraoba xorcieldeba neknTaSua
kunTebiTa da diafragmiT.
CasunTqvisTvis garegani neknTaSua kunTebi
ikumSeba, xolo Sida dundeba. amis Sedegad nekne­
filtvis plevra
bi iweva win da SedarebiT horizontalur mdgo­
mareobas iRebs. neknebi wina boloebiT win wevs
mkerds, rasac Tan axlavs gulmkerdis Rrus moculobis gazrda. diafragmis
TaRis daSveba, misi SekumSvis gamo, damatebiT zrdis gulmkerdis Rrus mo­
culobas. amis Sedegad wneva gulmkerdis RruSi da amis gamo filtvebSic, xde­

5
4 1

3
mdgomareoba
2
CasunTqvis
2 Semdeg
1
mdgomareoba
3 amosunTqvis
Semdeg
sunTqviTi moZraoba
1. mkerdis Zvali; 2. xerxemali; 3. nekni; 4. Sida neknTaSua kunTebi;
5. garegani neknTaSua kunTebi.

ba atmosferulze dabali. ami­

tom haeri haergamtari gzebiT
miiswrafvis SigniT da avsebs
alveolebs, vidre wneva filt­
vebSi ar gauTanabrdeba atmos­
feruls, anu xdeba CasunTqva.
amosunTqvisTvis dundeba
CasunTqva amosunTqva
garegani neknTaSua kunTebi, xo­
lo Siga ikumSeba. neknebi dabla
diafragmis mdgomareoba
eSveba, dundeba diafragma da CasunTqva­amosunTqvis dros
isev TaRovani xdeba. amis Sede­
gad gulmkerdis Rrus moculoba mcirdeba da masSi wneva atmosferulze maRa­
li xdeba. wneva alveolebSic izrdeba da amis gamo haeri filtvebidan idevneba,
anu xdeba amosunTqva.

167
 arsebobs rigi parametrebisa, romlebic iZleva saSualebas, Sefasdes
adamianis filtvebis sasunTqi funqcia. am parametrebiT xdeba sasunTqi
sistemis mravali daavadebis diagnostireba.
sasunTqi organoebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani maCvenebeli filt­
vebis sasicocxlo tevadobaa.
mozrdili adamianis filtvebis sasicocxlo tevadoba saSualod 3 500
ml­s Seadgens. is sasunTqi, damatebiTi da sarezervo moculobebis jamia.

sasunTqi damatebiTi sarezervo

filtvebis sasicocxlo tevadoba = moculoba + moculoba + moculoba
450­500 ml 1 500 ml 1 500 ml

sasunTqi moculoba haeris is moculobaa, romelic mSvidi sunTqvisas

Sedis filtvebSi erT CasunTqvaze da amodis erT amosunTqvaze.
damatebiTi moculoba haeris is moculobaa, romlis CasunTqva SeuZlia
adamians sasunTqi moculobis garda, damatebiT.
sarezervo moculoba haeris is moculobaa, romelic SeuZlia adamians
mSvidi amosunTqvis Semdeg damatebiT amoisunTqos.
aqedan gamomdinare, filtvebis sasicocxlo tevadoba haeris is maqsimalu­
ri raodenobaa, romelsac amoisunTqavs adamiani yvelaze Rrma CasunTqvis Sem­
deg.
sportsmenebs es maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRali aqvT. magaliTad, mo­
curaveebis filtvis sasicocxlo tevadoba 6 200 ml­s aRwevs.
sasunTq gzebSi yovelTvis rCeba kidev 1 000­1 500 ml haeri. misi amo­
sunTqva SeuZlebelia. mas narCeni haeri hqvia. narCeni haeris gamoa, rom
filtvi ar iCuteba.
filtvis didi sasicocxlo tevadobis dros filtvis ventilacia ufro
intensiurad mimdinareobs, organizmi gacilebiT met Jangbads iRebs.
CasunTquli da amosunTquli haeris moculobas zomaven specialuri
xelsawyoTi _ spirometriT.
spirometri Sedgeba wyliani WurW­
lisgan, romelSic Cadgmulia meo­ 4 5
1
re WurWeli, fskeriT zemoT. meore
WurWlis tevadoba ar unda iyos 6
litrze naklebi. masSi haeria. meore
6
WurWlis fskerTan mitanilia mili,
riTac gamosakvlevi piri sunTqavs. 2
SigniTa WurWeli gawonasworebulia. 3
roca gamosakvlevi piris mier amo­
sunTquli haeri masSi Sedis an Ca­
sunTqvisas gamodis, meore WurWeli, spirometri
Sesabamisad, dabla an maRla iweva. 1. sasunTqi mili; 2. Termometri; 3. wylis
kalami nela motriale cilindrze abazana; 4. haeri; 5. kalami; 6. mbrunavi
iwers mis yvela moZraobas. cilindri.

168
 spirometriT SeiZleba ganisazRvros sasunTqi moculoba, sunTqvis six­
Sire, metabolizmis intensivoba.
Seni cxovrebis wess ar SeiZleba ewodos janmrTeli, Tu Sen sigarets
ewevi. msoflios mraval qveyanaSi mTeli kampaniebia mimarTuUli Tambaqos
sawinaaRmdegod. aSS, Sveicaria, didi britaneTi, germania, fineTi, korea,
iaponia, espaneTi, TurqeTi _ es arasruli CamonaTvalia im qveynebisa, sa­
dac SemoRebulia da moqmedebs mowevis sawinaaRmdego kanonebi. mwevelebis­
Tvis dawesebulia soliduri jarimebi, Tu maT sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris
adgilebSi mowies, iaponiaSi ki aramweveli TanamSromlebisTvis premiebia
gaTvaliswinebuli.
6 msoflios mraval qveyanaSi sadazRvevo kompaniebi mwevelebs samedi­
cino dazRvevaSi met Tanxas axdevineben. rogor fiqrob, ratom?
2 moiZie informacia, aris Tu ara raime SezRudvebi mwevelebis mimarT
qarTul sadazRvevo kompaniebSi.
riTia sigareti saxifaTo?
Sen rom pirveli sigaretis gasinjvamde icode, ra Sedegebi mohyveba
mowevas, masze aucileblad ityvi uars.
moweva aris cecxlmokidebuli Tambaqosa da qaRaldis kvamlis CasunT­
qva. Tambaqos kvamli 400­mde toqsikur nivTierebas Seicavs, romelsac bol­
Tan erTad CaisunTqavs mweveli. kuprs, nikotins, naxSirbadis monooqsids,
fiss damangreveli moqmedeba aqvs organizmze.
es nivTierebebi wvisas gamoyofil wyalSi ixsneba da filtvebamde aero­
zolebis saxiT miitaneba. es forma yvelaze efeqturia, radgan es nivTiere­
bebi gaxsnil mdgomareobaSi alveolebis epiTelis mier ukeT Seiwoveba. am
fenomenzea damokidebuli sasunTqi sistemis organoebis daavadebebis sam­
kurnalo preparatebis aerozolis saxiT gamoyeneba.
Tambaqos bolSi Semaval nivTierebebs Soris, yvelaze saxifaTo niko­
tinia. is gansakuTrebiT gul­sisxlZarRvTa da sasunTq sistemaze moq­
medebs.
mwevelebi gacilebiT xSirad avaddebian filtvis, yelis, enis, tuCis ki­
boTi. aramwevelTaTvis aseTi daavadebebi iSviaTia.
mwevelebis daavadebaa emfizema. is ar
ikurneba. emfizemis dros ziandeba alve­
olis kedeli. alveolebis kedlebis daS­
lis gamo, alveolebi erTiandeba da erT
did buStukad gardaiqmneba, es ki amcirebs
gazTa cvlis zedapirsa da organizmis Jang­
badiT momaragebas.
emfizemiT daavadebuls uWirs sunTqva, 1 2
sunTqavs zedapirulad, mis kans silurje
dahkravs, aqvs xvela, swrafad iRleba, dar­
Rveuli aqvs Zili.
1. janmrTeli adamianis alveolebi;
2. emfizemiT daavadebulis alveolebi.

169
 cxovelebis umravlesobas, maT Soris adamians, sakvebis organuli
nivTierebebis dasaJangad Jangbadi esaWiroeba. Jangbads organi­
zmebi maTi saarsebo garemodan iReben da iqve gamoyofen wvis sabo­
loo produqts _ naxSirorJangs. zedapirs, sadac gazTa cvla mim­
dinareobs, sasunTqi zedapiri hqvia.
erTujredianebisa da nawlavRruianebisTvis sasunTqi zedapiri
maTi ujredebis membranebia.
mravalujredian cxovelebs aqvT specializebuli organoebi sun­
TqvisTvis: mwerebs _ traqeebi, wyalSi mcxovrebi cxovelebis um­
ravlesobas _ layuCebi, xmeleTis cxovelebs _ filtvebi.
ZuZumwovrebis sasunTqi sistema filtvebisa da haergamtari gze­
bisgan Sedgeba. maTi sasunTqi zedapiri alveolebia, sadac inten­
siurad mimdinareobs gazTa cvla alveolebsa da kapilarebs Soris.

1. CaisunTqe rac SeiZleba Rrmad da Seikave sunTqva.

 daiwye aTvla wammzomiT.
 wammzomi gamorTe, maSin roca veRar Zleb aseT mdgomareoba­
Si da iZulebuli xar, amoisunTqo.
 Caiwere wammzomis monacemi.
 daisvene 5­7 wuTi.
 Rrmad amoisunTqe, Seikave sunTqva da CarTe wammzomi.
 gamorTe wammzomi, rogorc ki sunTqva TviTon ganaxldeba.
 Caiwere monacemi.

CasunTqvaze sunTqvis Sekavebis Sedegi iTvleba damakmayo­

fileblad, Tu adamiani SeZlebs sunTqvis Sekavebas 16­55 wm.
amosunTqvaze sunTqvis Sekavebis Sedegi iTvleba damakmayo­
fileblad, Tu is 12­13 wamze naklebi ar aris.
a. rogor fiqrob, ratomaa I cdis maCvenebeli ufro maRali, vi­
dre II cdis?
b. Tu Seni maCvenebeli qveda zRvarze dabalia, raze unda miuTi­
Tebdes es faqti?

2. amosunTqul haerSi naxSirorJangis raodenobis aRmoCena.

eqserimenti CaatareT klasSi.
 CaasxiT kolbaSi 100 ml bromTimol lurjis xsnari.
 erT­erTma moswavlem minis miliT 1 wuTis manZilze kolbaSi
gaakeTos amosunTqvebi, cxviriT CasunTqvis Semdeg.
 iyaviT frTxilad, rom xsnari tuCebze ar mogxvdeT.
1 wuTSi xsnari yviTlad unda Seiferos.

170
 Seferil xsnars kolbaSi pipetiT wveT­wveTobiT daumateT
amiakis xsnari da Tan iTvaleT wveTebis raodenoba. periodu­
lad minis wkiriT mourieT kolbis SigTavss.
 amiakis wveTebis damateba da Sesabamisad, wveTebis daTvla im
dromde unda gaagrZeloT, vidre xsnari isev lurji ar gax­
deba. amiakis wveTebis raodenoba SeitaneT cxrilSi.
 cda orjer gaimeoreT igive pirobebSi da gamoTvaleT saSua­
lo ariTmetikuli. gadaitaneT cxrili rveulSi da SeitaneT
monacemebi.

amiakis wveTebis raodenoba

sinji
mSvid mdgomareobaSi fizikuri datvirTvis Semdeg
1
2
saSualo

 CaasxiT 100 ml bromTimol lurji meore kolbaSi.

 imave moswavlem, romelmac wina cda Caatara, irbinos adgil­
ze 2 wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
 amis Semdeg, maSinve minis miliT gaakeTos amosunTqvebi kol­
baSi 1 wuTis manZilze.
 pipetiT wveT­wveTobiT daamateT kolbis SigTavss amiakis
xsnari. daiTvaleT wveTebis raodenoba, vidre xsnari isev ar
galurjdeba.
 Seitane cxrilSi wveTebis raodenoba, romelic daixarja fe­
ris aRsadgenad.
 cda gaimeore 2­jer. gamoiTvale saSualo ariTmetikuli da
monacemebi Seitane cxrilSi.
amosunTqul haerSi naxSirorJangis raodenobaze msjelo­
ben bromTimol lurjis feris aRdgenaze daxarjuli amiakis
wveTebis raodenobis mixedviT. rac metia wveTebis raode­
noba, miT metia naxSirorJangis koncentracia amosunTqul
haerSi.
erTnairia Tu ara amiakis wveTebis saSualo raodenoba I da II
cdis SemTxvevaSi? axseni, ra aris amis mizezi?

1. sad sunTqavs adamiani ufro gaxSirebulad, sufTa haerze Tu

daxurul SenobaSi?

2. ratom iwvevs gulmkerdis Rrus Wriloba sunTqvis darRve­

vas maSinac ki, roca filtvebi dazianebuli ar aris?

171
 3. rodis iqneba gulmkerdis RruSi ufro dabali wneva _ mSvi­
di CasunTqvis Tu Rrma CasunTqvis dros?

4. sigaretidan sisxlSi moxvedrili nikotini sisxlZarRvebs

aviwroebs. rogor aisaxeba es sunTqvis sixSireze?

5. zRvis donidan 5500 metr simaRle­

ze atmosferuli wneva 380 mm/vwy.sv.
tolia. aseT pirobebSi mTamsvlelis
pulsi da sunTqva aCqarebulia, is
kunTebSi sisustesa da daRlilobas
grZnobs, uqveiTdeba smena da mxedve­
loba, adgili aqvs fsiqikur aSli­
lobasac. aseT mdgomareobas simaR­
lis anu mTis daavadebas uwodeben. ra
iwvevs mas?

parazit tkipas kanidan mocilebis yvelaze efeqtur da umt­

kivneulo saSualebad iTvleba masze zeTis dawveTeba. am dros
tkipa TavisiT scildeba kans. ratom? pasuxi daasabuTe.

gazTa cvla _ gas exchange; sasunTqi zedapiri _ respiratory sur-

face; layuCebi _ gills; parcialuri wneva _ partial pressure; filt­
vebis ventilacia _ lung ventilation; spirometri _ spirometer;
epfizema _ emphysema.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=858cJYK2pXU

172
VIII Fhomeostazi
§26
homeostazuri meqanizmis struqtura
deteqtori, sakontrolo centri, efeqtori
Termoregulacia. TermoregulaciaSi monawile struqturebi

nebismieri cocxali organizmis ujredebs normaluri funqcionireba mxo­

lod gansazRvrul, maTTvis optimalur, stabilur pirobebSi SeuZliaT. gare­
mo ki, romelSic organizmi arsebobs, mudmivad cvalebadia.
magaliTad, Cveni ujredebis fermentebis muSaobisTvis optimaluri tem­
peratura 37οC­is farglebSia, garemoSi ki, romelSic Cven vimyofebiT, SeiZle­
ba Zalian ciodes an cxelodes.
Cveni ujredebis uSualo garemos, anu garemos, romelsac es ujredebi
uSualod exeba da masSi funqcionirebs, qsoviluri siTxe, limfa da sisxlis
plazma warmoadgens. am siTxeebs organizmis Sinagan garemos uwodeben. Cvens
organizms gaaCnia meqanizmebi, romlebic, miuxedavad garemos mudmivi cvli­
lebisa, Sinagan garemos mudmivobas unarCunebs. Sinagani garemos mudmivobaSi
igulisxmeba qsovilur siTxesa da sisxlis plazmaSi wylis, airebis, ionebis,
sakvebi nivTierebebis metabolizmis produqtebis, hormonebis, pH­is, tempe­
raturis normaluri donis SenarCuneba.
Sinagani garemos mudmivobis SenarCunebas homeostazi hqvia. berZnulad
homeostazi igive mdgomareobas niSnavs. homeostazis misaRwevad mravali
organo SeTanxmebulad moqmedebs.

4 3
homeostazuri
meqanizmi
5

1. garemo; 2. Sinagani garemo; 3. ujredi; 4. Zlieri cvlilebebi garemoSi;

5. mcire cvlilebebi Sinagan garemoSi.

173
 Sinagani garemos mudmivoba ar gulisxmobs mis absolutur ucvlelobas.
metaboluri procesebis gamo, esa Tu is parametri, magaliTad, temperatu­
ra, wylisa da sxvadasxva nivTierebis Semcveloba yovelTvis gadaixreba misi
zusti, optimaluri mniSvnelobidan. homeostazis SesanarCuneblad, mTavaria
organizmma igrZnos, rom masSi raRac cvlileba moxda, mudmivoba dairRva da
SeZlos amis gamosworeba. saamisod, homeostazur meqanizmebs sami mTavari
struqtura gaaCnia: deteqtori, sakontrolo centri da efeqtori.
deteqtori receptoriviT moqmedebs. is aRiqvams garemos cvlilebas da am
informacias sakontrolo centrs gadascems. umetesad, sakontrolo centri
Tavis an zurgis tvinia, romelic ama Tu im parametris cvlilebas adarebs
mis sawyis, optimalur maCvenebels da iRebs gadawyvetilebas misi cvlilebis
Sesaxeb. am brZanebas is efeqtors gadascems, romelic, rogorc wesi, kunTi
an jirkvalia. efeqtori brZanebas asrulebs da parametri mis sawyis mniSvne­
lobas ubrundeba. moqmedebis aseT princips uaryofiTi ukukavSiris prin­
cipi hqvia. uaryofiTi ukukavSiri abrunebs ama Tu im parametrs sawyis mdgo­
mareobaSi da amiT sistemas stabilurobas unarCunebs.
1 daasaxele uaryofiTi ukukavSiris principiT momuSave romelime xel­
sawyo.

3 4

2 1

homeostazuri meqanizmebis moqmedebis princips ilustracia gamoxatavs.

1. faqtoris optimaluri mniSvneloba.
2. faqtoris cvalebadobis farglebi, romelic homeostazuri meqanizmiT
kontroldeba.
3. gadaxra faqtoris optimaluri mniSvnelobidan. es signalia, romelic sa­
kontrolo centrs gadaecema.
4. centris brZanebis sapasuxod, faqtoris mniSvneloba optimalur mniSv­
nelobas ubrundeba.
2 Seni azriT, ras gamoiwvevs faqtoris mniSvnelobis gasvla im farglebi­
dan, romelsac homeostazuri meqanizmi akontrolebs?

174
 Termoregulacia

homeostazis erT­erTi mniSvnelovani magaliTi sxeulis temperaturis

regulacia, anu Termoregulaciaa.
3 rogor fiqrob, ratom aris Zalian mniSvnelovani temperaturis mud­
mivobis dacva organizmSi?
4 ra gavlenas axdens temperatura fermentebis muSaobaze?
5 rogori gavlena aqvs temperaturas membranebis funqcionirebaze?
mudmivi temperaturis SenarCunebas yvela cxoveli fiziologiuri meqa­
nizmebiT ver axerxebs. cxovelebs, romlebsac temperaturis kontroli Seu­
ZliaT, endoTermul cxovelebs uwodeben. maTi temperatura mudmivia da is
35­400C­is farglebSi meryeobs. eqtoTermuli cxovelebi ki sxeulis mudmivi
temperaturis SenarCunebas ver axerxeben da maTi temperatura garemos tem­
peraturazea damokidebuli.
6 ganmarte terminebi `endoTermuli~ da `eqtoTermuli~. axseni, raze mi­
uTiTebs isini.
Cveni sxeulis temperaturas Termoregulatoruli centri akontrolebs,
romelic hipoTalamusSi mdebareobs. mas informacias sxeulSi sxvadasxva ad­
gilas mdebare Termoreceptorebi awvdis. magaliTad, hipoTalamusSi arse­
buli receptorebi grZnobs Tavis tvinSi gamavali sisxlis temperaturas,
xolo kanis receptorebi _ garemos temperaturas. orive informaciis gaana­
lizebis Semdeg, Termoregulaciis centri iRebs gadawyvetilebas da agzav­
nis brZanebas sxvadasxva efeqtoramde.
erT­erTi efeqtoruli organo, romelsac didi roli aqvs Termoregu­
laciaSi, kania.
7 gaixsene kanis agebuleba. CamoTvale misi Semadgeneli struqturebi.
daasaxele am struqturebis funqciebi.
Tu temperatura 37οC­ze maRalia, hipoTalamusi agzavnis brZanebas saof­
le jirkvlebTan da kanis sisxlZarRvebTan. jirkvlebi ofls gamoyofs, sisxl­
ZaRvebi farTovdeba da kanidan siTbo ikargeba. Tu temperatura 37οC­ze daba­
lia, maSin, hipoTalamusis brZanebis sapasuxod, sisxlZarRvebi viwrovdeba da
ConCxis kunTebi ritmulad ikumSeba. iwyeba kankali, organizmSi siTbo gamoi­
yofa da sxeulis temperatura maRla iwevs.
OFoflianoba
OFsxeulis temperatura

kankali
dro

175
 efeqtorebis zusti pasuxebi maRAal da dabal temperaturaze tabulaSia
warmodgenili.

pasuxi dabal pasuxi maRal

efeqtori
temperaturaze temperaturaze

kunTebi ikumSeba,
kanis arteriolebis sisxlZarRvebi viwrovdeba. kunTebi dundeba.
gluvi kunTebi kani nakleb siTbos gascems. kani siTbos gascems.
gafiTrebulia.

warmoiqmneba ofli. misi

saofle jirkvlebi ofli ar warmoiqmneba aorTqleba sxeulis
temperaturis dacemas
iwvevs.

ikumSeba, Tma vertikalurad kunTi dundeba. haeri

Tmis amwevi kunTi dgeba, qmnis Tbili haeris uSualod exeba kans da is
fenas kansa da civ haers siTbos gascems.
Soris.

kunTebi ritmulad ikumSeba da

dundeba _ kankali. kunTebi ritmulad ar
ConCxis kunTebi
maTi muSaobisas siTbo ikumSeba.
gamoiyofa.

gamoimuSaveben hormonebs _
Tirkmelzeda da adrenalinsa da Tiroqsins,
romlebic zrdian ar gamoyofen hormonebs.
farisebri jirkvali
metabolur procesebs,
warmoiqmneba siTbo.

Sinagani garemos mudmivobis SenarCunebas homeostazi ewodeba.

homeostazur meqanizmebs sami mTavari komponenti gaaCnia: deteq­
tori, sakontrolo centri da efeqtori. homeostazuri meqaniz­
mebi uaryofiTi ukukavSiris principiT moqmedebs. Termoregula­
cia erT­erTi homeostazuri meqanizmia. misi sakontrolo centri
hipoTalamusSia moTavsebuli. kani mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
TermoregulaciaSi.

1. ra gavlenas axdens qsoviluri siTxis Sedgenilobaze filt­

vebis muSaoba?
2. rogor monawileobs guli homeostazSi?
3. eqtoTermul cxovelebs xandaxan civsisxlian cxovelebsac
uwodeben. ramdenad sworad asaxavs es termini am cxovelebis
Taviseburebebs? maT sisxli arasdros uTbebaT?
4. rogor fiqrob, xvlikebi civ amindSi ufro xSirad xdebian
mtaceblebis msxverpli Tu Tbil amindSi? axseni, ratom?

176
1. daalage terminebi moqmedebis rigiTobis mixedviT:
a. sakontrolo centri;
b. efeqtori;
g. deteqtori.

2. Termoregulaciisas romelia efeqtoruli organo:

a. sisxlZarRvebi;
b. hipoTalamusi;
g. kunTebi;
d. saofle jirkvlebi;
e. pankreasi.

1. saofle jirkvlebi mxolod ZuZumwovrebs gaaCniaT. rogor ebrZ­

vian sxeulis gadaxurebas qvewarmavlebi?
2. ratom grZnoben Warbi wonis adamianebi Zlier sicxeSi TAavs cu­
dad?

mikrobebis organizmSi SeWris sapasuxod leikocitebi gamoyofs

pirogenebs _ nivTierebebs, romlebic zemoqmedebs hipoTala­
musze da iwvevs sxeulis temperaturis 2­30C­iT momatebas. maRa­
li temperatura xocavs baqteriebs da ainhibirebs virusebs. am
dros hipoTalamusi ConCxis kunTebTanac agzavnis brZanebas tem­
peraturis momatebis Sesaxeb. swored amitom gvakankalebs maRali
sicxis dros.

homeostazi _ homeostasis
Termoregulacia _ thermoregulation

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp41/41020.html

177
VIII Fhomeostazi
§27
eqskrecia da osmoregulacia
eqskrecia da osmoregulacia mtknari wylis, zRvisa da
xmeleTis cxovelebSi
Tirkmeli _ adamianis eqskreciisa da osmoregulaciis mTavari
organo

osmoregulacia da eqskrecia erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli ori

umniSvnelovanesi homeostazuri procesia.
eqskrecia, rogorc ukve ici, metabolizmis saboloo produqtebisgan or­
ganizmis gaTavisuflebaa. osmoregulacia organizmSi wylisa da marilebis
Semcvelobis regulacias niSnavs.
1 daasaxele nivTierebaTa cvlis saboloo produqtebi.
sxvadasxva garemoSi mcxovrebi organizmebi, wylis mopovebisa da misi
Warbi raodenobis organizmidan gamodevnis, aseve nivTierebaTa cvlis sabo­
loo produqtebisgan Tavis daRwevis problemebs sxvadasxvagvarad wyveten.
mtknari wylis organizmebs erTi saerTo problema aqvT; maT rogorme un­
da gamodevnon gareT hipotonuri garemodan maT organizmSi Sesuli wyali.
mtknar wyalSi binadari qalamanas ujredis SigTavsi hipertonulia garemo­
sTan SedarebiT, amitom masSi wyali plazmuri membranis gavliT iwyebs Sesv­
las.
2 ra hqvia am process?
ujreds gaskdomisgan specialuri os­
moregulatoruli organoidi _ mfeTqavi
vakuoli icavs. is wyals ise gamotumbavs
gareT, rom qalamanas ujredSi wylis Semc­
veloba mudmivi rCeba. nivTierebaTa cvlis
saboloo produqtebi ki ujredidan difu­
ziiT gamodis gareT.
Tevzebis eqskretoruli da osmoregu­
latoruli organoebi layuCebi da Tirk­
melebia. mtknari wylis Tevzebis qercliT
dafaruli kanidan, marTalia, wyali ujre­
debSi Znelad Sedis, magram, samagierod, la­
H2O
yuCebi xarbad STanTqaven wyals osmosiT
garemodan. sxeulSi Sesul wyals ukan Tirk­ H2O
melebi devnian. am Tevzebis layuCebidan
wyalSi marilebi da amiaki gadadis.
mineraluri marilebis danakargs Tevze­
mfeTqavi vakuolis moqmedeba
bi sakvebiT inazRaureben. garda amisa, maT

178
layuCebSi aqvT ujredebi, romlebic aqtiuri transportiT STanTqavs io­
nebs wyliani garemodan.

A B

osmoregulacia mtknari wylisa (A) da zRvis (B) TevzebSi

wyali ionebi zRvis wyali sakvebi

zRvis Tevzebi hipertonul garemoSi cxovroben, amitom maTi sxeuli wyals

layuCebidan da kanidan kargavs. danakargis asanazRaureblad isini bevr wyals
svamen. wyalTan erTad organizmSi moxvedril natriumis qlorids Tevzebi
layuCebiT aqtiuri transportiT gamoyofen gareT.
Tevzebisgan gansxvavebiT, wyali amfibiebis sxeulSi, ZiriTadad, kaniT Se­
dis, ukan ki TirkmelebiT gamoidevneba. bayayis RviZlSi amiaki naklebad to­
qsikur Sardovanad gardaiqmneba, romlis organizmidan gamodevnas naklebi
wyali sWirdeba. Sardovana SardTan erTad tovebs bayayis organizms.
3 amiakis Sardovanad gardaqmnas atf­is energia esaWiroeba. ratomaa
iZulebuli bayayi am gardaqmnaze energia xarjos? ratom ar gamoyofs is ami­
aks Tevzebis msgavsad?
xmeleTze mcxovrebi organizmebisTvis problema ara wylis rogorme mo­
cilebaa organizmidan, aramed misi mopoveba da SenarCuneba.
mwerebs saamisod wyalgaumtari safarveli _ kutikula gaCniaT. misi ga­
reTa Sre qitinovani nivTierebisgan, xolo SigniTa cvilisagan Sedgeba.
amiaki mwerebis organizmSi Sar­
dis mJavad gardaiqmneba, romelic
saerTod ar aris toqsikuri da mis
2
gamosayofad Zalian cota wyalia sa­
Wiro. mwerebis gamomyof sistemas 1
warmoadgens e.w. malpigis milebi. isi­
ni erTi boloTi hemolimfaSi, xolo
meoreTi swor nawlavSi ixsneba. maTi
kedlebi hemolimfidan wyals ukan Se­
iwovs da mwerebi mSral eqskremen­
1. malpigis milebi; 2. nawlavi.
tebs gamoyofen.

179
 qvewarmavlebis organizms wylis dakargvisgan qercliT dafaruli mSra­
li kani icavs. nivTierebaTa cvlis saboloo produqti qvewarmavlebSic Sar­
dis mJavaa. Warbi kaliumisa da natriumis gamosadevnad wyalia saWiro. wylis
dazogvis mizniT, es ionebi Sardis mJavas uerTdebian da marilebs warmo­
qmnis, romlis gamorecxvas organizmidan Zalian mcire raodenobiT wyali
sWirdeba.
frinvelebis TirkmelebSic Zalian koncentrirebuli Sardi warmoiqm­
neba, romelic Sardis mJavas Seicavs. is kloakaSi gadadis. aq Sardsa da ga­
navalSi arsebuli wyali Seiwoveba da isev organizms ubrundeba.
4 frinvelebis kani, qvewarmavlebis kanis msgavsad, wyals praqtikulad
ar aorTqlebs. Tumca, frinvelebi, qvewarmavlebTan SedarebiT, met wyals
sunTqvisas kargaven. axseni, ratom?
adamianis osmoregulaciisa da eqskreciis mTa­
vari organo Tirkmelia. Tirkmlis struqturul da
funqciur erTeuls nefroni warmoadgens. es imas
niSnavs, rom Tirkmeli milionobiT nefronisgan
3 Sedgeba da TiToeuli maTgani Sards erTmaneTisgan
2 damoukideblad warmoqmnis.
nefrons nivTierebaTa cvlis produqtebiT dat­
4 virTuli sisxli arterioliT miewodeba. arteri­
1 ola itoteba da kapilarebis gorgals warmoqmnis,
romelic e.w. boumenis kafsulaSia moTavsebuli.
Tirkmeli kafsulis Rrudan iwyeba milaki, romelsac pirve­
1. nefroni; li rigis klaknil milaks uwodeben. es milaki isev
2. Tirkmlis arteria;
iklakneba da warmoiqmneba meore rigis klaknili mi­
3. Tirkmlis vena;
4. SardsawveTi. laki, romelic Semkreb milaks ukavSirdeba.

kafsulaSi moTavsebuli kapi­

6
larebis gorglidan arteriola 5
gamodis, romlis sanaTuri nakle­ 4
bia kafsulaSi Semaval arterio­ 1
2
lis sanaTurze. is kvlav itoteba
da qmnis xSir kapilarul bades, 3
romelic gars ertymis pirvel 8
da meore rigis klaknil mila­ 9
kebs. sisxli am kapilarebidan sa­
bolood wvril venebSi xvdeba,
romlebic erTdebian da Tirkm­
lis venas qmnian.

nefroni
1. arteria; 2. vena; 3. arteriola; 4. gorgali;
5. kafsula; 6. pirveli rigis klaknili milaki; 7
7. henles maryuJi; 8. meore rigis klaknili milaki;
9. Semkrebi milaki.

180
 gorglis kapilarebSi gamavali sisxlidan kafsulaSi yvela dabalmoleku­
luri nivTiereba ifiltreba. filtratSi gadadis wyali, glukoza, aminomJa­
vebi, vitaminebi, zogierTi hormoni, Sardovana, Sardis mJava, marilebi. filt­
ratSi ver xvdeba sisxlis ujredebi da cilebi. es filtrati pirdapir rom
tovebdes organizms, maSin erT dRe­RameSi adamiani 180 litr Sards gamo­
yofda. dRe­RameSi ki adamiani, saSualod, mxolod 1 litr Sards gamoyofs.
es imitom xdeba, rom Tirkmelebi uzarmazar samuSaos asrulebs filtratis
ukan Sesawovad. filtracia iZulebiTi procesia, raTa organizmi rogorme
gaTavisufldes nivTierebaTa cvlis saboloo produqtebisgan _ Sardova­
nasa da Sardis mJavasgan, filtratSi arsebuli sasargeblo nivTierebebi ki
isev organizms unda daubrundes. pirveli rigis klaknili milakebi am mxriv
nefronis yvelaze aqtiuri nawilia. misi kedlebis ujredebi aqtiuri trans­
portiT iwovs glukozas, aminomJavebs, vitaminebs, hormonebs, natriumis
qloridis 90%­s. wyali ki am milakebSi osmosiT Seiwoveba.

H 2O Na+ Na+ H2O

K+ H+
aminomJavebi,
H2O, Na, K, glukoza,
H 2O
glukoza,
vitaminebi,
aminomJavebi, H2O H2O
hormonebi.
vitaminebi,
hormonebi,
amiaki,
Sardovana,
Sardis mJava. nefronis moqmedeba

pirveli rigis klaknili milakebidan filtrati henles maryuJSi xvdeba.

misi funqcia filtratidan wylis Sewovaa, amitom am ganyofilebaSi Sardi
koncentrirdeba. henles maryuJi mxolod frinvelebisa da ZuZumwovrebis­
Tvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, amitom koncentrirebuli Sardis warmoqmna mxo­
lod am cxovelebSi xdeba. henles maryuJi gansakuTrebiT grZeli aqvT im
cxovelebs, romlebic uwylo garemoSi binadroben da organizmidan wylis
dakargvas `ufrTxildebian~. meore rigis klaknili milakebis ujredebi fil­
tratidan natriumis, qlorisa da bikarbonatis ionebs iwovs, milakebSi ki
wyalbadisa da kaliumis ionebs gamoyofs. amis Semdeg Sardi Semkreb milakSi
gadadis. aq mravali nefronidan gadmosuli Sardi CAaedineba. Semkreb milakSi
wylis Sewova grZeldeba. sabolood, mTel TirkmelSi warmoqmnili Sardi er­
Tad grovdeba da Tirkmlidan SardsawveTiT Sardis buStSi gadadis, iqidan
ki SardsadeniT gareT gamoiyofa. Semkrebi milakebi yovelTvis erT reJimSi
ar muSaobs. isini gansakuTrebiT maSin aqtiurdeba, rodesac organizmi didi
raodenobiT wyals kargavs.

181
 Cven wyals vkargavT sunTqvis, defekaciis, oflis gamoyofis, Rebinebis,
laqtaciis, nerwyvis gamoyofis dros.
5 daasaxele sami gza, romliTac Cveni organizmi wyals Rebulobs.
Tu Cveni sisxli odnav hipertonuli gaxda imis gamo, rom raime mizeziT
wyali davkargeT an imitom, rom mariliani an tkbili sakvebi miviReT, amaze
myisve reagirebs hipoTalamusis specialuri ujredebi _ osmoreceptorebi.
receptorebis informaciis sapasuxod, hipoTalamusi, erTi mxriv, aCens wyur­
vilis SegrZnebas, meore mxriv ki, hipofizs astimulirebs. hipofizi sisxlSi
antidiurezul (diurezi Sardis gamoyofas niSnavs) hormons _ vazopresins
gamoyofs. am hormonis samizne Tirkmlis Semkrebi milakebia. misi ujredebi
imiT aris gansakuTrebuli, rom wyals mxolod aqvaporinebiT atarebs da ara
fosfolipidebis gavliT. antidiurezuli hormoni xsnis am arxebs, Tirkmli­
dan wyali sisxlSi gadadis da is naklebad koncentrirebuli xdeba. am cvli­
lebebs isev hipoTalamusis osmoreceptorebi aRmoaCens. amis Sedegad vazo­
presinis gamoyofa mcirdeba da Tirkmelebidan sisxlSi naklebi raodenobis
wyali gadadis.

hiperto- osmore- x hipoTa- x hipo- x vazo- x aqva- x hipoto-

nuli ceptori lamusi fizi presini porini nuri
sisxli sisxli

osmoregulaciis procesi mkveTrad irRveva erT­erTi mZime daavadebis,

e.w. uSaqro diabetis dros. am daavadebisas antidiurezuli hormonis gamo­
yofa wydeba. daavadebuli dRe­Ramis ganmavlobaSi 40 l­mde wyals gamoyofs
da saSineli wyurvilis grZnobiT itanjeba.

osmoregulacia da eqskrecia erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ori

umniSvnelovanesi homeostazuri procesia. osmoregulacia sxe­
ulSi wylisa da marilebis Semcvelobis regulaciaa. cxovelebs
osmorgulaciisa da eqskreciis sxvadasxva meqanizmebi gaaCniaT.
adamianis mTavari eqskretoruli da osmoregulatoruli organo
Tirkmelia. misi muSaoba antidiurezuli hormoniT regulirdeba.

1. gadaitane sqema rveulSi da is­

rebiTa da Sesabamisi asoebiT
aRniSne A _ wylis, B _ glu­
kozis, C _ aminomJavebis, D _
vitaminebis, E _ hormonebis,
F _ natriumis, G _ kaliumi­
sa da H H _ wyalbadis nefro­
nis sxvadasxva ganyofilebaSi
transportirebis adgilebi.

182
 2. gadaitane sqema rveulSi. Seavse gamotovebuli ujrebi da daa­
kavSire isini isrebiT.
oflianoba wylis sma
wylis normaluri raodenoba
sisxlSi cota wyalia sisxlSi

hipoTalamusi

wyurvilis SegrZneba hipofizi

gamoimuSavebs
wylis sma antidiurezul
hormons
sisxlSi meti wyalia
TirkmelSi
aqvaporinebi
ixsneba

Sardidan meti
wyali
STainTqmeba

Sardi cotaa

3. zogjer Tirkmeli kargavs filtraciis unars da avadmyofis ga­

darCena mxolod `xelovnuri TirkmliT~ SeiZleba. is aparatia,
romelSic dializis procesi mimdinareobs. arteriuli sisxli
gadis naxevrad ganvladi kedlis mqone milebSi da veniT isev
organizms ubrundeba. milebi sadialize siTxeSia moTavsebuli.
milebis kedlebi kargad ata­
3
rebs glukozas, Sardovanas,
natriums. gaiTvaliswine ra 1 4
kanonzomierebas eqvemdeba­
reba difuziis procesi da
upasuxe kiTxvebs:
a. ris analogs warmoadgens apa­ 2
ratis milebi? 6
b. rogori unda iyos sadiali­
ze siTxeSi Sardovanas kon­ 5
centracia?
g. Seni azriT, ra daniSnuleba xelovnuri Tirkmeli
aqvs Termostats?
1. arteriuli sisxli;
d. ilustraciaze isrebiT aR­ 2. venuri sisxli;
niSne pacientis sisxlisa da 3. sisxlis tumbo;
sadialize siTxis moZraobis 4. milebi;
mimarTuleba. 5. sadialize siTxe;
6. Termostati.

183
 1. Tirkmelebis masa Cveni sxeulis masis mxolod 0,5%­s Seadgens,
Tumca, is Cven mier STanTqmuli Jangbadis 10%­s moixmars. ro­
gor fiqrob, ratom sWirdeba mas aseTi didi raodenobiT Jang­
badi?
2. Cveni sisxlis pH 7,36­is tolia, Sardisa ki daaxloebiT 6­is.
nefronis romel ganyofilebaSi xdeba Sardis SemJavianeba?
3. ratom gvirCeven eqimebi didi raodenobiT siTxis miRebas,
rodesac maRali sicxe gvaqvs?

TirkmelSi, pirobiTad, or Sres

A B
gamoyofen. gareTa Sres qerqs
uwodeben. is ZiriTadad boumenis
kafsulebs Seicavs. tvinovan Sre­ 1
Si henles maryuJebi da Semkrebi
milakebia moTavsebuli. amoica­ 2
ni Aam Tirkmelebs Soris wylis
cxovelis _ wavisa da udabnos bi­
nadris _ miwis kurdRlis Tirk­
meli. daasabuTe Seni mosazreba.

1. qerqi; 2. tvinovani Sre.

1. nefronis milakis erT­erTi ganyofilebis ujredebs nawla­

vis epiTelis msgavsi jagrisebri gamonazardebi _ xaoebi aqvs
da gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT Seicavs mitoqondriebs.
daasaxele es ganyofileba da axseni, ratom fiqrob ase.
2. boumenis kafsulaSi moxvedril filtratSi kapilarebis gor­
glidan xandaxan dabalmolekuluri cilebic `ipareba~. isini
pirveli rigis klaknili milakebis ujredebSi xvdeba. axseni,
ra gziT SeiZleba maT am ujredebSi SeaRwion da ra bedi eliT
iq?
3. rogor fiqrob, SesaZloa Tu ara, sisxlis mimoqcevis rome­
lime paTologiam sisxlSi azotovani narCenebis raodenobis
zrda gamoiwvios?

184
4. Tirkmlis arteriolebs simpaTikuri nervebi ukavSirdeba. mtkiv­
neuli gaRizianebisas gorgalSi filtraciis procesi da Sesaba­
misad, Sardis warmoqmna da misi gamoyofa wydeba. axseni am mov­
lenis meqanizmi.
5. harnupis daavadeba mZime genetikuri daavadebaa, romelic mra­
vali funqciis darRveviT, maT Soris gonebrivi CamorCenilo­
biTa da fsiqikuri moSlilobiT mimdinareobs. daavadebis mizezi
organizmSi aminomJava triftofanis naklebobaa, Tumca, misi ra­
odenoba SardSi mkveTrad momatebulia. rogor fiqrob, ra unda
iyos amis mizezi?

1. alkohols diurezuli zemoqmedeba aqvs. misi didi raodenobiT

miRebisas organizmi wyals kargavs. nabaxusevze Tavis tkivili
da sxva cudi SegrZnebebis mizezi isaa, rom Tavis tvins Zalian
koncentrirebuli sisxli miewodeba. didi raodenobiT siTxis
miRebisas es SegrZnebebi qreba.
2. Sard­kenWovani daavadeba Tirkmlis erT­erTi gavrcelebuli
paTologiaa. am dros TirkmelSi Cndeba Sardis mJavisa da kal­
ciumis fosfatis kenWebi. mozrdilma kenWebma SesaZloa Sard­
sawveTis sanaTuric daaxSos. kenWis gadaadgileba autanel
tkivils iwvevs.

osmoregulacia _ osmoregulation
Tirkmeli _ kidney

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp51/5101s.swf

185
IX Fkoordinacia da regulacia
§28
nervuli da endokrinuli sistema. maTi moqmedebis
Taviseburebebi
nervuli sistemis tipebi
nervuli impulsis buneba
refleqsuri rkali

mravalujrediani organizmebi miliardobiT ujredebs Seicaven, rome­

lic erTmaneTisgan sakmaod didi manZiliT aris dacilebuli, Tumca, isini
erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad ar moqmedebs. yvela mravalujredian orga­
nizms gaaCnia meqanizmebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan aTAanxmebs maTi ujredebis,
qsovilebisa da organoTa sistemebis moqmedebas. am meqanizmebis wyalobiT,
organizmi mTlianobas inarCunebs da garemos zemoqmedebas adekvaturad pa­
suxobs, rogorc erTiani sistema.
mravalujredian organizmebSi ujredebis koordinirebuli moqmedeba
nervuli da endokrinuli sistemebis meSveobiT miiRweva. am or sistemas mo­
qmedebis gansxvavebuli meqanizmebi aqvs, Tumca, saerTo maT Soris is aris,
rom orive maTgani, ujredebs Soris kavSiris dasamyareblad, qimiur niv­
Tierebebs iyenebs. nervuli sistemis sakomunikacio saSualeba mediatoria,
xolo endokrinulis _ hormoni.
1 gaecani tabulas da Seadare erTmaneTs nervuli da endokrinuli sis­
temebis muSaoba.

moqmedebis
nervuli sistema endokrinuli sistema
Taviseburebebi

moqmedebis siCqare Zalian swrafi ESedarebiT neli

informaciis nervuli impulsi da Ehormoni

gadamcemi mediatori

organizmis pasuxi myisieri xangrZlivi

gamRizianebelze

magaliTebi cemineba, xvela zrda, ganviTareba

ganarCeven oTxi saxis nervul sistemas: difuzurs, RerZuls, kvanZovansa

da miliseburs.

186
 2

3
1

nervuli sistemis tipebi

1. hidras difuzuri nervuli sistema; 2. planarias RerZuli nervuli sistema;
3. Wiayelas kvanZovani nervuli sistema.

hidras difuzuri nervuli sistema aqvs. misi nervuli ujredebi eqto­

dermaSi aris gafantuli da erTmaneTs morCebiT ukavSirdebian. sakmari­
sia hidras nebismier adgilas Seexo, rom is mTeli sxeuliT upasuxebs aseT
gaRizianebas _ gadaixreba da moscildeba gamRizianebels.
planarias nervuli ujredebisgan Semdgari ori nervuli RerZi aqvs, ro­
melic sxeulis wina nawilSi erTdeba. marjvena da marcxena simetriuli Rer­
Zi erTmaneTs ganivi nervebiT ukavSirdeba da kibi­
sebr struqturas warmoqmnis. rodesac planarias
Tvalakebs sinaTle xvdeba, isini informacias Ta­
vis ubanSi moTavsebul nervul ujredebs gadas­ 1
cems, saidanac is mTel nervul kibeSi vrceldeba,
planaria bnel adgils poulobs da imaleba.
Wiayelas nervuli sistema kvanZuri tipisaa.
mas muclis mxareze grZeli nervuli Zewkvi aqvs,
romelic TiToeul segmentSi arsebuli kvanZe­
bis gaerTianebiT warmoiqmneba. gansakuTrebiT
msxvili kvanZebi Wiayelas xaxis zemoT da xaxis
qvemoT aqvs ganlagebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom
Wiayelas Tvalebi ara aqvs, is sinaTles Zalian 2
kargad grZnobs. daanaTe mas RamiT fanari da Sen
amaSi darwmundebi. Wiayelas msgavsi kvanZovani
nervuli sistema fexsaxsrianebsac gaaCniaT.
yvela xerxemliani cxovelis e.w. milisebri
nervuli sistema ori mTavari nawilis _ centra­
luri da periferiuli nervuli sistemisgan Sed­
geba. centralur nervul sistemas TAavis tvini adamianis milisebri
da zurgis tvini Seadgens, xolo periferiuls _ nervuli sistema
maTgan gamomavali nervebi, romelic Tavisa da 1. centraluri nervuli
zurgis tvins sxeulis sxvadasxva organoebTan sistema;
2. periferiuli nervuli
akavSirebs. sistema.

187
 nervuli sistema ori saxis _ ner­
vul da gliur ujredebs Seicavs.
nervuli ujredebi _ neironebi B
A
nervuli sistemis mTavari ujredebia.
swored isini arian pasuxismgebeli in­
formaciis miRebasa da gadacemaze.
2 daasaxele neironis mTavari nawi­ C
lebi da aRniSne maTi funqciebi.
gliuri ujredebi neironebTan SedarebiT pataraa, Tumca, ricxobrivad
bevrad sWarbobs mas. misi raodenoba 10­jer aRemateba neironebis raodeno­
bas. gliur ujredebs neironebis Tanamgzavr ujredebsac uwodeben. is yvela
pirobas uqmnis neironebs normaluri muSao­
bisTvis _ warmoadgens mis fizikur sayrdens,
uzrunvelyofs qsoviluri siTxis moZraobas 1
neironis garSemo, awvdis maT sakvebsa da Jang­
2
bads, exmareba homeostazis SenarCunebaSi, 2
inelebs mkvdar neironebs, STanTqavs mikro­
bebs, warmoqmnis mielinis garss.
2
axla vnaxoT, ra aris nervuli impulsi da
rogor muSaoben neironebi.
mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi, rodesac nei­
ronze araviTari gamRizianebeli ar moqme­ 1. neironi;
debs, misi membranis gareT da SigniT ionebi 2. gliuri ujredebi.
araTanabrad arian gadanawilebuli:
membranis gareT bevrad meti natriumis ionia, vidre SigniT da membranis
SigniT bevrad meti kaliumis ionia, vidre gareT. amas garda, membranis gareT
- bevri uaryofiTad damuxtuli
- Cl
Cl Na+ +
qloris ionia, xolo SigniT _
+ + Na
Na Na uaryofiTad damuxtuli cile­
+ + - bi da sxva organuli anione­
Na+ Na Na Cl K+
bia. ionTa aseTi araTanabari
gadanawilebis gamo, membrana
garedan dadebiTadaa damux­
tuli, Signidan ki uaryofiTad
_ is polarizebulia. iqmneba
potencialTa sxvaoba, romelic
3- citozoli +
PO4 - K ­60­70 mv­is tolia. am poten­
K+ Cl PO43
-
- cials mosvenebis potenciali
cila hqvia. niSani `­~ miuTiTebs, rom
K+ - K+
cila membrana Signidan uaryofiTa­
K+ K + daa damuxtuli.
mosvenebis potenciali

188
 neironze ama Tu im faq­ + K+
Na+ Na Na+ K+ Na+
toris zemoqmedebisas, ixsneba +
manamde daxuruli natriumis + Na+ Na
Na + Na
arxebi da natriumis ionebi
Na+ Na+ Na+
swrafad gadaadgildeba memb­ Na+
ranis SigniT. membrana depo­
larizdeba.
3 ratom Sedis natriumis io­ Na+ K+ Na+-K+
nebi ujredSi? atf-aza
4 rogori muxti iqneba depo­
larizebuli membranis gareT?
Na+ K+
rogori muxti iqneba membranis K+ cila
SigniT? cila K+
K+ K+
depolarizaciis Semdeg ixs­ +
+ Na +
nebian kaliumis arxebi da ka­ K Na+ K
citozoli K+
liumis ionebi ujreds tovebs.
membrana repolarizdeba. is agznebis potencialis warmoqmna
garedan isev dadebiTad imuxteba da Signidan _ uaryofiTad. isev aRdgeba
sawyisi potenciali. Tumca, aseT mdgomareobaSi neironi ugrZnobia yovel­
gvari gamRizianeblis mimarT, radgan ionebi misTvis uCveulod arian gadan­
awilebuli _ natriumi ujredis SigniTaa, kaliumi ki gareT. am mdgomareobas
fermenti Na+­ K+­atf­aza awesrigebs. is Slis atf­s da mis energias natri­
umisa da kaliumis sawyis poziciebze dasabruneblad xarjavs. ase ubrundeba
neironi normalur _ mosvenebul mdgomareobas.
mosvenebis potencialis swraf cvlilebas garegani zemoqmedebis sapa­
suxod agznebis potenciali anu nervuli impulsi hqvia. oscilografi mas
pikis saxiT aRricxavs.
agznebis potenciali anu nervuli impulsi aqsonis mezobel ubanze ga­
dainacvlebs da TandaTan depolarizacia­repolarizaciis talRa aqsonis
mTel sigrZeze vrceldeba. sabolood, nervuli impulsi aqsonis daboloe­
bamde miaRwevs. impulsis sapasuxod, sinafsur napralSi mediatori gamoTavi­
sufldeba, romelic postsinafsur membranaze receptors ukavSirdeba.

50
2
Dmembranis potenciali

4 impulsi
depolarizacia repolarizacia
0

3 impulsi
­50
1
5

­100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 impulsis gavrceleba neironSi
Ddro (milisekundi)
1. mosvenebis potenciali;
2. agznebis potenciali; 3. Na+­is arxi ixsneba; 4. K+­is arxi ixsneba; 5. K+­is arxi ixureba.

189
 amis Sedegad ixsneba postsinafsur mem­
branaze arsebuli natriumis arxebi da axla
es membrana depolarizdeba. ase gadascems
informacias erTi neironi mis mezobel nei­ 1
rons. sinafsur napralSi arsebuli mediato­
ri swrafad iSleba specialuri fermentis
saSualebiT an isev ukan STainTqmeba presin­ 4 2
3
afsuri membranis mier.
imisTvis, rom organizmma gamRizianebels
sworad upasuxos, neironebi refleqsur rkal­
1. aqsonis daboloeba;
Si erTiandeba. refleqsuri rkali receptorsa 2. mediatori;
da efeqtors erTmaneTTan centraluri ner­ 3. receptori;
vuli sistemis gavliT akavSirebs. 4. fermenti.
4 gaixsene, rogor ajgufeben neironebs
maTi funqciebis mixedviT.
receptori aRiqvams gaRizianebas, gardaqmnis mas eleqtrul impulsad
da mas mgrZnobiare neirons gadascems. mgrZnobiare neironidan impulsi jer
CarTul neirons, Semdeg mamoZravebel neirons gadaecema da iqidan ki efeq­
torul organomde aRwevs. impulsis sapasuxod, efeqtoruli organo moq­
medebaSi modis _ kunTi ikumSeba, jirkvali sekrets gamoyofs.

receptori mgrZnobiare centr. nerv. mamoZravebeli efeqtori

neironi sistema neironi

kaqtuss Cven xels myisi­

erad vacilebT. am SemTxveva­ 1
Si receptori kanis tkivilis
receptoria, centralur ner­ 2
vul sistemas zurgis tvini
warmoadgens, xolo efeqto­
3
ruli organo orTava kunTia.
masze mediatori _ acetil­ 4
qolini moqmedebs. is kunTo­
vani ujredis agznebas iwvevs,
kunTi ikumSeba, xeli idayvis
saxsarSi ixreba da kaqtuss refleqsuri rkali
scildeba. es zurgis tvinis 1. mgrZnobiare neironi; 2. CarTuli neironi;
damcvelobiTi refleqsia. am 3. mamoZravebeli neironi; 4. kunTi.
dros organizms TiTqos bev­
ri gansjisTvis dro ar aqvs da mTavaria, is droze moscildes saSiS gamRizi­
anebels.
erTi SexedviT, iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom am sqemaSi Tavis tvinis adgi­
li ar aris da TiTqos is am procesSi saerTod ar monawileobs. sinamdvile­
Si saqme ase martivad araa. Tavis tvini yovelTvis saqmis kursSia, ra xdeba

190
zurgis tvinSi. informacia amis Sesaxeb mas mgrZnobiare neironebidan miewo­
deba. Tavis tvini amuSavebs am informacias da pasuxs kunTebs mamoZravebeli
neironebiT ubrunebs.
cxeli CaiT savse CvenTvis Zvirfas Wiqas xels ar vuSvebT, sanam ar davdgamT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom TiTebs gvwvavs, radgan viciT, rom Tu xels gavuSvebT,
uaresad davzaraldebiT _ cxeli wyali ara marto TiTebs dagviwvavs, aramed
sxeulzec gadagvesxmeba da sayvareli Wiqac gagvitydeba.

mravalujredian organizmebSi ujredebis koordinirebuli moqme­

deba nervuli da endokrinuli sistemebis meSveobiT miiRweva. ga­
narCeven difuzur, kvanZovan da milisebur nervul sistemebs.
gliuri ujredebi uzrunvelyofs neironebis normalur muSaobas.
mosvenebis potencialis swraf cvlilebas garegani zemoqmedebis
sapasuxod agznebis potenciali, anu nervuli impulsi hqvia. imis­
Tvis, rom organizmma gamRizianebels adekvaturad upasuxos, nei­
ronebi refleqsur rkalSi erTiandeba.

1. gadawere teqsti rveulSi da Casvi gamotovebuli sityvebi:

zurgis tvinidan ........... wyvili nervi gamodis, romelic Con­
Cxis kunTebTan bolovdeba. nervuli sistemis am nawils .........
nervuli sistema ewodeba. am sistemis moqmedeba Cven nebas ........
nervebis nawili Sinagan organoebSi bolovdeba. maT ....... ner­
vul sistemas miakuTvneben. am sistemis moqmedeba Cven neba­
survils .......... .
2. gaixsene, rogor zemoqmedebas axdens autonomiuri nervu­
li sistema sxvadasxva organos muSaobaze. gadaitane cxrili
rveulSi da Seavse.

simpaTikuri parasimpaTikuri
organo
nervuli sistema nervuli sistema

Tvali

sanerwyve jirkvali

guli

filtvebi

kuWi, nawlavebi

Sardis buSti

191
 ra daniSnuleba aqvs zurgis tvinis TeTr nivTierebas?

1. Seadare erTmaneTs hidrasa da Wiayelas nervuli sistema. ro­

gor fiqrob, ratom aqvs Wiayelas yvelaze msxvili nervuli
kvanZebi sxeulis wina nawilSi da ratom ar gaaCnia is hidras?
2. eTnaxmebi Tu ara gamoTqmas, rom neironi nervuli sistemis
funqciuri da struqturuli erTeulia? axseni, ratom fiqrob
ase.

1. fugu tradiciuli iaponuri

kerZia, romelsac erT­erTi sa­
xeobis Tevzisgan amzadeben. am
Tevzis RviZli, kani da qviriTi
Seicavs uZlieres Sxams tetra­
doqsins, romelic sasikvdiloa
adamianisTvis. erT TevzSi arse­
bulma Sxamma SesaZloa aTi ada­
miani moklas. es Tevzi delikatesad iTvleba da gamocdili mza­
reulebi ise amzadeben kerZs, rom masSi Zalian mcire raodenobis
Sxami aucileblad SenarCundes, radgan is sxeulis uwonadobis
uCveulo SegrZnebas iZleva. am SegrZnebis gamo, zogi adamiani
sasikvdilo riskze midis. fugus Wamas `rusuli ruletkis~ Ta­
maSs adareben. iaponiaSi arsebobda tradicia: Tu kerZSi zomaze
meti Sxami aRmoCndeboda da adamiani daiRupeboda, mzareuls
ritualuri TviTmkvleloba unda Caedina _ Tevzis darCenili
ulufa eWama.
mecnierebma gaarkvies, rom tetradoqsini natriumis arxebs blo­
kavs.
axseni, ratom iRupebian adamianebi arasworad momzadebuli
kerZis miRebis Semdeg sunTqvis Se­
Cerebis gamo?
2. samxreT amerikis tyeebSi izrdeba
mxviara mcenare, romelsac ameri­
kul vazs eZaxian. mis wvens in­
dielebi isris wverze usvamen da
cxovelebze nadiroben. rogorc
gairkva, wveni Seicavs Zlier Sxams
_ kurares, romelic acetilqo­
linis receptors blokavs.
axseni, ratom iwvevs es Sxami cxo­
velis dadamblavebas?

192
3. qimiuri iaraRis erT­erTi saxeoba, romelic organofos­
fatebis saxeliT aris cnobili, jer kidev 1854 wels daamzades
da mas mavnebeli mwerebis sawinaRmdegod iyenebdnen. saomari
miznebisTvis es nivTierebebi pirvelad germaniaSi 1936 wels
damzadda. mas mere am qimiur iaraRs sxvadasxva saomari moq­
medebisa da konfliqtis dros bevri qveyana iyenebda. 1995 wels
organofosfatebi teroristebma tokios metroSi gamoiyenes.
maTi zemoqmedebiT 12 adamiani daiRupa da 5000­mde daSavda.
organofosfatebi acetilqolinesTerazas inhibitorebs war­
moadgens. es fermenti acetilqolins Slis.
axseni organofosfatebiT gamowveuli simptomebi: kankali,
krunCxva, Rebineba, metyvelebisa da cnobierebis moSla. gaiT­
valiswine, rom acetilqolini centraluri da periferiuli
sistemis mediatoria. es imas niSnavs, rom am mediatoris sa­
SualebiT myardeba kavSiri rogorc neironsa da kunTovan
ujreds Soris, aseve or neirons Sorisac.

erT­erTi saxeobis meduzas `sikvdilis yuTs~ uwodeben, misi Za­

lian Zlieri Sxamis gamo, romelsac kurares msgavsi moqmedeba
aqvs. es meduzebi Zalian did saSiSroebas warmoadgenen myvin­
TavebisTvis, romlebic specialuri damcavi kostiumebiT Cadian
wyalSi, raTa meduzasTan Sexebisas Tavidan aicilon Zlieri Sxamis
zemoqmedeba.

mosvenebis potenciali _ rest potential

agznebis potenciali _ action potential

www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/transport/atpase.swf

193
IX Fkoordinacia da regulacia
§29
xerxemliani cxovelebis Tavis tvinis agebuleba
adamianis Tavis tvini
mexsiereba. mexsierebis meqanizmi
Zili. Zilis fazebi

xerxemliani cxovelebis TAavis tvini nervuli milis wina, gafarToebu­

li nawilia, romelsac mTeli nervuli sistemis moqmedebis koordinacia da
regulacia evaleba.
ilustraciaze xerxemlianTa xuTi sxvadasxva klasis cxovelebis Tavis
tvinia. daakvirdi rogor icvleba tvinis nawilebis proporciebi xerxem­
lianTa sxvadasxva warmomadgenelSi.

Tevzi amfibia qvewarmavali frinveli ZuZumwovari

didi naxevarsferoebi ynosvis wili Sua tvini naTxemi mogrZo tvini

adamianis Tavis tvini daaxloebiT 1,4 kg­s iwonis. is 25 000 000 000­mde nei­
rons Seicavs da TiToeuli maTgani 1 000­mde sxvadasxva ujreds ukavSirde­
ba. albaT, advilad warmoidgen, neironebs Soris kavSirebis ra rTuli qseli
warmoiqmneba Tavis tvinSi. is Cveni yvelaze rTuli organoa.
garedan Tavis tvini e.w. meningealuri
2
garsiTaa dafaruli, romelic sami Sris­ 3
gan Sedgeba. SigniTa, rbili Sris (1) sisxl­ 1
ZarRvebi tvins sakvebiTa da JangbadiT ama­
ragebs. Sua Sre (2) elastikuria. am or Sres
Soris siTxea. is Zlieri ryevebisa da dar­
tymebis dros amortizatoriviT moqmedebs
da icavs tvins. gareTa garsi (3), romelic
uSualod exeba qalas Zvlebs, magari da mtki­
cea. rogorc xedav, Cveni Tavis tvini Zalian
meningialuri garsi
saimedod aris daculi.

194
 1 2

ilustraciaze Tavis tvinis sigrZivi Wrilisa (1) da qerqis (2) sqematuri

gamosaxulebebia.
a. gaixsene da daasaxele ilustraciaze sxvadasxva feriT aRniSnuli
struqturebis funqciebi.
b. qerqis romel ubnebSi mdebareobs motoruli da mgrZnobiare zonebi?

mexsiereba

mecnierebi Zalian didi xnis ganmavlobaSi uSedegod cdilobdnen aRmoe­

CinaT Tavis tvinSi ubani, romelic mexsierebaze iqneboda pasuxismgebeli.
mexsiereba Tavis tvinis erT­erTi unikaluri unaria. es aris tvinis Tvise­
ba _ daafiqsiros, Seinaxos da aRadginos miRebuli informacia. rogori iqne­
boda adamiani am unaris gareSe? warmoidgine, rom Sen didxans, SuaRamemde
swavlobdi gakveTilebs, diliT ki aRmoaCine, rom araferi gaxsovs.
mexsierebis gareSe codnas ver SeiZen, codna ki azrovnebas udevs safuZv­
lad.
mecnierebi dRemde zustad ver garkveulan mexsierebis meqanizmSi. Tum­
ca, arsebobs hipoTeza, rom am procesSi gadamwyveti roli erT­erT media­
tors _ glutaminis mJavas eniWeba. Sen ukve ici, rom nervuli sistemis funq­
cionireba neiromediatorebis moqmedebas efuZneba da am mxriv, gasakviri ar
unda iyos erT­erTi mediatoris roli mexsierebis rTul procesSi. magram
sainteresoa, ratom SeCerdnen mecnierebi glutaminis mJavaze, riT aris is
gamorCeuli, nervul sistemaSi xom mravali sxva mediatori moqmedebs?
rogorc irkveva, movlenebis an sagnebis damaxsovrebisas, grZnobaTa or­
ganoebidan Tavis tvinSi erTdroulad Sedis informacia maTi maxasiaTeb­
lebis _ feris, sunis, gemos, formis, bgerebis Sesaxeb. es informacia Tavis
tvinis sxvadasxva ubnis garkveuli neironebis erTdroul agznebas iwvevs.
isini erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba da erTgvar wreds warmoqmnia. kavSiri am wred­
Si glutaminis mJavaTi xorcieldeba. swored aq vlindeba glutaminis mJavas
gansakuTrebuloba. nebismieri sxva mediatori receptorze zemoqmedebiT
mxolod xanmokle droiT aRagznebs neirons. sxva mediatorebisgan gansxvave­

195
biT, glutaminis mJavas aqvs unari, mis receptorze erTjeradi zemoqmede­
biT, neironi didxans amyofos agznebul mdgomareobaSi. magram aseTi efeqti
mxolod Zlieri STabeWdilebisas miiReba. mecnierebi varaudoben, rom aRqmu­
li informacia swored glutaminis mJavaTi gaerTianebuli neironTa jgufis
saxiT fiqsirdeba da inaxeba.
rogor xdeba am informaciis aRdgena, anu gaxseneba? wredSi CarTuli
neironebi mudmiv mzadyofnaSia.
garemodan sul mcire signalia
sakmarisi wredis romelime wev­
ris asagznebad. is momentalurad
aiyolebs wredis sxva wevrebs da
sagani an movlena cxadad war­
mogvidgeba. magaliTad, televi­
zorSi zRvis danaxvisas zafxulis
romelime gamorCeuli dRis deta­
lebi gvaxsendeba; damwvari foT­
lebis sunma, SesaZloa, Semodgomis
nisliani dRe gagvaxsenos; nacnobi
melodiis gagonebisas gvaxsendeba
epizodi, roca es melodia movismi­
neT.
grZnobaTa organoebidan Sesul informacias didi moculoba aqvs da
tvinSi srulad aRibeWdeba. am informacias tvini mxolod mcire xniT inar­
Cunebs, xangrZlivad ki informaciis is nawili inaxeba, romelmac Cvenze didi
STabeWdileba moaxdina.
asakis matebasTan erTad, mcirdeba neironebis aqtivoba, maTi erTmaneT­
Tan dakavSirebisa da wredebis warmoqmnis unari. amitom xandazmul asakSi
mexsiereba TandaTan qveiTdeba.
xandazmuli adamianebi, romlebic cxovrebis aqtiur wess misdeven, gone­
brivi samuSaoTi arian dakavebuli da interesiT ecnobian axal informacias,
kargi mexsierebiT gamoirCevian.

Zili

Sen ukve darwmundi, erTdroulad ra rTuli, natifi da mravalferovani

funqciis Sesruleba uwevs Tavis tvins. sainteresoa, ar iRlebian neironebi?
rodis axerxebs is dasvenebas?
mecnierebi varaudobdnen, rom tvinis aqtivoba Zilis dros radikalurad
unda Semcirebuliyo, radgan ZilSi adamianis fiziologiuri procesebi da
mgrZnobeloba gamRizianeblebze Sesustebulia. frTxilad gauzome mZinare
adamians pulsi da sunTqvis sixSire an Seexmiane da Sen amaSi darwmundebi.
Zilis meqanizmSi garkveva mecnierebma encefalografis gamoyenebiT SeZ­
les. es xelsawyo neironebis agznebisas aRmocenebul eleqtrul aqtivobas

196
aRricxavs da grafikulad warmoad­
gens. sxvadasxva neirons sxvadasxva sa­
xis eleqtruli aqtivoba gaaCnia.
aRmoCnda, rom Zilis dros tvi­
nis muSaoba ubralod ki ar mcirdeba,
aramed Tvisobrivad icvleba _ sif­
xizleSi agznebuli neironebi, ZilSi
Sekavebul mdgomareobaSi gadadis, si­
fxizleSi pasiuri neironebi ki ZilSi
aqtiurdeba. Zili ramdenime fazad mim­ encefalografireba
dinareobs.
daakvirdi ilustraciaze encefa­
logramebs. fxizeli adamianis encefa­
lograma xSiri da mcireamplitudiani RviZili
rxevebiT xasiaTdeba. encefalografi
wamSi 15­30 piks aRricxavs. Tvlemisa
da CaZinebis dros encefalogramaze Tvlema
Cndeba maRali pikebi, rac tvinSi gan­
lagebuli im neironebis gaaqtiurebas
mianiSnebs, romelic Zils iwvevs. Zilis
gaRrmavebisa da azrovnebis gaTiSvis
procesSi encefalograma iSviaTi six­ neli Zili
Siris, magram maRali amplitudis pikebs
aCvenebs, rac sxva neironebis gaaqti­
urebis Sedegia. am fazas nel Zils uwo­ swrafi Zili
0 1 2 3 4 5
deben. Zilis es stadia yvelaze Rrmaa.
wamebi
am dros adamianis gaRviZeba mxolod
Zlieri gamRizianebliTaa SesaZlebeli. encefalogramebi
gamoRviZebuli adamiani Zalian dabneu­
lia, gonebas Znelad ikrebs.
neli Zilis faza e.w. swrafi Zilis faziT icvleba. encefalogramaze Cnde­
ba fxizeli adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli pikebi. am dros mZinare adamians
saxeze emociebi uCndeba, daxuWul Tvalebs swrafad amoZravebs. Tu mas gaaR­
viZeb, getyvis, rom sizmars xedavda da dawvrilebiT mogiyveba mas. fiqro­
ben, rom am fazaSi tvini dRis ganmavlobaSi miRebul informacias amuSavebs.
grZnobaTa organoebis umoqmedoba tvinis muSaobas am periodSi ufro efeq­
turs xdis. zogierTi fiziologis azriT, gonebrivi aqtivoba swrafi Zili­
sas, RviZilis dros arsebulsac ki aWarbebs. amitomaa, rom adamiani wina dRes
warmoqmnil problemas xSirad meore diliT ukeT wyvets. xandaxan proble­
mis gadawyveta ZilSive xdeba. cnobilia, rom mendeleevma qimiur elementTa
periodulobis kanoni ZilSi aRmoaCina.
Ramis ganmavlobaSi swrafi da neli Zili ramdenjerme enacvleba erTmaneTs.
sxvadasxva asakSi saerTo Zilisa da misi fazebis xangZlivoba gansxvave­
bulia.
axalSobilebs dRe­Ramis ganmavlobaSi 16 saaTi sZinavT. mozardebSi Zi­

197
lis xangrZlivoba TandaTan 10 saaTamde mcirdeba. zrdasruli adamianebi
ZilSi 8 saaTs atareben.
zrdasruli adamianis saerTo Zilis 80%­s neli Zili, xolo 20%­s _
swrafi Zili Seadgens.
Zilis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb mravali hipoTeza arsebobs. erT­erTi hipo­
TYezis Tanaxmad, Zili adaptaciuri qcevaa, romelic adamians energiis xar­
jvisgan icavs da RviZilisas daxarjuli energia Zilis dros Seivseba.

mexsiereba aris tvinis unari daafiqsiros, Seinaxos da aRadgi­

nos miRebuli informacia. Zilis dros tvinis muSaoba icvleba
_ sifxizleSi aqtiuri neironebi pasiur mdgomareobaSi gadadis,
xolo pasiurebi _ igzneba. mexsierebisa da Zilis procesSi nei­
romediatorebi monawileobs.

1. Seamowme Seni mexsierebis sizuste.

Seecade, erTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi daimaxsovro ilustraciaze
warmodgenili figurebi da Semdeg daasaxelo isini iseTive
TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc cxrilSia.
gansazRvre sworad dasaxelebuli figurebis procenti:
sworad dasaxelebuli figurebis ricxvi gayavi figuraTa
saerTo raodenobaze da miRebuli Sedegi 100­ze gaamravle.

Sefaseba:
90%­100% _ saukeTeso
70%­90% _ Zalian kargi
50%­70% _ kargi
30%­50% _ damakmayofilebeli
10%­ 30% _ cudi
0%­10% _ Zalian cudi

2. Seamowme Seni mexsiereba figurebis amocnobiT:

Seecade, erTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi daimaxsovro figurebi AA ta­
bulaze. ASemdeg A tabulas daafare xeli da ipove es figurebi
AB tabulaze.
gamoTvale sworad amocnobili figurebis procenti. miRebu­
li ricxvi giCvenebs Seni mexsierebis xarisxs.

198
 B

3. daakvirdi mZinare bavSvs, zrdasrul da moxuc adamians. gan­

sazRvre maTi swrafi da neli Zilis xangrZlivoba da Seadare
parametrebi erTmaneTs. Zilis fazebis gansazRvraSi cxrili
dagexmareba.

swrafi Zili neli Zili

kunTebis tonusi sruladaa

kunTebi tonusSia
daTrgunuli

Tvalebs swrafad amoZravebs Tvalebs nela an saerTod ar

amoZravebs

gaRviZebisas yveba
gaRviZebisas sizmars ver yveba
mravalferovan sizmrebs

1. rogor fiqrob, Zilis romel fazaSi arian es adamianebi?

199
 2. roca raimes daswavlas an problemis gadawyvetas vcdilobT,
xSirad Tvalebs vxuWavT an yurebze xels vifarebT. ratom viq­
ceviT ase?
3. zogjer adamians kiTxvis dros Tvlema ereva da am dros wigni
xelidan uvardeba. ratom xdeba ase?
4. zogjer sinanuliT aRniSnaven, rom ZilSi adamianebi sicocx­
lis erT mesameds (8 sT dRe­RameSi) uazrod kargaven. eTanx­
mebi am mosazrebas?

1. avtokatastrofaSi moyolil im adamianTa umravlesobas, ro­

melTac zurgis tvinis kisris midamos dazianeba aReniSnebo­
daT, avariis momentSi eZinaT. ra kavSiri aqvs Zilis mdgoma­
reobas aseTi tipis travmasTan da raSi gamovlindeba travmis
Sedegi?
2. Tavis tvinis travmebisa da sxvadasxva saxis nervuli daava­
debis erT­erTi gamovlinebaa amnezia _ mexsierebis dakargva.
arsebobs amneziis sxvadasxva forma. erT­erTi formisas ada­
mians mexsiereba SenarCunebuli aqvs, magram ver ixsenebs misi
cxovrebidan mxolod erT­erT konkretul, mniSvnelovan epi­
zods romelic travmamde Zalian kargad axsovda. Seecade, axs­
na mouZebno am faqts.
3. swrafi Zilis fazas paradoqsuls uwodeben. axseni, ratom moi­
xsenieben swraf Zils aseTi epiTetiT?
4. ratom gvirCeven eqimebi, msubuqad vivaxSmoT da saRamos 8 saa­
Tis Semdeg Tavi SevikavoT sakvebisa da siTxis uxvad miRebis­
gan?

Tavis tvinis diagnosticirebisTvis Tanamedrove medicinaSi mag­

nituri rezonansis kvlevis meTods iyeneben. pacients Zlier magni­
tur velSi aTavseben. velis gavleniT ujredis wyalsa da lipidebSi
arsebuli wyalbadis atomebi igzneba _ maTi eleqtronebi maRal
eleqtronul Sreebze gadadis.
amis Semdeg magnitur vels TiSa­
ven. eleqtronebi sawyis pozicias
ubrundeba da am dros energias
asxivebs. energiis registracia
monitorze xdeba. gamosaxuleba­
ze miRebuli laqebis simkveTriT
msjeloben tvinis ama Tu im ubnis
dazianebaze, atrofiaze an mis
uCveulod gazrdil aqtivobaze.
am meTodiT tvinis garkveuli ubnis gamosaxulebis cvlileba SeiZ­
leba daukavSiron ama Tu im organos funqciis moSlas.

200
IX Fkoordinacia da regulacia
§30
nervul sistemaze moqmedi nivTierebebi
stimulatorebi, depresantebi, narkotikebi, halucinogenebi

Zilis meqanizmebis Seswavlisas gairkva, rom masSi ramdenime mediatori

monawileobs. erT­erTi maTgani serotoninia. is gavlenas axdens agreTve yu­
radRebis, ganwyobisa da emociis formirebaze. serotonins sixarulis, bed­
nierebis mediatorsac uwodeben. erT­erT sxva mediators _ dofamins sero­
toninis sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba aqvs. varaudoben, rom umZimesi daavadeba
_ Sizofrenia, romelic Rrma depresiiT xasiaTdeba, SesaZloa, serotoninis
naklebobiT an dofaminis siWarbiT iyos gamowveuli.
rogorc xedav, tvinis muSaobaSi gadamwyveti roli mediatorebs eniWeba,
amitom maTi moqmedebis darRvevam, SesaZloa, Rrma cvlilebebi gamoiwvios
nervuli sistemis funqcionirebaSi.
nervul sistemaze moqmedi sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTierebebi da medika­
mentebic Tavis gavlenas umetesad neiromediatorebze zemoqmedebiT axor­
cieleben. nervul sistemaze moqmed nivTierebebs ramdenime ZiriTad jgufad
yofen.
stimulatorebi nivTierebebia, romlebic nervul sistemaSi agznebis
procesebs aZlierebs. zogi maTgani acetilqolinis receptors ukavSirdeba
da ase iwvevs neironis gaaqtivebas, zogi dofaminis gamoTavisuflebas uw­
yobs xels aqsonis daboloebidan. stimulatorebis zemoqmedebiT Zlierde­
ba gulis SekumSva, izrdeba misi sixSire da arteriuli wneva, viwrovdeba
sisxlZarRvebi. zogierT neirostimulators eqimebi Warbi wonis adamianebs
uniSnaven, maTi fizikuri gaaqtivebis mizniT. es preparatebi amcirebs madas,
iwvevs energiis momatebas, Tavisuflebis SegrZnebas. stimulatorebi uZilo­
basac iwvevs, amitom mas adamianebi xSirad maSin Rebuloben, rodesac Ramis
samuSao aqvT.
`eqstazi~, romelsac farTod mo­
ixmaren sxvadasxva gasarTob dawese­
bulebaSi, serotoninis gamoyofas
aZlierebs da amitom Zlieri masti­
mulirebeli efeqti aqvs _ adamians
SeuZlia mTeli Rame icekvos da iyos
aqtiuri. Tumca, dadasturebulia,
rom misi xangrZlivi gamoyenebisas
neironebs Soris kavSirebis ricxvi
mkveTrad klebulobs, rasac mexsie­
rebis gauareseba mohyveba.

201
 `eqstazis~ gamoyeneba saSiSia im adamianebisTvis, romelTac maRali arte­
riuli wneva da gulis problemebi aqvT.
nivTierebaTa am jgufs miekuTvneba nikotini, romelsac Tambaqo Seicavs
da kofeini, romelic didi raodenobiTaa CaiSi, yavaSi, SokoladSi.

albaT, gicdia RamiT yavis daleva, rodesac samecadino gaqvs da ar ginda,

rom dageZinos.
nervul sistemaze moqmed zogierT sxva nivTierebaTa msgavsad, stimu­
latorebs erTi Zalian cudi Tviseba aqvs; Tu adamiani maT didi xnis man­
Zilze Rebulobs, masze damokidebuli xdeba. nivTierebasa da wamlebisadmi
orgvari damokidebuleba arsebobs _ fsiqologiuri da fizikuri. fsiqolo­
giuri damokidebuleba nivTierebisadmi emociuri damokidebulebaa. magali­
Tad, adamians axarebs da siamovnebs Sokoladis Wama. fizikuri damokidebu­
leba ki fiziologiuri damokidebulebaa. am dros organizmi aucileblad
`moiTxovs~ nivTierebas da Tu misi miwodeba Sewyda, Tavs iCens uamravi sxva­
dasxvagvari usiamovno da zogjer seriozuli problema. magaliTad, ama Tu
im nivTierebis an wamlis gareSe adamiani ver iZinebs, aqvs taqikardia, gulis­
reva, fsiqikuri problemebi.
cnobilia, rom Tu adamiani xangrZlivi drois manZilze yoveldRiurad
5­6 Wiqa yavas moixmarda da raime mizezis gamo Sewyvita yavis sma, mas Tavis
tkivili ewyeba. es imitom xdeba, rom kofeini Tavis tvinis sisxlZarRvebs
aviwroebs. yavis smis Sewyvetisas, tvinis sisxlZarRvebi adamianisTvis uCveu­
lod farTovdeba da tkivili swored amiTaa gamowveuli.
depresantebi. am jgufis nivTierebebs stimulatorebis sawinaaRmdego
moqmedeba aqvs. isini nervul sistemaSi Trgunaven agznebis procesebs da aZ­
liereben Sekavebas. fiqroben, rom zogierTi depresanti natriumis arxebis
blokirebas iwvevs da amis gamo agznebis potenciali ver warmoiqmneba. medici­
naSi depresantebi gamoiyeneba rogorc saZile, damamSvidebeli da krunCx­
vebis sawinaaRmdego saSualeba. magaliTad, diazepams xSirad stomatologebi
iyeneben. is ixmareba agreTve iseTi samedicino gamokvlevebisa da manipula­
ciebis Catarebis dros, romlisac pacientebs Zalian eSiniaT. depresantebis
xSiri miRebisas adamiani masze damokidebuli xdeba da misma Sewyvetam, SesaZ­
loa, krunCxvebi gamoiwvios.

202
 alkoholi yvelaze cnobili depresantia.
alkoholis miRebis Semdeg pirvelad masze
TaAvis tvinis qerqi reagirebs. is Sublis wil­
Si emociis centrebze moqmedebs da adamiani
arabunebrivad mxiaruli an piriqiT, sevdi­
ani xdeba. rodesac alkoholi mxedvelobis
an metyvelebis ubnebs aRwevs, adamians mxed­
veloba ebindeba, xandaxan ki gaoreba aqvs da
gaurkvevlad luRluRebs. naTxemze zemoq­
medebisas moZraobebis koordinacia irRve­
va, adamians Tavbru esxmis, zogjer Tavs ver
imagrebs da fexze ver dgas. sabolood qerqi
mTlianad wyvets moqmedebas. am dros adamiani ugono mdgomareobaSia. alko­
holis maRalma koncentraciam, SesaZloa, Sekavebis procesebi mogrZo tvinSi
gamoiwvios da adamians sunTqva SeuCerdes. alkoholis Zlier momxmareblebs
alkoholuri fsiqozi emarTebaT. isini sakuTari ojaxis wevrebs ver cnoben,
ver aRiqvamen sakuTar Tavs an aqvT saSineli halucinaciebi.
narkotikebi. narkotikebs medicinaSi Zlieri tkivilebis sawinaaRmdegod
iyeneben. Cvens Tavis tvinSi aRmoCenilia mediatorebi, romlebic tkivilis
SegrZnebas gviTrgunavs. maT endorfinebi uwodes.
1 ris asociacias iwvevs SenSi es termini?
narkotikuli nivTierebebi _ heroini da morfini swored am `bunebrivi
narkotikebis~ receptorebs ukavSirdeba. amis Sedegad adamians uqreba tki­
vilis SegrZneba da simSvidisa da siamovnebis gancda eufleba. magram nar­
kotikis miRebis Semdeg organizmi `sakuTar tkivilgamayuCebels~ ukve nak­
lebi raodenobiT gamoyofs, amitom narkomani iZulebulia, mudmivad miiRos
narkotiki da masze damokidebuli xdeba _ mis gareSe Tavs Zalian cudad
grZnobs, aqvs tkivilebi, oflianoba, kankali, gulisreva, Rebineba. morfinis
maRali doziT miReba sikvdils iwvevs.
kokaini kanis mgrZnobelobas aqveiTebs. eqimebi mas Wrilobebis damuSavebisa
da gakervis dros gautkivarebisTvis xmaroben. kokaini dofaminis moqmedebas im
mxriv aZlierebs, rom Trgunavs sinafsuri napralidan mis ukuSTanTqmis pro­
cess. amitom narkomans, kokainis miRebis Semdeg, mxolod mcire xniT eufleba
eiforia, romelic Semdeg Rrma depresiiT, daRlilobiT, gamofitvisa da ga­
nadgurebis SegrZnebiT ecvleba.
marixuana serotoninis receptors ukavSirdeba da adamiani eiforiis
mdgomareobaSi gadadis _ mxiarulia, aqvs kmayofilebisa da keTildReobis
SegrZneba, romelic obieqtur realobas ar Seesabameba, erRveva moZraobis
koordinacia. am narkotikis xangrZlivi gamoyeneba uSvilobas, tvinis da­
zianebasa da mis avTvisebian gadagvarebas iwvevs. marixuanas momxmarebels
gzajvaredinze myof narkomans uwodeben, radgan, rogorc irkveva, sxva nar­
kotikebis momxmarebelTa umravlesoba adre marixuanas moixmarda.
halucinogenebi fsiqikaze moqmedi nivTierebebia, romlebsac eqimebi
fsiqikuri daavadebebis samkurnalod iyeneben. erT­erTi cnobili haluci­
nogeni, romelic LSD­s saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, serotoninis receptors

203
ukavSirdeba da blokavs mis moqmedebas. es halucinogeni cvlis da amaxin­
jebs sivrcisa da drois SegrZnebas. adamians misi miRebis Semdeg mxiarulebis
gancda ucbad Zlieri depresiiT ecvleba, sicivis SegrZneba _ sicxis Segr­
ZnebiT, aqvs saSineli halucinaciebi da panikuri SiSi.

nervul sistemaze moqmedi sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTierebebi da me­

dikamentebi Tavis gavlenas umetesad neiromediatorebze zemoq­
medebiT axorcieleben. nervul sistemaze moqmed nivTierebebs oTx
ZiriTad jgufad yofen. esenia: neirostimulatorebi, depresante­
bi, narkotikebi da halucinogenebi. am nivTierebebis xangrZlivad
moxmarebis Semdeg, adamiani masze fizikurad da fsiqologiurad
damokidebuli xdeba.

1. ratom aris gansakuTrebiT cudi sigaretis RamiT moweva?

2. zogjer, bevri sigaretis mowevis Semdeg, adamians xelebis kan­
kali ewyeba. rogor fiqrob, ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi?

1. cnobilia, rom yava Zlieri Sardmdenia. rogor fiqrob, ratom

Zlierdeba Sardis warmoqmnis procesi yavis dalevis Semdeg?
2. vTqvaT, erT­erTi medikamentis anotaciaSi amoikiTxe, rom is
sinafsuri napralidan serotoninis ukumitacebis process
Trgunavs presinafsuri membranisa da gliuri ujredebis mi­
er. ras ifiqreb, romeli daavadebis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba is
iyos gamoyenebuli?

1. jimi hendriqsi da jenis joplini narkotikebis didi raodeno­

biT miRebis Sedegad daiRupnen.

2. alkoholi, nervuli sistemis garda, sxva organoebzec moqme­

debs. is:
 Trgunavs Zvlis wiTeli tvinis moqmedebas da alkoholur ane­
mias iwvevs.
 aRizianebs nawlavebs da iwvevs kuWis wylulsa da gulisrevas,
azianebs RviZls.
 TirkmelebSi Trgunavs wylis Sewovis process da iwvevs orga­
nizmis dehidratacias.
 xSirad xdeba enisa da saylapavis simsivnis warmoqmnis mizezi.

204
IX Fkoordinacia da regulacia
§31
receptorebi
mxedvelobis organos agebuleba
mxedvelobis receptorebis tipebi
feradi mxedveloba

mravalujrediani cxovelebis nervul sistemas informacias garemodan re­

ceptorebi awvdis. receptori imgvarad aris agebuli, rom is mxolod garkveu­
li saxis zemoqmedebas aRiqvams. magaliTad, fotoreceptorebi sinaTleze re­
agireben, qemoreceptorebi _ qimiur nivTierebebze, Termoreceptorebi _
temperaturis cvlilebaze, meqanoreceptorebi _ meqanikur zemoqmedebaze.
1 ra saxis receptorebia moTavsebuli enaze?
nebismieri receptori erTi saxis energias meore saxis energiad gardaqm­
nis. magaliTad, fotoreceptori sinaTlis energias eleqtruli impulsis
energiad gardaqmnis, meqanoreceptori ki meqanikur energias eleqtrul im­
pulsad, e.i. yvela receptori nervul sistemas eleqtruli impulsebis `eniT
elaparakeba~.

mgrZnobiare
garemos neironi _ miaqvs
cvlileba informacia
eleqtruli
impulsis saxiT

cns -s `esmis
receptori _ eleqtruli
aRiqvams informacias impulsis ena~.
da gardaqmnis gadawyvetilebas
mas eleqtrul iRebs, rogor upasuxos
impulsad cvlilebas

nervuli sistema informirebulia imis Sesaxebac, Tu ra xdeba sxeulis

SigniT. magaliTad, informacias mas sisxlis pH­isa da temperaturis Sesaxeb
e.w. interoreceptorebi, anu sxeulis SigniT ganlagebuli receptorebi awv­
dis.
imisTvis, rom receptorma Seuferxeblad imuSaos, mas sxva qsovilebis
daxmareba sWirdeba. amitom garkveuli receptorebi erTad iyris Tavs da sxva
qsovilebTAn erTad grZnobis organoebs warmoqmnis.

205
 vnaxoT, rogori agebuleba aqvs mxedvelobis organos _ Tvals da ro­
gor exmareba sinaTlis receptorebs sxvadasxva struqtura garemodan Tavis
tvinamde informaciis mitanaSi.

1
2

11
3
12
10
8 4

5
9

7
Tvalis agebuleba
1. sklera; 2. sisxlZarRvovani Sre; 3. badura; 4. yviTeli xali; 5. brma xali;
6. mxedvelobis nervi; 7. minisebri sxeuli; 8. guga; 9. feradi garsi; 10. broli;
11. wamwamovani kunTi; 12. rqovana.

sklera Tvalis gareTa, TeTri, mkvrivi da drekadi garsia, romelic Zi­

riTadad kolagenisa da elastinisgan Sedgeba. skleras eqvsi kunTi emagreba,
romelic Tvals yvela mimarTulebiT abrunebs, amitom adamianis Tvals Tavis
trialis gareSe SeuZlia sinaTlis sxivis daWera.
sisxlZarRvovani Sre Txeli Srea sklerasa da baduras Soris. Sedgeba
sisxlZarRvebisgan, romelic awvdis sakvebsa da Jangbads baduras ujredebs.
Seicavs muq pigments da amiT icavs baduras sinaTlis zemoqmedebisgan.
badura Tvalis SigniTa garsia, romelic Seicavs sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobi­
are ujredebs _ Cxirebsa da kolbebs, aseve sxva nervul ujredebsa da sayrden
ujredebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen Cxirebsa da kolbebs sakvebiT. mgrZno­
biare Cxirebi Zalian sust ganaTebasac aRiqvams, kolbebi ki mxolod Zlier
sinaTleze igzneba da aRiqvams ferebs. isini sinaTlis energias eleqtrul im­
pulsad gardaqmnian da mas baduris neironebs gadascemen. badura 120 milio­
namde Cxirs Seicavs, rac 20­jer aRemateba kolbebis raodenobas.
yviTeli xali baduris mcire ubania gugis pirdapir, romelic mxolod
kolbebs Seicavs. is uzrunvelyofs maxvil mxedvelobas Zlieri ganaTebisas.
brma xali baduris ubania, romelic ar Seicavs Cxirebsa da kolbebs, ami­
tom aq moxvedrili sinaTlis sxivi ver aRiqmeba. am ubnidan gamodis mxedvelo­
bis nervi.

206
 mxedvelobis nervi baduris neironebis aqsonebis erTobliobaa, romelsac
informacia Tavis tvinSi miaqvs.
minisebri sxeuli Jelesmagvari gamWvirvale siTxea, romliTac amovsebu­
lia Tvalis siRrue brolidan baduramde. aZlevs Tvals formas da erT ad­
gilze afiqsirebs brolsa da baduras _ ar aZlevs maT moZraobis saSualebas.
guga xvrelia, romliTac sinaTle Tvalis siRrueSi aRwevs.
feradi garsi Tvalis feradi nawilia. Seicavs kunTebs, romelTa SekumS­
va­modunebiT farTovdeba an viwrovdeba gugis xvreli. amiT is akontrolebs
sinaTlis SeRwevas TvalSi.
broli mkvrivi, gamWvirvale struqturaa. Sedgeba cilebisgan. masSi gav­
lisas sinaTlis sxivebi gardatydeba.
wamwamovani kunTi uneblie moqmedebis kunTia, romelic ucvlis brols sim­
rudes. amiT brolSi gamavali sxivis gardatexis kuTxe icvleba.
rqovana gamWvirvale qsovilia, romelic Tvalis wina nawils garedan fa­
ravs. kargad atarebs da gardatexs mzis sxivebs. ar Seicavs sisxlZarRvebs,
Seicavs nervebs.
rqovanasa da brols Soris sivrce amovsebulia siTxiT. is amaragebs brols
sakvebiTa da JangbadiT.
Cveni Tvali, xerxemliani cxovelebis Tvalis msgavsad, aRiqvams mzis eleq­
tromagnituri gamosxivebis mxolod Zalian mcire nawils, romelsac xilul
speqtrs vuwodebT.
Cxirebi da kolbebi saxecvlili 1 3
nervuli ujredebia, romelTa plaz­
muri membrana mxedvelobis pigments
Seicavs. mxedvelobis pigmenti plaz­
mur membranaSi CaZiruli didi cilaa.
masTan patara aracilovani nivTie­
rebaa dakavSirebuli, romelic A vi­
taminisgan warmoiqmneba. sinaTlis
sxivebs swored es nivTiereba STanTqa­
vs. am dros is formas icvlis da cilas
aaqtivebs. cilis gaaqtivebis saboloo 2
Sedegi eleqtruli impulsis warmo­
qmnaa, romelic fotoreceptorebidan mxedvelobis pigmenti
baduris sxva neironebs gadaecema. 1. cila; 2. aracilovani nivTiereba;
3. fosfolipidi.
am neironebis aqsonebi mxedvelobis
nervs warmoqmnis. impulsi mxedvelobis nerviT Tavis tvinis qerqis mxedvelobis
zonas gadaecema.
magram Tu fotoreceptorebs erTnairi mxedvelobis pigmenti aqvs, ro­
gorRa ganasxvavebs is erTmaneTisgan sinaTlis sxivis sxvadasxva talRebs?
rogor vxedavT sxvadasxva fers?
mecnierebma daadgines, rom adamianis badura sami saxis, e.w. wiTel, mwvane
da cisfer kolbebs Seicavs. maTi mxedvelobis pigmentis molekulebSi ami­
nomJavebi gansxvavebuli TanmimdevrobiT lagdeba. es moqmedebs sxivebis

207
STanTqmis unarze da amitom wiTeli Cxirebi ZiriTadad grZeli talRis sigr­
Zis mqone sxivebs STanTqavs, mwvane Cxirebi _ saSualos, xolo cisferi _
mokles.
daakvirdi ilustracias, rogor gada­

STanTqmis intensivoba
faravs erTmaneTs sxvadasxva saxis re­
ceptorebis STanTqmis mrudebi. es imaze
miuTiTebs, rom konkretuli talRis sig­
rZis mqone sinaTlis sxivis aRqmaSi erT­
droulad ramdenime saxis kolba monawil­
eobs da adamianis Tvali sinaTlis xiluli
speqtris yvela fers aRiqvams.
bevr cxovels feradi mxedveloba ara 400 500 600 700 nm
aqvs _ isini mxolod Sav­TeTr ferebSi kolbebis STanTqmis mrudebi
aRiqvamen samyaros. es cxovelebi ZiriTa­
dad RamiT arian aqtiurebi.
ZaRlebsa da katebs mxolod ori saxis kolba aqvT. erTi maTgani grZel
talRebs aRiqvams, meore ki mokles.
gansakuTrebiT kargi feradi mxedve­
lobiT frinvelebi gamoirCevian. maT oTxi
saxis receptori aqvT da adamianze ukeT
arCeven gardamaval ferebs. frinvelebi
ultraiisfer sxivebsac aRiqvamen.
kargi feradi mxedveloba aqvT mwereb­
sac. sainteresoa, rom maT SeuZliaT Tvalis
obobas Tvali
sxvadasxva nawiliT sxvadasxva feris sxivi
aRiqvan. frinvelebis msgavsad, isini xeda­
ven ultraiisfer sxivebs.
2 CamoTvale struqturebi, romlebic
sinaTlis sxivma unda gaiaros, rom fotoreceptorebamde miaRwios.
imisTvis, rom sagani mkveTrad davinaxoT, misi gamosaxuleba aucileblad
baduraze unda fokusirdes.
daSorebuli sagnidan areklili paraleluri sxivebi naklebad unda gar­
datydes, rom zustad baduraze
fokusirdes. amas ormxrivamoz­
neqili broli uSlis xels. amitom
am dros wamwamovani kunTi dundeba
da brols abrtyelebs.
axlomyofi sagnidan areklil
sxivebs Zlieri gardatexa sWir­
deba, amitom wamwamovani kunTi
A B
ikumSeba da brolis simrude Zli­
er izrdeba _ is mokldeba da
msxvildeba. brolis simrudis cvlileba
fotoreceptorebi mgrZnobi­ A. sagani Sorsaa;
area sinaTlis sxivebis mimarT. B. sagani axlosaa.

208
mkveTri sinaTlis xangrZlivma zemoqmedebam isini SeiZleba daazianos. meore
mxriv, susti ganaTebis pirobebSi, Cven sagnebs kargad ver vxedavT.
baduraze sinaTlis sxivis optimalur intensivobas feradi garsi uzrun­
velyofs. sust sinaTleze feradi garsis ganivi kunTebi ikumSeba da gugis
xvreli farTovdeba _ baduramde bevri sinaTle aRwevs. Zlieri ganaTebisas
irgvlivi kunTebi ikumSeba da guga viwrovdeba _ badura daculia sinaTlis
damazianebeli zemoqmedebisgan.

a
b

1 2 3
1. Tvali sibneleSi;
2. feradi garsis kunTebi: a. irgvlivi; b. ganivi.
3. Tvali mkveTr sinaTleze.

nervul sistemas informacias receptorebi awvdis. arsebobs fo­

toreceptorebi, qemoreceptorebi, meqanoreceptorebi, Termo­
receptorebi. fotoreceptorebs Tvalis sxvadasxva struqtura
exmareba garemodan Tavis tvinamde informaciis mitanaSi. Cxirebi
da kolbebi saxecvlili neironebia, romelic mxedvelobis pigments
Seicavs. mxedvelobis pigmenti, romelic plazmur membranaSi mde­
bareobs, sinaTlis zemoqmedebiT formas icvlis, rasac sabolood
nervuli impulsis warmoqmna mohyveba. impulsi mxedvelobis nerviT
Tavis tvinis qerqis mxedvelobis zonamde aRwevs da Cven sagans vxe­
davT.

1. yviTeli xali, romelic gugis pirdapir mdebareobs, TiTqmis

ar Seicavs Cxirebs. isini gafantulia mTel baduraze. amitom
RamiT sagnebs ukeT vxedavT, Tu maT pirdapir ar vuyurebT.
amaSi advilad darwmundebi, Tu Ramis cas Sexedav. Sexede caze
kaSkaSa varskvlavs. kargad xedav mas, rodesac pirdapir uyu­
reb? axla ipove patara varskvlavi mis siaxloves da daakvirdi.
cota xanSi is mxedvelobis aridan gaqreba. gadaitane mzera kaS­
kaSa varskvlavze da susti varskvlavi mis siaxloves isev ga­
moCndeba.

209
 2. daxuWe marcxena Tvali da marjvena TvaliT Sexede wiTel rgols.
orive figuras xedav? axla nel­nela miitane wigni Tvaleb­
Tan axlos. garkveul manZilze jvari gaqreba. es imitom xdeba,
rom am momentSi jvris gamosaxuleba brma xals emTxveva. axla
piriqiT moiqeci. daxuWe marjvena Tvali da marcxena TvaliT
Sexede jvris gamosaxulebas. miitane wigni TvalebTan axlos.
rgoli mxedvelobis aridan gaqreba, radgan axla is aRmoCndeba
brma xalis zonaSi.

3. daakvirdi wiTel rgols da uyure mas daaxloebiT erTi wuTi

ise, rom Tvali ar daaxamxamo. amis Semdeg swrafad gadaitane
mzera furclis TeTr fonze. Sen mwvane rgols dainaxav. axla
mwvane rgols daakvirdi erTi wuTi. gadaitane mzera TeTr fon­
ze. ra dainaxe?

am faqts mecnierebi aseT axsnas uZebnian:

wiTeli rgolis didxans yurebisas wiTeli kolbebi didxans
aris agznebul mdgomareobaSi. sxva feradi receptorebi am
dros `dums~. TeTri feris aRqma samive feris receptoris
muSaobas moiTxovs. TeTr fonze mzeris gadatanisas, wiTeli
receptorebi veRar igzneba. am dros sxva receptorebia aq­
tiuri. irRveva balansi am receptorebis muSaobas Soris, rac
aseT efeqtSi vlindeba.
4. erTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi uyure yviTel jvars. gadaitane
mzera TeTr fonze. ras xedav? axseni es faqti.

5. Sen SegiZlia mzeriT Tevzi akvariumSi moaTavso.

erTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi uyure Tevzis Sua yviTel zols da Sem­
deg mzera akvariumze gadaitane. moaxerxe Tevzis Casma wyalSi?
axseni es movlena.

210
6. xuT gamWvirvale WiqaSi Caasxi erTnairi raodenobis wyali. mo­
amzade sakonditro saRebavis an akvarelis Zlier koncentri­
rebuli lurji, mwvane da wiTeli xsnari. pirvel WiqaSi Caamate
wiTeli saRebavis 1 wveTi, meoreSi _ 2 wveTi, mesameSi _ 3 wveTi,
meoTxeSi _ 4 wveTi da mexuTeSi _ 5 wveTi. danomre Wiqebi ise, rom
gamosacdeli pirebi ver mixvdnen mis mniSvnelobas. SesTavaze
saTiTaod Sens yvela Tanaklasels, daalagos Wiqebi saRebavis
feris simkveTris zrdis mixedviT. eqsperimenti Caatare kargad
ganaTebul oTaxSi.
a. yvela moswavlem SeZlo amocanis sworad Sesruleba?
b. daadgine, procentulad ramdenma ver SeZlo es.
g. gaimeore igive eqsperimenti lurji da mwvane saRebaviT.
d. aqvT Tu ara problema igive pirebs, romlebmac wina samuSaos
Sesruleba ver SeZles?
e. Caabnele oTaxi da gaimeore igive eqsperimenti.
v. daadgine procenti moswavleebisa, romlebmac ver SeZles da­
valebis Sesruleba.
z. ra daskvnas gaakeTeb?
T. SesTavaze msgavs eqsperimentSi monawileoba ojaxis wevrebs.
Seajere eqsperimentis Sedegebi da gakeTe daskvnebi.
7. enaze mJave sakvebis moxvedrisas nerwyvi uxvad gamoiyofa. aR­
were gza, romelsac nervuli impulsi gaivlis receptoridan
efeqtoramde. gadaitane rveulSi da Cawere ujrebSi Sesabamisi
struqturebi.

gamRizianebeli receptori mgrZnobiare gza

centraluri mamoZravebeli gza efeqtoruli organo

nervuli sistema

211
 8. grafiki giCvenebs brolis simrudis cvlilebis unaris damo­
kidebulebas adamianis asakTan.
a. romeli asakidan iwyebs mkve­

brolis simrudis cvlileba

Trad Semcirebas brolis sim­
15
rudis Secvlis unari?
b. romel asakSia es unari mini­
maluri? 10
g. rogor moqmedebs es adamia­
nis mxedvelobaze?
5
d. gaixsene, romeli cila Se­
dis brolis SedgenilobaSi?
e. ra Tvisebebi aqvs am cilas? 20 30 40 50 60 70
v. ra emarTeba am cilas xan­ asaki
dazmul asakSi?
z. ra kavSiri aqvs am cvlilebas brolis simrudis SecvlasTan?

moiZie informacia da dawere referati Tvalis erT­erTi daa­

vadebis _ kataraqtis Sesaxeb Semdegi sqemis mixedviT:
 daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezebi;
 daavadebis niSnebi;
 asakobrivi jgufebi;
 mkurnalobis meTodebi;
 daavadebis prevencia.

1. adamianis Tvali 2,5 sm­ia da daaxloebiT 7 gr­s iwonis.

2. asakTan erTad minisebri sxeulis struqtura icvleba, is Txe­
vaddeba da masSi kolagenis boWkoebis nafleTebi Tavisuflad
dacuravs. adamiani mas moZravi laqebis saxiT aRiqvams, rac sak­
maod did diskomforts uqmnis.
3. gainteresebs, ratom aqvT adamianebs fotoze zogjer wiTe­
li Tvalebi? cudi ganaTebis pirobebSi fotografirebisas,
fotoaparati myisierad Zalian mkveTr sinaTles asxivebs. gu­
ga, romelic sibneleSi gafarToebulia, ver aswrebs reagire­
bas sinaTleze da isev gafarToebuli rCeba. sinaTle aRwevs
sisxlZarRvovan garsamde da airekleba. swored es areklili
sxivebi fiqsirdeba fotofirze wiTlad.

212
IX Fkoordinacia da regulacia
§32
endokrinuli sistema
xerxemliani cxovelebis Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebi.
hormonebis moqmedebis meqanizmi
hipofizi da hipoTalamusi _ sasicocxlo procesebis mTavari
regulatorebi

nervuli sistema sxvadasxva organoebs, maTi muSaobis erTmaneTTan Sesa­

Tanxmeblad, eleqtrul signalebs ugzavnis. organoTa pasuxi am signalebze
myisieria. endokrinuli sistema ki organizmze kontrols qimiuri signalebis
_ hormonebis saSualebiT amyarebs. isini akontroleben Cvens organizmSi me­
tabolizmis siCqares, ujredebis zrdasa da gamravlebas, organizmis ganvi­
Tarebasa da sqesobriv momwifebas. ase rom, organizmis pasuxi endokrinuli
sistemis signalebze SesaZloa, Zalian xangrZlivic iyos. endokrinuli sistema
yvela cxovels aqvs, romelsac nervuli da sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema gaaCnia.
xerxemlian cxovelebsa da adamians endokrinuli sistemis agebulebis
saerTo gegma aqvs. is ramdenime mTavari Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlisgan
Sedgeba. Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebi warmoadgens erTad Tavmoyrili
ujredebis erTianobas, romelic mis mier gamomuSavebul sekrets _ hormons
sadinaris gareSe, pirdapir sisxlSi aTavisuflebs. hormonebi sisxlis mimo­
qcevis sistemis saSualebiT yvela organomde aRwevs da am `mogzaurobis~
dros sakmaod did manZilsac gadis. Tumca, maT mier mitanil informacias mx­
olod is ujredebi exmaureba, romelTac am hormonis Sesabamisi receptori
gaaCniaT. aseT organoebs hormonis samizne organoebs uwodeben. sxva orga­
noebis ujredebi ugrZnobia
am hormonis mimarT _ maT 4
1 4
jirkvlis mier gamogzavnili 2
informacia ar exeba. hormo­
nebis umravlesobas ramdenime
samizne organo aqvs. 4 3
1 Sen ukve ici, rogor 4
muSaobs parathormoni da ad­
renalini. gaixsene da daasaxe­
3 3
le maTi samizne organoebi.
adamianis organizmSi 50­mde
hormonia aRmoCenili, romelic
organul naerTTa sxvadasxva hormonebis moqmedebis meqanizmi
1. Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlis ujredi;
klass miekuTvneba. isini ujre­
2. hormoni;
debs brZanebas ZiriTadad ori 3. sxvadasxva qsovilis ujredebi;
gziT atyobineben. 4. hormonis receptorebi.

213
 hidrofiluri hormonebi, romlebic ujredSi plazmuri membranis gav­
liT ver aRwevs, membranaze moTavsebul receptors ukavSirdeba. recepto­
ri aRiqvams informacias, rasac metabolizmis gaaqtiureba an Seneleba mo­
hyveba. ase muSaobs, magaliTad, kuWqveSa jirkvlis hormoni cila­insulini,
romelic RviZlis ujredebSi glikogenis, lipidebis, cilebis sinTezsa da
glikolizSi monawile fermentebis gaaqtiurebas iwvevs. insulinis moqme­
debiT aqtiurdeba aseve plazmur membranaze moTavsebuli glukozis gadam­
tanebi. yvelafer amas, sabolood, sisxlSi glukozis raodenobis Semcireba
mohyveba.
moqmedebis sxvagvari strategia aqvT sasqeso jirkvlebis hormonebs.
2 nivTierebaTa romel klass miekuTvneba sasqeso jirkvlebis hormone­
bi?
sasqeso hormonebi Tavisuflad gadis membranaSi, amitom mas samizne or­
ganoebs receptorebi ujredis SigniT aqvs moTavsebuli. hormonebisa da re­
ceptorebis dakavSirebiT warmoiqmneba kompleqsi, romelic birTvis SigniT
aRwevs da dnm­Si garkveul genebs aaqtivebs. organizmSi axali cilebis sin­
Tezi iwyeba da is axal Tvisebebs iZens _ Tvisobrivad icvleba.
3 CamoTvale, romeli axali niSnebi Cndeba gogonebisa da biWebis orga­
nizmSi sqesobrivi momwifebis dros.

2
3
1

4 5

sasqeso hormonebis moqmedebis strategia

1. sasqeso hormoni; 2. plazmuri membrana; 3. receptori;
4. hormonisa da receptoris kompleqsi; 5. birTvi; 6. dnm.

rogorc xedav, hormonebi, romlebic Zalian mcire raodenobiT gamomu­

Savdeba, uzarmazar cvlilebebs iwvevs organizmSi. amitom hormonebis rao­
denoba mkacrad kontroldeba.
magaliTad, farisebri jirkvlis hormonis _ Tiroqsinis raodenobas hipo­
fizi akontrolebs. rogorc ki misi raodenoba sisxlSi odnav daiklebs, hipo­
fizi am jirkvlis mastimulirebel hormons gamoyofs. is sisxliT farisebr
jirkvlamde aRwevs da misi gavleniT farisebri jirkvali Tiroqsinis gamoyo­
fas aZlierebs. rodesac Tiroqsinis raodenoba normas daubrundeba, hipofizi
wyvets mastimulirebeli hormonis gamoyofas, amitom farisebri jirkvali
Tiroqsins aRar amzadebs.

214
 hipofizi struqturulad erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli ori _ wina da
ukana nawilisgan Sedgeba. wina nawilSi, farisebri jirkvlis mastimulirebe­
li hormonis garda, sinTezdeba Tirkmelzeda da sasqeso jirkvlebis makon­
trolirebeli hormonebi. aqve mzaddeba somatotropini, romlis gavleniT
ujredebi mravldeba da izrdeba; prolaqtini, romelic fexmZimobis bolos
iwyebs gamoyofas da amzadebs sarZeve jirkvals rZis gamosamuSaveblad.wina
nawilis hormonia aseve lipotropini, romelic astimulirebs cximebis wvas
da monawileobs endorfinebis warmoqmnaSi.

10
3
hipofizis zemoqmedeba
1 2 sxvadasxva organoze
1. hipofizis wina wili;
2. hipofizis ukana wili;
9 3. Tirkmelzeda jirkvali;
4 4. kunTebi da Zvlebi;
5. kani;
6. farisebri jirkvali;
7. saTesle jirkvali;
8. sakvercxe;
8
5 9. sarZeve jirkvali;
10. Tirkmeli.
6 7

Zalian didi xnis ganmavlobaSi hipofizs yvelaze mTavar Sinagani sekre­

ciis jirkvlad Tvlidnen. fiqrobdnen, rom mTlianad is ganagebda endokri­
nuli jirkvlebis muSaobas. magram,
rogorc aRmoCnda, hipofizi hipo­
Talamusis sruli gavlenis qveS im­ 2 1
yofeba. hipoTalamusis hormonebs
SeuZlia dablokos an gaaaqtiuros
hipofizis muSaoba. es hormonebi hi­
pofizSi hipoTalamusis neironebis
aqsonebidan xvdeba. amas garda, oq­
sitocini da vazopresini, romelsac
hipofizis ukana wili gamoyofs, hipo­
TalamusSia damzadebuli.
ase rom, hipoTalamuss `hipofi­ 4
zis gavliT~ yvela sxva Sinagani sek­ 3
reciis jirkvlis kontroli SeuZlia.
hipoTalamusi mTavari damakavSi­
rebeli rgolia nervul da endokri­
1. hipoTalamusi;
nul sistemas Soris. periferiuli ner­ 2. sekretoruli neironebi;
vuli sistemidan informacia Tavis 3. hipofizis wina wili;
tvinSi hipoTalamusis gavliT xvde­ 4. hipofizis ukana wili.

215
ba. is informacias sxeulis yvela nawilidan Rebulobs da mas sisxlSi hor­
monebis normaluri raodenobis SesanarCuneblad iyenebs. es ki organizmis
normalur funqcionirebas uzrunvelyofs.
hipoTalamusi Cveni organizmis emociuri centria. is akontrolebs ada­
mianis ganwyobas, qcevebs, SemoqmedebiTobas, aregulirebs SimSilisa da wyur­
vilis SegrZnebas, madas. hipoTalamusis gavleniT warmoiqmneba kmayofilebis
_ danayrebis SegrZneba sakvebis miRebis Semdeg. Tumca, amas sakvebis miRebi­
dan 10 wuTi mainc sWirdeba. dadgenilia, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi, Warbwono­
anobis mizezi swrafi da uzomo kvebaa. adamiani `ar acdis~ hipoTalamuss, Sea­
fasos miRebuli sakvebis raodenoba, ar elodeba mis pasuxs, anu danayrebis
SegrZnebas da gacilebiT met sakvebs Rebulobs, vidre sWirdeba. amitom ase­
Ti adamianebis wonaSi daklebis efeqturi saSualeba ara mtanjveli dietebia,
aramed neli kveba.
sxvaTa Soris, aseTma dietebma da xangrZlivma SimSilma SesaZloa hipoTa­
lamusis funqciis darRveva gamoiwvios. warmoidgine, ra emarTeba am dros
adamians; hipoTalamusi araswor brZanebebs ugzavnis uamrav organos da maTi
moqmedeba erTdroulad irRveva, sruli qaosia adamianis emociebSi.
mecnierebma didxans araferi icodnen pawawina, girCis formis struqturis
_ epifizis funqciebis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavis tvinSi Zalian Rrmad, naxevar­
sferoebis zustad centrSi mdebareobs. mas adamianebi aswleulebis manZilze
mistikur Tvisebebs miawerdnen. mis
Sesaxeb mravali miTi, crurwmena da
Teoria arsebobda. erT­erTi mosaz­
rebis Tanaxmad, epifizSi adamianis 3
suli binadrobs. epifizs `mesame
Tvalsac~ uwodeben. Zveli induri
filosofiis mixedviT, adamians ram­
denime Cakra, anu energiis centri
gaaCnia. epifizi yvelze mniSvnelo­
van Cakras ukavSirdeba da rodesac
is aqtiurdeba, maSin suli fizikur 1
sxeuls scildeba. isini darwmune­
bulebi arian, rom epifizi `mTvle­ 2
mare organoa~ da misi gavarjiSebiT
adamiani naTelmxilveli xdeba. 1. hipoTalamusi; 2. hipofizi; 3. epifizi.
zogierTi cxovelis, magaliTad,
zogierTi xvlikis epifizi tvinSi
zedapirulad, kanTan axlos mdebareobs da misi gaaqtiureba pirdapiri sinaT­
liT xdeba. maTTvis epifizi namdvilad mesame Tvalis rols asrulebs. cxo­
velebSi epifizi zamTris Zilsa da sezonur gamravlebas aregulirebs.
adamianebSi epifizis funqcia bolomde Seswavlili ar aris, Tumca, ukve
danamdvilebiTaa cnobili, rom is hormon melatonins gamoimuSavebs, ro­
melic Zil­RviZilis procesSi monawileobs, aseve sxva hormonebze zemoq­
medebiT Trgunavs sqesobriv momwifebas, xels uSlis simsivneebis ganviTare­
bas.

216
 odesme Tu dafiqrebulxar imaze, ratom gveZineba maincdamainc RamiT da
ratom gviWirs dRisiT Zili? Turme, epifizi melatonins sibneleSi didi ra­
odenobiT gamoimuSavebs, xolo sinaTleSi misi sinTezi klebulobs.
Tu adamiani Zalian mcire dros atarebs dRis saaTebSi mzeze da gvian Ra­
memde imyofeba ganaTebul oTaxSi, mas, SesaZloa, melatoninis normaluri ga­
momuSaveba daerRves. melatoninis naklebobis pirveli niSani uZiloba, mous­
venroba, SiSis SegrZneba da maRali arteriuli wnevaa.
rogorc xedav, Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebi Cvens organizmSi erTmaneT­
Tan dakavSirebul rTul ierarqiul sistemas qmnis, romlis swor moqmedeba­
ze Cveni janmrTelobaa damokidebuli.

Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebi organizmze kontrols hormonebis

saSualebiT axorcielebs. organos, romelzec hormoni moqme­
debs, samizne organo hqvia. zogi hormonis receptori plazmur
membranaze mdebareobs, zogi ki ujredis SigniT; zogi hormoni or­
ganizmis metabolizms aZlierebs an abrkolebs, zogi ki Tvisob­
rivad cvlis mas. Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebi erTmaneTTad
dakavSirebul rTul ierarqiul sistemas qmnis, romlis yvelaze
maRal safexurze Tavis tvinis erT­erTi ganyofileba _ hipoTa­
lamusi imyofeba.

1. grafiki giCvenebs janmrTeli adamianis temperaturis meryeo­

bas 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.

36.5
temperatura

35.0

35.5

4 8 12 16 20 24 4 8 12 16 20
dro (sT)

a. romel saaTzea temperatura maqsimaluri?

b. romel saaTzea temperatura minimaluri?
g. daasaxele amis mizezebi.
d. moifiqre, romeli profesiis adamianebs SeiZleba hqondeT gan­
sxvavebuli monacemebi?

217
 2. ilustraciaze RviZlis ujredia (B). masze erTi Sinagani sekre­
ciis jirkvlidan (A) gamoyofili ori sxvadasxva hormoni erT­
maneTis sapirispirod moqmedebs. daasaxele es jirkvali da mis
mier gamoyofili hormonebi.

A B

1. rogor fiqrob, eleqtruli signali ufro swrafad aRwevs

daniSnulebis adgilamde Tu qimiuri signali hormonis saxiT?
2. romeli hormonis naklebobaze Segepareba eWvi, Tu adamiani
kaloriebs normaluri raodenobiT Rebulobs da fizikura­
dac aqtiuria, magram mainc Zalian Warbi wona aqvs?
3. daasaxele Sinagani sekreciis jirkvali, romelsac mxolod er­
Ti samizne organo aqvs.
4. zogierTi mecnieri hipoTalamuss Sinagani sekreciis jirkv­
lebs ar miakuTvnebs. rogor fiqrob, ras unda efuZnebodes
maTi aseTi mosazreba? riT gansxvavdeba is sxva Sinagani sekre­
ciis jirkvlebisgan?
5. mexanZreebi aseT incindents aRweren: ori moxuci qalbatonis
binaSi xanZari gaCnda. maT SeZles sayvareli roialis almode­
buli oTaxidan gatana. xanZris Caqrobis Semdeg xuTma mexanZ­
rem gaWirvebiT daabruna roiali oTaxSi. Seecade, axsna mou­
Zebno am faqts.

Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebis garda, hormonebs adamianis sxva­

dasxva organoc gamoimuSavebs. magaliTad Tirkmeli hormons _
eriTropoetins gamoyofs.
Seecade ganmarto es termini da ivaraudo misi samizne organo.
moiZie informacia eriTropoetinis Sesaxeb. gamarTlda Seni
varaudi?

1. mecnierebi akvirdebodnen usinaTlo gogonebis momwifebis

process. aRmoCnda, rom isini, janmrTel bavSvebTan SedarebiT,
sqesobrivad gvian mwifdebian. rogor axsni am faqts?
2. profesional sportsmenebs, romlebic yoveldRe fizikurad
Zalian intensiurad, TiTqmis `tkivilamde~ varjiSoben, varji­
Sis procesSi da Semdegac sasiamovno gancda euflebaT _ sa­
siamovnod iRlebian.

218
 Tu raime mizezis gamo maT ramdenime dRe varjiSi ver SeZles,
isini saocrad gaRizianebuli arian da usiamovno SegrZnebebi
uCndebaT.
Seni azriT, SesaZloa am gancdebis mizezi romelime nivTiereba
iyos?

sainteresoa, rom hormonebis garda, mravalujrediani organizme­

bi sxva saxis sakomunikacio qimiur nivTierebebs _ feromonebsac
gamoimuSaveben. hormonebisgan gansxvavebiT, feromonebi sasig­
nalo nivTierebebia, romlebsac erTi da igive saxeobis individe­
bi erTmaneTs ugzavnian. zogjer cxovelebi feromonebiT erTma­
neTs sqesobrivi gamravlebis dros izidaven. zogierTi cxoveli
mas teritoriis mosaniSnad iyenebs. bolo gamokvlevebma aCvena,
rom adamianebSi mamakacis mier gamoyofili feromoni gavlenas
axdens qalis menstrualur ciklze. dadgenilia aseve, rom mamaka­
cis feromonis zemoqmedeba ovulaciis Semdeg zrdis Canasaxis mi­
magrebis Sanss saSvilosnoSi.

219
IX Fkoordinacia da regulacia
§33
mcenareuli hormonebi
auqsinebi, giberelinebi, eTileni, abscizini

mcenareebs nervuli sistema ar gaaCniaT. mudmivad cvalebad garemos isi­

ni mxolod hormonebis saSualebiT umklavdebian. mcenareebze moqmedi mra­
vali faqtoridan, maTTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani faqtorebi sinaTle,
wyali da dedamiwis mizidulobaa. amitom mcenareebi gansakuTrebiT mgrZno­
biareni arian maT mimarT da maTze sxeulis nawilebis moZraobiT reagireben.
garegani faqtoriT gamowveul mcenareTa nawilebis mimarTul moZrao­
bas tropizmi ewodeba. dadebiTia tropizmi, Tu mcenaris nawili faqtoris
mimarTulebiT moZraobs da uaryofiTia _ Tu faqtoris sawinaaRmdegod.
sinaTliT gamowveul tropizms fototropizms uwodeben, dedamiwis
mizidulobiT gamowveuls _ geotropizms, qimiuri nivTierebiT gamowveuls
_ qemotropizms.
1 ras daarqmevdi haeriTa da wyliT gamowveul tropizms?
2 mcenaris romel nawils axasiaTebs dadebiTi geotropizmi? uaryofi­
Ti?
3 mcenaris romeli organosTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli dadebiTi fo­
totropizmi?
pirveli cdebi fototropizmis bunebis gasarkvevad darvinsa da mis va­
JiSvils ekuTvniT. maT ainteresebdaT, mcenaris romeli nawili aRiqvamda si­
naTles. isini mcenaris aRmonacenebis erT jgufs miwiszeda nawils, wveros
garda, Savi qaRaldiT ufaravdnen, meore jgufs ki mxolod wveroebs. amis Sem­
deg mcenareebs fanjris rafaze aTavsebdnen ise, rom maT sinaTle mxolod
erTi mxridan anaTebda.

A B C

4 daakvirdi ilustracias. romeli jgufis mcenareebi warmoadgenen am

eqsperimentSi sakontrolo mcenareebs?
5 romeli jgufis mcenareebi ar avlenen dadebiT fototropizms?

220
 cdis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, mkvlevarebma daaskvnes, rom sinaTles aR­
monacenis mxolod wveri aRiqvams, Semdeg es informacia rogorRac qvemoT
vrceldeba da mcenare mTeli miwiszeda nawiliT reagirebs masze.
darvinis Semdeg eqsperimentulad dadasturda, rom informaciis gadam­
tani zrdis hormonia. am cdebis seria sqematurad ilustraciazea warmodge­
nili.
rodesac mcenaris aRmonacens wveros aWridnen, aRmonaceni zrdas wyvetda.
rodesac moWrili nawili meore wverogadaWrili mcenaris aRmonacenze ga­
dahqondaT, is zrdas agrZelebda. mecnierebma ivaraudes, rom wvero Reros qve­
da nawils raRac zrdis mastimulirebel nivTierebas gadascemda. amaSi dasar­
wmuneblad maT waWrili wvero agaris blokze moaTavses. agari Jelesmagvari
nivTierebaa, romelSic sxva nivTierebis molekulebi advilad moZraobs. Tu
zrdis efeqti marTlac raRaAc nivTierebiT iyo gamowveuli, maSin es nivTiere­
ba aucileblad agarze unda gadasuliyo. garkveuli xnis Semdeg agaris bloki
wverowaWril aRmonacenze moaTavses. aRmonacenma zrda ganagrZo. yvelaze
saintereso is iyo, rom zrda srul sibneleSic mimdinareobda. mecnierebis
varaudi gamarTlda. Reros wvero namdvilad gamoyofda raRac nivTierebas,
romelic Reros sigrZeSi zrdas uwyobda xels. es cdebi mcenareebze Tanabari
ganaTebisa da sibnelis pirobebSi tardeboda. mcenare arc erTi mimarTulebiT
ar ixreboda _ is vertikalurad zemoT izrdeboda.

2
1. mcenaris aRmonaceni; 2. agaris bloki.

cdebis Semdgom seriaSi am nivTi­

erebiT gajerebuli agaris patara
naWeri mecnierebma aRmonacenis erT
mxares _ asimetriulad moaTavses.
aRmonaceni agaris sawinaaRmdego mxa­
res gadaixara, TiTqos mas mze erTi
mxridan anaTebda.
am eqsperimentma saSualeba misca
mkvlevarebs, gaerkviaT fototropiz­
mis qimiuri safuZveli. zrdis am faq­
tors mecnierebma auqsini uwodes, rac
berZnulad niSnavs vizrdebi, zomaSi
vimateb.

221
 rogorc aRmoCnda, sinaTle Trgu­
navs auqsinis warmoqmnas. rodesac sinaT­
le aRmonacens yvela mxridan Tanabrad
anaTebs, wveroSi warmoqmnili auqsini
`gaurbis~ ganaTebas da difuziiT nela
gadaadgildeba qvemoT. auqsini yvela
ujredze Tanabrad moqmedebs da Rero
vertikalurad zemoT izrdeba. rodesac
mze aRmonacens erTi mxridan anaTebs, is
ujredebi, romlebsac sinaTle xvdeba,
auqsinis nakleb zemoqmedebas ganicdis,
isini ki romlebsac mze ar anaTebs _
gaZlierebuls. gairkva, rom auqsini ujredis kedlis plastikurobaze moq­
medebs. is aaqtivebs H+ atf­azas, romelic citoplazmidan ujredis kedelSi
wyalbadis ionebs gadatumbavs. momatebuli mJavianobis gamo celuloza rbil­
deba, izrdeba kedlis ganvladoba wylis mimarT, ujredSi bevri wyali Sedis,
is zomaSi matulobs da sigrZeSi iWimeba. amitom mcenare mzis mimarTulebiT
gadaixreba.

auqsini
1
1

1
H+ H+
2

auqsinis zemoqmedeba ujredis kedelze

+
1. ujredis kedeli; 2. H ­atf­aza; 3. celulozis fibrilebi.

auqsinis mimarT mcenareebi gansxvavebul mgrZnobelobas iCenen. aRmoCnda,

rom auqsini, sul mcire koncentraciiTac ki, Zlier zemoqmedebas axdens or­
lebnian mcenareebze. auqsinebis maRali koncentraciis zemoqmedebiT iwyeba
maTi ukontrolo zrda. isini aranormalurad aZliereben metabolizms, rasac
maxinji formebis warmoqmna da mcenareebis TviTganadgureba mohyveba. orleb­
nian mcenareebze aseTi zemoqmedebis gamo, auqsinebs orlebniani sarevelebis
gasanadgureblad xmaroben yanebsa da gazonebSi, sadac dekoratiul mcena­
reebad ZiriTadad erTlebniani mcenareebi gamoiyeneba.

222
 auqsinebi aferxebs nayofebis damwifebas da maT naadrev cvenas, amitom
mebaReebi sinTezur auqsinebs iyeneben, raTa TAavidan aicilon momwifebuli
nayofis cvena xeebidan. erT­erTi saxis auqsinis zemoqmedebiT nayofi damt­
vervisa da kvercxujredis ganayofierebis gareSe warmoiqmneba.
am hormons mebaReebi uTeslo nesvis, sazamTros, kitrisa da pomidvris
misaRebad iyeneben.
6 gaixsene, rogor warmoiqmneba Tesli.
erT­erTi saxis hormoni _ giberelini iaponiaSi aRmoaCines. iq didxans
gamocanad rCeboda, ratom izrdeboda brinjis naTesebi xandaxan ucnaurad
didebi. gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom yvela maTgani soko giberelaTi iyo daa­
vadebuli da brinjis zrdis mastimulirebel nivTierebas swored is gamoyofda.
am nivTierebas giberelini uwodes. giberelinebs, sokoebis garda, mcenareebis
Reroebi da foTlebic gamoimuSaveben da is astimulirebs rogorc ujredebis
sigrZeSi zrdas, aseve maT mitozur dayofas. amitom sinTezur giberelinebs
mosavlianobisa da mwvane masis gasazrdelad iyeneben.
TeslebSi giberelinebi im fermentebis warmoqmnas uzrunvelyofs, romle­
bic endospermSi momaragebul naxSirwylebs martiv Saqrebad gardaqmnis, amitom
es hormonebi Canasaxis aRmocenebasac aCqarebs.
nayofebis momwifeba mcenareebSi eTilenzea damokidebuli. is nayofSi
sxvadasxva fermentis sinTezs astimulirebs. zogi maTgani amcirebs nayofSi
mJavebis raodenobas, zogi ki ujredis kedlebis peqtins Slis. amitom nayofi
ufro rbildeba da simJaves kargavs.
sxva hormonebisgan gansxvavebiT, eTileni airia. is advilad tovebs ujreds
da garemoSi Tavisufldeba. amitom erTi nayofis momwifeba sxva nayofebis
momwifebasac uwyobs xels. mangosa da ananasis plantaciebSi fermerebi ko­
conebs anTeben. wvis produqtebi eTilens Seicavs, amitom xili plantaciebSi
erTdroulad mwifdeba.
citrusebis, ananasis, bananis Sor manZilze transportirebisas fermerebi
xils srul damwifebamde krefen. gzaSi maT eTileniT amuSaveben da xelovnurad
amwifeben. amiT isini Tavs arideben xilis gadamwifebas.
rac ufro mwifdeba nayofi, miT met eTilens gamoyofs garemoSi. nayofis
gadamwifeba fermerebisTvis araxelsayrelia. amitomaa, rom isini xils nax­
SirorJangiT gajerebul sacavebSi inaxaven. naxSirorJangi eTilenis moqmedebas
Trgunavs da aseve xels uSlis nayYofSi mis sinTezs.
erT­erTi mcenareuli hormoni, romelsac abscizini uwodes, Camocvenil
foTlebSi aRmoaCines. is mcenareSi stresuli situaciebis dros sinTezdeba.
magaliTad, fesvSi abscizini wylis deficitisas warmoiqmneba, Semdeg is foT­
lebamde aRwevs da bageebis daxurvas iwvevs. siciveSi abscizini kvirtebSi war­
moiqmneba da maT zrdas aCerebs, monawileobs foTolcvenaSi. abscizini Trgu­
navs nayofis momwifebas da fotosinTezSi monawile fermentebs ainhibirebs.
abscizini grovdeba TeslebSi da xels uSlis zamTarSi ujredebis dayofasa
da zrdas, Teslis aRmocenebas. gazafxulze, Teslis gaRivebasTan erTad, masSi
abscizinis raodenoba mcirdeba.

223
 mcenareuli hormonebi sasignalo molekulebia, romlebic mce­
naris sxvadasxva ujredebSi mcire koncentraciebiT warmoiqm­
neba da moqmedebs ujredebis zrdasa da dayofaze, aregulireben
nayofis momwifebas, Teslebis gaRivebas, foTlebisa da Reroebis
zrdas, pasuxobs garemos zemoqmedebas. mcenareTa hormonebs ko­
merciuli gamoyeneba aqvs.

1. moifiqre, dagegme da Caatare eqs­

perimenti, riTac daamtkiceb, rom
sibneleSi bevrad meti auqsini ga­
momuSavdeba, vidre sinaTleSi.
2. saskolo laboratoriaSi moswav­
leebma mcenaris aRmonaceni Tana­
bari intervalebiT moniSnes (A). er­
Ti kviris Semdeg maT aseTi suraTi
miiRes (B). ilustracia cdas sqe­
maturad warmoadgens. rogor fiq­
rob:
a. ra iyo eqsperimentis mizani?
b. rogori ganaTebis pirobebSi iyo
moTavsebuli aRmonaceni?
g. raSi darwmundnen moswavleebi? A B

3. A da B mcenaris aRmonacenebia, rom­

lebzec auqsiniT gaJRenTili agaris
patara blokebia moTaAvsebuli.
a. ra daemarTeba A aRmonacens, Tu mas:

1 2 3 4

1. sibneleSi movaTavsebT?
2. Tanabrad gavanaTebT?
3. marcxnidan gavanaTebT?
4. marjvnidan gavanaTebT.
b. ra daemarTeba B aRmonacens, Tu mas A aRmonacenis msgavs pi­
robebs SevuqmniT?

224
4. grafiki gamoxatavs mcenaris sxva­

mcenaris organoebis zrda

dasxva organos damokidebulebas
3
auqsinis koncentraciis mimarT.
a. mcenaris romeli nawilia ufro
mgrZnobiare auqsinis mimarT?
2
b. romeli organo izrdeba ufro
Zlierad auqsinis zemoqmedebiT? 1
g. rogor moqmedebs auqsinis maRa­ 0
li koncentraciebi organoebis
zrdaze?
auqsinis koncentracia
d. ra praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs
mecnierebis mier dadgenil am 1. fesvi; 2. kvirti; 3. Rero.
faqtebs?

1. daasaxele organizmi, romelic sinaTlis zemoqmedebas misken

mTeli sxeulis gadaadgilebiT pasuxobs.
2. ra mniSvneloba aqvs mcenarisTvis im faqts, rom fesvs dadebiTi
geotropizmi axasiaTebs?
3. ra mniSvneloba aqvs mcenarisTvis ylortis dadebiT fo­
totropizms?
4. CamoTvale oTxi gza, riTac SesaZloa erT ujredSi sinTezire­
bulma mcenareulma hormonma misgan dacilebul sxva ujredamde
miaRwios.

1. daasaxele ori hormoni, romelsac Teslis gaRivebaze sawinaaR­

mdego zemoqmedeba gaaCnia.
2. daasaxele ori hormoni, romlebic nayofebis momwifebaze erT­
maneTis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeben.

1. tropizmis erT­erTi saintereso for­

maa haptotropizmi, anu mcenaris re­
agireba Sexebaze. am unaris gamo, es
mcenare sayrdens poulobs.
a. ra mniSvneloba aqvs amas mcenaris­
Tvis?
b. daasaxele mcenare, romelsac hap­
totropizmi sakvebis mitacebaSi ex­
mareba.
2. giberelinebis gamoyenebasTan erTad,
fermerebs aucileblad SeaqvT nia­
dagSi sasuqebi. moifiqre, ratom?

225
 3. sinTezuri auqsinebi vietnamSi saomari moqmedebebis dros iyo
gamoyenebuli. amerikelebi TviTmfrinavebiT am hormoniT uzar­
mazar teritoriebs amuSavebdnen. rogor fiqrob, ra mizniT?
4. abscizini wylis deficitisas bageebis daxurvas iwvevs. cnobi­
lia, rom amas abscizini natriumis arxebze zemoqmedebiT da fo­
tosinTezis fermentebis daTrgunviT aRwevs. aRwere abscizinis
moqmedebis meqanizmi.

abscizins dorminsac uwodeben. es terminebi inglisuri si­

tyvebisgan warmodga. moiZie informacia, ganmarte terminebi
da daukavSire isini am hormonis funqciebs.

mecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom natriumis salicilati, hormoni, ro­

melic mcenareebSi stresuli mdgomareobis dros gamomuSavdeba,
Trgunavs zogierTi simsivnuri ujredis gamravlebas.

226
X FmoZraoba
§34
hidrostatikuri ConCxi
garegani ConCxi
Sinagani ConCxi

moZraoba uklebliv yvela cocxali arsebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. am

unaris wyalobiT cocxali organizmebi moipoveben sakvebs, gaurbian mters,
Tavs esxmian msxverpls, pouloben partniors, toveben araxelsayrel saarsebo
garemos, eZeben da saxldebian axal teritoriebze.
1 moZraobis ra saSualebebi gaaCniaT erTujredian organizmebs?
mravalujrediani cxovelebis moZraobas ConCxisa da kunTebis moqmedeba
ganapirobebs.
arsebobs ConCxis sami ZiriTadi tipi: hidrostatikuri, garegani da Sinagani.
hidrostatikuri ConCxi Wiebs aqvT. maTi sxeulis siRrue, anu sivrce sxe­
ulis kedelsa da nawlavs Soris siTxiT aris
amovsebuli. sxeulis kedels irgvlivi da gas­
wvrivi kunTebi warmoqmnis. Wiebis sxeulis
formasa da moZraobas am siTxisa da kunTebis 1
urTierTqmedeba ganapirobebs. 2
vnaxoT, rogor moZraobs Wiayela. 3
SekumSvas pirvelad sxeulis wina nawilis 4
segmentis irgvlivi kunTebi iwyebs. mas mezo­
beli segmentis kunTebi rigrigobiT ahyveba
da SekumSvaTa cikli Wiayelas mTel sxeulze
gavrceldeba. kunTebi SekumSvisas sxeulis hidrostatikuri ConCxi
siTxes awveba, is ki, Tavis mxriv, am dros mo­ 1. irgvlivi kunTebi;
dunebul gaswvriv kunTebze moqmedebs. siTxis 2. gaswvrivi kunTebi;
dawolis gamo, gaswvrivi kunTebi formas icv­ 3. sxeulis siTxe;
lis _ sigrZeSi iWimeba. Wiayela wvrildeba, 4. nawlavi.
grZeldeba da win miiwevs.

1 2 3 4

Wiayelas hidrostatikuri ConCxi

1. irgvlivi kunTebi; 2. gaswvrivi kunTebi; 3. sxeulis siTxe; 4. nawlavi.

227
 garegani ConCxi fexsaxsrianebisa da moluskebis­
Tvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. is araujreduli warmona­
qmnia da ZiriTadad qitinisgan Sedgeba. qitinis ConCxi
mtkice da msubuqia, magram masSi sxvadasxva cilebi­
sa da marilebis CarTvasTan erTad Zalian magrdeba.
aseTi ConCxi saimedod icavs organizms, Tumca, mas zr­
daSi uSlis xels. moluskebisTvis ConCxis gamagreba
problemas ar warmoadgens, radgan maTi niJara sxeulis
zrdasTaAn erTad zomaSi matulobs. fexsaxsrianebi­
sTvis ki es namdvilad didi problemaa _ maT ConCxis
gamocvla uwevT. zurgis mxares qitinis demineraliza­
ciis procesi iwyeba, qitini rbildeba, javSani ixsneba mweri javSnidan Zvreba
da cxoveli javSnidan Zvreba.
2 daasaxele fermenti, romelic xels
uwyobs am process.
1
amis Semdeg iwyeba cxovelis swrafi zrdis
periodi. sanam cxoveli axal javSans warmoq­
2
mnis, is ver moZraobs, radgan misi dasaxsruli
kiduri moZraobaSi kunTebs mohyavT romle­
bic qitinovan ConCxs SigniTa mxridan ukav­ 1. qitinis javSani; 2. kunTebi.
Sirdeba.
Sinagani ConCxi ZiriTadad xerxemliani cxovelebisTvis aris damaxasiaTe­
beli. Sinagani ConCxi sxeulis SigniT mdebare­
obs da mas kunTebi garedan emagreba. Sinagani
ConCxi cocxali qsovilebisgan _ Zvlisa da
xrtilisgan Sedgeba. Sinagani ConCxi cxovelis
zrdasTan erTaAd izrdeba.
yvela xerxemlian cxovelis ConCxSi sam
ZiriTad nawils gamoyofen: RerZs, kidurebsa
da kidurebis sartyels.
RerZs Tavis qala, xerxemali da neknebi qm­
nis; sartyels ki Zvlebi, romlebic kidurebs
RerZze amagrebs.
3 daasaxele adamianis ConCxis ZiriTadi
funqciebi.
ConCxis erT­erTi mniSvnelovani funq­
cia moZraobis uzrunvelyofaa. xerxemliani
cxovelebi kidurebiT gadaadgildebian. yvela
xerxemliani cxovelis kidurs, garda Tevze­
bisa, miuxedavad maTi garegnuli gansxvavebisa,
agebulebis saerTo gegma aqvs. xerxemlianebis
ConCxis nawilebi
e.w. xuTTiTiani kiduri Sedgeba mxris Zvlis,
RerZi kidurebi
winamxris ori Zvlis (sxivi da idayvi), majis
kidurebis sartyeli
Zvlebis, nebisa da TiTebis falangebisgan.

228
 5
1 2 3 4

1. xuTTiTiani kiduris zogadi sqema; 2. adamianis kiduri; 3. cxenis kiduri;

4. Txunelas kiduri; 5. Ramuris frTa; 6. frinvelis frTa.

mxris Zvali sxivis Zvali nebis Zvlebi

idayvis Zvali majis Zvlebi TiTebis falangebi

4 ra gansxvavebas xedav Ramurisa da frinvelis frTis Zvlebs Soris?

5 ra ZiriTadi gansxvavebaa frinvelisa da Txunelas kidurebis Zvlebs
Soris da riTaa es gamowveuli?
6 Seadare Txunelasa da cxenis kidurebi da axseni maT Soris gansxvavebis
mizezi.

mravalujrediani cxovelebis moZraobas ConCxisa da kunTebis moq­

medeba ganapirobebs. ganarCeven hidrostatikur, Sinagan da garegan
ConCxs. hidrostatikuri ConCxi Wiebs aqvT. Wiebis kunTebisa da sxe­
ulis RruSi arsebuli siTxis urTierTqmedeba maTi sxeulis for­
mis SenarCunebasa da moZraobas uzrunvelyofs. fexsaxsrianebisa
da moluskebis garegani ConCxi qitinovani nivTierebisgan Sedgeba.
garegan ConCxs kunTebi Signidan uerTdeba. Sinagan ConCxs Zvlovani
da xrtilovani nivTiereba qmnis. mas kunTebi garedan emagreba.

1. gadaitane cxrili rveulSi. daajgufe cxovelebi hidrosta­

tikuri, garegani da Sinagani ConCxis mixedviT. Seavse cxrili.

hidrostatikuri ConCxi Sinagani ConCxi garegani ConCxi

229
 2. Seadare erTmaneTs xvlikis, Tevzisa da bayayis ConCxi. imsjele
am cxovelebis ConCxis gansxvavebis gamomwvev mizezebze.

3. amoicani ilustraciaze miTiTebuli struqturebi da daasaxe­

le maTi funqciebi.

4
2

4. osteoporozi sityvasityviT forovan Zvals niSnavs. am daa­

vadebis dros Zvali advilad msxvrevadi xdeba. daavadeba Ziri­
Tadad qalebs emarTebaT. daavadebis erT­erTi mizezi parathor­
monis gaZlierebuli moqmedebaa. cnobilia, rom parathormonis
antagonisturi moqmedeba qalis sasqeso hormons _ estrogens
gaaCnia.

janmrTeli adamianis Zvali osteoporoziT daavadebulis Zvali

230
 grafiki giCvenebs damokidebulebas adamianis asaksa da Zvlis
simkvrives Soris.
a. romel asakSi izrdeba intensiurad Zvlis masa?
b. romeli hormonebis moqmedebiT aris es gamowveuli?
g. rodis iwyeba Zvlis masis neli kleba?
d. romel asakSi aris gaZlierebuli Zvlis masis kleba da ratom?
e. axseni foris gaCenis mizezi.
Zvlis masa

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
asaki

1. Wiayelas `ukansvlac~ SeuZlia. aRwere es procesi.

2. daasaxele erTujrediani organizmi, romelsac Sinagani ConCxi
aqvs.
3. warmoidgine, rom eqimi xar. rogor dietas SeurCev mozards
ConCxis normaluri ganviTarebisTvis?
4. daasaxele cxoveli, romlis ConCxi mTlianad xrtiliT aris
agebuli.

231
X FmoZraoba
§35
kunTis SekumSvis meqanizmi
ujreduli sunTqva fizikuri gadatvirTvis dros

moZraoba mxolod imitomaa SesaZlebeli,

rom Zvlebi ConCxSi erTmaneTs moZravad uerT­
debian.
1 Zvlebis SeerTebis rogor saxeebs icnob? 1
saxsarSi Zvlebis moZraobas antagonisti
kunTebis muSaoba ganapirobebs. es kunTebi sxva­
2
dasxva Zvlebs ukavSirdeba da SekumSvisas am
Zvlebs amoZravebs.
2 orTava kunTi momxreli kunTia. romel
Zvlebs ukavSirdeba is?
3 romelia orTava kunTis antagonisti
kunTi?
kunTebi Zvlebis gadaadgilebisas muSaobas
1. orTava kunTi;
asruleben. muSaobas ki energia sWirdeba.
2. samTava kunTi.
vnaxoT, rogor muSaobs ConCxis kunTi.
kunTis SekumSvas safuZvlad ori cilis _ aqtinisa da miozinis urTierT­
qmedeba udevs. ConCxis kunTis ujredi miofibrilebs Seicavs, romlebic pata­
ra segmentebisgan _ sarkomerebisgan Sedgeba. sarkomeris sigrZe daaxloebiT
2,5 mkm­ia. sarkomerebi aqtinisa da miozinis Zafebs da e.w. Z diskebs Seicavs. Z
diskebs aqtinis Zafebi emagreba. rodesac kunTTan nervuli impulsi miaRwevs,
kunTis ujredis gluvi endoplazmuri badidan citozolSi kalciumis ionebi
gadmodis da aqtinis molekulebs ukavSirdeba. amis Semdeg aqtinis moleku­
lebs miozinis molekulebis Zafebi emagreba da maT Tavisken izidaven. amitom
msxvili da wvrili Zafebi erTmaneTSi Sesrialdeba. Zafebis erTmaneTSi Ses­
rialebas aqtinTan dakavSirebuli Z diskebis sarkomeris centrisken gadaad­
gileba mohyveba da sarkomeri sigrZeSi mokldeba. Sesabamisad, mokldeba sigrZeSi
mTeli miofibrila anu kunTi ikumSeba.

kunTis SekumSvis
A 2 B
3 meqanizmi
4
1. sarkomeri;
2. Z diski;
3. aqtini;
4. miozini.
A. modunebuli kunTi
B. SekumSuli kunTi
1

232
 miozinis molekula muSaobisas atf­is energias xarjavs.
aRmoCnda, rom atf kunTs modunebisTvisac sWirdeba. aqtinisa da miozinis
Zafebi sawyis pozicias rom daubrundes, kalciumis ionebma unda datovon ci­
tozoli da isev endoplazmur badeSi gadavides.
4 romeli fermenti abrunebs kalciums Tavis `rezervuarSi~? rogor mu­
Saobs es fermenti?
rogorc xedav, kunTis SekumSva­modunebaze didi energia ixarjeba. energiiT
am process ujreduli sunTqva amaragebs.
kunTebs atf­is sinTezisTvis saWiro Jangbadi da glukoza sisxliT miewo­
deba. Zlieri fizikuri datvirTvisas, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni guli da filt­
vebi gaZlierebulad muSaobs, isini mainc ver awvdian kunTebs im raodenobiT
Jangbads, rac mas muSaobisTvis saWiro atf­iT uzrunvelyofda.aseT situaciaSi
kunTis ujredebi anaerobul sunTqvaze gadadis da kunTebSi rZemJava grovde­
ba. rZemJava toqsikuri nivTierebaa. is daRlilobis SegrZnebasa da kunTebis
tkivils iwvevs. misi didi raodenobiT dagroveba sicocxlisTvis saxifaToa.
rZemJava kunTebidan sisxliT gulSi, RviZlSi da TirkmelebSi transportir­
deba. aq is piroyurZnis mJavad gardaiqmneba, aerobul sunTqvaSi CaerTveba da
naxSirorJangamde da wylamde iSleba. mis dawvas ki Jangbadi sWirdeba. swored
amitomaa, rom mZime samuSaos Sesrulebis Semdeg Cven gaZlierebulad vsunTqavT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni kunTebi aRar muSaobs da mas Jangbadi ar sWirdeba.
situacias Cvens organizmSi samuSaos dawyebamde, fizikuri datvirTvisas
da samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg cxrili asaxavs.

samuSaos fizikuri samuSaos

dawyebamde datvirTvisas damTavrebis Semdeg

ujreduli aerobuli anaerobuli aerobuli

sunTqva
glukoza + O2 = glukoza = rZemJava →
CO2 + H2O +38 atf rZemJava + 2 atf piroyurZnismJava + O2 =
CO2 + H2O + 36 atf

140
pulsi 70 140
TandaTan mcirdeba

sunTqvis 50
15 50
sixSire TandaTan mcirdeba

kunTis SekumSvas safuZvlad cilebis _ aqtinisa da miozinis ur­

TierTqmedeba udevs. kunTis SekumSvisTvis atf­is energia gamoiye­
neba. Zlieri fizikuri datvirTvisas kunTi JangbadiT sakmarisad
ver maragdeba da kunTis ujredi anaerobul sunTqvaze gadadis. am
dros warmoqmnili toqsikuri rZemJavas dasawvavad organizms didi
raodenobiT Jangbadi sWirdeba, amitom samuSaos damTavrebis Semdeg
sunTqva gaxSirebulia.

233
 1. grafiki giCvenebs sisxlSi Jangbadisa da rZemJavas raodenobriv
cvlilebebs mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi, gadatvirTvisas da
samuSaos damTavrebis Semdeg.
a. moZebne grafikze ubani, romelic fizikuri datvirTvis mdgo­
mareobas asaxavs. romeli parametrebis mixedviT amoicani es
ubani?
b. rogor amoicnob grafikze samuSaos dasrulebis amsaxvel ubans?
romeli nivTierebis raodenoba unda iyos maRali am dros? ratom
fiqrob ase?
g. romeli procesis warmarTvas xmardeba es nivTiereba?
Jangbadisa da rZemJavas raodenoba

dro (wT)

2. ilustraciaze A da B saxsaria warmodgenili. daasaxele ilus­

traciaze miTiTebuli struqturebi.

1
1
3

A B

234
1. daasaxele struqtura, romliTac kunTebi Zvlebs emagreba.
2. SesaZloa Tu ara, rom kunTis ori bolo erTi da imave Zvalze
miemagros? ganmarte pasuxi.

1. ConCxis saxsrebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba: zog saxsarSi yve­

la Zvali moZraobs, zogSi erTi moZravia, meore ki _ uZravi.
zogi Zvali 360ο­ian brunviT moZraobas asrulebs, zogis brun­
vis kuTxe ki SezRudulia. zog Zvals brunva ar SeuZlia da mx­
olod romelime mimarTulebiT moZraobs. moZravi SeerTebis
aseTi saxeebi farTod gamoiyeneba teqnikaSi. mraval xelsawy­
oSi nawilebi erTmaneTTan, ConCxis Zvlebis msgavsad, moZravad
aris SeerTebuli
gaecani ilustracias. sakuTar Tavze gamoscade, rogor moZ­
raobebs uzrunvelyofs esa Tu is saxsari. amis Semdeg daakvirdi
avejs, saojaxo da saskolo teqnikas da moZebne am nivTebSi saxs­
ruli SeerTebis analogebi.

235
 2. ilustraciaze mocemulia 70 kg masis mqone adamianis xerxemlis
welis ganyofilebis malis datvirTva sxeulis sxvadasxva mdgo­
mareobaSi. gaiTvaliswine diagramis monacemebi da ilustraciaze
amoicani kisris, mkerdisa da welis ganyofilebis malebi. ra
niSnebiT ganasxvaveb maT erTmaneTisgan? axseni, ra mosazrebas
efuZneba Seni varaudi.

3. giorgi, irakli da nika sportiT ar arian dakavebulebi. mTeli

kviris manZilze kompiuterTan intensiuri muSaobis Semdeg,
giorgim hantelebiT didxans ivarjiSa, iraklim CogburTi iTama­
Sa, xolo nika velosipediT qalaqidan agarakze wavida. orSabaTs
samivem cudad igrZno Tavi. aRwere maTi SegrZnebebi da ganmarte
mizezi.
4. rogor icvleba fizikuri gadatvirTvisas kunTebis ujredebSi
glukozis erTi molekulidan warmoqmnili rZemJavisa da nax­
SirorJangis raodenoba.
a; b; g; d.

rZemJava naxSirorJangi

a izrdeba izrdeba

b izrdeba mcirdeba

g mcirdeba izrdeba

d mcirdeba mcirdeba

236
X FmoZraoba
§36
moZraoba haerSi
frinvelis ConCxis agebuleba
moZraoba wyalSi

moZraoba haerSi

haerSi moZraobasTan dakavSirebiT frinvelebs uamravi Seguebuloba ga­

moumuSDavdaT. frena sxeulis simsubuqes, `safren aparats~ da did energias
moiTxovs. sxeulis simsubuqes, upirvelesad, frinvelis msubuqi Rruiani
Zvlebi ganapirobebs. sxeulis masas sagrZnoblad amcirebs qalas Txeli Zvle­
bi da msubuqi, ukbilo niskarti, romelmac mZime, kbi­
lebiani zeda da qveda yba Secvala. mniSvnelovania
isic, rom frinvelebis ConCxi, qvewarmavlebisa da
ZuZumwovrebis ConCxTan SedarebiT, mcire raodeno­
biT Zvlebs Seicavs. magaliTad, maT ar gaaCniaT ku­ 2
dis mravali mala, sagrZnoblad Semcirda mtevnis
Zvlebis raodenobac _ mxolod sami TiTi SerCaT.
frinvelebis aseT msubuq ConCxs simtkices xerxemlis
sxvadasxva ganyofilebis malebis Sezrda aniWebs. xer­ 1
xemalTanaa aseve Sezrdili menjis Zvlebic. frenas­
Tan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebuli cvlilebebi frin­
velebis wina kidurma ganicada. is safren aparatad _ frinvelis ConCxi
frTad gadaiqca. 1. tropi; 2. pigostili.
frTas mkerdis ori kunTi amoZravebs, romelic sxe­
ulis masis daaxloebiT 20%­s Seadgens. aseTi mZlavri
kunTebis misamagreblad mkerdis Zvals uzarmazari ga­
moSveriloba _ tropi aqvs. mkerdis didi kunTi SekumS­
visas frTas dabla swevs, mcire kunTi ki maRla.

2 1. mkerdis didi kunTi;

2. mkerdis mcire kunTYi;
1 3. tropi; 12 kg­iani varxvis ConCxi
4. mxris Zvali. mxolod 0,8 kg­s iwonis.
3

237
 imisTvis, rom frTam frinvelis sxeuli haerSi aitacos, mas didi zedapiri
unda gaaCndes. frTis zedapirs masze mimagrebuli bumbuli zrdis. bumbuli
Rerosa da maraosgan Sedgeba. marao Txeli, msubuqi, drekadi da mkvrivi fir­
fitaa. mas RerZidan gamosuli uwvrilesi datotvili sxivebi qmnis, romlebic
erTmaneTs kauWebiT emagreba.
orniTologebis azriT (orniTologia mecnierebaa frinvelebis Sesaxeb),
frinvelebis bumbuls ocamde gansxvavebuli daniSnuleba aqvs. Tumca, am funq­
ciebis Sesrulebas, ZiriTadad, bumbulis oTxi forma emsaxureba.

3 4 5 6
bumbulis agebuleba da tipebi
1. Rero; 2. marao; 3. saWis bumbuli; 4. mosaqnevi bumbuli; 5. mfaravi bumbuli;
6. RinRli.

RinRli da mfaravi bumbuli icavs

frinvels sicivis, wylisa da qarisgan,
mosaqnevi da saWis bumbuli ki mas fre­
naSi exmareba. e.w. pirveli rigis mosaq­
nevi bumbuli (1) myesebis saSualebiT
mtevnis Zvlebs emagreba, meore rigisa (2)
ki winamxris Zvlebs. pasuxs frenaze Zi­ 1
riTadad pirveli rigis mosaqnevi bum­
buli agebs. sxva bumbulebis frTidan
frTa 2
mocileba TiTqmis araviTar gavlenas ar
axdens frenis siCqareze, magram sakmari­
sia, pirveli rigis mosaqnevi bumbuli frinvels odnav daumoklo, rom frena
SeuZlebeli xdeba. saWis bumbuli ConCxis erT­erT Zvals _ pigostils emagreba.
am bumbulebis raodenoba da zoma sxvadasxva frinvelSi gansxvavebulia. maT
kunTebi amoZravebs da amiT amcirebs an zrdis kudis zedapirs; es ki frenis
mimarTulebis Secvlas an dajdomisas damuxruWebas iwvevs.
erTi SexedviT, saWisa da mosaqnevi bumbuli erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba.
magram Tu kargad daakvirdebi, maT agebulebaSi mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas aR­
moaCen. saWis bumbuli simetriulia, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania frenis dros
wonasworobis dasacavad. mosaqnevi asimetriuli bumbuli ki kargad Wris haers
frenisas.

238
 sainteresoa, ra Zala itacebs frinvels ha­
erSi? yvelaferi mkerdis didi kunTis SekumS­
viT iwyeba. am dros frTa qvemoT odnav daxril
mdgomareobaSi eSveba. pirveli rigis bumbuli
uzarmazar winaaRmdegobas uwevs frTis qveS
moqceul haers da sxeulis amwev Zalas warmo­
qmnis. frinveli miwas swydeba da haerSi adis.
frTis daxril poziciaSi haers frTis zemoT
ufro mcire winaaRmdegoba xvdeba, vidre frTis
qveS, amitom ufro didi siswrafiT moZraobs,
es ki frTis zemoT haeris wnevas amcirebs da
sxeulis amwevi Zala kidev ufro izrdeba. amis
Semdeg mkerdis mcire kunTi ikumSeba da frTas
haeris wneva frTis qveS
zemoT swevs. mtredis frTebi 1 wamSi zemoT da
haeris wneva frTis zemoT
qvemoT moZraobas orjer aswrebs. amwevi Zalis
amwevi Zala
sidide damokidebulia frTis moZraobis six­
Sireze, sxeulis mimarT frTis daxrilobsa da
frenis siswrafeze.

moZraoba wyalSi

wylis simkvrive bevrad sWarbobs haeris simkvrives. cnobilia, rom zRvis

wyali 100­jer ufro mkvrivia haerTAan SedarebiT. cxadia, wyalSi gadaadgileba
rTulia, Tumca, is mniSvnelovan sayrdens warmoadgens masSi mcxovrebi orga­
nizmebisTvis.
wylis binadrebs mravali Seguebuloba gamoumuSavdaT, rac maT wylis wi­
naaRmdegobis gadalaxvaSi exmareba.
Tevzebis orive boloTi wamaxvilebuli, lorwoTi dafaruli sxeuli Tavi­
suflad misrialebs wyalSi.

3
5 4
1. zurgis kenti farfli; 2. kudis kenti farfli; 3. kudqveSa kenti farfli;
4. muclis wyvili farfli; 5. mkerdis wyvili farfli.

daasaxele Tevzis ConCxis ZiriTadi nawilebi.

239
 Tevzis moqnili xerxemlis orive mxares antagonisturi kunTebis jgufe­
bia ganlagebuli. maTi morigeobiT SekumSva sxeulis wina nawilidan iwyeba da
TandaTan kudis mimarTulebiT vrceldeba. am dros xerxemali talRiseburad
moZraobs.
es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans gvel­
Tevzas moZraobis magaliTze (1).
Tevzebi, romelTac ufro mokle
da kompaqturi sxeuli aqvT, wyalSi
win ZiriTadad sxeulis ukana nawilis, 1 2
kudisa da kudis farflis moZraobiT
miiweven (2). kudqveSa da zurgis kenti
farflebi exmareba Tevzs wonasworo­
bis dacvaSi, icavs mas wyalSi gadabru­
3
nebisa da gadayiravebisgan. mkerdisa
da muclis wyvili farflebi saWesaviT
moqmedebs. isini moZraobis mimarTu­
lebas cvlian. Tevzebis wyalSi moZraobis
zvigenis mkerdisa da muclis farf­ sxvadasxva xerxi
lebi ganuwyvetliv muSaobs, rom misi
uzarmazari, mZime sxeuli wyalSi ar CaiZiros (3). am farflebis garkveuli kuTxiT
mobrunebiT, zvigeni wylis sisqeSi vertikalurad gadaadgildeba _ xan wylis
zedapirze amodis da xan fskerze eSveba.
Zvlovan Tevzebs, zvigenisgan gansxvavebiT, sacurao buSti aqvT. buStis
wyalobiT maTi sxeulis simkvrive wylis simkvrives uaxlovdeba. amitom isini
energias aRar xarjaven wyalSi sxeulis Sesakaveblad. maTi SedarebiT mcire
zomis wyvili farfli ZiriTadad damuxruWebisa da horizontalur sibrtyeSi
moZraobisas mimarTulebis Sesacvlelad gamoiyeneba.

haerSi moZraobasTan mTavari Seguebuloba frinvelebis ConCxis dam­

subuqeba da wina kiduris frTad gadaqcevaa. frinvels frenaSi mo­
saqnevi da saWis bumbuli exmareba.
wylis maRali simkvrivis gamo, wyalSi gadaadgileba rTulia. wylis
winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvaSi Tevzebs TiTistarisebri, lorwoTi
dafaruli sxeuli da farflebi exmareba.

1. sqematurad warmodgenili Tevzebidan erTi win misrialebs, me­

ore curvis mimarTulebas icvlis, mesame ki amuxruWebs. amoi­
cani es Tevzebi.

A B C

240
2. rogor iqmneba amwevi Zala frinvelebsa da TviTmfrinavSi?

1. romeli nivTierebisgan aris agebuli bumbuli?

2. gamomyofi sistemis romeli Tavisebureba amsubuqebs frinvelis
sxeuls?
3. frinvelebs, romlebic ar frenen, pa­
tara tropi da mcire zomis mkerdis
kunTi aqvT. am mxriv pingvini gamo­
naklisia. axseni, ratom?
4. Seni azriT, romeli saxis bumbuli ar
gaaCnia pingvins?
5. warmoidgine aseTi situacia: Seni Tana­
klaselebis erTma jgufma gamoikvlia tropi
qaTmis, pingvinisa da Roris Zvlebis
simkvrive da daadgina, rom pingvinis
Zvlebis simkvrive Roris Zvlebis sim­
kvrivis tolia, xolo qaTmis Zvlebis
simkvrive gacilebiT naklebia maTze.
Tanaklaselebi gimtkiceben, rom maT ramdenjerme gaimeores es
gamokvleva standartul pirobebSi da erTnairi Sedegebi miiRes.
Segepareba eWvi Seni megobrebis monacemebSi? SesaZloa, pingvins
ZuZumwovrebiviT mZime Zvlebi hqondes?
6. romeli klasis warmomadgenlebi arian ilustraciaze warmod­
genili cxovelebi? ra garegnul msgavsebas xedav maT Soris da
ra aris amis mizezi?

241
 1. gadawere teqsti rveulSi da Casvi gamotovebuli sityvebi:
rodesac Tevzi wylis zedapirze amodis, sacurao buStSi aire­
bis raodenoba ..............., fskerisken daSvebisas ki ................ .
2. ipove araswori frazebi:
1. Tevzebis wyalSi moZraobas maTi TiTistarisebri sxeuli uw­
yobs xels. 2. Tevzebis mkerdis farflebs mkerdis ZvalTan mi­
erTebuli kunTebi amoZravebs. 3. frinvelebis msgavsad, Tev­
zebis xerxemals kargad gamoxatuli kisris ganyofileba aqvs.
4. kisris malebTan dakavSirebuli kunTebi Tevzis Tavs yvela
mimarTulebiT amoZravebs. 5. Tevzis sxeuls sacurao buSti am­
subuqebs. 6. sacurao buSti yvela Tevzs gaaCnia. 7. menjis Zvali,
sxva xerxemlianebis msgavsad, Tevzebis sxeulis mniSvnelovani
sayrdenia.
3. gadawere teqsti rveulSi, ipove Sesabamisi wyvilebi da daukav­
Sire erTmaneTs:
mkerdis farflebi curvis mimarTulebis Secvla
kudis farfli wonaworobis dacva
zurgis farfli damuxruWeba
kudqveSa farfli
muclis farflebi

ÆÏÂÀÃÉ ÂÀÍÀÈËÄÁÉÓ ÄÒÏÅÍÖËÉ ÌÉÆÍÄÁÉ

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÛÉ ÆÏÂÀÃÉ ÂÀÍÀÈËÄÁÉÓ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÀ ÌÉÆÍÀà ÉÓÀáÀÅÓ ÛÄØÌÍÀÓ áÄËÓÀÚÒÄËÉ ÐÉ­

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ÍÄÁÉÓ ÜÀÌÏÚÀËÉÁÄÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ.
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ÜÅÄÅÄÁÓ, ÀÞËÄÅÓ ÓÀàÉÒÏ ÝÏÃÍÀÓ, ÀÌÊÅÉÃÒÄÁÓ ãÀÍÓÀÙÉ ÝáÏÅÒÄÁÉÓ ßÄÓÓ, ÌÏÓßÀÅËÄÄÁÓ
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Ö×ËÄÁÀ­ÌÏÅÀËÄÏÁÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÝÍÏÁÉÄÒÄÁÀÛÉ.
ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÆÏÂÀÃÉ ÂÀÍÀÈËÄÁÉÓ ÓÉÓÔÄÌÀÛÉ ÌÉÙÄÁÖËÉ ÂÀÌÏÝÃÉËÄÁÉÓ ÓÀ×ÖÞÅÄËÆÄ
ÌÏÆÀÒÃÌÀ ÖÍÃÀ ÛÄÞËÏÓ:
À) ØÅÄÚÍÉÓ ÉÍÔÄÒÄÓÄÁÉÓ, ÔÒÀÃÉÝÉÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÃÙÉÒÄÁÖËÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÌÉÌÀÒÈ ÓÀÊÖÈÀÒÉ ÐÀÓÖáÉÓ­
ÌÂÄÁËÏÁÉÓ ÂÀÀÆÒÄÁÀ;
Á) ÁÖÍÄÁÒÉÅÉ ÂÀÒÄÌÏ ÐÉÒÏÁÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÍÀÒÜÖÍÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÃÀÝÅÀ:
Â) ÔÄØÍÏËÏÂÉÖÒÉ ÈÖ ÓáÅÀ ÉÍÔÄËÄØÔÖÀËÖÒÉ ÌÉÙßÄÅÄÁÉÓ Ä×ÄØÔÉÀÍÀà ÂÀÌÏÚÄÍÄÁÀ; ÉÍ×ÏÒ­
ÌÀÝÉÉÓ ÌÏÐÏÅÄÁÀ, ÃÀÌÖÛÀÅÄÁÀ ÃÀ ÀÍÀËÉÆÉ;
Ã) ÃÀÌÏÖÊÉÃÄÁËÀà ÝáÏÅÒÄÁÀ, ÂÀÃÀßÚÅÄÔÉËÄÁÉÓ ÌÉÙÄÁÀ;
Ä) ÉÚÏÓ ÛÄÌÏØÌÄÃÉ, ÈÀÅÀà ÛÄØÌÍÀÓ ÙÉÒÄÁÖËÄÁÄÁÉ ÃÀ ÀÒ ÉÝáÏÅÒÏÓ ÌáÏËÏà ÀÒÓÄÁÖËÉÓ
áÀÒãÆÄ;
Å) ÓÀÊÖÈÀÒÉ ÛÄÓÀÞËÄÁËÏÁÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÉÍÔÄÒÄÓÄÁÉÓ ÖßÚÅÄÔÉ ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÀ ÌÈÄËÉ ÝáÏÅÒÄÁÉÓ
ÂÀÍÌÀÅËÏÁÀÛÉ ÃÀ ÌÀÈÉ ÌÀØÓÉÌÀËÖÒÉ ÒÄÀËÉÆÄÁÀ ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ØÅÄÚÍÉÓ ÛÉÂÍÉÈ, ÉÓÄ ÌÉÓ
ÓÀÆÙÅÒÄÁÓ ÂÀÒÄÈÀÝ;
Æ) ÊÏÌÖÍÉÊÀÝÉÀ ÉÍÃÉÅÉÃÄÁÈÀÍ ÃÀ ãÂÖ×ÄÁÈÀÍ:
È) ÉÚÏÓ ÊÀÍÏÍÌÏÒÜÉËÉ, ÔÏËÄÒÀÍÔÉ ÌÏØÀËÀØÄ.

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ISBN 978-9941-9249-5-8