ფიზიკა

ქეთევან ტატიშვილი

ფიზიკა
8

მოსწავლის წიგნი
8
fizika
8
moswavlis wigni
Sinaarsi
Tema I.meqanikuri muSaoba. simZlavre. energia

rogor Sendeboda piramidebi......................................................................7

1.1 meqanikuri muSaoba.................................................................................9
1.2 simZlavre............................................................................................... 12
1.3 meqanikuri energia................................................................................ 17
1.4 fizika amocanebSi: potenciuri da kinetikuri energia................... 22
1.5 energiis gardaqmna............................................................................... 26
1.6 meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni.............................................. 28
1.7 praqtikuli samuSao #1 muSaoba. simZlavre. energia...................... 31
proeqti #1. rogor `gamovtacoT~ wyals energia.................................. 35
1.8 fizika amocanebSi: meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni ............ 37
Seamowme Seni codna. testi #1................................................................. 39
I Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi.................................................... 42
I Temis mokle Sinaarsi............................................................................... 53

Tema II. martivi meqanizmebi

`momeciT sayrdeni wertili da dedamiwas adgilidan davZrav~............ 55

2.1 wonasworoba.......................................................................................... 56
2.2 wonasworobis saxeebi........................................................................... 59
proeqti #2 figuris simZimis centris gansazRvra............................... 65
2.3 momentebis wesi..................................................................................... 67
2.4 berketi. berketis wonasworobis piroba............................................ 71
2.5 fizika amocanebSi: momentebis wesi ................................................... 74
martivi meqanizmebi _ Zveli drois udidesi gamogoneba........................ 78
2.6 daxrili sibrtye................................................................................... 80
2.7 praqtikuli samuSao #2 WoWonaqebi................................................... 84
2.8 fizika amocanebSi: martivi meqanizmebis
margi qmedebis koeficienti.................................................................. 88
Seamowme Seni codna. testi #2................................................................. 92
II Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi................................................... 96
II Temis mokle Sinaarsi............................................................................ 107

Tema III. siTburi movlenebi

proeqti #3: `mwyurvali Citi~ _ mudmivi Zrava?................................. 111

3.1 Termometrebi..................................................................................... 113
proeqti #4 anomalia, romelic sicocxles icavs............................... 116
3.2 temperatura........................................................................................ 118
3.3 Sinagani energia da misi Secvlis xerxebi........................................ 121
Sinagani energia - siTbosa da sinaTlis wyaro...................................... 125
proeqti #5. orTqlis turbina.............................................................. 126
3.4 Tbogamtaroba..................................................................................... 127
3.5 konveqcia............................................................................................. 131
3.6 gamosxiveba.......................................................................................... 134
Termogramebi............................................................................................ 137
proeqti #6: saTburis efeqti................................................................ 138
3.7 praqtikuli samuSao #3: siTbos raodenoba................................... 139
3.8 fizika amocanebSi: Sinagani energiis cvlileba.............................. 143
3.9 dnoba. gamyareba.................................................................................. 147
3.10 aorTqleba. kondensacia.................................................................. 152
3.11 duRili.............................................................................................. 156
3.12 mzis energiis Senaxvis formebi....................................................... 161
3.13 siTburi Zravebi................................................................................ 165
3.14 fizika amocanebSi: siTbo da muSaoba............................................. 170
3.15 energiis araganaxlebadi wyaroebi.................................................. 172
3.16 energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebi........................................................ 174
proeqti #7. me energiis axal wyaros aRmovaCen.................................. 177
Seamowme Seni codna. testi #3............................................................... 179
III Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi................................................ 182
III Temis mokle Sinaarsi............................................................................ 193
sagnobrivi saZiebeli................................................................................ 198
Temis Semajamebeli testebis pasuxebi................................................... 204
damatebiTi kiTxvebis, amocanebis pasuxebi........................................... 204
fizikur sidideTa cxrilebi................................................................... 212
danarTi. kvlevis angariSis forma......................................................... 214
avtorisgan

me-8 klasis saxelmZRvanelo SenTvis sasargeblo gzamkvlevi rom gaxdes,

gTavazob ramdenime rCevas:
paragrafi yovelTvis yuradRebiT waikiTxe;
teqstis dazepirebis nacvlad, gaiazre misi Sinaaarsi da Seamowme, ramdenad
gaige sakiTxis arsi. amisaTvis damatebiTi kiTxvebisa da savarjiSoebis nawilSi
mocemul kiTxvebs Seni sityvebiT upasuxe, Semdeg ki Seecade, amocanebi amoxsna.
es Teoriuli codnis praqtikulad gamoyenebaSi dagexmareba;
fizika eqsperimentuli mecnierebaa. mis Sesamecneblad aucilebelia, Cven
TviTon CavataroT cdebi da dakvirvebebi. Seecade, saxelmZRvaneloSi
aRwerili cdebi damoukideblad an megobrebTan erTad Caataro. cdebis
Sedegebis gaanalizeba da damoukideblad gamotanili daskvnebi dagexmareba,
ukeT gaigo movlenis arsi. gaxsovdes, mniSvnelovania ara marto samecniero
Teoriis daswavla, aramed im gzis gavla, romliTac mecnierebi garkveul
das­kvnam­de mividnen;
Tu am gzaze rame gagiWirda, es imas niSnavs, rom saWiro kanonebisa Tu
fizikuri sidideebis arsi ukeT unda gaiazro. daxmarebisTvis megobrebs
an pedagogebs mimarTe… mTavaria, kiTxvebis dasma ar mogeridos… kiTxvebs
codnis maZiebeli adamianebi svamen, amitom dasvi kiTxvebi da merwmune,
maTze pasuxebs aucileblad miiReb.
axla ki cota ram Tavad saxelmZRvanelos Sesaxeb: saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli
masala Sengan aqtiur monawileobas moiTxovs. am mizniT masSi CarTulia
mravalferovani aqtivobebi, romelTagan nawili individualuri muSaobisTvisaa
gankuTvnili (aseTebi logoTi ar aris aRniSnuli), nawili ki _ wyvilebSi da
jgufuri muSaobisaTvis. maTi amocnoba ar gagiWirdeba, radgan TiToeuli maTgani
wignSi Sesabamisi simboloTia (logoTi) aRniSnuli.
informacia, romelic ferad fonzea mocemuli, savaldebulo ar aris. is
mxolod maTTvisaa gankuTvnili, visac gansakuTrebulad ainterebs konkretuli
sakiTxi (es kvleviT samuSaoebsa da proeqtebsac exeba). da kidev:
cdebis Catarebisas gaxsovdes: upirvelesi usafrTxoebis dacvaa. yuradReba
miaqcie ga­maf­rTxi­le­bel niSnebs da gamoiyene saWiro aRWurviloba. usafrTxoebis
zomebis dacva agaridebs garkveul usiamovnebebs, romlebic zogierTi cdis
Catarebas sdevs Tan.
warmatebas gisurveb!
 

davaleba da misi nomeri gamafrTxilebeli niSnebi

1 (Tu logo ar adevs, is
individualuri samuSaoa) cxeli zedapiri

momwamvleli nivTiereba
wyvilebSi samuSao

Y
cecxlsaSiSia

P
jgufuri samuSao vardnili sxeulebis safrTxe

O
msxvrevadi WurWeli
? sakvlevi kiTxvebi da kvlevis

C
! Sedegad gamotanili daskvnebi mCxvletavi sagnebi

T
cdis Catarebisas saWiro aRWurviloba:

’
saSinao davaleba
winsafari

N
cdis Catareba sif­rTxi­les
niRabi
moiTxovs!

O
xelTaTmanebi
saintereso,

D
damatebiTi informacia damcavi saTvale

6
  

Tema I
meqanikuri
muSaoba.
simZlavre.
energia

P Y
C O
sur. 1.

N ’ T
D Orogor Sendeboda piramidebi
2000 wlis win Zvelma berZenma poetma da moazrovnem
kalimaqem (Zv. w. 305-240 ww.) Seadgina imdroindeli samyaros
saocrebaTa CamonaTvali, romelic Sem­dgomSi `msoflios
Svidi saocrebis~ saxeliT gaxda cnobili.
am CamonaTvalSi gizis didi piramidac Sedioda, romelic
faraon xufus (xeofsis) pativsacemad aages.
msoflios Svidi saocrebidan eqvsi aRar arsebobs, gizis
didi piramida (sur.1) ki mnaxvels Tavisi grandiozulobiTa
da masStaburobiT dResac aocebs: misi safuZveli 5,3
heqtars moicavs, rac teritoriiT daaxloebiT fexburTis
aTi moednis tolia, simaRliT ki 40-sarTulian Senobas
aRemateba.
didi piramidis mSeneblobas, romelic 30 wels gagrZel-
da, daaxloebiT ori milioni gaTlili qvis fila dasWirda,
romelTagan TiToeulis masa 2000 kg-ia. gamoTvlilia: pira-
midis mSenebloba am xnis ganmavlobaSi rom daemTavrebinaT,
dReSi 200 fila unda gaeTalaT da mietanaT adgilze.
Zveli berZnebidan moyolebuli, jer kidev ar dam­cxrala
interesi am saocari nagebobis mimarT da kamaTi imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor Sendeboda igi.

7
 

sur. 2 sur. 3

P Y
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mtkicdeba, rom egviptelebi piramidebis

O
mSeneblobisas mxolod or xelsawyos iyenebdnen: daxril sibrtyes (sur.2), romli-
Tac qvebi garkveul simaRleze ahqondaT da berkets (sur.3) _ grZel, magar xis

C
mors (Woks) _ romlis daxmarebiT filas gadaaadgilebdnen. dRemde gamoucno-
bia, rogor axerxebdnen isini uzarmazari qvebis transportirebas mSeneblobis

’ T
adgilidan sakmaod didi manZiliT daSorebuli qvis karieridan da maT atanas
saWiro simaRleze. es yvelaferi imdenad miuwvdomelia adamianis gonebisTvis,

N
rom zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, piramidebi ucxoplanetelebis CareviTa da
xelSewyobiT aSenda. vin icis...

O
aravin icis, ramdeni Rame daaTendaT Tavze am cadatyorcnili qmnilebis Se-
moqmedT, ramdeni fiqri, Sroma da energia dasWirdaT, rom mSeneblobis gegma

D
umcires detalebamde daexvewaT da Tamami idea ganexorcielebinaT: udabnos
qviSian platoze aseTi grandiozuli mSenebloba wamoewyoT.
magram mainc vis miuZRvis ufro mniSvnelovani roli piramidebis mSeneblobaSi,
vin Seasrula ufro didi samuSao, vin meti energia daxarja: im uamravma adamianma,
romlebic mSeneblobaze qancis gawyvetamde muSaobdnen, Tu piramidis genialurma
inJinrebma? maTma qmnilebam xom saukuneebs gauZlo da dResac aocebs mnaxve-
lebs, radgan Tanamedrove teqnologiebis pirobeb­Sic ki Zneli iqneboda iseTi
masStaburi mSenebloba, romelsac Zv. w. 2600 wels ase warmatebiT gaarTves Tavi.
cxadia, ityvi, rom TiToeulma maTganma udidesi wvlili Seitana piramidis
mSeneblobaSi, ganuzomelia maT mier daxarjuli energia da Sesrulebuli muSaoba,
yovel maTgans Tavisi funqcia hqonda da SeuZlebelia Seadaro, romelia ufro
mniSvnelovani: inJinrebis gonebrivi Sroma Tu mSeneblebisa da qvismTlelebis
fizikuri samuSao.
diax, marTali xar, magram ase msjeloba mxolod megobrebTan Cveulebrivi
saubrisas SegiZlia. fizikis TvalsazrisiT sxvanairadaa...
1.1
1.1
meqanikuri muSaoba

1. rodis sruldeba meqanikuri muSaoba

yofa-cxovrebaSi cneba `muSaoba~ adamianis yvelanairi tipis saqmianobas aRniS-
navs, fizikis TvalsazrisiT ki am cnebaSi meqanikuri muSaoba, garkveuli fiziku-
ri sidide igulisxmeba da am terminis gamoyeneba mxolod zogierT SemTxvevaSia
marTebuli. fizikis enaze gonebrivi muSaoba, rac unda mZime iyos is, muSaobad
ar iTvleba. gonebrivi muSaoba arameqanikuri muSaobis magaliTia. es procesi
adamianis tvinis ujredebis cxovelqmedobas ukavSirdeba da amitom mas biolo-
giaSi Seiswavlian.

Y
meqanikur muSaobas sxeulze modebuli Zala asrulebs, mag., meqanikur muSaobas

P
asrulebs Zravas wevis Zala manqanis moZraobisas an xelis kunTis Zala tvirTis
awevisas. sxeulis moZraobisas meqanikur muSaobas masze moqmedi winaaRmdegobis

O
Zalebic (xaxunis Zala, haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala) asrulebs, Tumca aris SemTxve­
vebi, roca sxeulze modebuli Zala muSaobas ar asrulebs (mag., rodesac mtvirTavi

C
uSedegod cdilobs tvirTis awevas). meqanikuri muSaoba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
sruldeba, Tu:

T
1. sxeulze modebulia Zala;

’
2. sxeuli moZraobs;
3. sxeulis moZraobis mimarTuleba Zalis mimarTulebis marTobuli ar aris.

N
gaiTvaliswine: meqanikuri muSaoba ar asrulebs Tu ara mocemuli Zala muSaobas?

O
sruldeba, Tu CamoTvlili sami pirobidan sxeulze sxeulis
erT-erTi mainc irRveva. aseT SemTxve­vaSi moqmedi Zalis moZraobis

D
mimarTuleba mimarTuleba
meqanikuri muSaoba nulis tolia.

1 sxeuli
(tvirTi) ar
daakvirdi 1-l suraTze gamosaxul moZraobs
sxvadasxva situacias da dafiqrdi, wevis Zala
romeli Zala asrulebs meqanikur
muSaobas mocemul situaciaSi?
pasuxi axseni.

2 wevis Zala
gTavazob arcTu sasiamovno, magram
dRevandeli gakveTilis Temis ukeT
gaazrebisTvis saintereso situa-
cias: mebargulma mZime Cemodani ba-
qanze dado da gauCinarda. aRmoCnda, tvirTze moqmedi
rom Seni vagoni sakmao manZiliTaa simZimis Zala
daSorebuli am adgilidan. arada,
matareblis gasvlamde wuTebia
darCenili. sxva gza ar aris: Cemo-
dani gaWirvebiT aswie da vagonisken
SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad gaemarTe. tvirTze moqmedi
suls Zlivs iTqvam, oflad iRvrebi, simZimis Zala
kunTebi dawyvetaze gaqvs, magram sur. 1.

9
1.1 meqanikuri muSaoba

mainc win miiwev. rogorc iyo, miuaxlovdi vagons, Cemodnebi Zirs dauSvi,
suli rom mogeTqva...
gaaanalize Seni yoveli moqmedeba Cemodnianad gavlili gzis ubanze da da-
fiqrdi, rodis Seasrule meqanikuri muSaoba (ufro zustad ki, gzis romel
ubanze Seasrula meqanikuri muSaoba Seni xelis kunTis Zalam) ? pasuxi axseni.

3
atlanti miTologiuri personaJia,
titania, romelic zevsma RmerTeb­
Tan SebrZolebisTvis dasaja: cal
muxlze daCoqils cis TaRi daadga
mxrebze da afrikisa da evropis
mijnasTan samudamod ase dgoma

Y
miusaja (sur.2). dafiqrdi, asru-
lebs Tu ara atlanti meqanikur

P
muSaobas? ratom? sur. 2

O
4
amboben, rom ingliselebsa da fran­

C
gebs Soris aswlian omSi in­gliselebis
ga­
marjveba maTi grZe­ li mSvildis

’ T
dam­s axurebacaa (sur.3). kvle­v ebma
aCvena, rom in­­gli­su­ri mSvil­didan

N
gasrolili, iner­ciiT moZ­ravi isari
100-300 m man­Zil­ze aRwevda samiznes.

O
Tum­ca gacilebiT mrisxaned gamoiyu­
re­ba saxel­gan­Tqmu­li monRoluri

D
mSvildi (sur.4): misi isari inerciiT
500 m-ze mif­ rinavs. rogor fiqrob,
romeli mSvildidan gasrolili isris
moZ­raobisas sruldeba meti meqaniku-
sur. 3 sur.4 ri muSaoba? ra­tom? pasuxi axseni.

2. meqanikuri muSaobis gamoTvla

meqanikuri muSaoba fizikuri sididea: rac ufro metia sxeulze modebuli Zalis
sidide (F) da sxeulis mier gavlili manZili (s) Zalis moqmedebis wrfis gaswvriv,
miT metia Sesrulebuli meqanikuri muSaobis sidide.

5
me-5 suraTze gamosaxulia sportsmeni, romelic maRla swevs hantels.
dafiqrdi: rodis asrulebs ufro met muSaobas sportsmeni:
1. a) Tu b) SemTxvevaSi? 2. a) Tu g) SemTxvevaSi?
axseni, ratom fiqrob ase?
meqanikuri muSaoba A asoTi aRiniSneba da gamoiTvleba formuliT:
A=F.s (1),
sadac F sxeulze moqmedi Zalis sididea, xolo s _ sxeulis mier gavlili manZili.

10
 meqanikuri muSaoba 1.1

2m

1m 1m

Y
sur. 5
a) hantelze 2 tvirTia b) hantelze 4 tvirTia g) hantelze 2 tvirTia

P
meqanikuri muSaoba (an, SemoklebiT, muSaoba) skalaruli fizikuri sididea.

O
is SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi, uaryofiTi an nulis toli:
Tu sxeulis moZraobis mimarTuleba sxeulze modebuli Zalis mimarTulebas em-

C
Txveva, maSin Zala dadebiT muSaobas asrulebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi meqanikuri muSa­
oba gamoiTvleba 1-li formuliT: A = F . s

’ T
Tu sxeulis moZraobis mimarTuleba sxeulze modebuli Zalis mimarTulebis sa-
pirispiroa, maSin Zala uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebas da muSaobis gamosaTvleli

N
formula aseT saxes miiRebs: A = _ F . s;
dafiqrdi,

O
6
rogor muSaobas (dadebiTs Tu uaryofiTs) asrulebs:

D
1. vardnil burTze moqmedi
a) simZimis Zala?
b) haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala?
2. vertikalurad zeviT asrolil burTze moqmedi
a) simZimis Zala?
b) haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala?
pasuxebi axseni.

7 gamoitane daskvna:
1. rogor muSaobas asrulebs sxeulis moZraobisas masze moqmedi winaaRmde-
gobis Zalebi (mag., xaxunis Zala, haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala)?
2. rogor Seicvleba sxeulis moZraobis siCqare, Tu masze moqmedi Zala (Za-
lebis tolqmedi) asrulebs
a) dadebiT muSaobas? daasaxele magaliTi;
b) uaryofiT muSaobas? daasaxele magaliTi.

3. muSaobis erTeuli
muSaobis erTeulad SI sistemaSi miRebulia 1 jouli (1 j). es saxeli muSaobis
erTeuls ingliseli mecnieris, jeims joulis (1818_1889), pativsacemad uwodes.
1-li formulis daxmarebiT SegviZlia davadginoT, ris tolia muSaobis erTeuli
SI sistemaSi:
[A] SI = [F] SI . [S] SI = 1 n . 1m = 1n . m = 1 j
1 jouli aris muSaoba, romelsac asrulebs sxeulze modebuli 1 n Zala, roca
sxeulis mier Zalis moqmedebis mimarTulebiT gavlili manZili 1 m -ia.

11
1.2 simZlavre

1. ra aris simZlavre
modi, davubrundeT xeofsis piramidis mSeneblobas. gaiTvaliswine, rom 4000
wlis win Sromis Sesamsubuqeblad aranairi damxmare xelsawyo (daxrili sibrtyisa
da berketis garda) ar arsebobda da gasagebi gaxdeba, ratom dasWirda sami aTeuli
weli piramidis agebas (rogor fiqrob, raSi gvexmareba xelsawyoebi?).

1
ori erTnairi magididan erT-erTis zedapiri
zumfaris qaRaldiT gaapriales (sur.1), xolo
meoris zedapiri _ specialuri eleqtroxel-
sawyoTi (sur.2). Seadare, orive SemTxvevaSi

Y
erTnairia Tu ara:

P
a) Sesrulebuli samuSao;
sur.1 sur.2 b) dro, romelic samuSaos Sesrulebas sWirdeba.

O
samuSaos Sesrulebis siswrafes axasiaTeben fizikuri sididiT, ro­ mel­sac

C
simZlav­re ewodeba. simZlavre gviCvenebs drois erTeulSi (1 wm-Si, 1wT-Si, 1sT-Si)
Sesrulebuli muSaobis sidides. simZlavre gamoiTvleba formuliT:

T
A

’
N= t (1)
sadac N simZlavrea, A ki _ t droSi Sesrulebuli muSaobis sidide.

N
1-li formulidan Cans, rom simZlavris daxmarebiT SegviZlia, gamovTvaloT
a) muSaoba: A = N . t

O
b) dro, ra droSic muSaoba sruldeba: t = A
N

D
2. simZlavris erTeuli
simZlavris erTeulad SI sistemaSi miRebulia 1 vati (1 vt). es saxeli simZlavris
erTeuls jeims uatis (1736 _ 1819) pativsacemad uwodes. jeims uati iyo ingli-
seli gamomgonebeli, romelmac pirveli orTqlis manqana Seqmna.
1-li formulidan Cans, rom 1 vati iseTi meqanizmis simZlavrea, romelic 1 j
muSaobas 1 wm-Si asrulebs:
[A] SI 1 j j
[N] SI = = =1 = 1 vt
[t] SI 1 wm wm
Tavad jeims uati simZlavres cxenis ZalebiT zomavda, radgan imdroindel in-
glisSi qvanaxSiris Saxtebidan wylis amosaRebad cxenebis gamwev Zalas iyenebdnen.
uaitma eqsperimentulad daadgina, ramdeni cxenis Secvla SeeZlo mis mier Seqmnil
orTqlis manqanas. orTqlis manqanisa da cxenis Sromisunarianobis Sesadareblad
man simZlavris erTeulad cxenis Zala (1 cx.Z.) Semoitana. praqtikaSi dRemdea Se-
morCenili simZlavris gazomva cxenis ZalebiT: 1 cx.Z. ≈ 735, 5 vt.
teqnikaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba simZlavris ufro msxvili erTeulebi:
1 kvt (kilovati) = 1 000 vt;
1 mgvt (megavati) = 1 000 000 vt;
1 gvt (gigavati) = 1 000 000 000 vt.

12
 simZlavre 1.2

simZlavre nebismieri Zravis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia. sxvadasxva Zravas

sxvadasxva simZlavre aqvs, dawyebuli vatis memilionedi nawilidan (mag., zamba-
riani saaTis meqanizmis sim­Zlavre) da damTavrebuli ramdenime milioni kvt-iT
(mag., kosmosuri xomaldis matarebeli raketis simZlavre).
saSualo simZlavre, romelsac adamiani fexiT siarulisas aviTarebs, 70-90 vt-is
tolia, sirbilisas an xtunvisas ki adamians daaaxloebiT 730 vt simZlavris ganvi-
Tareba SeuZlia. adamianis gulic erTgvari `Zravaa~, romelic organizmSi sisxlis
mimoqcevas uzrunvelyofs. misi simZlavre saSualod 2,2 vt-ia.
2 me-3 suraTze gamosaxulia sxvadasxva saxis manqana da miTiTebulia
TiToeuli maTganis Zravas Sesabamisi simZlavre, romelic maTi mTavari

Y
teqnikuri maxasiaTebelia.
1. dafiqrdi, ra fizikuri azri aqvs maT maxasiaTebel simZlavreebs?

P
2. gamosaxe cx.Z.-iT TiToeuli manqanis simZlavre.

O
sur. 3

75 kvt

’ T
350 kvt

C
15 000 kvt 30 000 kvt 50 mln kvt

N
amocana 1

O
gamoTvale, ris tolia amwis Zravas simZlavre, Tu cnobilia, rom misi dax-
marebiT 1 sT-Si 30 m3 moculobis qviSa 6 m simaRleze Tanabrad (ucvleli

D
siCqariT) aitanes. qviSis sim­kvrivea 1500 kg/m3 (g =10 n/kg).
amoxsna:
1. gamosaxe amocanaSi mocemuli sidideebi SI sistemis erTeulebiT da
Seitane mocemulobaSi;
dafiqrdi:

w i g n S i
a w e r o
2. romeli Zalis dasaZlevad unda Seasrulos muSaoba tvirTze modebulma

C
amwevma Zalam (Famw), rom tvirTi adgilidan daiZras?

ar
3. ris tolia tvirTis amwevi Zalis sidide (Famw), Tu m masis tvirTi
vertikalurad zeviT, ucvleli siCqariT moZraobs? (1)
4. rogor gamoiTvleba amwevi Zalis muSaoba (A) tvirTis h simaRleze
atanisas (sxeulis vertikalurad zeviT an qveviT moZraobisas mis mier
gavlil manZils h asoTi aRniSnaven)? (2)
Tu yvelaferi sworad gaakeTe, unda migeRo: m masis tvirTis vertikalurad
zeviT h simaRleze asatanad amwevi Zalis mier sruldeba muSaoba, romelic
gamoiTvleba formuliT: A = mgh.
5. gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba sxeulis masa simkvrivisa da moculobis
daxmarebiT. Seitane masis gamosaTvleli formula me-2 gamosaxulebaSi;
6. Seitane simZlavris gamosaTvlel formulaSi muSaobis gamosaTvleli ga-
mosaxuleba; (3)
7. me-3 formulis daxmarebiT gamoTvale amwis simZlavre.
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: N = ρVgh / t = 750 vt.

13
1.2 simZlavre

amocana 2
gansazRvre, ra simZlavres aviTa-
rebs 18 km/sT siCqariT Tanabrad
moZravi satvirTo avtomobili,
Tu mas moZraobisas 40 kn winaaR-
mdegobis Zalis gadalaxva uwevs
(igulisxmeba, rom avtomobili
moZraobisas siCqares inarCunebs,
moZraobs ucvleli siCqariT). sur.4

amoxsna:
1. gamosaxe amocanaSi mocemuli sidideebi SI sistemis erTeulebiT da

Y
Seitane mocemulobaSi;

w i g n S i
2. dawere simZlavris gamosaTvleli formula; (1)

P
a w e r o
3. gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba avtomobilze moqmedi wevis Zalis muSaoba

C
da Casvi 1-l formulaSi; (2)

O
ar
4. dafiqrdi, ris tolia me-2 formulaSi Semavali:

C
a) wevis F Zalis sidide, Tu avtomobili siCqares inarCunebs, anu masze
modebuli Zalebis tolqmedi nulis tolia?

T
b) s/t Sefardeba?

’
5. rogor saxes miiRebs zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT me-2 gamosaxuleba?

O N
Tu yvelaferi sworad gaakeTe, unda migeRo: Tu avtomobili (sxeuli) siCqa-
res inarCunebs (Tanabrad, ucvleli siCqariT moZraobs), maSin masze moqmedi

D
wevis Zalis sidide winaaR­mdegobis Zalis sididis tolia da aseT SemTxvevaSi
wevis Zalis (Zravas) mier ganviTarebuli simZlavre ase gamoiTvleba:
N = Fwev v an N = Fwin v (3)

6. Casvi miRebul me-3 gamosaxulebaSi Semava­li­sidideebis mniSvnelobebi

da gamoTvale simZlavre (N);
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: N = 200 kvt

3 dafiqrdi:
1. gamosaxe me-3 formulidan, ris tolia wevis Zala da gaaanalize, ro-
goraa damokidebuli ucvleli siCqariT moZrav satvirTo avtomobil-
ze moqmedi wevis Zalis sidide siCqareze, Tu satvirTos simZlavre
ucvlelia?
2. gaiTvaliswine: konkretuli manqanis maqsimaluri simZlavre gansaz­
Rvruli sididea da misi gazrda teqnikurad SeuZlebelia. Tu Zrava
ukve maqsimalur simZlavres aviTarebs, rogor unda moiqces mZRoli,
roca manqana Zalian datvirTulia da aRmarTze uwevs asvla, rogor
SeiZleba misi wevis Zalis sididis gazrda?

14
 simZlavre 1.2

3. Zravas margi qmedebis koeficienti

manqanis Zravas daxmarebiT Cven vasrulebT muSaobas, romelic yovelTvis
aRemateba miznis misaRwevad saWiro muSaobas. Sesabamisad, muSaoba ori saxisaa:
Zravas mier Sesrulebuli sruli muSaoba (Asr) da sasargeblo muSaoba (Asas).
muSaobas, romelic mxolod dasaxuli miznis misaRwevadaa saWiro, sasarge-
blo muSaobas uwodeben, xolo muSaoba, romelic sruldeba ara marto miznis
misaRwevad, aramed winaaRmdegobis Zalebis dasaZlevadac, sruli muSaobaa.
mag., Tu Cveni mizania, rom m masis sxeuli h simaRleze avitanoT, maSin sa­
sargeblo muSaoba is muSaobaa, romelic mxolod sxeulis simZimis Zalis dasaZ­
levadaa saWiro. Sen ukve ici, rom tvirTis vertikalurad Tanabrad awevisas
masze modebuli amwevi Zala sididiT tvirTis simZimis Zalis tolia da am Sem-

Y
TxvevaSi sasargeblo muSaoba gamoiTvleba formuliT: Asas = Fsim h = mgh.

P
Tu tvirTis simaRleze asatanad amwes viyenebT, sruli muSaoba Zravas mier Ses­
rulebuli muSaobaa (Asr = N t), romelic ara marto tvirTis simZimis Zalis, ara­med

O
amwevi bagiris simZimis Zalisa da winaaRmdegobis Zalebis (haeris wi­naaRmdegobis
Zalis, bagiris amwes mklavTan xaxunis Zalis) dasaZlevadac srul­deba. Sesaba­
misad, sruli muSaoba yovelTvis metia sasargeblo muSaobaze: Asr > Asas.

C
sidides, romelic gviCvenebs, sruli muSaobis ra nawils Seadgens sasargeblo

T
muSaoba, meqanizmis margi qmedebis koeficienti ewodeba. margi qmedebis koefici-

’
entis Semoklebuli aRniSvnaa mqk.
gaixsene, rogor unda gaigo, erTi sidide meoris ra nawilia da SeZleb, gamoT-

N
valo meqanizmis mqk, romelsac `η~-Ti (`eta~) aRniSnaven da xSirad procentebiT
ga­mosaxaven. Zravas margi qmedebis koeficienti ase gamoiTvleba:

O
A
η = Asas . 100 %

D
sr
3 dafiqrdi: SeiZleba Tu ara, Zravas mqk 1-is (anu 100%-is) toli iyos?
1-ze meti? 1-ze naklebi? axseni, ratom fiqrob ase.
amocana 3
gansazRvre amwis mamoZravebeli Zravas simZlavre, Tu cnobilia, rom amwes
300 kg masis tvirTis 10 m simaRleze Tanabrad asatanad 50 wm dasWirda.
amwes Zravas mqk 75 %-ia (g =10 n/kg).
amoxsna
miTiTeba: amocanis amoxsnisas procentebiT gamosaxul mqk-s mxolod
pa­suxis Casawerad viyenebT. Sesabamisad, amocanis amoxsnis procesSi

w i g S i
ga­moiyene mqk-s gamosaTvleli formula aseTi saxiT:
n
η = Asas / Asr; (1)

w e r o
1. Seitane mocemulobaSi aTwiladis saxiT gamosaxuli Zravas mqk;
a
Famw
ar C
2. gansazRvre: ra mizniT iyeneben amwes amocanaSi aRweril situaciaSi
da rogor gamoiTvleba aseT SemTxvevaSi miznis misaRwevad saWiro
sasargeblo muSaoba (Asas)? Zravas mier Sesrulebuli sruli muSaoba
(Asr)?
3. Seitane sasargeblo da sruli muSaobis gamosaTvleli formulebi
Fsim 1-l gamosaxulebaSi da gamosaxe simZlavre (N); (2)
4. Casvi me-2 gamosaxulebaSi Semava­
li­sidideebis mniSvnelobebi da
sur. 5. gamoTvale simZlavre.
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo : N = 800 vt.

15
1.2 simZlavre

moZebne problemis gadaWris gza

gakveTili axalbeda mZRolebisTvis

dakvirvebixar, rogor marTavs avto-

manqanas gamocdili mZRoli? maSin auci-
leblad gecodineba, ra aris 1-l suraTze­
gamosaxuli.
diax, es manqanis siCqareTa gadacemis
kolofia. siCqareTa kolofi oTx- an xuTsa­
fexuriania (sportul manqanebSi ki _ eqvs-

Y
safexuriani).
berketis (saxeluris) saSualebiT Se-

P
saZlebelia siCqareTa gadarTva pirvel,
meore, mesame da a. S. safexurebze (dainte-

O
resdi, daixmare ufrosebi da gaarkvie, ra

C
mniSvneloba aqvs manqanis moZraobisTvis
siCqareTa kolofs).
Tu dakvirvebixar, moZraobis dawyebisas

’ T
mZRoli siCqares pirvel gadacemaze (sa- sur.1.
fexurze) gadarTavs (ratom?).

N
manqanis daZvris Semdeg _ meore safexurze (ratom?) da a. S.
roca siCqare mexuTe safexurzea gadarTuli, manqana maqsimalur siCqares

O
aviTarebs da TiTqos TavisiT miqris wrfivad da siCqaris Seucvlelad.
ai, daiwyo aRmarTi (sur.2). Seecade,

D
aRwero, rogori iqneba avtomanqanis Sem­
dgomi moZraoba (am situaciis modelireba
distanciuri marTvis saTamaSo avtomobi-
liT SegiZlia).
aqseleratoris (gazis) pedals fexs bo-
lomde aWer. am dros manqana maqsimalur
simZlav­res aviTarebs, magram avtomobilis
siCqare mainc klebulobs, Zravas uWirs mu-
Saoba da sacaa, Caqreba kidec. unda gamoi-
naxos saSualeba, rom es ar moxdes. rogor
moiqcevi am dros?
am situaciidan gamosavlis moZebnaSi
is amocanac dagexmareba, romelic gakve-
Tilze amovxseniT. Sen SeZleb, ara marto
praqtikulad gadaWra es problema, aramed
Teoriuladac daamtkico Sen mier mignebu-
li gamosavlis marTebuloba. da Tanac es
pirveli gakveTili iqneba imisaTvis, rom
SemdgomSi gaazrebulad da, Sesabamisad,
warmatebulad marTo manqana.
sur.2.

16
1.3 meqanikuri energia

1. energia-muSaobis Sesrulebis unari

1
...mfrinavi xaliCa caSi aiWra da
mefiswuli jadosnur frinvel-
Tan erTad saocnebo asulTan
gaaq­rola...
es zRaparSi. SeuZlia ki sinamdvi­

Y
leSi xaliCas TavisTavad zeviT
afrena (anu aqvs Tu ara xaliCas

P
im muSaobis Sesrulebis unari,
romlis xarjzec sakuTari simZi-

O
mis Zalis daZleva xdeba)? ratom? sur.1.

C
rodis aqvs sxeuls muSaobis Sesrule-
bis unari? sanam am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas SevecdebiT, SevTanxmdeT: Tu sxeuls

T
muSaobis Sesrulebis unari aqvs, vambobT, rom mas energia aqvs. sxeuli muSaobas

’
asrulebs niSnavs, rom am sxeulis moqmedebis Sedegad sxva sxeuli deformirdeba
an icvleba misi siCqare.

N
energia fizikuri sididea da im muSaobiT izomeba, romlis Sesrulebac sxeuls

O
(an sxeulebs) SeuZlia: rac metia sxeulis energia, miT meti muSaobis Sesruleba
SeuZlia mas (daakvirdi energiis ganmartebas: sityva `SeuZlia~ imaze miganiSnebs,

D
rom sxeuls SeiZleba hqondes energia, magram muSaobas ar asrulebdes). energia,
iseve rogorc muSaoba, joulebiT izomeba.
Sen ici, rom arsebobs energiis gansxvavebuli formebi: meqanikuri, siTburi,
eleq­ truli, bgeris, sinaTlis da a.S. Cven amjerad meqanikuri energiis saxeebs
ga­vecnobiT.

2. kinetikuri energia
cda I
1. gaagore burTi da gzaze raime sxeuli (mag., xis msubuqi Zelaki an meore
burTi) dauxvedre.
2. daakvirdi, `moaxerxa~ Tu ara burTma sxeulis adgilidan daZvra (anu
muSaobis Sesruleba)? SeZlebda Tu ara uZravi burTi imaves?
3. SeiZleba Tu ara imis mtkiceba, rom moZrav burTs energia aqvs? ratom?
energias, romelic sxeuls moZraobis Sedegad aqvs, kinetikuri energia hqvia
(`kinezis~ berZnulad moZraobas niSnavs). kinetikur energias moZraobis energia-
sac uwodeben. mag., kinetikuri energia aqvs qars (moZrav haers), mdinares (moZrav
wyals), gasrolil tyvias, moZrav avtomobils da a.S.

cda II Caatare kvleva:

1. daxril sibrtyeze sxvadasxva si­maR­­­
lidan daagore burTula (sur.2).
daak­virdi: rodis SeiZens dagorebuli sur. 2.

17
1.3 meqanikuri energia

sur.3. kinetikuri energiis xarjze qari muSaobas asrulebs: abrunebs generatoris turbinis frTebs,
amoZravebs ialqnian navebs. biliardis burTi kinetikuri energiis xarjze sxva burTulas siCqares
mianiWebs.

burTula met siCqares daxrili sibrtyis fuZesTan (rogor aris da-

mokidebuli burTulis mier SeZenili siCqare simaRleze)?

Y
2. daxrili sibrtyis fuZesTan burTulas raime sxeuli (mag., alu­minis

P
kubi) dauxvedre da daak­virdi: rodis `moaxerxa~ burTulam sxeulis
ufro did manZilze gadaadgileba (anu meti muSaobis Sesruleba): roca

O
mas mcire siCqare hqonda Tu, roca misi siCqare didi iyo?
3. gamoitane daskvna: aris Tu ara kinetikuri energiis sidide sxeulis

C
(burTulas) siCqareze damokidebuli? rogor?

cda III

T
Caatare kvleva:

’
1. daxril sibrtyeze erTi da imave simaR­­lidan daagore sxvadasxva
masis burTulebi. (sur.2).

N
2. daakvirdi: rodis SeiZens dagorebuli burTula daxrili sibrtyis

O
fuZesTan met siCqares (rogor aris damokidebuli siCqare burTu-
las masaze)?

D
3. daxrili sibrtyis fuZesTan burTulebs raime sxeuli (mag., alu­
minis kubi) dauxvedre da daak­virdi, romelma burTulam `moaxerxa~
sxeulis ufro did manZilze gadaadgileba (anu meti muSaobis Ses-
ruleba): patara masis Tu didi masis mqonem?
4. gamoitane daskvna: aris Tu ara kinetikuri energiis sidide sxeulis
(burTulas) masaze damokidebuli? rogor?
maS ase, sxeulis kinetikuri energia sxeulis masaze da siCqarezea damokidebuli:
rac metia sxeulis masa da siCqare, miT metia misi kinetikuri energia.

3. potenciuri energia

cda
IV
1. burTi iatakidan garkveul simaRleze aswie da xeli gauSvi ise, rom
iatakze davardnisas igi raime sxeuls (mag., xis msubuq Zelaks an meore
burTs) daeces.
2. aRwere, ra moxda: Seicvala Tu ara vardnili burTis moqmedebis Sedegad
sxeulma siCqare (an xom ar deformirda igi)? SeZlebda Tu ara iatakze
uZravad mdebare burTi imaves?
3. SeiZleba Tu ara imis mtkiceba, rom garkveuli simaRlidan vardnil
burTs energia aqvs? ratom?

18
 meqanikuri energia 1.3

maS ase, nulovani donidan (nebismi­

erad SerCeuli donidan, saidanac
si­
maRles aiTvli: dedamiwis zedapi-
ridan, iatakidan, magidis zedapiri-
dan da.a.S) gar­kve­ul si­maRleze aweul
sxe­uls muSaobis Ses­ru­le­bis unari im
SemTxvevaSic ki aqvs, Tu igi uZravia.
aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom sxeuls
potenciuri ener­gia aqvs. mag., po­ten­
ciuri energia aqvs vaSls, romelic
tot­­zea SerCeni­li, uros, romelic

Y
mWedels maRla aqvs aweuli da a.S.

P
sur.4. uzarmazari potenciuri energia aqvs mdina-
2 sxeuls SeiZleba hqondes mxo­ ris wyals, romelic kaSxlis kedliT simaRlezea
lod kinetikuri an mxolod aweuli. vardnisas wyali muSaobas asrulebs: amo-

O
po­tenciuri energia. Tumca xSi­ Zravebs hidroeleqtrosadguris mZlavr turbinebs.
rad sxeuls orive saxis ener­gia

C
aqvs. gaixsene da daasa­xele iseTi sxeulebis magaliTebi, romlebsac
a) mxolod erTi saxis energia (an mxolod kinetikuri, an mxolod poten-

T
ciuri) aqvs;

’
b) orive saxis energia (kinetikuric da potenciuric) erTdroulad aqvs.

N
3 gaixsene II da III cdebis Sedegebi: garkveul simaRleze ataniT burTulas
potenciur energias aniWebdi. dagorebis Semdeg burTula kinetikuri ener-

O
gias iZenda, romlis xarjzec is muSaobas asrulebda.
gamoitane daskvna: sxeulis potenciuri energia miT ufro metia, rac ...

D
simaRle, romelzedac nulovani donidanaa sxeuli atanili da rac ... sxe­
ulis masa (gadaiwere fraza samuSao rveulSi da mravalwertilis nacvlad
Casvi saWiro sityva: `metia~ an `nak­lebia~).
maS ase, nulovani donidan zeviT aweuli sxeulis potenciuri energia sxeulis
masaze da awevis simaRlezea damokidebuli: rac metia sxeulis masa da awevis simaRle,
miT metia misi potenciuri energia.

cda V

1. SekumSe zambara da mis bolosTan plastma-
sis (ma­gidis CogburTis) patara bur­Ti dade
(sur.5).zam­baras xeli gauSvi da daakvirdi
sur.5.
burTs. aRwere, ra moxda.
2. aqvs Tu ara zambaras Cveulebriv, aradeformi­
re­
bul mdgomareobaSi
mu­
Sa­
obis Sesrulebis unari? SeiZleba Tu ara iT­
qvas, rom SekumSul
zambaras ener­gia aqvs? ratom?

cda VI Caatare kvleva:

1. gaimeore V cda: SekumSe zambara xan metad, xan naklebad.
2. daakvirdi, ra SemTxvevaSi Seasrulebs SekumSuli zambara met muSaobas:
roca didia deformacia, Tu roca is mcirea?

19
1.3 meqanikuri energia

cda VII Caatare kvleva:

gaimeore V cda sxvadasxva sixistis zambarisTvis: ecade, yvela zambara
erTi da imave sididiT SekumSo.
daakvirdi: ra SemTxvevaSi Seasrulebs SekumSuli zambara met muSaobas:
roca misi sixiste didia, Tu roca is mcirea?
deformirebuli zambaris (drekadi sxeulis) energiac potenciuri energiaa.
deformirebuli drekadi sxeulis po­tenciuri energia sxeulis (zambaris) sixiste-
sa da deformaciis sididezea damoki­de­buli: rac metia zambaris (drekadi sxeulis)
sixiste da deformaciis sidide, miT me­tia misi potenciuri energia.

P Y
O
sur. 6. qva Surdulis da­Wimuli sur. 7. mosamarTi saaTi deformirebuli zam-

C
rezinis potenciuri energiis baris (is saaTis meqanizmis ZiriTadi nawilia)
xarjze iZens siCqares. potenciuri energiis xarjze muSaobs.

T
4 warmoidgine, rom

’
1. sxeulsa da dedamiwas Soris urTierTqmedeba gaqra, anu dedamiwis ze-

N
dapiridan zeviT aweul sxeulze dedamiwis miziduloba ar moqmedebs.­
eqneba Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi sxeuls potenciuri energia? ratom?

O
2. zambara SekumSe (an gaWime) da masSi drekadobis Zala ar aRiZra, anu
zambaris xviebs Soris urTierTqmedeba gaqra. eqneba Tu ara zambaras

D
energia?
maS ase, potenciuri energia urTierTqmedebis energiaa, romelic nulovani do-
nidan zeviT aweul an deformirebul drekad sxeuls aqvs.
kinetikuri energia (moZraobis energia) da potenciuri energia (urTierTqmedebis
energia) meqanikuri energiis saxeebia, radgan swored meqanika (fizikis erT-erTi
nawili) Seiswavlis sxeulTa moZraobasa da maT urTierTqmedebas.

5
1. daakvirdi models, romelic me-8 suraT-
zea gamosaxuli: bur­Tulebi erTmaneTTan
zambarebiTaa dakavSirebuli. ra mox­deba,
Tu models
a) SevkumSavT da burTulebs erTmaneTs
mivuaxlovebT?
b) gavWimavT da burTulebs erTmaneTs
davaSorebT?
2. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom deformirebul
models (Se­kum­Suls an gaWimuls) energia
aqvs? ratom? sur.8.

20
 meqanikuri energia 1.3

axla ki gaixsene, rogor urTierTqmedeben airis molekulebi airis SekumSvi-

sas? Seadare SekumSul airSi molekulebis ur­­TierTqmedeba burTulebis (sur.8)
urTierTqmedebas, roca modelis SekumSvas vcdilobT. SenTvis na­­­Te­li gaxdeba,
rom SekumSulma airma Se­­iZ­­leba warmatebiT Seasrulos de­­formirebuli drekadi
sxeulis (zambaris) roli. swored deformirebuli drekadi sxeulis (zambaris)
rols asrulebs e. w. pnevmatikur xelsawyoebSi SekumSuli airi. mag., pnevmatikuri
pistoleti tyvias SekuSuli airis potenciuri energiis xarjze isvris.
maS ase, sxeulebs TavisTavad muSaobis Sesruleba ar SeuZliaT. muSaobis Ses-
rulebis unari, anu energia sxeuls mxolod mas Semdeg uCndeba, Tu mas siCqares
mivaniWebT, dedamiwis zedapiridan garkveul simaRleze avitanT an SevkumSavT
(gavWimavT). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, imisaTvis rom sxeuls muSaobis unari,

Y
energia mivaniWoT, saWiroa winaswar muSaobis Sesruleba, romelic aseve energiis
xarjze xdeba da a.S. swored am urTierTkavSiris dadasturebaa isic, rom orive

P
fizikuri sidide erTnairi erTulebiT, joulebiT izomeba.
axla SegiZlia gakveTilis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTxvasac gasce pasuxi: ratom ar

O
SeuZlia xaliCas vinmes surviliT caSi afrena? ra aris amisaTvis saWiro?

’ T C
O N
D
sur. 9. SekumSuli airis potenci-
uri energiis xarjze sruldeba
muSaoba pnevmatikuri CaquCiT.
sur. 10. zambarasaviT moqnili xerxemlis wyalobiT
gepardi adgilidan did (daaxloebiT 95 km/sT) siC-
qares aviTarebs.

sur. 11. kengurus Tavisi mZlavri, grZeli ukana

kidurebi didi naxtomebiT (romelTa sigrZe zogjer
12 m-s aRwevs) swrafad gadaadgi­le­baSi exmareba. aseT
aqtiur moZ­raobaSi mas, garda kunTebis Za­lisa, elas-
tikuri myesebis po­tenciuri energiac exmareba. mye­
sebi SekumSul zambarasaviT moq­medebs: isini cxovelis
sxeuls win warmoudgeneli ZaliT isvris.

21
1.4 fizika amocanebSi:
potenciuri da kinetikuri energia
winaT adamianebi ximinjebis Casobisas
im mowyobilobas iyenebdnen, rome­ lic 1-l
suraTzea gamosaxuli: Tujis uzar­ mazar
`uros~ Tokebis saSualebiT gar­ kveul si-
maRleze sweven da Semdeg xels uSveben.
vardnili `uro~ ximinjs ece­ma da is miwaSi
Rrmad erWoba. ris to­ lia `uros~ awevisas
Sesrulebuli mu­ Saoba? romeli energiis
xarjze as­rulebs `uro~ muSaobas ximinjze
da­cemisas da ris tolia es muSaoba?
grun­tSi ximinjebis an milebis Casobisas

Y
Tanamedrove mSeneblebic swored am princi-

P
piT momuSave danadgars iyeneben.
sur. 1.
naxe video misamarTze:
https://youtu.be/1CRq3S3nptE.

O
kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad amovxsnaT 1-li da me-2 amocana.

C
amocana 1

’ T
gansazRvre, ra sididis muSaoba unda Sesruldes, rom
m masis sxeuli nulovani donidan (mag., de­da­mi­wis ze-

N
dapiridan) h simaRleze aitanon (sur.2).

amoxsna: h

O
1. dafiqrdi, ris tolia amwevi Zala, romelic unda

D
mov­doT sxeuls, raTa is nulovani donidan (dedami-
Famw

w i g n S i
wis zedapiridan) garkveul simaRleze Tanabrad
avitanoT da gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba es Zala

a w e r o
(F amw );

ar C
2. gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba, zogadad, muSaoba.
Casvi muSaobis gamosaTvlel formulaSi amwevi Fsim sur. 2.
Zalis gamosaxuleba da gamoTvale mis mier Ses-
rulebuli muSaoba (A ).
Seamowme, unda migeRo: muSaoba, romelic unda Sesruldes imisaTvis, rom m masis
sxe­uli nulovani donidan h simaRleze avitanoT, gamoiTvleba formuliT:
A = mgh (1)
swored sxeulis h simaRleze atanisas Sesrulebuli muSaobiT ganisazRvreba
sxeulis potenciuri energia. ase, rom nulovani donidan h simaRlezea atanili
m masis sxeulis potenciuri energia (Ep.) gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Ep= mgh (2)
maS ase, sxeulis potenciuri energia im muSaobis tolia, romelic nulovani do-
nidan sxeulis h simaRleze atanisas sruldeba (Ep = mgh). amis Sedegad h simaRleze
atanil sxeuls uCndeba unari, nulovan doneze dacemisas Tavad Seasrulos zustad
imave sididis muSaoba (A = mgh).

22
 fizika amocanebSi: potenciuri da kinetikuri energia 1.4

1
1. daakvirdi me-2 formulas: razea damokidebuli im sxeulis potenciuri
energia, romelic nulovani donidan garkveul simaRlezea atanili?
2. rogor fiqrob,
a) ratomaa Cveulebriv CaquCTan SedarebiT uro ufro masiuri?
b) SeiZleba Tu ara, rom or gansxvavebuli masis sxeuls erTnairi po-
tenciuri energia hqondes? pasuxi axseni.
g) rogor Seicvleba sxeulis potenciuri energia, Tu is h simaRlidan
h / 2 simaRleze Camovardeba?

P Y
amocana 2
gansazRvre 0,5 t masis `uros~ mier ximinjze dacemisas Sesrulebuli mu­

O
Saoba, Tu `uro~ 3 m simaRlidan vardeba.
1. gaixsene, romeli energiis xarjze asrulebs `uro~ muSaobas ximinjze

C
dacemisas.
2. gamoTvale `uros~ mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba da Seamowme pasuxi. unda

T
migeRo: A = 15 kj.

N ’
Zv. w. 149-146 wlebSi romaelebma CrdiloeT
afrikaSi mdebare antikuri qalaqis, karTagenis,

O
alyis dros pirvelad gamoiyenes katapulta
(sur.3), satyorcni manqana, romliTac isini

D
ramdenime aseuli metris manZilze uzarmazar
lodebs, morebsa da cecxlwakidebul kuprian
kasrebs tyorcnidnen. katapulta moqmedebaSi
mohyavs Tokis drekadobis Zalas: Toks jalam-
barze (sur.4) axveven, Wimaven da Semdeg xels
uSveben. amis Sedegad mklavi, romlis bolozec
kalaTia damagrebulia, Tavisufldeba da masSi sur. 3.
moTavsebuli tvirTi win vardeba (romeli ener-
giis xarjze tyorcnis katapulta lodebs)?
aseTi katapultirebis Sedegad tvirTi Se-
saZloa 500 m-zec ki gaityorcnos. es, cxadia,
im droisaTvis sabrZolo teqnikaSi marTlac
warmatebuli gamogoneba iyo, miuxedavad imisa,
rom mizanSi srolas sizuste aklda (gaige meti
katapultis Sesaxeb internetSi mi-
samarTze: http://www.stormthecastle. sur. 4.
com/catapult/index.htm
SegiZlia, videomasalaze daakvirde mis moqmedebas da daamzado mo­de­li).

amocana 3
gamoTvale, ra muSaoba unda Sesruldes imisaTvis, rom drekadi sxeuli
deformirdes (gaiWimos an SeikumSos).
1. drekadi sxeulis magaliTad simartivisaTvis ganvixiloT zambara
(sur. 5a). gaixsene hukis kanoni: zambaris deformaciisas aRZruli dre-

23
1.4 fizika amocanebSi: potenciuri da kinetikuri energia

kadobis Zalis sidide zambaris deformaciis (wanacvlebis) sididis

proporciulia:
Fdr = kx (1)
sadac proporciulobis koeficienti k zambaris sixistea, xolo x -
de­for­maciis sidide.
x=0
a 
F

Y
sur. 5.

P
x
2. gaiTvaliswine: drekadobis Zalis sidide damokidebulia deformaciis

O
sidideze, romelic zambaris SekumSvisas ganuwyvetliv icvleba 0-idan
(zambaris aradeformirebuli mdgomareoba) x-mde (roca zambaris

C
deformacia x-is tolia). Sesabamisad, drekadobis Zalis sidide da im
Zalis sidide, romliTac zambaras vkumSavT, ganu­wyvetliv icvleba 0-idan

T
kx-mde, amitom im Zalis saSualo mniSvneloba (FsaS), romliTac zambaras

’
vkumSavT, drekadobis Zalis sididis saSualo mniSvnelobis tolia:

N
0 + kx kx
F saS = 2 = 2 (2)

O
3. cxadia, muSaoba, romelic unda Sesruldes imisaTvis, rom zambara x
manZilze SeikumSos (an gaiWimos), gamoiTvleba formuliT:

D
A = FsaS x (3)
sadac FsaS im Zalis saSualo mniSvnelobaa, romliTac zambaras vkum-
SavT, xolo x _ zambaris bolos gadaadgilebis sidide, anu zambaris
deforma­ci­­is sidide (sur. 5 b).

4. Casvi muSaobis gamosaTvlel me-3 formulaSi im Zalis saSualo mniS-

vneloba, romliTac zambaras vkumSavT (FsaS).
Seamowme, unda migeRo: muSaoba, romelic unda Sesruldes imisaTvis, rom
sxeuli (zambara) deformirdes, gamoiTvleba formuliT:
kx2
A= ,
2
sadac k sxeulis (zambaris) sixistea, xolo x _ deformaciis sidide.
deformirebuli drekadi sxeulis (zambaris) potenciuri energia im muSaobis
tolia, romelic sxeulis deformirebisas sruldeba:
kx2
Epot =,
2
amis Sedegad deformirebul drekad sxeuls (zambaras) uCndeba unari, Tavad
Seasrulos zustad imave sididis muSaoba.

24
 fizika amocanebSi: potenciuri da kinetikuri energia 1.4

nikoloz basilaSvili (sur.6) pirveli qarTveli

CogburTelia, romelmac damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
istoriaSi ATR turniris mogeba SeZlo. man uZlieresi
dartymiT burTi mowinaaR­mdegisken iseTi siCqariT gag-
zavna, rom metoqes misi aRebis Sansic ki ar dautova...

sur. 6.
amocana 4
gamoTvale, ra sididis muSaoba Seasrula sportsmenma, Tu dartymis mo-
mentSi burTis siCqarem 50 m/wm-s miaRwia. saerTaSoriso standartebiT

Y
CogburTis burTis masa daaxloebiT 58 g-ia.
amoxsna

P
1. sportsmenma (sportsmenis xelis kunTis Zalam) muSaoba Seasrula, ris

O
Sedegadac burTma siCqare SeiZina. muSaoba, romelic uZrav sxeulze
moqmedma Zalam unda Seasrulos imisaTvis, rom sxeulis siCqare v-s toli

C
gaxdes, sxeulis mier SeZenili kinetikuri energiis tolia.

w i g n S i
sxeulis kinetikuri energia gamoiTvleba formuliT: Ek =
mv 2
, sadac m sxe­
o
T
2
e r
’
C a w
ulis masaa, v ki _ sxeulis siCqare (kinetikuri energiis formulis gamoyvanas

ar

N
ufros klasebSi gaecnobi).

2. gamoTvale burTis mier SeZenili kinetikuri energia da, Sesabamisad,

O
muSaoba, romelic sportsmenma burTze dartymisas Seasrula.

D
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: A = 72,5 j.
sxeulis kinetikuri energia (Ek) im muSaobis tolia, romelic saWiroa Sesruldes,
rom uZrav sxeuls mocemuli siCqare mivaniWoT. amis Sedegad moZrav sxeuls gauCndeba
unari, Tavad Seasrulos zustad imave sididis muSaoba (mag., daZlios winaaRmdegobis
Zala, gadaaadgilos sxva sxeuli an gamoiwvios misi deformacia).

amocana 5
1969 wels amerikuli kosmosuri xomaldis `apolon
11~-is ekipaJis mier gadaRebul suraTze (sur.7) mTva­
ris zedapirze meteoritebis dacemis Sedegad ga­Ce­nili
sxvadasxva zomis kraterebi Cans: kosmosSi uzar­mazari
siCqariT moZravi meteoritebis mTvaris ze­dapirTan
Sejaxebisas grunti feTqdeba, aqeT-iqeT ifan­teba da
Sedegad sxvadasxva zomis kraterebi war­ mo­
iqmneba.
maTgan yvelaze didebis diametri 200 km-s aRwevs.
gamoTvale muSaoba, romelsac asrulebs 10 kg masis me-
teoriti mTvaris zedapirTan Sejaxebisas, Tu Sejaxe­
sur. 7.
bis momentSi misi siCqare 70 km/wm-s aRwevs.
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: A = 24500 mgj.
maS ase, Cven mier amoxsnili amocanebis Sedegebidan Cans, rom, erTi mxriv, energia
winaswar Sesrulebuli muSaobiT ganisazRvreba, xolo, meore mxriv, sxeulis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaoba daxarjuli energiis zomaa.

25
1.5 energiis gardaqmna

mgzavrebiT savse patara vagoni specialuri

konstruqciis relsebze dgas da moZraobas
iwyebs (sur.1), Tumca Cveulebrivi gagebiT, es,
albaT, arcaa moZraobis dawyeba, raRac ufro
sxvaa, romelic sizmars hgavs...
hidravlikuri mowyobiloba vagons 3,5 wm-
Si 205 km/wm siCqares aniWebs da vagoni 137
m-is simaRleze Seityorcne­ba, meoTxed bruns
Semowers da 270-­­gra­dusian mrudze gaugonari
siCqariT spiraluri traeqtoriT daeSveba

Y
qveviT, mere isev Tvaluwvdenel simaRleze
aiWreba da mowyvetiT, 97-gradusiani daxri-

P
lobis (diax, diax, ara vertikalur, aramed sur. 1.
kidev 7 gradusiT gadaxril) daRmarTze Tav-

O
brudamxvevi siCqariT daeSveba. am dros ki Rvedeb­ ze Tavdayira dakidebul
mgzav­rebs zustad iseTi SegrZnebebi aqvT, rogoric kosmonavtebs kosmosuri

C
xomaldis gaSvebisas!
diax, es realobaa: es Tanamedrove inJinruli saswauli gasarTobi atraq-

T
cionia, romel­sac zogi `mxiarul mTebs~, zogi ki `amerikul mTebs~ uwodebs...

’
mokled, rogorc unda iyos, es rkinis `drakonebi~ ise daqrian zeviT-qveviT,

N
TiTqos gravitacias arc ki emorCilebian. maTi Tavbrudamxvevi qrola sivrcesa
da droSi mTlianad energiis mudmivobisa da gardaqmnis kanoniTaa ganpirobebuli.

O
rogor muSaobs es atraqcioni? ra igulisxmeba energiis gardaqmnasa da
mudmivobaSi? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas mogvianebiT SeZleb da `amerikuli

D
mTebis~ moqmedebis principsac mixvdebi, axla ki daakvirdi me-2 suraTs da gaix-
sene, rogor iqceva sportsmeni, roca mas batutis daxmarebiT saWiro simaRleze
surs axtoma: is xteba batutze, romelic Caizniqeba da sportsmens zeviT isvris.
1 daakvirdi suraTebs (sur.2-5) da upasuxe kiTxvebs:
1. batuti Cazneqilia (sur.2). rogori saxis energia aqvs mas?
2. batuti deformirebuli aRar aris. sportsmeni vertikalurad zeviT
moZ­ra­obs (sur.3).
a) romeli energiis xarjze moZraobs sportsmeni ze­viT?
b) ris tolia am dros batutis potenciuri energia?
g) rogor icvleba sportsmenis potenciuri energia zeviT moZ­raobisas?
ki­ne­tikuri energia?
3. sportsmeni maqsimalur simaRlezea (amis Semdeg is qveviT daiwyebs
moZ­ra­obas) (sur.4).
a) ris tolia sportsmenis kinetikuri energia maqsimalur simaRleze?
ratom?
b) rogor fiqrob, sad `gaqra~ sportsmenis kinetikuri energia, rome-
lic mas me-2 poziciaSi hqonda? pasuxi axseni.
4. sportsmeni qveviT moZ­raobs (sur.5). rogor icvleba qveviT moZ­raobisas
mi­si kinetikuri energia? potenciuri energia? pasuxi axseni.

26
 energiis gardaqmna 1.5

P Y
sur. 2. sur. 3. sur. 4. sur. 5.

O
2 gamoTqvi varaudi,
aris Tu ara potenciuri da kinetikuri energiebis cvli­le­bas Soris urTi­

C
erT­kavSiri? ras iwvevs erTi saxis energiis Semcireba an ris xarjze izrdeba
romelime saxis energia? sad `qreba~ energia, roca is nu­lis toli xdeba?

’ T
Sen SegiZlia uamravi martivi cda Caataro (daakvirde daxril sibrtyeze
ago­­­rebuli burTis an vertikalurad asrolili burTis zeviT-qveviT moZ­ra­

N
o­bas, SekumSuli zambaris win burTula moaTavso da zambara ga­aTa­­visuflo
da a.S.), gaixseno magaliTebi, romlebic kinetikuri da potenciuri energiis

O
Ses­­wavlisas ganvixileT da kidev erTxel darwmundebi, rom meqanikuri energi­is
sxva­dasxva saxe urTierTgardaiqmneba: sxeulis potenci­uri ener­gia SeiZleba kineti­

D
ku­rad gardaiqmnas da piriqiT. erTi saxis meqani­ku­ri energiis Sem­cireba (zrda) meore
sa­xis meqanikuri energiis gazrdas (Sem­cirebas) iwvevs.

3 daakvirdi suraTebs (sur. 6-8). aRwere maTze gamosaxul situaciebSi

kinetikuri da potenciuri energiis urTierTgardaqmna.

sur. 6. sur. 7. sur. 8.

maS ase, sxeulis kinetikuri energia SeiZleba gardaiqmnas potenciurad da pi­

ri­qiT. bunebis movlenebs yovelTvis Tan axlavs energiis gardaqmna. `ameri­kuli
mTe­bis~ moZraobis saidumloc swored energiis gardaqmnaSia: sawyisi kinetiku­
ri energiis xarjze vagoni potenciur energias SeiZens, romelic SemdgomSi
ki­netikurad gardaiqmneba, kinetikuri _ kvlav potenciurad da a.S.
qvemoT mo­cemul misamarTze SegiZlia damsveneblebis eqstremaluri, Tav-
brudamxvevi ga­seirneba ixilo `amerikul mTebze~ da Tvali miadevno,
rogor gar­da­iq­mneba energiis erTi saxe meored:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iT1w1fQFmvk

27
1.6 meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni

Werze wvrili sakidiT dakidebuli masiuri li­

Tonis sfero kedelTan mdgomma pro­fesorma ni­kap­
Tan miitana da xeli gauSva (sur.1). sfero Tvalis
da­xamxamebaSi dabrun­de­ba ukan... mas ki Tavis od­nav
ukan gadawevis saSualebac ar aqvs. ro­gor fiq­rob,
ris imedi aqvs am `dramatul~ si­tu­ aciaSi eq­ spe­
rimentators: fizikis kanone­bis kar­gad codnis Tu,
ubralod, sferos `zedme­tad en­doba~?
`fizika muSaobs. me isev cocxali var~, _ Cve­uli
iumoriT mimarTa profesorma sunTqvaSek­ rul au-
ditorias da leqcia gaagrZela...

Y
am Za­li­an sa­in­tereso da ama­ve dros sana-

P
xaobrivi leq­ci­is naxva Se­giZlia misamarTze: sur. 1.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1387&v=sJG-rXBbmCc

O
modi, gavarkvioT, ras gulisxmobda profesori frazaSi `fizika mu­Sa­obs~ da
ris imedi hqonda mas. amisaTvis ganvixiloT me-2 suraTze ga­mosaxuli niutonis

C
`sa­qanela~: niutonis `saqanela~ sakidebze dakidebuli xuTi erTnairi bur­Tu­las
erTobli­obaa (siste­maa). burTulebi erTmaneTs exe­ba.

T
Tu erT, kidura burTulas marcxniv gadaxri da

’
xels ga­ uSveb, da­
narCenebTan Sejaxebis Sem­ deg mar-
jvniv er­ Ti burTula gavardeba. amasTan marjvena

N
burTula TiTqmis imave si­maR­leze ava, ra simaRlezec
marcxena bur­Tula iyo Tav­dapirvelad gadaxrili.

O
Tu or burTulas gadaxri marcxniv garkveul

D
si­maR­leze, danarCenebTan Se­ja­xebis Semdeg sapi-
rispiro mxa­resac ori burTula daaxloebiT imave
simaRleze ga­da­ixreba da a.S.
cxadia, xuTive burTulas, anu sistemis, energia
mTli­anad ganisazRvreba im ener­giiT, rome­
lic marcxniv gadaxril burTulebs aqvs. sur. 2.
daakvirdi `sa­qanelas~ moq­me­de­bas videoze:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0LnbyjOyEQ8

1 dafiqrdi:
1. rogoria (udidesi Tu umciresi) marcxniv gadaxrili burTulas
(Sesabamisad, sistemis) po­tenciuri da kinetikuri energia:
a) sanam burTulas xels gauSveb?
b) danarCen burTulebTan Sejaxebis momentSi?
2. rogoria (udidesi Tu umciresi) marjvniv gadaxrili burTulas
(Sesabamisad, sistemis) po­tenciuri da kinetikuri energia im momentSi,
roca is
a) moswydeba danarCenebs?
b) maqsimalur simaRleze gadaixreba?
pasuxebi axseni.

28
 meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni 1.6

gaixsene Cven mier ganxiluli sxva magaliTebic, romlebSic energiis gardaq­

mnas vak­virdebodiT: xSirad sxeuls (sxeulTa sistemas) erTdroulad orive saxis
meqanikuri energia aqvs _ potenciuric da kinetikuric.
sxeulis (sxeulTa sistemis) potenciuri da kinetikuri energiebis jams sxeu-
lis (sistemis) sruli meqanikuri energia ewodeba. energiis gardaqmnis procesSi
icvleba sxeulis (sistemis) rogorc potenciuri, ise kinetikuri energia. amasTan,
Tu erTi saxis energia mcirdeba (izrdeba), maSin meore saxis energia izrdeba
(mcirdeba). rogor icvleba am dros sxeulis (sistemis) sruli meqanikuri energia?

2
daakvirdi me-3 suraTs: masze garkveuli

Y
simaRlidan vardni­ li CogburTis burTis

P
moZ­
raobis traeqtoriaa gamosaxuli. ro-
gor fiqrob, ucvlelia Tu ara burTulas

O
sruli meqanikuri energia? ra­tom?
axseni Seni pasuxi.

C
sur.3.

Tu niutonis `saqanelasac~ garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi daakvirdebi, bur-

’ T
Tulebis moZ­ raoba Sewydeba (daakvirdi am movlenas videoze: https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=2Y7jBKENvfA ). es ki imas niSnavs, rom am SemTxvevaSic (iseve, rogorc

N
CogburTis burTis SemTxvevaSi) sistemis sruli meqanikuri energia ucvle-
li ar aris, radgan misi nawili garemos winaaRmdegobis (xaxunis, haeris

O
winaaRmdegobis) Zalebis daZlevaze ixarjeba.
Tu sistemaSi Semavali sxeulebi mxolod erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebs da ar

D
urTierTqmedebs sxva sxeulebTan, romlebic ar Sedis am sistemaSi, maSin sxeulTa
aseT sistemas Caketili sistema hqvia. im sxeulTa kinetikuri da potenciuri ener-
giebis jami, romlebic Caketil sistemas qmnis da mxolod msoflio mizidulobisa
da drekadobis ZalebiT urTierTqmedebs, mudmivia: ra sididiTac erTi saxis
meqanikuri energia mcirdeba (izrdeba), imave sididiT izrdeba (mcirdeba) meore
saxis meqanikuri energia da, Sesabamisad, sxeulis (sistemis) sruli meqanikuri
energia ar icvleba (Caketil sistemaSi meqanikuri energia garemos winaaRmdegobis
daZlevaze ar ixarjeba)!
maS ase, msoflio mizidulobisa da drekadobis ZalebiT urTierTmoqmedi
sxeulebis Caketili sistemis sruli meqanikuri energia mudmivia. es aris kanoni,
romelsac sruli meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni hqvia.
axla ukve SegiZlia, gakveTilis dasawyisSi dasmul SekiTxvas gasce pasuxi:
ris imedi aqvs eqsperimentators: fizikis kanonebs kargad icnobs Tu, ubralod,
sfe­ros `zedmetad endoba~? ra igulisxma man frazaSi: `fizika muSaobs~?

3
haerSi bumbuli Tanabrad eSveba, anu ise, rom misi
siCqare ar icvleba.dafiqrdi:
1. icvleba Tu ara am dros bumbulis kinetikuri
ener­gia? potenciuri energia? axseni, ratom?
2. iwvevs Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi potenciuri ener-
giis Semcireba kinetikuri energiis gazrdas?
sur. 4.

29
1.6 meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni

3. gaixsene, ra Zalebi moqmedebs bumbulze da gamoTqvi varaudi: raze

`ixarjeba~ sxeulis potenciuri energia?
sakuTari varaudis WeSmaritebis Semowmebas da am kiTxvaze swori pasuxis ga­
cemas axlo momavalSi SeZleb, roca energiis sxva, meqanikuri energiisgan gan­
sxvavebul, formas da sruli energiis mudmivobis kanons gaecnobi. es kanoni
bu­nebis ufro zogadi kanonia, romlis erT-erTi gamovlinebaa meqanikuri energiis
mud­mivobis kanoni. sruli energiis mudmivobis kanonis arsi aseTia:
energia arafrisgan ar warmoiqmneba da arc ukvalod qreba. erTi saxis energi­a
meore saxis energiad gardaiqmneba an sxva sxeuls gadaecema.

maqsvelis qanqara
me-5 suraTze gamosaxuli xelsawyo `maqsvelis qanqaras~ saxeliTaa

Y
cnobili. Tu is Sens saskolo laboratoriaSi ar aRmoCnda, misi dam-
zadeba Tavadac SegiZlia. am xelsawyos daxmarebiT Zalze saintereso

P
movlenaze dakvirvebas SeZleb:
liTonis Reroze uWimari ZafiT dakidebulia liTonis disko, romlis

O
Rer­Zi horizontaluri sakidi Reros paraleluria. Tu qanqaras RerZs
ori­ve xeliT Tanabrad abruneb (ise, rom Zafi RerZze Tanabrad, erT

C
fenad da­exves), sanam qanqara sakid Reromde miaRwevs (aucilebelia, saki-
di Rero­sa da qanqaras RerZis horizon­taluroba zustad iyos daculi),

T
xolo Sem­ deg xels gauSveb, qanqara qvemoT daeSveba, qveda ukidures

’
mde­bareobas mi­aRwevs da isev zeviT ava (sur.6). amis mere misi moZraoba
ganmeordeba: qveviT daeSveba da isev zeviT ava. ase gagrZeldeba manam,

N
sanam qanqara ar gaCerdeba (qanqaras moZraobas SegiZlia daakvirde in-
ternetSi misamarTze:

O
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ch9TDeW1FU

D
daamzade modeli da axseni movlena: ra `aiZulebs~ qanqaras qveviT daSve­
bis Semdeg isev zeviT avides?
modelis damzadebis Sesaxeb sasargeblo rCevebs Semdeg misamarTebze
na­xav: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NO0dzUwl0TM
https://in.stream.com.ru/kak-sdelat-mayatnik-maksvella-svoimi-rukami

sur.5. sur.6.

30
1.7 praqtikuli samuSao #1
muSaoba. simZlavre. energia
samuSao 1. samuSaos mizani:
meqanikuri muSaobisa da simZlavris gansazRvra
samuSaosTvis saWiroa: xis dafa; laboratoriuli dinamometri, saxazavi
an sazomi lenta, kauWiani xis Zelaki, 200 g-iani tvirTi, wammzomi.

samuSaos msvleloba:
1. gansazRvre dinamometris danayofis fasi.

Y
2. moaTavse Zelaki xis horizontalur dafaze da zed tvirTi daade.

P
3. mosde Zelakis kauWs dinamometri (sur.1) da amoZrave Zelaki wrfivad
da Tanabrad. daakvirdi, ris tolia am dros dinamometris Cveneba, anu

O
wevis Zalis sidide (Fw);

C
F uZ.xax F weva

N ’ T
O
sur. 1.

D
4. gazome Tanabari moZraobisas gavlili manZili (s);
5. CarTe wammzomi im momentSi, rodesac Zelaki daiwyebs Tanabrad mo-
Zraobas da aiTvale dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic is s manZils gaivlis;
6. gamoTvale wevis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli meqanikuri muSaobis sidide
(A);
7. gamoTvale wevis Zalis mier ganviTarebuli simZlavre (N);
8. gaimeore cda 3-jer. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi
a) Seecade Zelaki erTi da imave siCqariT amoZrao dafaze;
b) gadaaadgile Zelaki erTsa da imave manZilze (manZili winaswar mo-
niSne dafaze);
g) gamoTvale wevis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba da simZlavre,
romelsac wevis Zala aviTarebs Zelakis moZraobisas.
9. gamoTvale muSaobisa da simZlavris saSualo mniSvneloba.
SeniSvna: nebismier eqsperimentSi gazomvebi garkveuli cdomilebiT
tardeba. imisaTvis, rom uzustoba Tavidan aicilon, saZiebeli sididis
saSualo mniSvnelobas iTvlian).
10. gadaixaze samuSao rveulSi I cxrili. Seitane cxrilSi gazomvisa da
gamoTvlebis Sedegebi.
11. moamzade angariSi Catarebuli samuSaos esaxeb (ix.danarTi wignis bo-
los) da Tanaklaselebs gauziare.

31
1.7 praqtikuli samuSao #1 muSaoba. simZlavre. energia
cxrili I
cdis wevis gavlili moZraobis meqanikuri muSaobis simZlavre simZlavris saSualo
# Zalis manZili dro muSaoba saSualo N , vt sidide
sidide s,m t , wm A ,j sidide N1+N2+N3
A +A +A NsaS =
Fw , n AsaS = 1 2 3 3
3
1
2
3 ar Ca we r o wi gn Si
samuSao 2. samuSaos mizani:
davakvirdeT simZimis Zalis muSaobis Sedegad sxeulis
meqanikuri energiis cvlilebas
samuSaosTvis saWiroa: Stativi,100 g-iani tvirTi, saxazavi (30 -35 sm).

Y
samuSaos msvleloba:
I nawili

P
1. Stativi iatakze moaTavse da Stativis TaTSi

O
saxazavi vertikalurad Caamagre (sur. 2);
2. aswie tvirTi garkveul simaRleze, aiRe

C
anaTvali saxazavze da gauSvi xeli;
3. gamoTvale simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli

T
muSaoba (Asim) tvirTis maqsimaluri simaRli-

’
dan iatakze vardnisas;

N
4. gamoTvale tvirTis potenciuri energia
maqsimalur simaRleze (E1pot), sanam xels

O
gauSveb. ris tolia am dros tvirTis kine-
tikuri energia (E1kin)?

D
5. gansazRvre, ris tolia dacemis momentSi
tvirTis
a) potenciuri energia (E2pot);
b) kinetikuri energia (E2kin).
miTiTeba: haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalas nu
gaiTvaliswineb da gamoiyene sruli meqa- sur. 2.
nikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni.
6. Seadare simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebul muSaoba (Asim) potenciuri
energiis cvlilebas (saboloo da sawyisi mniSvnelobebis sxvaobas,
∆Epot = E2pot – E 1pot);
gamoitane daskvna: rogor Seicvleba tvirTis potenciuri energia
simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
a) dadebiTi muSaobis Sedegad? b) uaryofiTi muSaobis Sedegad?
7. Seadare simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebul muSaoba (Asim) kinetikuri
energiis cvlilebas (saboloo da sawyisi mniSvnelobebis sxvaobas,
∆Ekin = E2kin – E1kin);
gamoitane daskvna: rogor Seicvala tvirTis kinetikuri energia simZimis
Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
a) dadebiTi muSaobis Sedegad? b) uaryofiTi muSaobis Sedegad?

32
 praqtikuli samuSao #1 muSaoba. simZlavre. energia 1.7

8. gadaixaze samuSao rveulSi II cxrili. Seitane cxrilSi gazomvisa da

gamoTvlebis Sedegebi.
cxrili II

samuSaos simaR­ masa simZimis sawyisi saboloo pot. sawyisi saboloo kin.
le m, kg Zalis pot. pot. ener­­giis kin. kin. ener­giis
h, m muSaoba energia energia cvli­leba energia energia cvli­leba
Asim, j E1pot, j E2pot, j ∆Epot E1kin , j E1kin, j ∆Ekin

I nawili

II nawili ar Ca we r o wi gn Si

Y
II nawili

P
gaimeore samuSao, oRond amjerad:
1. tvirTi garkveuli siCqariT aagde iatakidan;

O
2. Seecade, saxazavze moniSno is maqsimaluri simaRle, romelsac tvirTi

C
miaRwevs;
3. kvlav gamoTvale Asim, ∆Epot da ∆Ekin.
ar Ca we r o wi gn Si

T
4. gadaixaze samuSao rveulSi II cxrili. Seitane cxrilSi gazomvisa da

’
gamoTvlebis Sedegebi;

N
5. Seadare simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba tvirTis
a) potenciuri energiis cvlilebas;

O
b) kinetikuri energiis cvlilebas;
6. gaaanalize Catarebuli II samuSaos Sedegebi da upasuxe kiTxvebs:

D
a) razea damokidebuli tvirTis simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
muSaobis sidide? niSani?
b) riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan sxeulis simZimis Zalis mier Ses-
rulebuli muSaoba sxeulis vardnisas da zeviT asrolis SemTxvevaSi
(igulisxmeba, rom asvlis maqsimaluri simaRle da simaRle, saidanac
tvirTi vardeba, erTnairia)?
g) rogor icvleba simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli dadebiTi (uar-
yofiTi) muSaobis Sedegad sxeulis potenciuri energia? kinetikuri
energia?
7. Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sedegebis mixedviT, gamoitane daskvna: ra aris
sxeulis energiis cvlilebis gamomwvevi mizezi?
8. moamzade angariSi Catarebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb (ix.danarTi) da Ta-
naklaselebs gauziare.

samuSao 3. samuSaos mizani:

davakvirdeT xaxunis Zalis muSaobis Sedegad sxeulis
kinetikuri energiis cvlilebas

samuSaosTvis saWiroa: xis dafa; laboratoriuli dinamometri, saxazavi

an sazomi lenta, kauWiani xis msubuqi Zelaki (an saSleli, an wamlis
SesafuTi yuTi), saswori.

33
1.7 praqtikuli samuSao #1 muSaoba. simZlavre. energia

samuSaos msvleloba:
1. moaTavse Zelaki xis horizon-
talur dafaze da moniSne misi
mdebareoba (sur.3);
sur. 3.
2. Zelaks msubuqad ubiZge. kvlav
moniSne Zelakis axali mdebareoba mas Semdeg, rac is gaCerdeba.
miTiTeba: imisaTvis, rom ganmeorebiTi cdis SemTxvevaSi biZgis Zala
igive iyos, biZgisTvis gamoiyene zambariani saweri kalmis meqanizmi:
SekumSe meqanizmis zambara. miade kalmis Tavi Zelaks da gaaTavisufle
zambara.
3. daakvirdi: rogor Seicvala Zelakis kinetikuri energia xaxunis Zalis
mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sedegad? raze daixarja Zelakis kine-

Y
tikuri energia?
xaxunis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamoTvla:

P
1. gansazRvre dinamometris danayofis fasi;

O
2. mosde Zelakis kauWs dinamometri (sur.1) da amoZrave Zelaki wrfivad
da Tanabrad. daakvirdi, ris tolia am dros dinamometris Cveneba, anu

C
wevis Zalis sidide (Fwev).
3. dafiqrdi:

T
a) Seadare Tanabrad moZrav sxeulze moqmedi urTierTsapirispirod

’
mimarTuli Zalebi sididiT;

N
b) ris tolia Tanabrad moZrav Zelakze moqmedi srialis xaxunis Zalis
sidide (Fxax)?

O
4. gazome Zelakis mier gavlili manZili (s);
5. gamoTvale srialis xaxunis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba (Axax);

D
6. gamoiyene meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni da gamoTvale Zelakis
kinetikuri energia, romelsac is biZgis Sedegad SeiZens.
7. gaimeore cda 3-jer. gadaixaze samuSao rveulSi III cxrili. Seitane
cxrilSi gazomvisa da gamoTvlebis Sedegebi.
cxrili III
cdis srialis gavlili xaxunis Zalis Zelakis sawyisi siCqaris saSualo
# xaxunis manZili mier Sesrulebuli kinetikuri mniSvneloba
Zalis sidide muSaoba energia EsaS , j
Fxax , n s ,m Axax , j Ekin , j
1
2
3
ar Ca we r o wi gn Si
8. gaaanalize Catarebuli samuSaos Sedegebi da upasuxe kiTxvebs:
a) riT gansxvadeba xaxunis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba sxva me-
qanikuri Zalebis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobisgan?
b) rogor icvleba sxeulis kinetikuri energia xaxunis Zalis moqme-
debis Sedegad?
9. moamzade angariSi Catarebuli samuSaos esaxeb (ix.danarTi) da Ta-
naklaselebs gauziare.

34
 proeqti #1.
rogor `gamovtacoT~ wyals energia
1790 wels inglisSi, qalaq bed­fordSi,
aSenda Salis Zafis sarTavi pirveli
fabrika, romelic wylis energiaze mu­Sa­
ob­da. 1-l suraTze swored am fabrikis
mo­delis Wrilia gamosaxuli. fabrikaSi
sxva­
dasxva samuSao sruldeboda: amuSa­
veb­d nen Salis boWkos, arTavdnen da
axvev­dnen Zafs. yvela am samuSaos wylis

Y
ener­giaze momuSave dazgebi asrulebda.

P
proeqtis mizania:
davamzadoT wylis energiaze momuSave

O
meqanizmebis moqmedi modelebi da davak-
virdeT

C
a) rogor gardaiqmneba erTi sxeulis
(wylis) potenciuri energia kinetikurad; sur. 1.

T
b) rogor aris damokidebuli sxeulis

’
kinetikuri energia potenciurze;

N
g) rogor gadaecema energia erTi sxeulidan (wylidan) meores (dazgas);
gaixsene, rom wyals SeiZleba hqondes, rogorc potenciuri, ise kinetikuri

O
energia: Tu mdinareSi wyals kaSxliT gzas gadavuRobavT da wylis dones misi
daxmarebiT avwevT, gavzrdiT wylis -------- energias. vardnisas wylis poten-

D
ciuri energia -------- gardaiqmneba, romelsac Semdgom praqtikuli miznebisTvis
gamoiyeneben (igulisxme mravalwertilis nacvlad saWiro sityva: `potenciuri~
an `kinetikuri~).
magram rogor `gamovtacoT~
wyals energia da rogor `vaiZu-
loT~ is, rom muSaoba Seasrulos?
jer kidev uZveles egvipteSi vard-
nili wylis kinetikur energias
`frTiani Tvlis~ (sur.2) dasa-
trialeblad iyenebdnen, romlis
saSualebiTac Widan wyali amoh­
qondaT. daamzade `frTiani Tva­
li~ me-3 suraTze gamosaxuli na­ sur. 2. sur. 3.
xazis mixedviT:
samuSaos msvleloba:
1. `Tvalis~ masalad Tunuqis Txeli firfitis an, sulac, muyaos gamoiyeneba
SegiZlia. `Tvalis~ centrSi RerZi (liTonis Rero an mrgvali fanqari)
ise unda gadiodes, rom `Tvali~ Tavisuflad brunavdes mis garSemo;
2. moaTavse Sen mier damzadebuli `Tvali~ wylis Wavlis qveS. ra moxda?
axseni cdis Sedegi.
3. gamoiyene Sen mier damzadebuli `frTiani Tvali~ da Seqmeni misi dax-
marebiT `Widan~ wylis amosaRebi meqanizmis moqmedi modeli.

35
1.7 proeqti #1. rogor `gamovtacoT~ wyals energia

Caatare kvleva: razea damokidebuli `frTiani Tvlis~ kinetikuri energia?

samuSaos msvleloba:
1. daamzade frTiani borbali, romlis daxmarebiT SeZleb, kvleva Caataro.
daakvirdi me-4 suraTs. masze mocemulia borblis damzadebis Tanamim-
devruli instruqcia:

sur. 4. a b g d

Y
a) borblis dasamzadeblad dagWirdeba: korpis sacobi da plastmasis
boTlisgan gamoWrili firfitebi (sur. 4 a).

P
b) sacobze grZivi Wrilebi gaakeTe. firfitebs (frTebs) erT mxares webo

O
wausvi da sacobis WrilebSi Caamagre (sur. 4 b). sacobis centrSi saqsovi
wvrili Cxiri gaatare. sacobi (borbali) Tavisuflad unda brunavdes

C
RerZis (Cxiris) garSemo;
g) plastmasis boTli or adgilas lursmniT gaxvrite (sur. 4 g). boTls

T
fskeri moaWeri.

’
d) sacobis RerZi naxvretebs Soris Caamagre da boTlis gareT, RerZis
orive boloze, plastilinis burTulebi (an saSleli rezinis naWrebi)

N
wamoacvi (sur. 4 d).

O
2. Zabrs grZeli mili miuerTe. Caasxi ZabrSi wyali. Seecade, milis gavliT
borblis frTebs wyali ise ecemodes, rom borbali RerZis garSemo

D
Tavisuflad brunavdes;
sur.5. 3. Secvale wylis donis simaRle (aswie Zabri zeviT an dawie qveviT).
daakvirdi, rogoraa damokidebuli borblis brunvis siCqare wylis
donis simaRleze. axseni cdis Sedegi. (sur. 5).
warmoadgine klasis winaSe Sen mier damzadebuli modeli da axseni, rogor
`waarTvi~ wyals energia (aRwere energiis gardaqmna Seni modelis daxmarebiT,
axseni wisqvilis (sur. 6) moqmedebis principi). gaacani Tanaklaselebs kvlevis
Sedegi: razea damokidebuli borblis kinetikuri energia.

dolabebi
vardnili safqvavi
wyali

kbilanebi

`frTiani~ borbali

sur. 6.

36 
 1.8 fizika amocanebSi: meqanikuri
energiis mudmivobis kanoni
amocana 1
gamoTvale, ra siCqare eqneba wveTs dedamiwaze davar­
dnis momentSi (sur. 1), Tu is 5 m simaRlidan vardeba.
haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalas mxedvelobaSi nu miiReb
da CaTvale, rom g = 10 n/kg.
amoxsna
1. aRwere energiis gardaqmna wveTis vardnis dros;

Y
2. dafiqrdi, ra saxis energia aqvs wveTs:

P
a) vardnis dawyebis momentSi h simaRleze da ris tolia

w i g n S i
am dros misi sruli meqanikuri energia (E 1); (1)
sur.1

O
a w e r o
b) dedamiwaze dacemis momentSi da ris tolia am dros misi sruli meqa-
nikuri energia (E2 ). (2)
C
C
ar
3. gaiTvaliswine sruli meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni da gautole
erTmaneTs 1-li da me-2 tolobebis marjvena mxareebi;

’ T
4. gaamartive miRebuli gamosaxuleba da gamoTvale siCqare, romelic wveTs
dedamiwaze dacemis momentSi aqvs.

N
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: v = 2gh = 10 m/wm

O
amocana 2

D
gamoTvale, ra maqsimalur simaRles miaRwevs
mSvildidan vertikalurad zeviT asrolili
isari (sur.2), Tu cnobilia, rom gasrolis
momentSi misi siCqare 40 m/wm-is tolia. haeris
winaaRmdegobas mxedvelobaSi nu miiReb da
CaTvale, rom g = 10 n/kg.
sur.2
amoxsna
1. aRwere energiis gardaqmna isris moZraobisas;
2. dafiqrdi, ra saxis energia aqvs isars:

g n S i
a) mSvildidan gasrolis momentSi da ris tolia am dros misi sruli me-

w i
qanikuri energia (E 1); (1)

a w e r o
b) dedamiwidan maqsimalur simaRleze da ris tolia am dros misi sruli

ar C
meqanikuri energia (E2 ). (2)
3. gaiTvaliswine sruli meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni da gautole
erTmaneTs 1-li da me-2 tolobebis marjvena mxareebi;
4. gaamartive miRebuli gamosaxuleba da gamoTvale is maqsimaluri simaRle,
romelsac mSvildidan vertikalurad asrolili isari miaRwevs.

Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: h = v2/2g = 80 m.

37
1.8 fizika amocanebSi: meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni

amocana 3
gamoTvale, ra siCqariT amoxteba 250 g masis `jambazi~ yuTidan
(sur. 3), Tu am moulodnelobis mTavari mizezi 10 sm-iT SekumSu-
li 100 n/m sixistis zambaraa. energiis danakargs mxedvelobaSi
nu miiReb.
amoxsna
1. aRwere energiis gardaqmna yuTidan `jambazis~ amoxtomisas;

w i g n S i
2. dafiqrdi, romeli energiis xarjze SeiZens `jambazi~ si-
Cqares da rogor gamoiTvleba es energia (E1); (1)

w e r o
3. ra saxis energia aqvs amoxtomisas `jambazs~? rogor ga-
a
C
sur. 3

ar
moiTvleba es energia (E 2); (2)
4. gaixsene, raSi mdgomareobs sruli meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni

Y
da gautole erTmaneTs 1-li da me-2 gamosaxulebebi;
5. gaamartive miRebuli toloba da gamoTvale siCqare, romliTac `jambazi~

P
yuTidan amoxta.
kx2
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: v = = 2 m/wm.

O
m

C
amocana 4
5 kg masis qva 10 m simaRlidan vardeba da deda-

T
miwaze dacemis momentSi misi siCqare 12 m/wm-ia

’
(sur.4). gamoikvlie:

N
a) sruldeba Tu ara qvis vardnisas sruli meqa-
nikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni?

O
b) ris tolia winaaRmdegobis Zalebis daZlevaze
qvis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis sidide?

D
amoxsna sur. 4
1. aRwere energiis gardaqmna qvis vardnis dros.
2. dafiqrdi:
a) ra saxis energia aqvs qvas vardnis dawyebis momentSi h simaRleze
da ris tolia am dros misi sruli meqanikuri energia (E1 ); (1)

w i g n S i
b) ra saxis energia aqvs qvas dedamiwaze dacemis momentSi da ris tolia
misi sruli meqanikuri energia am dros (E2 ). (2)

a w e r o
3. gamoTvale E1-isa da E2-is ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi da Seadare erTma­
neTs.

ar C
4. gamoitane daskvna: sruldeba Tu ara qvis vardnisas sruli meqanikuri
energiis mudmivobis kanoni? axseni, ratom?
5. dafiqrdi, garda kinetikuri energiis gazrdisa, kidev raze daixarja
qvis potenciuri energia da gantolebaSi *-is nacvlad Casvi Sesaba-
misi sidide:
mv2
mgh = * +
2

6. gamoTvale, ris tolia winaaRmdegobis Zalebis daZlevaze qvis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaobis sidide (A);
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: A = 140 j.

38
 1 Seamowme Seni codna
testi #1
gaiTvaliswine: TiToeul davalebas, sirTulis mixedviT, garkveuli feri da qula See-
sabameba:
umartivesi _ 1 qula; martivi _ 2 qula;
saSualo sirTulis _ 3 qula; rTuli _ 4 qula.

1. SI sistemaSi muSaobis erTeuli ar aris:

Y
a) n . m;
b) vt . wm;

P
g) jouli;
d) vt/wm.

O
2. SI sistemaSi simZlavris erTeuli ar aris:

C
a) n . m/wm;
b) vati;

’ T
g) j/wm;
d) j . wm.

N
3. SI sistemaSi energiis erTeulia:

O
a) niutoni;
b) vati;

D
g) jouli;
d) kilogrami.

4. I burTula uZravia, II burTula inerciiT moZraobs, III burTula ki F Zalis moq-

medebiT s manZils gadis (sur. 1). romel SemTxvevaSi ar sruldeba meqanikuri
muSaoba?
a) I da II; b) I da III; g) II da III; d) I, II da III.

v=0 v


F

I II III
sur.1.

5. horizontalur iatakze siarulisas adamianis simZimis Zala:

a) dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs;
b) uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs;
g) muSaobas ar asrulebs;
d) dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs, magram mxolod swrafad siarulisas.

39
1 Seamowme Seni codna

6. vertikalurad zeviT asrolili burTis simZimis

Zala burTis zeviT moZraobisas:
a) dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs;
b) uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs;
g) muSaobas ar asrulebs;
d) zustad iseTive sididis muSaobas asrulebs,
rogorsac haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala.
h
7. xidan Camovardnili vaSlis simZimis Zala vardnisas
a) dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs;
b) uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs;
g) muSaobas ar asrulebs;
d) zustad iseTive sididis muSaobas asrulebs,

Y
rogorsac haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala. sur.2

P
8. haeris nakads Sevardeni 70 m simaRlemde ahyavs (sur. 2). gamoTvale, naka-
dis amwevi Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba am dros, Tu cnobilia, rom

O
Sevardenis saSualo masa 1,5 kg-ia (g = 10 n/m ).
a) 1050 j; b) - 1050 j; g) 105 j; d) -105 j;

C
9. gamoTvale muSaoba (Aw), romelsac dinamomet­

T
ris wevis Zala magidis zedapirze xis Zelakis

’
Tanabrad gasrialebisas asrulebs (sur. 3). ra

N
muSaobas (Ax) asrulebs am dros Zelaksa da
sur.3
magidis zedapirs Soris moqmedi xaxunis Zala?

O
a) Aw = 1 j; Ax = 1 j; b) Aw = -1 j; Ax = - 1 j;
g) Aw = - 1 j; Ax = 1 j; d) Aw = 1 j; Ax = - 1 j;

D
10. ici, albaT, animaciuri filmi `zeviT~: sahaero
buStebis daxmarebiT moxuci saxls haerSi
aswevs da dedamiwis zedapiridan sakmaod did
simaRleze mogzaurobas gadawyvets…
telearx `National Geographic~-is eqsperimen-
tatorebma realurad Caatares msgavsi cda
da darwmundnen, rom `saxlis~ (Tundac Zalian
msubuqis) aweva arc Tu ise advilia. maT 2,4 m-
mde diametris mqone 300 sahaero burTi dasWir-
daT imisaTvis, rom saxlis magvari msubuqi sur.4.
konstruqcia haerSi aewiaT. gamoTvale, ris
tolia muSaoba, romelic `saxlis~ simZimis Zalam dedamiwis zedapiridan
3000 m-mde awevisas Seasrula. CaTvale, rom `saxlis~ masa daaxloebiT 200
kg-is tolia da g = 10 n/m.
a) 6 mgj; b) - 6 mgj; g) 600 kj; d) -600 kj;

11. amwes 1 t masis rkinis konstruqcia 6 m simaRlidan 1 wT-is ganmavlobaSi

Tanabrad Camoaqvs. CaTvale, rom g = 10 n/m da gamoTvale amwes mier ganvi-
Tarebuli simZlavre:
a) 1 vt; b) 1 kvt; g) 60 kvt; d) 3,6 mgvt.

40
 Seamowme Seni codna 1

12. moxvnisas traqtorze 10 000 n wevis Zala moqmedebs da is 0,5 sT-Si 3600 m
manZils gadis. CaTvale, rom traqtori moZraobisas siCqares inarCunebs
da gamoTvale mis mier ganviTarebuli simZlavre.
a) 72 mgvt; b) 72 kvt; g) 20 kvt; d) 5 vt.

13. 10 kg masis sxeulis potenciuri energia 800 j-iT gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac
sxeuli aitanes gorakze, romlis simaRlea (g = 10 n/m):
a) 8 m; b) 80 m; g) 800 m; d) 8000 m.

14. 4 kg masis CaquCis siCqare lursmanze dartymis momentSi 4 m/wm-ia. muSaoba,

romelsac CaquCis dartymis Zala asrulebs lursmnis CarWobisas, tolia:

Y
a) 32 j; b) -32 j; g) 16 j; d) 0 j.

P
15. zambaraze Camokidebuli 300 g tvirTis moqmedebiT zambara 10 sm-iT wag­

O
rZelda. gansazRvre deformirebuli zambaris potenciuri energia (g = 10
n/m).

C
a) 15 kj; b) 1,5 kj; g) 15 j; d) 0,15 j.

’ T
testSi dagrovili qulebis mixedviT Sen sakuTari codnis Sefasebas SeZleb:

N
dagrovili
Sedegis aRwera Sefaseba

O
qulebi

1-4 1

D
5-7 im davalebebidan, romlebic sworad gaqvs Sesrulebuli, 2
Cans, rom zogierTma sakiTxma dagainteresa. vfiqrob, kargi
8 - 10 iqneba, Tu gavlil masalas xelaxla gadaxedav. 3
11 - 13 4
14 - 16 5
bevri davaleba sworad gaqvs Sesrulebuli. Sedegis
gaumjobesebisTvis aucileblad gaakeTe analizi, ra tipis
Secdomebi dauSvi da ram ganapiroba es Secdomebi. xelaxla
17 - 19 gadaxede gavlil masalas da misi ukeT gaazrebisTvis 6
damatebiTi savarjiSoebi gamoiyene.

20 - 23 sakmaod bevri davaleba sworad gaqvs Sesrulebuli. Cans, rom 7

mimdinare davalebebs yuradRebas aqcevdi. gadaxede daSvebul
Secdomebs da gaaanalize, ra tipis Secdomebs uSveb ZiriTadad
24 - 26 da ratom. gaakeTe damatebiTi savarjiSoebi da amocanebi im 8
kategoriidan, romelSic ufro meti Secdoma gaqvs daSvebuli.

Sedegi kargia. aucileblad gaanalize mcire xarvezebi,

27 - 29 romlebic testis Sesrulebisas dauSvi. es sxva dros 9
wvrilmanebze yuradRebis koncentrirebaSi dagexmareba.

gilocav! Sedegi Zalian kargia. Cans, rom damoukideblad

30 - 31 muSaobdi, saklaso da saSinao davalebebs sistematurad da 10
gaazrebulad asrulebdi.

41
 I Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

gaiTvaliswine: TiToeul davalebas, sirTulis mixedviT, garkveuli feri Seesabameba:

umartivesi - ; martivi - ; saSualo sirTulis - ; rTuli - .

§ 1.1 meqanikuri muSaoba

yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da #1-6, # 8-11 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni
sityvebiT Camoyalibe.

1. iTvleba Tu ara meqanikur muSaobad gonebrivi muSaoba?

2. ra SemTxvevaSi asrulebs Zala meqanikur muSaobas? ra aucilebeli

Y
pirobebi unda iyos am dros daculi?

P
3. asrulebs Tu ara muSaobas sxeulze modebuli Zala, romelic sxeulis
gadaadgilebis marTobulia (daasaxele magaliTebi)?

O
4. sruldeba Tu ara muSaoba, roca sxeulze modebulia Zala da sxeuli
ar gadaadgildeba (daasaxele magaliTebi)?

C
5. sruldeba Tu ara muSaoba, roca sxeuli gadaadgildeba da masze Zala
ar aris modebuli (daasaxele magaliTebi)?

T
6. ra SemTxvevaSi sruldeba Zalis mier:

’
a) dadebiTi meqanikuri muSaoba? b) uaryofiTi meqanikuri muSaoba?

N
7. dafiqrdi: sruldeba Tu ara meqanikuri muSaoba
a) mtvirTavis mier, romelic uSedegod cdilobs mZime tvirTis awevas;

O
d) xaxunis Zalis mier, roca avtomobili amuxruWebs;
e) simZimis Zalis mier, roca burTi zeviTaa asrolili;

D
v) simZimis Zalis mier, roca zeviT asrolili burTi qveviT vardeba;
z) cigis simZimis Zalis mier, roca mas horizontalur zedapirze
miasrialeben;
T) haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalis mier paraSutistis qveviT (zeviT)
moZraobisas;
i) haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalis mier, roca burTi zeviTaa asrolili
(qveviT vardeba);
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu zemoT CamoTvlil SemTxvevebSi meqanikuri muSaoba
sruldeba, gaarkvie, rogoria Zalis (sxeulis) mier Sesrulebuli
muSaoba: dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi? axseni Seni pasuxebi.
8. rogor gamoiTvleba meqanikuri muSaoba
9. ra aris muSaobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi?
10. ganmarte, rogori muSaobaa 1 joulis toli muSaoba.
11. ramdeni joulis tolia 1 kj? 1 mgj?

airCie swori pasuxi (# 12 -15)

12. romeli ar aris muSaobis gamosaTvleli formula:
a) A = F / s ; b) A = F s; g) A = – mgh; d) A = mgh.
13. romeli ar aris muSaobis erTeuli
a)1n ∙ m; b)1n/ m; g)1j ; d) 1kj; e) 1mgj.

42
 I Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi 1

14. romeli ar aris Zalis erTeuli?

a)1n ∙ m; b)1j / m; g)1n.
15. romeli ar aris manZilis erTeuli?
a)1n ∙ m; b)1j / n; g)1m.
16. dagegme cda, rogor gamoTvli miaxloebiT, Tu ra muSaobas asruleb:
a) Sens sarTulze kibiT asvlisas;
b) skolisken mimaval gzaze (gaiTvaliswine, rom erTi nabijis gadadgmi­
sas adamiani saSualod 20 j muSaobas asrulebs).
17. Seadare a) da b) SemTxvevebSi biWis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba cigis
Tanabrad gasrialebisas erTsa da imave manZilze (sur.1). pasuxi axseni.

P Y
O
sur. 1

C
18. gamoTvale muSaoba, romelsac asrulebs Tanab­ rad moZrav sxeulze
moqmedi 500 n Zala, Tu cnobilia, rom Zalis moqmedebiT sxeulis mier

T
gavlili manZilia: a) 2 sm; b) 2 m; g) 2 km.

’
19. gamoTvale sxeulze moqmedi 50 n xaxunis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli

N
muSaoba, Tu cnobilia, rom sxeuli 60 m-iT gadaadgildeba.
20. gamoTvale avtomanqanaze moqmedi 30 kn xaxunis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli

O
muSaoba, Tu cnobilia, rom avtomanqana 600 m-iT gadaadgildeba.
21. gansazRvre, ra muSaoba Seasrula 500-gramiani burTis simZimis Zalam,

D
rodesac burTi 3 m simaRlidan Camovarda (SeniSvna: am da yvela sxva
amocanaSi CaTvale, rom g = 10 n/m).
22. gansazRvre, ra muSaoba Seasrula 200-gramiani burTis simZimis Zalam,
rodesac burTi 5 m simaRleze vertikalurad zeviT aisroles.
23. ra muSaobas asrulebs simZimis Zala, Tu:
a) 50 g masis burTi 3 m simaRleze aisroles?
b) 800-g-iani qva dedamiwaze 4 m simaRlidan vardeba?
24. ra muSaobas asrulebs 500 kg masis tvirTis simZimis Zala, Tu is sahaero
burTis daxmarebiT vertikalurad zeviT, 200 m simaRleze adis.
25. dafiqrdi, rodis asruleb met muSaobas: roca kibeze swrafad arbixar
Tu roca nela adixar? pasuxi axseni.
26. warmoidgine situacia: agarakze yofnisas ufrosebma wyliT savse didi
kasris dacla gTxoves. gadawyvite, rom kasri saTliT dagecala. es
arasasiamovno samuSao iyo da amitom Zalian gagixarda, roca kasris
naxevrad daclis Semdeg megobari SegeSvela, romelmac darCenili
wyali amoiRo kasridan. Seadare erTmaneTs Seni da Seni megobris mier
Sesrulebuli muSaobis sidideebi.
27. gansazRvre Zalis sidide, Tu cnobilia, rom misi moqmedebiT sxeuli
a) 120 m-iT gadaadgilda da am dros 360 j muSaoba Sesrulda;
b) 15 sm-iT gadaadgilda da am dros 450 j muSaoba Sesrulda;
g) 2 sm-iT gadaadgilda da am dros 3 kj muSaoba Sesrulda.
28. ra ZaliT moqmedebs Carxi liTonis detalze, Tu masze 20 sm sig­rZis
Wrilis gakeTebisas Carxi 110 j muSaobas asrulebs.

43
1 I Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

29. gamoTvale, ra sididis winaaRmdegobis Zalas daZlevs Carxi 30 sm man-

Zilze, Tu is am dros 1500 j muSaobas asrulebs.
30. gamoTvale, ra manZilze gaasriales ciga, Tu cnobilia, rom cigaze
modebulma 150 n wevis Zalam 6 kj muSaoba Seasrula.
31. gamoTvale, ra manZilze gadaadgilda matarebeli, Tu masze moqmedma
25 kn wevis Zalam 250 mgj muSaoba Seasrula.
32. gamoTvale muSaoba, romelsac asrulebs Tanabrad moZrav Zelakze mode-
buli wevis Zala, Tu cnobilia, rom Zelaki 25 sm manZilze gadaadgilda
da masze moqmedi xaxunis Zalis sididea 450 n.
33. karadaze, romelic 40 sm manZilze Tanabrad gadaaadgiles, 500 n sidi-
dis wevis Zala moqmedebs. gamoTvale, ra muSaobas asrulebs karadis
gadaadgilebisas xaxunis Zala.
34. amwes 3000 kg masis tvirTi 20 m simaRleze aaqvs, Semdeg 10 m manZilze

Y
tvirTs horizontalurad gadaaadgilebs da 5 metriT qveviT uSvebs.
gamoTvale, ra sididis muSaobas asrulebs amwe.

P
35 cxeni 400 n Zalis moqmedebiT datvirTul sazidars Tanabrad, 50 sm/wm
siCqariT amoZravebs. gamoTvale cxenis mier 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi

O
Sesrulebuli muSaoba.
36. avtomanqanis Zravas wevis Zala 2000 n-ia. ra muSaobas asrulebs avto-

C
manqana 10 wm-Si, Tu is am drois ganmavlobaSi Tanabrad moZraobs 72
km/sT siCqariT.

T
37. gamoTvale muSaoba, romelic amwem 2 m3 moculobis granitis filis

’
5 m simaRleze Tanabrad atanisas Seasrula (granitis simkvrive 2600

N
kg/m3-ia).
38. gamoTvale muSaoba, romelsac asrulebs amwe 0,5 m3 foladis gvarlis

O
20 m simaRleze Tanabrad atanisas (foladis simkvrivea 7,8 g/sm3 ).
39. Saxtidan 7 m3 moculobis qvanaxSiris Tanabrad amosatanad amwes Zravam

D
6300 kj muSaoba Seasrula. gansazRvre Saxtis siRrme, Tu cnobilia,
rom qvanaxSiris simkvrive 1500 kg/m3-ia. A
40. cilindrSi mWidrod morgebuli dguSis qveS Sekum- 1 2
Suli airis wneva 1200 kpa-s aRwevs. airis wneviT dguSi
50 sm-iT gadaadgilda. gamoTvale airis mier Sesru-
3 4
lebuli muSaoba am dros, Tu cnobilia, rom dguSis
farTobi 400 sm2-ia. sur. 2 s
41. romel wertils Seesabameba maqsimaluri sididis Zala
(A; s) diagramaze (sur. 2)? A
1 2
42. romel wertils Seesabameba gavlili manZilis minima-
luri mniSvneloba (A; F) diagramaze (sur. 3)?
43. romel wertils Seesabameba muSaobis maqsimaluri 3 4
mniSvneloba (F; s) diagramaze (sur. 4)?
44. gamoTvale muSaoba, romelsac 3 wT-is ganmavlobaSi sur. 3 F
asrulebs wylis tumbo, Tu misi saSualebiT 1wm-Si
50 l wyali 20 m simaRleze miewodeba. F
1 2
45. gansazRvre 10 m manZilze 20 kg masis cigis Tanabrad
gasrialebisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba, Tu cigaze moq-
medi xaxunis Zalis sidide cigis wonis sididis 0,02 3 4
nawils Seadgens.
sur. 4 s

44
 I Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi 1

46 gamoTvale, ra muSaobas asrulebs 0,5 km manZilze Tanabrad moZraobi-

sas avtomobilis Zrava, Tu avtomobilis masa 2 tonaa, haeris winaaR­
mdegobis Zala _ 400 n, xolo Tvlebis niadagTan xaxunis Zalis sidide
avtomobilis wonis sididis 0,4-ia.

§ 1.2 simZlavre
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da #1 - #9 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni s­ ityvebiT
Camoyalibe
1. romeli fizikuri sididiT axasiaTeben samuSaos Sesrulebis siswrafes?
2. ras gviCvenebs simZlavre?
3. rogor gamoiTvleba simZlavre?

Y
4. ra aris simZlavris erTeuli SI sistemaSi?

P
5. romeli erTeulebiT gamoisaxeba 1 vt?
6. rogori meqanizmis simZlavrea 1 vati?

O
7. ramdeni vatia 1 kvt? 1mvt? 1gvt? 1cx.Z?
8. rogor gamoiTvleba Tanabrad moZravi sxeulis (mag., avtomobilis)

C
simZlavre wevis (an xaxunis) Zalis sididisa da moZraobis siCqaris
daxmarebiT?

T
9. ras gviCvenebs Zravas margi qmedebis koeficienti da rogor gamoiT­

’
vleba is?

N
airCie swori pasuxi (# 10, 11 )
10. simZlavre ar gamoiTvleba formuliT:

O
a) N = F v; b) N = A/ t; g) N = mgh; d) N = mgh/ t.

D
11. simZlavris erTeuli ar aris:
a)1n ∙ m/wm; b) 1vt; g) 1j / wm; d) 1j . wm.
12. gamoTvale miqseris simZlavre, Tu cnobilia, rom miqseris mier
a) 20 wm-Si 30000 j muSaoba Sesrulda;
b) 4 wT-Si Sesrulebuli muSaobaa 240 kj.
13. gamoTvale eleqtroxerxis muSaobis dro, Tu cnobilia, rom misi sim­
Zlavrea:
a) 1600 vt da 960 kj muSaoba Seasrula;
b) 2 cx.Z. da 29,42 kj muSaoba Seasrula.
14. gamoTvale amwes mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba, Tu cnobilia, rom amwes
simZlavrea:
a) 10 kvt da amwes tvirTi 2 wuTis ganmavlobaSi ahqonda garkveul
simaRlemde;
b) 4 kvt da amwes muSaobis droa 0,5 sT.
15. gamoTvale, ra muSaobas asrulebs kosmosuri xomaldis Zrava 1 wm-Si,
Tu Zravas simZlavre 1,5 . 107 kvt-ia.
16. gamoTvale amwes simZlavre, Tu cnobilia, rom amwes 1 wuTis ganmavlo-
baSi 3 t tvirTi 25 m simaRleze aaqvs.
17. 6 t masis vertmfreni vertikalurad zeviT 1 wT-is ganmavlobaSi Tanab­
rad iweva 500 m simaRleze. gamoTvale, ra simZlavres aviTarebs am dros
vertmfrenis Zrava.

45
1 I Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

18. gamoTvale, ra simZlavres aviTarebs turisti zurgCanTis asatanad

mTaze, Tu igi 20 m simaRleze 25 wm-Si adis, xolo zurgCanTis masa
10 kg-ia.
19. gamoTvale manqanis simZlavre, Tu cnobilia, rom, roca manqanis wevis
Zala 2,4 kn-ia, is 20 wT-Si 30 km manZils gadis.
20. gamoTvale Tanabrad moZravi avtomobilis siCqare, Tu cnobilia, rom,
roca avtomobilze moqmedi wevis Zalis sidide 150 kn-ia, is 750 kvt
simZlavres aviTarebs.
21. gamoTvale avtomobilze moqmedi wevis Zalis sidide, Tu cnobilia, rom
20 m/wm siCqariT Tanabrad moZraobisas avtomobili 720 kvt simZlavres
aviTarebs.
22. mecnierebma daadgines, rom Tu veSapi wyalqveS 27 km/sT siCqariT
moZraobs, maSin is 150 kvt simZlavres aviTarebs. gansazRvre am dros

Y
veSapze wylis mxridan moqmedi winaaRmdegobis Zalis sidide.
23. gamoTvale avtomobilze moqmedi xaxunis Zalis sidide, Tu cnobilia,

P
rom 720 kvt simZlavris avtomobili Tanabrad moZraobisas 3 wT-Si 3,6
km-s gadis.

O
24. gamoTvale, ra droSi aaqvs amwes 600 l wyali 10 m simaRleze, Tu cno-
bilia, rom wylis Tanabrad atanisas amwe 300 kvt simZlavres aviTarebs.

C
wylis simkvrive 1000 kg/m3-ia.
25. gamoTvale, ra dro dasWirdeba 50 kvt simZlavris tumbos, rom 150 m

T
siRrmis Widan 200 m3 wyali amoqaCos.

’
26. gamoTvale, ra masis tvirTis aweva SeuZlia amwes 2 wT-is ganmavlobaSi

N
15 m simaRleze, Tu misi simZlavre 4 kvt-ia.
27. TviTmfrinavze 4 Zravaa, romelTagan TiToeuli 3000 kvt simZlavrisaa.

O
gansazRvre, ra sididis winaaRmdegobis Zalis daZleva uwevs TviT­
mfrinavs, Tu igi 540 km/sT siCqariT mifrinavs.

D
28. amwes, romelic 2 kvt simZlavris eleqtroZravas mohyavs moZraobaSi,
0,9 t liTonis konstruqcia 10 m simaRleze 1 wT-Si aaqvs. gamoTvale
eleqtroZravas mqk.
29. amwis Zravas, romlis simZlavrea 6 kvt, 0,6 t masis tvirTi garkveul
simaRleze Tanabrad, 15 m/wT siCqariT aaqvs. gamoTvale Zravas mqk.
30. amwis Zravas, romlis simZlavrea 6 kvt, 6 t masis tvirTi 8 m simaRleze
Tanabrad aaqvs. gamoTvale tvirTis awevis dro, Tu cnobilia, rom
Zravas mqk 80%-ia.
31. gamoTvale amwis Zravas simZlavre, Tu cnobilia, rom amwes 300 kg masis
tvirTi 10 m simaRleze Tanabrad aaqvs 5 wm-Si. cnobilia, rom Zravas
mqk 75 %-ia.
32. amwis Zravas, romlis simZlavrea 10 kvt, 125 wm-is ganmavlobaSi tvirTi
50 m simaRleze Tanabrad aaqvs. gamoTvale tvirTis masa, Tu cnobilia,
rom Zravas mqk 80%-ia.
33. 60 m siRrmis Saxtidan eleqtrotumbos saSualebiT 1 sT-Si 60 m3 wyali
amoaqvT. gamoTvale tumbos sasargeblo simZlavre.
34. ra moculobis wylis amotumbvaa SesaZlebeli 150 m siRrmis Widan 1 sT-
is ganmavlobaSi, Tu eleqtrotumbos sasargeblo simZlavre 10 kvt-ia?
35. gamoTvale 10 kvt simZlavris amwis mqk, Tu mas Senobis saxuravze 800
kg masis tvirTis Tanabrad, 1 m/wm siCqariT atana SeuZlia.

46
 I Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi 1

36. tumbo, romlis eleqtroZrava 10 kvt simZlavres aviTarebs, yovel naxe-

var saaTSi 25 m simaRleze wylis avzs 60 m3 wyliT amaragebs. gamoTvale
tumbos mqk.
37. praqtikuli samuSao: dagegme eqsperimenti da gansazRvre kibeze swrafad
arbenisas Sen mier ganviTarebuli saSualo simZlavre.
38. rodis aviTarebs met simZlavres sportsmeni: roca is garkveul simaR-
lemde WokiT xteba Tu, roca is kibiT nel-nela adis.
39. gemi wyalqveSa frTebiT (e.w. hidrofoli, hydrofoils) gansakuTrebuli
konstruqciis sazRvao transportia
(sur.5). mas, Cveulebrivi gemisgan
gansxvavebiT, SeuZlia ise imoZraos,

Y
rom ZiriTadi korpusi wylis zedapirs

P
arc ki Seexos. wyalqveSa frTebs gemi
moZraobisas wylis zedapirze amo-

O
hyavs. gemis siCqare am dros Zalian
izrdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi

C
simZlavre TiTqmis ucvlelia. axseni,
ra iwvevs hidrofoluri gemis siC-

T
qaris zrdas (gaige meti aseTi gemis

’
Sesaxeb. daakvirdi mis moZraobas
videoze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klAggNIir9A sur. 5

O N
§ 1.3 meqanikuri energia

D
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da #1-13 kiTxvebze pasuxi Seni sityvebiT
Camoyalibe.
1. ra aris energia? riT ganisazRvreba misi sidide?
2. ra erTulebiT izomeba energia?
3. daasaxele energiis formebi;
4. ras ewodeba kinetikuri energia?
5. daasaxele sxeulebi, romelTac kinetikuri energia aqvT.
6. razea damokidebuli kinetikuri energiis sidide?
7. ra SemTxvevaSi aqvT sxeulebs potenciuri energia?
8. daasaxele sxeulebi, romelTac potenciuri energia aqvT.
9. warmoidgine, rom sxeuli aweulia dedamiwis zedapiridan raRac simaR-
leze da masze dedamiwis miziduloba ar moqmedebs. eqneba Tu ara aseT
SemTxvevaSi sxeuls potenciuri energia?
10. warmoidgine, rom drekadi sxeuli deformirebulia (mag., zambara gaWi-
mulia an SekumSulia) da masSi drekadobis Zala ar aRiZvreba. eqneba
Tu ara aseT SemTxvevaSi drekad sxeuls potenciuri energia?
11. axseni, ratom hqvia potenciur energias urTierTqmedebis energia?
12. aqvs Tu ara sxeulebs TavisTavad muSaobis Sesrulebis unari? ra unda
gavakeToT imisaTvis, rom sxeuls energia anu muSaobis Sesrulebis
unari mivaniWoT?
13. aqvs Tu ara nivTierebis Semadgenel nawilakebs (molekulebs, atomebs)
kinetikuri energia? potenciuri? axseni Seni pasuxi.

47
1 I Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

§ 1.4 fizika amocanebSi: potenciuri da kinetikuri

energia
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da #1-2 kiTxvebze pasuxi Seni sityvebiT
Camoyalibe.
1. rogor gamoiTvleba
a) dedamiwis zedapiridan h simaRleze atanili m masis sxeulis poten-
ciuri energia?
b) drekadad deformirebuli sxeulis (zambaris) potenciuri energia?
g) moZravi sxeulis kinetikuri energia?
2. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom ori gansxvavebuli masis sxeuls hqondes erTnairi
kinetikuri energia?Tu SesaZlebelia, ra pirobebSi?
3. praqtikuli samuSao: dagegme eqsperimenti (gaarkvie, ra gamzomi xel-

Y
sawyoebi gWirdeba davalebis Sesasruleblad) da gamoTvale im sxeule-
bis (mag., wignis, rveulis) potenciuri energia iatakis mimarT, romlebic

P
Sens sawer magidaze awyvia.
4. gansazRvre potenciuri energia 100 g masis vaSlisa, romelic dedamiwis

O
zedapiridan 3 m simaRleze, totze hkidia. ris tolia amave vaSlis
kinetikuri energia?

C
5. Tu mdinaris wyals gzas kaSxliT gadavuRobavT, maSin wylis done aiwevs
da, Sesabamisad, gaizrdeba misi potenciuri energia. gamoTvale 1 m3

’ T
wylis potenciuri energiis sidide, Tu is kaSxlis daxmarebiT 124 m
simaRlezea aweuli.

N
6. gansazRvre zambaris sixiste, Tu misi potenciuri energia 5 sm-iT
Sekum­Svisas 150 j-iT gaizarda.

O
7. gamoTvale 1,5∙105 n/m sixistis deformirebuli zambaris potenciuri
energia, Tu is gare Zalis moqmedebiT 2 sm-iT dagrZelda.

D
8. dinamometris 40 n/m sixistis zambara 2 sm-iTaa daWimuli. ra simaR-
leze unda aswio 100 g masis tvirTi, rom mas iseTive energia hqondes,
rogoric dinamometris daWimul zambaras?
9. gare 200 n Zalis moqmedebiT zambara 4 sm-iT dagrZelda. gamoTvale
Zalis muSaoba da zambaris potenciuri energia.
10. 200 g masis sxeuli dakides zambaraze, romelic am dros 5 sm-iT wag­
rZelda. gamoTvale deformirebuli zambaris potenciuri energia.
11. praqtikuli samuSao: dagegme cda, romlis saSualebiTac dinamometris
zambaris sixistis gansazRvras SeZleb (ix. amocana 9 ). daWime dinamo-
metris zambara 3 n-is Sesabamis danayofamde da gamoTvale zambaris
potenciuri energia.
12. 30 t masis TviTmfrinavis siCqare safreni bilikidan afrenis momentSi
216 km/sT-ia. ris tolia misi kinetikuri energia am momentSi? poten-
ciuri?
13. 50 t masis reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavi dedamiwis mimarT 300 m/wm siCqariT
moZraobs. gansazRvre TviTmfrinavis kinetikuri energia.
14. 800 m/wm siCqariT moZravi 9 g masis mqone tyvia xvdeba ficars da
garkveul siRrmeze Cerdeba. gamoTvale, ra muSaoba Seasrula tyviam
xaxunis Zalis daZlevaze.

48
 I Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi 1

15. romel avtomobils unda hqondes ufro Zlieri muxruWi: msubuqs Tu

satvirTos? rogor fiqrob, ratom?
16. 30 t masis TviTmfrinavi dedamiwis zedapiridan 10 km-ze 512 km/sT siC-
qariT mifrinavs. gamoTvale TviTmfrinavis:
a) potenciuri energia;
b) kinetikuri energia;
g) sruli meqanikuri energia.
17. ra siCqariT unda mifrinavdes dedamiwis zedapiridan 5 m simaRleze
beRura, rom misi kinetikuri da potenciuri energia erTmaneTis toli
iyos.
18. 16 t masis TviTmfrinavi dedamiwis zedapiridan 2 km simaRlidan 10 km-

Y
ze avida. gamoTvale:

P
a) ra muSaoba Seasrula TviTmfrinavis simZimis Zalam;
b) ris tolia TviTmfrinavis potenciuri energiis cvlileba (saboloo

O
da sawyis mniSvnelobebis sxvaoba) dedamiwis mimarT;
Seadare erTmaneTs TviTmfrinavis simZimis Zalis muSaoba da poten-

C
ciuri energiis cvlileba. gamoitane daskvna: ris tolia potenciuri
energiis cvlileba?

T
19. 5 kg-iani qva 15 m simaRlidan 3 m simaRlis saxlis saxuravze davarda.

’
gamoTvale:
a) ra muSaoba Seasrula qvis simZimis Zalam;

N
b) ris tolia qvis potenciuri energiis cvlileba (saboloo da sawyisi
mniSvnelobebis sxvaoba) dedamiwis mimarT;

O
Seadare erTmaneTs qvis simZimis Zalis muSaoba da potenciuri energiis
cvlileba. gamoitane daskvna:: ris tolia potenciuri energiis cvli-

D
leba?
20. mTvareze simZimis Zala 6-jer naklebia, vidre dedamiwaze. rogor
Seicvleba mTvareze qvis potenciuri energia dedamiwasTan SedarebiT
zedapiridan erTnair simaRleze atanisas?
21. marmarilosa da tyviis erTnairi moculobis ori sxeuli erTsa da imave
simaRlezea aweuli. Seadare erTmaneTs maTi potenciuri energiebis
sidideebi.

§ 1.5 energiis gardaqmna

1. daamzade modeli: `katapulta~
Tu katapultis moqmedebis principSi gaer-
kvevi, aRar gagiWirdeba misi gamarti­ ve­
buli modelis damzadeba. amaSi suraTebze
sur. 6
(sur.6,7) gamosaxuli modelebic dagexmareba.
ufro dawvrilebiT informacias am modele-
bis damzadebis Sesaxeb Seityob misamarTebze:
https://www.instructables.com/id/Craft-Stick-Cata-
pult/
https://www.itsalwaysautumn.com/easy--catapults-
summer-fun-for-kids.html

sur. 7

49
1 I Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

moiyvane moqmedebaSi Sen mier Seqmnili modeli da aRwere energiis gar-

daqmna misi moqmedebisas.
2. daamzade modeli : `qaris wisqvili~
mihyevi me-8 suraTze naCveneb instruqcias:
1. gamoWeri qaRaldis odnav sqeli furclis­ gan kvadrati, romlis
zomebia 15 X 15 sm (a);
2. gaavle fanqriT kvadratis diagonalebi (b).

a g
b

P Y
d e

O
v z
sur. 8

C
3. gaWeri makratliT kvadrati diagonalebze ise, rom centramde 2-3

T
sm gauWreli darCes (g).

’
4. gadakece miRebuli samkuTxedebis TiTo wvero kvadratis centris-
ken ise, rogorc es suraTzea naCvenebi (d). samkuTxedebis gadakecili

N
wveroebi daawebe kvadratis centrSi da daamagre WikartiT (e).

O
5. Wikartis wveri meore mxars fanqris saSlelSi CaarWe (v).
mo­ifiqre, rogor SeiZleba `qaris wisqvili~ aamoZravo (z). romeli

D
energiis xarjze SeZleb amas?aRwere energiis gardaqmna Sen mier dam-
zadebul modelSi. miadevne Tvali videoinstruqcias misamarTze:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0Rugzrpgv8
3. daamzade modeli : `TviTmoZravi navi~
1. asanTis kolofSi aqeT-iqeT asanTis ori Reri Caamagre ise, rogorc
es me-9 suraTzea naCvenebi;

sur. 9

50
 I Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi 1

2. Camoacvi asanTis Rerebs rezinis Txeli rgoli da masSi muyaos patara

naWeri moaTavse;
3. muyaos naWris daxmarebiT ramdenjerme gadagrixe rezinis rgoli;
4. muyaos naWers xeli mxolod mas Semdeg gauSvi, rac asanTis kolofs
wyliT savse farTopirian WurWelSi CauSveb. aRwere energiis gardaqmna
`navis~ moZraobisas.
4. daamzade modeli: `amerikuli mTebi~
`amerikuli mTebis~ damzadebaSi me-10 da me-11 suraTebze gamosaxuli
modelebic dagexmareba. ra masalas gamoiyeneb trekis dasamzadeblad
an sirTulis ra formas (igulisxmeba maryuJebis, spiralebis, borcvebis
raodenoba) miscem, Seni fantaziisTvis mogvindia. mTavaria, `amerikuli

Y
mTebis~ trekis sigrZe rac SeiZleba didi iyos da burTulam mTeli es

P
manZili Tavidan bolomde daubrkoleblad gaiaros…
ufro dawvrilebiT informacias am modelebis damzadebis Sesaxeb Sei-

O
tyob misamarTebze:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCDcTU1k-Yk

C
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugv0iWn4G2U&feature=emb_title
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=14&v=ztH7icZOtsE&feature=emb_title
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ids3EjOjdM

’ T
moiyvane moqmedebaSi Sen mier Seqmnili modeli da aRwere trekze
moZravi burTulas energiis gardaqmna.

O N
D 5.
sur. 10
gadaWeri sxvadasxva problema, romlebsac virtualur laboratoriaSi
SemogTavazeben. Caatare cdebi da Seamowme Seni codna, ramdenad kargad
sur. 11

gesmis meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanonis arsi. estumre labora-

torias misamarTze:
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/energy-skate-park-basics/latest/energy-skate-
park-basics_en.html
https://www.vascak.cz/data/android/physicsatschool/template.php?f=mech_zze&l=en

§ 1.6 meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni

#1_#12 amocanebSi haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalas mxedvelobaSi nu miiReb da
CaTvale, rom g = 10 n/m.
1. 1 kg masis sxeuli dedamiwis zedapiridan 20 m simaRlidan iwyebs vardnas.
gamoTvale sxeulis kinetikuri energia im momentSi, roca is dedamiwis
zedapiridan
a) 15 m simaRlezea; b) 10 simaRlzea;
g) 2 m simaRlezea; d) 0 m simaRlezea (anu dacemis momentSi).

51
1 I Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

2. 1 kg masis sxeuli dedamiwis zedapiridan 20 m/wm siCqariTaa asrolili.

gamoTvale sxeulis kinetikuri energia im momentSi, roca is dedamiwis
zedapiridan
a) 2 m simaRlezea; b) 5 m simaRlzea;
g) 15 m simaRlezea; d) maqsimalur simaRlezea.
3. 200 g masis vaSli 3 m simaRleze mdebare tots wydeba da vardeba.
gamoTvale misi siCqare
a) dedamiwis zedapiridan 1,2 m simaRleze;
b) dedamiwaze dacemis momentSi.
romeli monacemia amocanaSi zedmeti?
4. 1 kg masis sxeuli dedamiwis zedapiridan 20 m/wm siCqariTaa asrolili.
gamoTvale sxeulis siCqare im momentSi, roca is dedamiwis zedapiridan
a) 2 m simaRlezea; b) 5 m simaRlzea;

Y
g) 15 m simaRlezea; d) maqsimalur simaRlezea.
romeli monacemia amocanaSi zedmeti?

P
5. gamoTvale 1,8 kg sxeulis sruli meqanikuri energia, Tu misi siCqare
3 m simaRleze 70 m/wm-is tolia.

O
6. gamoTvale, ra simaRlidan vardeba wylis wveTi, Tu misi siCqare deda-
miwaze dacemis momentSi 22 m/wm-ia.

C
7. gamoTvale, ra simaRles miaRwevs dedamiwis zedapiridan vertikalurad
zeviT 30 m/wm siCqariT gasrolili isari. haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalas

T
mxedvelobaSi nu miiReb.

’
8. 2000 n/m sixistis zambaris mqone pistoletidan 2 g masis tyvia hori-

N
zontaluri mimarTulebiT 30 m/wm siCqariT gamovarda. gamoTvale
zambaris deformaciis sidide.

O
9. gamoTvale qvis siCqare 4 m simaRlis saxlis saxuravze dacemisas, Tu
qva 12 m simaRlidan vardeba.

D
10. gamoTvale pistoletis zambaris sixiste, Tu gasrolisas pistoletis
zambara 3 sm-iT SeikumSa da vertikalurad asrolilma 5 g masis tyviam
90 m simaRles miaRwia.
11. gansazRvre, ra simaRleze axteba burTi dedamiwaze dacemis Semdeg, Tu
is 1m simaRlidan 10 m/wm siCqariT Camoagdes. haeris winaaRmdegobas da
dacemisas energiis danakargs mxedvelobaSi nu miiReb.
12. isari asrolilia dedamiwis zedapiridan 20 m/wm siCqariT vertikalu-
rad zeviT. gansazRvre, ra simaRleze gautoldeba isris kinetikuri
da potenciuri energiebi erTmaneTs.
13. gamoTvale, ra simaRles miaRwevs mTvaris zedapiridan vertikalurad
asrolili tyvia, Tu is lulidan 600 m/wm siCqariT gamovarda. gai-
Tvaliswine, rom mTvareze atmosfero ar aris da simZimis Zala 6-jer
naklebia, vidre dedamiwaze.
14. 20 m/wm siCqariT vertikalurad asrolili 500 -gramiani isari deda-
miwaze 12 m/wm siCqariT vardeba. gamoTvale isris mier haeris winaaR-
mdegobis daZlevaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba.
15. 60 m/wm siCqariT moZravma 5t masis TviTmfrinavma 500 m simaRleze
Zrava gamorTo da daSveba daiwyo. safren bilikze daSvebis momentSi
misi siCqare 25 m/wm-is toli iyo. gamoTvale TviTmfrinavze moqmedi
haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalis dasaZlevad Sesrulebuli muSaoba.

52
 I Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi 1

I Temis mokle Sinaarsi

meqanikuri muSaoba

meqanikur muSaobas sxeulze modebuli Zala asrulebs. meqanikuri muSaoba

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi sruldeba, Tu daculia Semdegi sami piroba:
1. sxeulze modebulia Zala;
2. sxeuli moZraobs;
3. sxeulis moZraobis mimarTuleba Zalis mimarTulebis marTobuli ar aris.
meqanikuri muSaoba skalaruli fizikuri sididea:
► Tu sxeulis moZraobis mimarTuleba sxeulze modebuli Zalis mimarTulebas

Y
emTxveva, maSin Zala dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs da gamoiTvleba formuliT
A = Fs, sadac F sxeulze moqmedi Zalis modulia, xolo s _ sxeulis

P
mier gavlili manZili.
► Tu sxeulis moZraobis mimarTuleba sxeulze modebuli Zalis mimarTulebis

O
sapirispiroa, maSin Zala uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebas, romelic gamoiTvleba
formuliT: A = -Fs;

C
► Tu sxeulis moZraobis mimarTuleba sxeulze modebuli Zalis mimarTulebis
marTobulia, maSin Zala muSaobas ar asrulebas: A = 0.

’ T
muSaobis erTeulad SI sistemaSi miRebulia 1 jouli (1 j): 1 jouli aris muSaoba,
romelsac asrulebs sxeulze modebuli 1n Zala, roca sxeulis mier Zalis moq-

N
medebis mimarTulebiT gavlili manZili 1m-ia.

O
simZlavre

D
samuSaos Sesrulebis siswrafes axasiaTeben fizikuri sididiT, romel­sac sim-
Zlavre ewodeba. simZlavre gviCvenebs drois erTeulSi (1 wm-Si, 1wT-Si, 1sT-Si)
Sesrulebuli muSaobis sidides. simZlavre gamoiTvleba formuliT:
A
N=
t
sadac N simZlavrea, A ki _ t droSi Sesrulebuli muSaobis sidide.
simZlavris erTeulad SI sistemaSi miRebulia 1 vati (1 vt). 1 vati iseTi meqanizmis
simZlavrea, romelic 1 j muSaobas 1 wm-Si asrulebs.

energia

Tu sxeuls muSaobis Sesrulebis unari aqvs, vambobT, rom mas energia aqvs. `sxe-
uli muSaobas asrulebs~, niSnavs, rom sxeulis moqmedebis Sedegad deformirdeba
sxva sxeuli, icvleba sakuTari an sxva sxeulis siCqare. energia fizikuri sidi-
dea da im muSaobiT izomeba, romlis Sesrulebac sxeuls (an sxeulebs) SeuZlia:
rac metia sxeulis energia, miT meti muSaobis Sesruleba SeuZlia mas. energia,
iseve rogorc muSaoba, joulebiT izomeba. energias, romelic moZrav sxeuls aqvs,
kinetikuri energia hqvia.
sxeulis kinetikuri energia gamoiTvleba formuliT: Ekin = mv , sadac m
2

2
sxeulis masaa, v ki _ sxeulis siCqare.
energias, romelic nulovani donidan garkveul simaRleze aweul an deformire-
bul drekad sxeuls aqvs, potenciuri energia hqvia.
nulovani done nebismi­erad SerCeuli donea, saidanac si­maRles aiTvlian, mag.,
dedamiwis zedapiri, iataki, magidis zedapiri da.a.S.

53
1 I Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

potenciuri energia urTierTqmedebis energiaa, radgan potenciuri energia aqvs

sxeuls, romelic
a) nulovani donidan garkveul simaRlezea aweuli dedamiwasTan urTier­
Tqmedebis (dedamiwis mizidulobis) Sedegad;
b) deformirebulia da masSi deformaciis Sedegad drekadobis Zala aRiZvreba.
mag., zambaris deformaciisas zambaris xviebi urTierTqmedebs erTmaneTTan:
ganizideba (Tu zambara SekumSulia) an miizideba (Tu zambara gaWimulia).
im sxeulis potenciuri energia, romelic nulovani donidan h simaRlezea
atanili, gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Ep= mgh, sadac m sxeulis masaa.
deformirebuli drekadi sxeulis potenciuri energia gamoiTvleba formuliT:

kx2

Y
Ep =
2

P
sadac k sxeulis sixistea, x ki _ deformaciis sidide.
sxeulis potenciuri da kinetikuri energiebis jams sxeulis sruli meqanikuri

O
energia ewodeba.
bunebis movlenebs yovelTvis Tan axlavs energiis gardaqmna: sxeulis (sxeulTa

C
sistemis) potenciuri energia SeiZleba kinetikurad gardaiqmnas da piriqiT.
erTi saxis meqanikuri energiis Semcireba (zrda) meore saxis meqanikuri energiis

’ T
gazrdas (Semcirebas) iwvevs.
Tu sistemaSi Semavali sxeulebi mxolod erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebs da ar

N
urTierTqmedebs sxva sxeulebTan, romlebic ar Sedis am sistemaSi, maSin sxeulTa
aseT sistemas Caketili sistema hqvia. im sxeulTa kinetikuri da potenciuri

O
energiebis jami, romlebic Caketil sistemas qmnis da urTierTqmedebs mxolod
msoflio mizidulobisa da drekadobis ZalebiT, mudmivia: ra sididiTac erTi

D
saxis meqanikuri energia mcirdeba (izrdeba), imave sididiT izrdeba (mcirdeba)
meore saxis meqanikuri energia da Sesabamisad, sxeulis (sistemis) sruli meqani-
kuri energia ar icvleba (Caketil sistemaSi meqanikuri energia garemos winaaR-
mdegobis daZlevaze ar ixarjeba)!
vTqvaT, drois raRac momentSi sxeulis (an sxeulTa Caketili sistemis)
kinetikuri da potenciuri energiebi, Sesabamisad Ekin1 da Epot1-ia. Tu energiis
gardaqmnis procesSi sxeulis (an sxeulTa sistemis) kinetikuri da potenciuri
energiebi Seicvala da Sesabamisad Ekin2 da Epot2 gaxda, maSin meqanikuri energiis
mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, sruldeba toloba:
Ekin1 + Epot1 = Ekin2 + Epot2

msoflio mizidulobisa da drekadobis ZalebiT urTierTmoqmedi sxeulebis

Caketili sistemis sruli meqanikuri energia mudmivia. es aris kanoni, romelsac
sruli meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni hqvia.
meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni erT-erTi gamovlinebaa bunebis ufro
zogadi kanonisa, romelsac energiis mudmivobis kanoni ewodeba da romlis arsic
aseTia: energia arafrisgan ar warmoiqmneba da arc ukvalod qreba. erTi saxis
energia meore saxis energiad gardaiqmneba an sxva sxeuls gadaecema.

54
 Tema II
martivi
meqanizmebi

Y
sur. 1. julio pariji (1571-1635). fragmenti kedlis mxatvrobidan.

P
masze gamosaxulia arqimede, roca is `dedamiwas adgilidan Zravs~.

O
`momeciT sayrdeni wertili da dedamiwas adgilidan
davZrav~

C
`erTxel arqimedem sirakusis mefes, hierons, miswera:
sxva dedamiwac rom mqondes, Cvensas adgilidan davZra-

’ T
vdio~, _ werda Zveli berZeni filosofosi plutarqe.
`momeciT sayrdeni wertili da dedamiwas adgili-

N
dan davZrav~ _ es sityvebi arqimedes (Zv.w. 287-212 ww.)
ekuTvnis da man isini swored maSin warmoTqva, roca

O
berketis wonasworobis pirobas miagno.
arqimedem icoda, rom ar arsebobs tvirTi, Tundac

D
Zalian didi masis mqone, romlis awevasac sakuTari Zale-
biT ver SeZlebda, radgan kargad moexseneboda berketis
roli am saqmeSi: berketis daxmarebiT mcire ZaliT didi
Zalis gawonasworeba SeiZleba, amasTan berketi ZalaSi
mogebas gvaZlevs imdenjer, ramdenjerac misi grZeli
mxari metia mokleze...
Tumca arqimedes warmodgenac ar hqonda, ramdenad
didi iyo dedamiwis masa, Torem, albaT, Tavs Seikavebda
aseTi Tamami gancxadebisgan.
moiSvelie fantazia da warmoidgine, rom arqimedes
marTlac hqonda sayrdeni wertili _ `sxva dedamiwa~ da
saWiro sigrZis berketi. SeZlebda igi Tavisi gabeduli
ideis ganxorcielebas? Tu gaviTvaliswinebT `meqanikis
oqros wess~, dedamiwis Tundac erTi san­ti­metriT awe-
visas berketis grZeli mxaris bolo wertili sigrZiT
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 km-is tol rkals Semowers.
am samuSaos Sesrulebas ki aTeulobiT milioni weli
dasWirdeba!
drois motyueba ki arc Tavad arqimedes, Zveli samya-
ros am genialur gamomgonebels, SeeZlo...
maS ase, ra aris berketi, ra aZlevda arqimedes Tavisi
gancxadebis safuZvels da raSi mdgomareobs `meqanikis
oqros wesi~- yovelive amas ufro dawvrilebiT am Temis
Seswavlisas Seityob.

55
 2.1 wonasworoba

1. ra aris wonasworoba?

niu-iorkis erT-erTi RirsSesaniSnaoba _`432 park-ave-

niu~_ msoflioSi yvelaze maRali sacxovrebeli Senobaa.
mi­
si simaRle 426 m-ia. caTambjenis bolo sarTulebze
gan­lagebuli ZviradRirebuli apartamentebis binadrebi
SeCveuli arian im faqts, rom Zlieri qaris dros Senoba
Se­sam­Cnevad qanaobs: sawyis mdebareobidan aqeT-iqeT 1,2-
1,5 m -iT ixreba… SegrZneba arcTu ise sasiamovnoa, mag­
ram­SeSfoTebad namdvilad ar Rirs. maRali SenobisTvis

Y
es absoluturad normaluri movlenaa… is irxeva ara
mar­to qaris, aramed nebismier dros, magram inarCunebs

P
wonasworobas: ar ingreva da rCeba adgilze.
daakvirdi videoze caTambjenis moZraobas qaris

O
dros: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=H4hQ3
fzZYkM&feature=emb_title sur.1

C
praqtikaSi Zalze mniSvnelovania imis codna, Tu ra pirobebSi inarCunebs
sxeuli uZraobis mdgomareobas. swored am pirobebzea dafuZnebuli sxvadasxva

T
Senoba-nagebobis, xidebis, manqanebis mSenebloba (warmoidgine, ra moxdeboda,

’
caTambjenis arqiteqtors winaswar rom ar gaeTvala yvela is garemoeba, rom-

N
lebSic mis mier agebuli Senoba wonasworobas, uZraobas ver SeinarCunebda).
Tumca wonasworobis mdgomareoba ar aris aucileblad uZraobis mdgoma-

O
reoba. zogadad, wonasworoba aris sxeulis (sistemis) mdgomareoba, romelsac
igi inarCunebs ragind didi drois ganmavlobaSi, Tu gare zemoqmedeba ar arse-

D
bobs. `wonasworoba~ farTo cnebaa. mas iyeneben, rogorc sabunebismetyvelo, ise
humanitarul mecnierebebSi. arsebobs Termodinamikuri, qimiuri, ekonomikuri,
ekologiuri, politikuri wonasworoba. Cven visaubrebT meqanikur wonasworo-
baze. meqanikuri wonasworoba gulisxmobs sxeulis iseT mdgo­mareobas, roca igi
inarCunebs siCqares: uZravia an moZraobs wrfivad da Tanabrad. fizikis nawils,
romelic Seiswavlis sxeulTa wonasworobas, statika ewodeba.

2. wonasworobis pirobebi gadataniT moZravi sxeulisTvis

statikis mTavari amocanaa, gavarkvioT, ra pirobebSi inarCunebs sxeuli siC-
qares, anu wonasworobis mdgomareobas.
gaixsene: sxeuli inarCunebs siCqares, Tu masze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedi
nulis tolia: sxeulze ar moqmedebs Zala an masze moqmedi Zalebi erTmaneTs
awonasworebs. swored aseT SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom sxeuli wonasworobaSia.
ganvixiloT magaliTebi:
1. Tu burTula magidaze uZravad devs (sur.2 a) an Zafze uZravad kidia
(sur. 2 b), vambobT, rom is wonasworobaSia. burTulaze, garda dedamiwis
mizidulobis Zalisa, moqmedebs magida da Zafi (ar gjera? gamoacale
burTulas magida, gadaWeri Zafi da darwmundebi!).

56
 wonasworoba 2.1

sayrdenic (magida) da sakidic (Zafi)

sxeulTa simZimis Zalis moqmedebiT de- a b
formirdeba. deformirebul sayrdensa F dr F dr
da sakidSi (magidasa da ZafSi) aRiZvreba
drekadobis Zala. swored magidasa da
F sim = -F dr F F
ZafSi aRZruli drekadobis Zala awo-
nasworebs burTulaze moqmed simZimis F F
Zalas da Sedegad burTula uZravia,
wonasworobaSia. sur.2

2. Tu vardnisas paraSutistze moqmedi

simZimis Zala haeris winaaRmdegobis

Y
F win
ZaliTaa gawonasworebuli, paraSu-

P
tistis siCqare ucvlelia: is wrfi-
vad da Tanabrad eSveba qveviT. aseT

O
SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom paraSutisti
wonasworobis mdgomareobaSia (sur. 3).

C
3. Tu moZrav avtomanqanaze moqmedi wevis
Zala asfaltis safarTan xaxunis Zalas F sim = -F win

’ T
awonasworebs, avtomanqana imoZravebs
wrfivad da Tanabrad, anu is wonaswo-

N
rul mdgomareobaSi iqneba (sur. 4). F

O
F wev = -F xax
sur.3
F wev

D
sur.4
F
gaixsene: meqanikuri moZraobis Seswavlisas ganvixileT sxeulTa iseTi moZrao-
ba, romlis drosac sxeulis yvela wertili erTnairad moZraobs (sur. 5). aseT
moZ­raobas gadataniTi moZraoba ewodeba.
gadataniTi moZraobisas sxeulis nebismieri ori wertilis SemaerTebeli
monakveTi Tavisi Tavis paralelurad gadaadgildeba (garkveuli miaxloebiT
SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom zemoT ganxilul magaliTebSi gadataniTad moZraobs
paraSutisti da avtomanqana).
gadataniTi moZraobis SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia ganvixiloT sxeulis mxolod
erTi wertilis (misi simZimis centris) moZraoba. aseT SemTxvevaSi vTvliT, rom
sxeulis mTeli masa Tavmoyrilia simZimis centrSi da maszea modebuli sxeulze
moqmedi yvela Zalis tolqmedi.

sur. 5. amwes `mklavze“ dakidebuli tvirTisa da sabagiroze vagonis moZraoba gadataniTi moZraobaa.

57
2.1 wonasworoba

gadataniTis garda, sxeuli SeiZleba brunviT moZraobasac asrulebdes: bru-

navdes brunvis RerZis an centris garSemo. mag., brunviT moZraobas asrulebs
`aiwona-daiwona~ (sur.6), velosipedis borbali (sur.7), globusi (sur.8), `eSmakis
borbali~ (sur.9), kari (sur.10), amwes `mklavi~ (sur.5) da a.S.

sur. 6 sur. 7 sur. 8 sur. 9

brunviTi moZraoba iseTi moZraobaa, romlis drosac sxeulis yvela wertili

Y
moZraobs sxvadasxva radiusis wrewirebze, romelTa centrebi brunvis RerZze

P
mdebareobs.
vambobT, rom mbrunavi sxeuli wonasworobaSia, Tu is uZravia an RerZis garSemo

O
Tanabrad brunavs. iqneba Tu ara RerZis garSemo mbrunavi sxeuli uZravi, Tu
masze modebulia sididiT toli da mimarTulebiT sapirispiro Zalebi (anu Tu

C
Zalebis tolqmedi nulis tolia)?
daixmare megobari, Caatare martivi cda da Seamowme Seni varaudi:

’ T
cda

N
1. Sen da Senma megobarma naxevrad Ria, uZrav kars sxva-
dasxva mxridan, dinamometrebis daxmarebiT erTnairi

O
sididis Zalebi mosdeT (sur.10): erT-erTma Tqven-
ganma Zala saxelurTan axlos unda mosdos, xolo

D
meorem _ imave sididis Zala, magram sapirispiro
mimarTulebis _ anjamebTan axlos (dinamometris
kauWi karze webovani lentiT winaswar miamagreT).
2. daakvirdi: aris Tu ara kari wonasworobaSi, roca
masze modebulia sididiT toli da mimarTulebiT sur. 10
sapirispiro Zalebi (anu, roca ZalTa tolqmedi nulis tolia)?
3. gamoitane daskvna: aris Tu ara sakmarisi piroba mbrunavi sxeulis (ka-
ris) wonasworobisTvis is, rom sxeulze modebuli Zalebis tolqmedi
nulis tolia?

wonasworobis pirobebi gadataniT moZravi (arambrunavi) da mbrunavi sxeule-

bisTvis sxvadasxvaa.
gadataniT moZravi (arambrunavi) sxeuli wonasworobaSia, Tu masze moqmedi Zale-
bis tolqmedi nulis tolia: sxeulze ar moqmedebs Zala an masze moqmedi Zalebi
erTmaneTs awonasworebs.
mbrunavi sxeulis wonasworobisTvis ki sxeulze modebuli Zalebis tolqme-
dis nulTan gatoleba sakmarisi piroba ar aris. mbrunavi sxeulis wonasworobis
pirobas momdevno gakveTilebze davubrundebiT da davadgenT kidec.

58
 2.2 wonasworobis saxeebi

1. wonasworobis saxeeebi
caTambjeni qaris zemoqmedebis Sedegad wonaswo-
robis mdgomareobidan gamodis, Tumca kvlav
ubrundeba mas. Tokze mosiarulis wonasworoba
Tu dairRva, is veRar aRidgens wonasworobas
da swored amitom aqvs Cabmuli damcavi Toki
(sur.1). rogor `moiqceva~ wonasworobis mdgo-

Y
mareobaSi myofi sxeuli, Tu masze sxva sxeuli
imoqmedebs (Tu dairRva wonasworobis piroba)?

P
sur.1
aramdgradi

O
1 dafiqrdi: me-2 sur.-ze gamosaxu- b
li samive burTula wonasworobaSia.

C
ganurCeveli
vTqvaT, burTulebi mcired gadavxa- g
reT wonasworobis mdebareobidan.

T
rogor fiqrob, rogor `moiqceva~

’
sur. 2
amis Semdeg TiToeuli maTgani? a

N
mdgradi

imis mixedviT, Tu rogor `iqceva~ sxeuli, roca is gare zemoqmedebis Sedegad

O
wonasworobis mdgomareobidan gamodis, ganasxvaveben sami saxis wonasworobas:
mdgrad, aramdgrad da ganurCevel wonasworobas.

D
mdgradia wonasworoba, Tu wonasworobis mdebareobidan mcire gadaxrisas
sxeuli kvlav ubrundeba Tavdapirvel, wonasworul mdebareobas (sur.2,a). daak-
virdi: burTulas simZimis centri mdgrad wonasworobaSi ufro dablaa, vidre
nebismier mezobel mdebareobaSi.
aramdgradia wonasworoba, Tu wonasworobis mdebareobidan mcire gadaxrisas
sxeuli aRar ubrundeba Tavdapirvel, wonasworul mdebareobas da Sordeba mas
(sur.2,b). daakvirdi: burTulas simZimis centri aramdgrad wonasworobaSi ufro
maRlaa, vidre nebismier mezobel mdebareobaSi.
ganurCevelia wonasworoba, Tu wonasworobis mdebareobidan mcire gadaxra
sxeulis wonasworobas ar cvlis. is arc ubrundeba da arc Sordeba Tavdapir-
vel, wonasworul mdebareobas (sur.2,g). daakvirdi: burTulas simZimis centri
ganurCevel wonasworobaSi mdebareobas ar icvlis, iseTive simaRlezea,
rogorc nebismier mezobel mdebareobaSi. daakvirdi wonasworobis
saxeebs animaciis saSualebiT: https://www.vascak.cz/data/android/physicsatschool/
template.php?s=mech_rovnovazna&l=en
maS ase, sxeulis mdgradi wonasworobisTvis misi simZimis centri yvela SesaZlo
mdebareobaze dabla unda iyos.

2 dafiqrdi:
1. navSi mjdomi kaci fexze wamodga. rogor fiqrob, rodis iyo navis
mdgomareoba ufro mdgradi: axla Tu manamde?
2. sportuli manqanebi, Cveulebriv manqanebTan SedarebiT, TiTqos miwazea
garTxmuli. rogor fiqrob, ratom?

59
2.2 wonasworobis saxeebi

2. sayrdeni wertilis mqone sxeulis wonasworoba

SesaZlebelia Tu ara, `Citi~ niskartiT fanqris wverze gaa-
Cero (sur. 3) da amasTan, misi wonasworoba mdgradi iyos (ar
vardebodes sayrdenidan mcire gadaxrisas)?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad Caatare cda.

cda I sur. 3

1. korpis sacobSi CaarWve grZeli nemsi (maxaTi);

2. boTlis yels daafare ocTeTriani da Seecade, sayrdeni
wertili
korpi nemsis wveriT vertikalurad gaaCero
ocTeTrianze (sur. 4 a). SesaZlebelia Tu ara es?
3. CaarWve korpis orive mxares Canglebi ise,
rogorc me-4 b suraTzea naCvenebi da kvlav

Y
Seecade, korpi wveriT vertikalurad daayeno

P
ocTeTrianze. axla, wesiT, cda warmatebuli a b
unda iyos. sur. 4

O
4. Tu cda warmatebuli gamovida da korpi gaCerda, mcired ubiZge mas
da daakvirdi: mdgradia Tu ara sistemis (korpisa da Canglebis erTob­

C
lioba) wonasworoba?
5. gaaanalize cdis Sedegebi da Seecade, axsna isini. ganixile ori

T
SemTxveva, roca boTlis yelze korpi nemsis wveriT eyrdnoba:

’
a) Canglebis gareSe; b) CanglebTan erTad.
6. orive SemTxvevaSi

N
a) daaxloebiT gansazRvre, sad mdebareobs sxeulis (sistemis) simZi-
mis centri (gaiTvaliswine, rom korpze Canglebis damagreba simZimis

O
centris gadanacvlebas gamoiwvevs);

D
b) daakvirdi (me-4 suraTze moniSnulia sayrdeni wertili) da Seadare
sxeulis (sistemis) simZimis centris mdebareoba sayrdeni wertilis
mdebareobas. romelia ufro zeviT?
7. gamoitane daskvna: ra SemTxvevaSia sayrdeni wertilis mqone sxeulis
(sistemis) wonasworoba mdgradi?

maS ase, sxeuli (sxeulTa sistema), romelic erTi wertiliT eyrdnoba raime
zedapirs, wonasworobaSi iqneba, Tu misi simZimis centri sayrdeni wertilis qve-
viT aRmoCndeba. daakvirdi, me-5 suraTze swored aseTi sxeulia gamosaxuli: O
konusis sayrdeni wertilia, A da B ki _ konusze dakide-
buli tvirTebi. swored am tvirTebis gamo sistemis (konusi
da masze mimagrebuli ori tvirTi ukve sistemad, anu erT
mTlian sxeulad ganixileba) simZimis centri sayrdeni wer-
tilis qveviTaa gadanacvlebuli. Tu konuss odnav ubiZgeb, O
is aqeT-iqiT rxevas daiwyebs, magram wonasworobas
SeinarCunebs. swored am principiTaa damzadebuli A B
`Citi~, romelic fanqris wverze Cerdeba. daakvirdi
xelnakeTi wonasworuli saTamaSoebis moZ­ raobas
internetSi misamarTebze:
https://vimeo.com/61280507 sur. 5.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCLi3r5BJoM

60
 wonasworobis saxeebi 2.2

3. brunvis RerZis mqone sxeulis wonasworoba

Tu Seni oTaxis interiers eifelis koSkis fotos Semateb, es Zalian daamSve-
nebs garemos... magram rogor davkidoT Cven xelT arsebuli foto kedelze: ise,
rogorc es me-6 da me-7 suraTebzea gamosaxuli Tu ise, rogorc me-8 suraTze
Cans: aq koSks bevrad ufro bunebrivi mdebareoba ukavia (wertiliT moniSnulia­
suraTis sakidis adgili, anu adgili, sadac suraTis brunvis RerZi gadis). ro­
gor­fiqrob, romel mdgomareobaSi iqneba suraTi mdgrad wonasworobaSi? es xom
Zalze mniSvnelovania... axseni Seni pasuxi.

P Y
C O
’ T
sur. 6 sur. 7 sur. 8

N
imisaTvis, rom Seni pasuxis siwore SevamowmoT da amasTan davakvirdeT, rodisaa
brunvis RerZis mqone sxeulis wonasworoba mdgradi, aseTi cda CavataroT:

D O
cda II
1. gansazRvre saxazavis (an muyaosgan gamoWrili marTkuTxedis)
simZimis centris mdebareoba. is marTkuTxedis diagonalebis
gadakveTis wertils emTxveva.
2. dakide sakidze saxazavi rig-rigobiT moniSnuli wertilebiT
ise, rom saxazavis feradi naxevari yovelTvis qveviT moeqces
(am SemTxvevaSi saxazavi aris sxeuli, romelic brunavs dama-
grebuli RerZis garSemo) (sur. 9).
3. daakvirdi, rogoria saxazavis wonasworoba: mdgradi, aram­dgra­
di Tu ganurCeveli, Tu saxazavis sakidi (brunvis RerZi) gadis:
a) mwvane wertilebSi;
b) wiTel wertilSi (sakidi gadis saxazavis simZimis centrSi);
g) yviTel wertilebSi;
4. daakvirdi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, sad mdebareobs saxazavis
simZimis centri: brunvis RerZis qveviT, zeviT Tu emTxveva sur. 9

mis mdebareobas.
5. gamoitane daskvna: rogoria brunvis RerZis mqone sxeulis wonasworoba
mdgradi, aramdgradi Tu ganurCeveli, roca simZimis centri brunvis
RerZis: a) qveviT mdebareobs; b) zeviT mdebareobs; g) adgils emTxveva;
brunvis RerZis mqone sxeulis wonasworobis gamosakvlevad Caatare cda
virtualur laboratoriaSi:
https://www.vascak.cz/data/android/physicsatschool/template.php?s=mech_rovnovazna&l=en

61
2.2 wonasworobis saxeebi

maS ase, brunvis RerZis mqone sxeulis wonasworoba

a) mdgradia, Tu sxeulis simZimis centri brunvis RerZis qveviT mdebareobs
(amasTan, brunvis RerZi simZimis centrze gamaval vertikalur wrfeze unda
mdebareobdes) (sur. 10);
b) aramdgradia, Tu simZimis centri brunvis RerZis zeviT mdebareobs (sur. 11);
g) ganurCevelia, Tu brunvis RerZi sxeulis simZimis centrze gadis (sur. 12)
(axla ukve SeZleb gansazRvro: romel mdgomareobaSi iqneba eifelis koSkis
suraTi mdgrad wonasworobaSi: daakvirdi suraTis simZimis centrisa da sakidis
urTierTmdebareobas).

sim

P Y
sim

O
sim sim
sim

C
sur. 10 sur. 11 sur. 12

T
brunvis RerZis mqone sxeulis ganurCeveli wonasworoba saintereso movlenaa,

’
romelsac xSirad iyeneben praqtikaSi. mag., imisaTvis, rom Seamowmon, ramdenad
simetriuladaa damzadebuli manqanis borbali, mas horizontalurad amagreben

N
simZimis centrze gamaval brunvis RerZze da atrialeben. sworad damzadebuli
borbali wonasworobas inarCunebs.

D O
4. sayrdeni farTobis mqone sxeulis
wonasworobis pirobebis gansazRvra
msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili nagebobis, pizis
daxrili koSkis, mSenebloba 1173 wels daiwyo da 200 weli
gagrZelda. Tumca arqiteqtoris Canafiqri sulac ar iyo
daxrili koSkis ageba: rbili grunti, romelsac koSki
eyrdnoba, gaxda imis mizezi, rom am xnis ganmavlobaSi is
TandaTan ixreboda. meoce saukunis miwuruls koSki ise
gadaixara, rom zeda (me-7) sarTulidan daSvebuli Sveuli
fuZidan 4,5 m-is daSorebiT kveTda miwis zedapirs. 30 mln.
evro da arqiteqtorTa 10-wliani Sroma dasWirda im samu-
Saos Catarebas, romlis Sedegad koSki odnav gasworda… sur. 13

Tumca is daxras mainc ganagrZobs da kvlav aqtualuri

rCeba kiTxva: rodis waiqceva koSki?
pop-musikis mefe maikl jeqsoni ara marto Tavisi musi-
kiT, aramed sruliad unikaluri sacekvao ileTebiTac
aocebda mayurebels. misi cnobili daxra im sacekvao no-
merSi, romelic Tavisi musikaluri kompoziciis `Smooth
Criminal ~-is sasceno qoreografiaSi gamoiyena, miliono-
biT mayureblisTvis sruliad gamaognebeli aRmoCnda…
sur. 14

62
 wonasworobis saxeebi 2.2

musikosi TiTqmis 450-iT ixreba da miuxedavad amisa, is wonasworobas inarCunebs…

rogor axerxebs jeqsoni gravitaciis `motyuebas~? sad imaleba saidumlo?
imisaTvis, rom pizis koSkisa da jeqsonis wonasworobis `saidumlo~ amovxsnaT,
ganvixiloT sayrdeni farTobis mqone sxeulebis wonasworobis pirobebi.
umravlesoba im sxeulebidan, romlebsac Cvens
garSemo vxedavT, eyrdnoba ara wertils, aramed
garkveuli farTobis mqone zedapirs. sayrdeni far-
Tobi aqvs Senobebs, samrewvelo sawarmoebis sakvamle
milebs, satelevizio anZebs, koSkebs, manqana-danad-
garebs, skams, magidas, Wiqas, adamians da a.S.
sayrdeni farTobi yovelTvis mxolod im zedapi-

Y
ris farTobi ar aris, romelsac sxeuli uSualod
sur. 15.

P
exeba. sayrdenad iTvleba farTobi, romelic sayrden
zedapirTan sxeulis uSualod Sexebis wertilebis SeerTebiT SemoisazRvreba.

O
mag., magida iataks mxolod fexebiT exeba, magram sayrdeni farTobi is aris,
romelic magidis fexebis SemaerTebeli wrfeebiT SemoisazRvreba (sur. 15).

C
rogoria sayrdeni farTobis mqone sxeulis mdgradi wonasworobis pirobebi?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad Caatare cda.

’ T
D1 C1
cda III E1

N
A1 B1
cdisTvis dagWirdeba: wamlis SesafuTi,

O
marTkuTxa paralelepipedis formis yuTi.

D
1. moZebne yuTis simZimis centris mdeba-
reoba; O
gaixsene: swori geometriuli for-
mis sxeulis simZimis centri sxeulis
geomet­riul centrSi mdebareobs, mar-
D
TkuTxa paralelepipedis geometriuli
C
centri ki misi diagonalebis gadakveTis E
A B
wertilze mdebareobs (sur. 16).
2. moZebne kolofis or mopirdapire wax- sur. 16.
nagze (ABCD da A1B1C1D1) diagonalebis
gadakveTis wertilebi (E da E1) (cxadia, kolofis simZimis centri am
wertilebis SemaerTebeli monakveTis Suawer­tilia, O).
3. amoWeri yuTis erT-erTi gverdiTa waxnagi (mag., AA1BB1) ise, rom yu-
Tis Sida sivrcis danaxva SeZlo (amoWris xazebi yviTeli punqtiriTaa
moniSnuli);
4. nemsis daxmarebiT gaabi Zafi E da E1 wertilebs Soris;
5. kolofis SigniTa mxares, zustad Zafis SuaSi (O wertilSi) dakide
Sveuli _ Zafze dakidebuli mcire zomis tvirTi (mag., patara lurs-
mani an WanWiki). Sveulis sigrZe yuTis simaRlis naxevars ar unda
aRematebodes.

63
2.2 wonasworobis saxeebi

6. gadaxare kolofi ise, rom misi simZimis centrze gamavali Sveuli

gadiodes kolofis sayrdeni farTobis (sur. 17):
a) SigniT; b) kuTxeSi; g) gareT.

a b g

sur. 17.

Y
7. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gadaxris Semdeg kolofs xeli gauSvi da daak-
virdi, rodis gadayiravda yuTi: a, b Tu g SemTxvevaSi?

P
8. gamoitane daskvna, rodisaa mdgradi sayrdeni farTobis mqone sxeulis
wonasworoba: roca simZimis centrze gamavali Sveuli sayrden far-

O
TobSi gadis, Tu maSin, roca am farTobis miRma aRmoCndeba?

C
9. kolofi sxvadasxva waxnagiT moaTavse magidaze. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi
Caatare zemoT aRwerili cda: gadaxare kolofi da daakvirdi, romel

T
SemTxvevaSia kolofis wonasworoba metad mdgradi: roca sayrdeni

’
farTobi didia, Tu roca is mcirea? axseni cdis Sedegi.
10. gamoitane daskvna, rogoraa damokidebuli sxeulis wonasworobis

N
mdgradoba misi sayrdeni farTobis sidideze?

O
sayrdeni farTobis mqone sxeulis wonasworobis gamosakvlevad Caatare
cda virtualur laboratoriaSi:

D
https://www.vascak.cz/data/android/physicsatschool/template.php?s=mech_hranol&l=en
https://www.vascak.cz/data/android/physicsatschool/template.php?s=mech_
stabilita&l=en

maS ase, sayrdeni farTobis mqone sxeulis wonasworoba mdgradia, Tu misi simZi-
mis centrze gamavali Sveuli sayrden farTobSi gadis. amasTan, sxeulis wonaswo-
roba miT ufro mdgradia, rac ufro metia sayrdeni farTobi.

3
1. dakvirvebixar, rogor dadian mezRvaurebi quCaSi? maT siarulis gan-
sakuTrebuli manera aqvT: fexebs gan-gan dgamen. rogor fiqrob, riTaa
mezRvaurTa siarulis es manera ganpirobebuli?
2. skamidan ise ver wamodgebi da mTis ferdobzec ise ver axval, Tu
sxeuli win ar gadaxare. ratom?
gamoTqvi varaudi, ratom ar iqceva pizis koSki an rogor axerxebs jeqsoni
daxras ise, rom wonasworobas ar kargavs? moiZie informacia internetSi
musikosis wonasworobis `saidumlosa~ da pizis koSkis Sesaxeb. gTavazob
internetmisamarTebs, romlebic davalebis SesrulebaSi dagexmareba:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pch3hoUtfJ0&feature=emb_title
https://leaningtowerpisa.com/facts/why-pisa-leaning-tower-does-not-fall

64
 proeqti # 2
sxeulis simZimis centris gansazRvra

P Y
C O
N ’ T
D O
sur. 1.

daakvirdi suraTebs: rogor axerxeben cirkis msaxiobebi wonasworobis ase

gansacvif­reblad zustad dacvas? cxadia, amis misaRwevad maT didi Sroma sWir-
debaT, magram mTavari mainc isaa, rom maT zustad ician, sad unda mdebareobdes
sxeulis simZimis centri, rom misi wonasworoba mdgradi iyos da sayrdenidan
ar Camovardes. gaixsene: adgils sxeulze (wertils), romel­zec sxeulis simZimis
Zalaa modebuli, simZimis centri ewodeba. simZimis centris sworad gansazRvra
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ara marto cirkSi akrobatuli nomrebis warmatebiT
SesrulebaSi, aramed Cvens cxovrebaSic: swored simZimis centris mdebareobazea
damokidebuli xidebis, Senobebis, satelevi-
zio anZebis, avtomanqanebis, startze mdgomi
raketebis mdgradoba.
simZimis centris mdebareobis gansaz­
Rvras didi mniSvneloba aqvs nebismieri
meqanizmis srulyofili muSaobisTvis, mag.,
saaTis meqanizmi gamarTulad ver imuSavebs
an sulac gaCerdeba, Tu saaTis TiToeuli
kbilanas simZimis centri zustad ar iqneba
gansa­­­­­­zRvru­li.
wesieri geometriuli formis sxeu­ lis­
(mag., wrewiris, kvadratis da a.S.)­sim­
Zimis
sur. 2.

65
proeqti # 2 sxeulis simZimis centris gansazRvra

centri mis geometriul centrs emTxve­ va, magram nebismieri formis sxeulTa
simZimis centris povna sakmaod seriozuli teqnikuri sirTulea. amisaTvis rTuli
Teoriuli gaTvlebia saWiro, magram arse­bobs meTodi, romliTac sakmao sizustiTaa
SesaZlebeli nebismieri formis sxeulis simZimis centris povna.
samuSaos msvleloba:
► g
 amoWeri muyaos naWrisgan nebismieri formis firfita (sur.3);
► m iaWede dafaze firfita lursmniT ise, rom firfitas Tavisuflad SeeZlos
brunva lursmnis garSemo;
► gaavle
 firfitaze vertikaluri wrfe ise, rom wrfe lursmnis damag­rebis
adgilze gadiodes. amisaTvis dakide lursmanze Sveuli (Zafze dakidebuli
tvirTi). Zafis mimarTuleba vertikals daemTxveva;
► axla firfita sxva wertiliT miaWede dafas da kvlav gaavle firfitaze
im wertilze gamavali vertikaluri wrfe;

Y
► gaimeore mesamejerac igive da darwmundebi, rom Sen mier gavlebuli wrfe­

P
ebi erT wertilSi gadakveTen erTmaneTs. swored es wertilia firfitis
simZimis centri.

O
axseni am qmedebebis marTebuloba. gamoTqvi varaudi, Seicvleba Tu ara simZi-

C
mis centris mdebareoba, Tu figuris romelime nawilze muyaos fenas daakrav.
Seamowme Seni varaudi.

T
moiZie sxva martivi meTodic, rogor SeiZleba sxeulis simZimis centris gan-

’
sazRvra. gansazRvre sxvadasxva sxeulis, mag., araerTgvarovani Zelis (romlis
sxvadasxva nawils sxvadasxva sisqe aqvs) an iatakis joxis, wignis, TefSis simZi-

N
mis centri. axseni meTodi, romelsac gamoiyeneb am sxeulebis simZimis centris
dasadgenad da warmoadgine prezentacia klasis winaSe.

D O

sur. 3.

66
 2.3 momentebis wesi

1. Zalis mabrunebeli moqmedeba

bunebaSi xSirad vxvdebiT movlenebs, rodesac sxeulze moqmedi Zala iwvevs
sxeulis brunvas raime uZravi wertilis (an RerZis) garSemo. aseT SemTxvevaSi
am­boben, rom Zalas mabrunebeli moqmedeba axasiaTebs. mag., Zalis mabrunebeli
moqmedebis Sedegia planetebis moZraoba sakuTari RerZis garSemo, avtomanqanis
borblis brunva, karis brunva, kedelze lursmniT miWedebuli dafis brunva da
a. S. modi gamovikvlioT, razea damokidebuli Zalis mabrunebeli moqmedeba, anu
ra SemTxvevaSi iwvevs sxeulze modebuli Zala mis brunvas da ra SemTxvevaSi _

Y
ara. amisaTvis CavataroT cdebi.

P
cda I

O
1. moaTavse Stativi magidaze horizontalur
mdgomareobaSi ise, rogorc es 1-l suraTzea

C
naCvenebi.
2. Camoacvi Stativis Reros mWidrod morgebuli

T
rezinis rgoli da daafiqsire A wertilSi.

’
3. mosde rgolze dinamometri da misi daxmarebiT
aswie Stativi erTi boloTi ise, rom Stativi O

N
wertilis garSemo brunavdes (anu am SemTxvevaSi O
sur. 1.
O wertili Stativis sayrdeni wertili da misi

O
brunvis centria).

D
S
 eecade, modebuli Zala Reros marTobuli iyos.
4. CainiSne dinamometris Cveneba (1), anu gansazRvre im Zalis sidide (FA),
romelic Stativis erTi bolodan asawevad da brunvis O centris
garSemo mosab­runeblad dagWirda;
5. Secvale rezinis rgolis mdebareoba, gadaitane is jer B, xolo Semdeg C
wertilSi. kvlav Seecade Stativis erTi boloTi awevas (mis mobrunebas O
wertilis garSemo) ise, rom TiToeul SemTxvevaSi Zalis mimarTuleba da sidide
ar Secvalo: Zala kvlav Reros marTobulad mosde da ecade, dinamometris
Cvenebam 1-l Cvenebas ar gadaaWarbos. daakvirdi: SeZeli Tu ara yvela
SemTxvevaSi Stativis mobruneba O centris garSemo? rodis ufro ga-
giWirda?
6. gamoitane daskvna: aris Tu ara Zalis mabrunebeli moqmedeba damo-
kidebuli Zalis modebis wertilidan brunvis centramde manZilis
sidideze? rogoria es damokidebuleba?

cda II
1. gaimeore I cda da CainiSne Zalis is sidide, romelic saWiroa O wer­tilis
garSemo Stativis mosabruneblad, roca Zala modebulia:
a) A wertilSi; b) B wertilSi; g) C wertilSi (modebuli Zalis mimarTuleba
yvela SemTxvevaSi ucvlelia _ mimarTulia Stativis Reros marTobulad).
2. daakvirdi: ra SeamCnie? ra SemTxvevaSi dagWirda Stativis mosabuneblad
meti sididis Zalis modeba?

67
2.3 momentebis wesi

3. gamoitane daskvna: rac ufro ... manZili brunvis centridan Zalis modebis
wertilamde, miT ufro ... im Zalis sidide, romelic iwvevs Stativis brun-
vas O centris garSemo (mravalwertilis nacvlad igulisxme sityvebi:
`metia~ an `naklebia~)

cda III
1. rezinis rgoli kvlav A wertilSi gadaitane, mosde dinamometri da
ramdenjerme scade Stativis mobruneba O wertilis garSemo sxvadasxva
mimarTulebis ZaliT, oRond ise, rom Zalis sidide ucvleli iyos.
2. daakvirdi: damokidebulia Tu ara Zalis mabrunebeli moqmedeba Zalis
mimarTulebaze (ucvlelia modebis wertili)?
maS ase, Catarebuli cdebis Sedegebidan Cans, rom Zalis mabrunebeli moq­medeba
damokidebulia: Zalis sidideze, Zalis modebis wertilze, Zalis mimarTulebaze.

P Y
2. Zalis mxari
rogorc III cdis Sedegidan Cans, Zalis mabrunebeli moqmedeba damokidebulia

O
Zalis mimarTulebaze im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Zalis modebis wertili ar icvleba,
anu imisaTvis, rom Zalam sxeuli Semoabrunos raime centris (an RerZis) garSemo,

C
mniSvnelovania im wrfis roli, romlis gaswvrivac moqmedebs Zala. am wrfes Zalis
moqmedebis wrfe hqvia (sur.2). me-2 suraTze gamosaxul TiToeul SemTxvevaSi:

T
a) Stativis Reroze modebuli Zalis sidide da modebis wertili ar icvleba;

’
b) gansxvavebulia wiTlad moniSnuli OA monakveTis sigrZe da am gansxvavebas
swored Zalis moqmedebis wrfeebis sxvadasxvaoba iwvevs;

N
g) OA monakveTis sigrZe aris umoklesi manZili brunvis O centridan Zalis
moqmedebis wrfemde. am manZils Zalis mxari hqvia (aRiniSneba d -Ti an -iT)

O
gaixsene, umoklesi manZili wertilidan wrfemde wertilidan wrfeze daS-

D
vebuli marTobia. ase rom, Zalis mxris sapovnelad brunvis centridan Zalis
moqmedebis wrfemde marTobi unda davuSvaT (sur.2)

Zalis moqmedebis wrfe

O A O A O O
sur. 2. A

3. Zalis momenti
maS ase, Zalis mabrunebeli moqmedeba damokidebulia Zalis sididesa da Zalis
mxarze. swored am ori sididis saSualebiT ganisazRvreba fizikuri sidide _
Zalis mabrunebeli momenti (SemoklebiT, Zalis momenti), romelic Zalis mabrune-
beli moqmedebis maxasiaTeblad SemoaqvT. Zalis momenti brunvis RerZis (centris)
mimarT M asoTi aRiniSneba da gamoiTvleba formuliT:
M= F · d (1)
sadac F Zalis sididea, xolo d _ Zalis mxari.

68
 momentebis wesi 2.3

4. Zalis momentis erTeuli

1-li formulidan Cans, rom Zalis momentis erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris 1n · m.
1 nm mabrunebeli momentia, romelsac qmnis 1n Zala, rodesac misi moqmedebis
wrfe brunvis RerZidan 1 m-iTaa daSorebuli.
gaiTvaliswine: Zalis mabrunebeli momenti aucileblad mocemuli brunvis
RerZis (centris) mimarT ganisazRvreba, radgan Tu brunvis RerZi (centri)
Seicvleba, Seicvleba Zalis mxari da Sesabamisad, misi momentic.

1
me-3 suraTze gamosaxulia sxeuli, F7 F2
romelic O wertilSi gamavali da-

Y
magrebuli brunvis RerZis garSemo F3
O

P
brunavs.
1. ipove sxeulze modebuli Zalebis F1

O
mxre­bi;
F5
2. gansazRvre, romeli Zala qmnis mab­

C
runebel moments da romeli _ ara F6 F4
(pasuxebi axseni); sur. 3.

’ T
3. miuTiTe, ra mimarTulebiT Semob­run­deba sxeuli mocemuli Zalis moq­
medebiT: saaTis isris moZraobis mi­marTulebiT Tu mis sawinaaRmdegod?

N
ase rom, Tu sxeulze moqmedebs Zala, romlis moqmedebis wrfe sxeulis brunvis

O
RerZze (centrze):
a) ar gadis (d ≠ 0), maSin Zala qmnis mabrunebel moments da misi moqmedebis

D
Sedegad sxeuli Semobrundeba;
b) gadis (d = 0), maSin Zala ar qmnis mabrunebel moments da misi moqmedebis
Sedegad sxeuli ar Semobrundeba. aseTi Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad SesaZle-
belia, sxeuli da brunvis RerZi deformirdes.
uZravi centris (RerZis) garSemo sxeulis mobrunebisTvis aucilebelia, Seiqmnas
saWiro sididis mabrunebeli momenti, rac SesaZlebelia Zalis sididis an mxaris
cvlilebiT.

2
daakvirdi me-4 suraTs: WanWiki Zlieradaa moWerili. imisaTvis, rom is
movuSvaT (movabrunoT RerZis garSemo), unda Seiqmnas saWiro sididis ma-
brunebeli momenti, rac SesaZlebelia ori gziT:
1. didi ZaliT, romlis mxari mcirea (sur. 4 a);
2. mcire ZaliT, romlis mxari didia (sur. 4 b).
Sen romel gzas airCevdi?

a b

sur. 4.

69
2.3 momentebis wesi

5. momentebis wesi
gaixsene: mbrunavi sxeuli wonasworobaSia, Tu is uZravia an RerZis garSe-
mo Tanabrad brunavs. mbrunavi sxeulis wonasworobisTvis sakmarisi ar aris,
sxeulze modebuli Zalebi tolqmedi nulis toli iyos. rogoria uZravi (da-
magrebuli) brunvis RerZis mqone sxeulis (romelic ar asrulebs gadataniT
moZraobas) wonasworobis piroba? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema ar gagiWirdeba,
Tu gaixseneb situacias, romlis msgavsSic cxovrebaSi uTuod erTxel mainc
aRmoCenilxar (sur. 5): warmoidgine, rom oTaxis kars anjamebTan axlos awvebi
da mixurvas cdilob. patara bavSvi, Senze naklebad Ronieri, advilad SeZlebs,
winaaRmdegoba gagiwios da karis daxurvis saSualeba ar mogces, Tu is kars
meore mxridan, anjamebidan moSorebiT, kidesTan miawveba. es is SemTxvevaa,
roca sxeuli wonasworobaSia (uZravia) miuxedavad imisa, rom masze modebulia
sxvadasxva sididis ori Zala.

Y
e.i. sxvadasxva sididis or Zalas SeiZleba erTnairi mabrunebeli momenti
hqondes, oRond erTi iwvevdes sxeulis (karis) mobrunebas saaTis isris moZ­

P
raobis mimarTulebiT, meore ki _ sapirispirod. aseT SemTxvevaSi mbrunavi
sxeuli uZravi rCeba!

O
maS ase, Zalis mabrunebeli momenti or sididezea damokidebuli. erTi da igive

C
mabrunebeli momenti SeiZleba Seiqmnas
a) didi ZaliT, romlis mxari mcirea;
b) mcire ZaliT, romlis mxari didia.

’ T
miCneulia, rom Tu Zalis mabrunebeli momenti sxeuls saaTis isris
a) moZraobis mimarTulebiT abrunebs, maSin momenti uaryofiTia;

N
b) sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT abrunebs, maSin momenti dadebiTia.
daakvirdi: me-5 suraTze gamosaxuli situaciis mixedviT, patara bavSvis

O
mier Seqmnili mabrunebeli momenti dadebiTia( M1 > 0), xolo mozrdilis mier

D
Seqmnili momenti _ uaryofiTi (M2 < 0).
ase rom, damagrebuli brunvis RerZis (centris ) mqone sxeuli wonasworobaSia,
Tu masze modebuli Zalebis momentebis algebruli jami nulis tolia. es aris
damagrebuli brunvis RerZis mqone sxeulis wonasworobis piroba, anu momente-
bis wesi. momentebis wesi samarTliania im
SemTxvevaSic, Tu sxeulze modebulia orze
meti Zala. F2
im SemTxvevaSi, roca sxeuli erTdrou-
lad asrulebs gadataniT da brunviT
moZraobas, is wonasworobaSi iqneba, Tu
sruldeba ori piroba: sxeulze moqmedi
Zalebis tolqmedi nulis tolia da nulis
tolia am Zalebis momentebis jamic.

F1

sur. 5

70
2.4 berketi..
berketis wonasworobis piroba
Sen ukve ici, rom sxeuli, romelsac damagrebuli brunvis RerZi (centri)
aqvs (mag., kari), SeiZleba iyos wonasworobaSi im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu masze mo-
debuli Zalebis tolqmedi nulis toli ar aris. aseTi sxeulis wonasworobis
pirobebis codna dagvexmareba im uamravi meqanizmis muSaobis principis axsnaSi,
romlebsac xSirad viyenebT yofa-cxovrebaSi ama Tu im samuSaos gaiolebis mizniT:
maTi gamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs, mcire ZaliT (mag., xelis kunTis ZaliT) didi
winaaRmdegoba (mag., xaxunis Zala, tvirTis wona) davZlioT.
daakvirdi 1-l suraTs: masze swored aseTi meqanizmebia gamosaxuli. miuxe-

Y
davad garegnuli gansxvavebisa, am meqanizmebs saerTo saxeli aqvT _ berketi.

P
berketi myari sxeulia, romelsac uZravi sayrdenis (brunvis RerZis) garSemo
SeuZlia brunva. berketad sxvadasxva dros SeiZleba gamogvadges Zalayini, fi-

O
cari, Cveulebrivi joxi, saxazavi da kalamic ki.
1-l suraTze gamosaxul berketebze wiTlad moniSnulia berketis sayrdeni

C
wertili (anu wertili, romelzec maTi brunvis RerZi gadis). mwvane veqtoriT

’ T
I klasis berketebi II klasis berketebi III klasis berketebi
winaaRmdegobis winaaRmdegobis
Zala Zala winaaRmdegobis

N
Zala

O
sayrdeni sayrdeni sayrdeni

D
xelis kunTis Zala xelis kunTis Zala xelis kunTis Zala

sxeulis wona

Tavis kunTis
simZimis Zala
Zala brunvis xelis kunTis Zala
RerZi
tvirTis
simZimis Zala
kisris
kunTis
Zala
brunvis
RerZi

sayrdeni

sur. 1

71
2.4 berketi.. berketis wonasworobis piroba

xelis kunTis Zalaa (dawolis Zala) gamosaxuli, xolo wiTliT _ winaaRmdegobis

Zala, romlis daZlevasac berketis saSualebiT cdiloben. imis mixedviT, Tu
rogoria saydeni wertilisa da ZalTa modebis wertilebis ganlageba, berketebi
sam klasad iyofa (sur.1): I klasis berketebze sayrdeni wertili masze modebul
Zalebs Sorisaa, II da III klasis berketebze ki sayrdeni wertili berketze mode-
buli Zalebis erT mxaresaa (gansxvavdeba dawolisa da winaaRmdegobis Zalebis
modebis wertiliT).
Tu kargad daakvirdebi, adamianis ConCxis agebule-
baSi berketis uamrav magaliTs ipovi (sur.1). berke-
tis gamoyenebis magaliTebs mcenareTa samyaroSic
vxvde­biT, mag., devispira (sur. 2) ulamazesi yvavi-
lia, romelic tuCosnebs miekuTvneba. misi gvirg-
vinis qveda furceli (tuCi) zustad ise moZraobs,
rogorc adamianis qveda yba. Tu masze futkari

Y
daj­deba, `tuCi~ Camoiweva da futkars neqtrisken

P
gza gaexsneba. sur. 2.
modi, CavataroT cdebi da davadginoT berketis wonasworobis piroba, anu ra

O
SemTxvevaSi iqneba berketi uZravi (an ibrunebs Tanabrad uZravi sayrdeni wertilis
garSemo). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, davadginoT pirobebi, rodesac berketze

C
modebuli sxvadasxva sididis Zalebi erTmaneTs gaawonasworebs.

T
cda I

’
cdisTvis saWiroa: Stativi, berketi (saxazavi) boloebze mawonasworebeli

N
xraxnebiT da sakidebiT, tvirTebis nakrebi (100-gramiani tvirTi _ 4 cali,
200-gramiani _ 1 cali), sazomi lenti.

O
samuSaos msvleloba:
1. Stativze daamagre berketi ise, rom igi

D
Tavisuflad brunavdes brunvis RerZis
garSemo. cxadia, brunvis RerZi berketis
simZimis centrSi unda gadiodes (erT-
gvarovani berketis simZimis centri mis
geometriul centrs daemTxveva);
2. gaawonaswore berketi horizontalur mdgo-
sur. 3.
mareobaSi mis boloebze moTavsebuli xrax­
nebis daxmarebiT (Tu aseTi tipis berketi d1 d2
ar gaqvs, gamoiyene Cveulebrivi saxazavi da
gaawonaswore rkinis samagrebis daxmarebiT);
3. dakide berketze brunvis RerZis erT mxa-
res, RerZTan axlos, sami cali 100-gra­mi­a­  O
F1
ni­ tvirTi (cxadia, berketis wonasworoba 
sur. 4. F2
dairRveva). gamoTvale tvirTebis simZimis
Zalis sidide F1;
4. dakide brunvis RerZis meore mxares 100 g-iani tvirTi da SearCie misi
dakidebis adgili ise, rom berketis wonasworoba aRdges (sur. 3). ga-
moTvale tvirTis simZimis Zalis sidide F2 ;
5. gazome berketze modebuli F1 da F2 Zalebis mxrebi (d1 da d2 _ manZilebia
tvirTebis dakidebis adgilidan brunvis RerZamde) (sur.4);

72
 berketi.. berketis wonasworobis piroba 2.4

6. gamoTvale F1 da F2 Zalebis momentebi M1 da M2;

7. gamoTvale berketze moqmedis Zalebis jamuri momenti M.
8. gaimeore cda, oRond amjerad berketis wonasworobis aRsadgenad brunvis
RerZis meore mxares 200-gramiani tvirTi dakide;
9. gazomvebisa da gamoTvlebis Sedegebi Seitane cxrilSi.
10. gamoitane daskvna: ra piroba unda sruldebodes imisaTvis, rom berketi
wonasworobaSi iyos?

cdis Zalis Zalis mxari Zalis momenti jamuri momenti Sefardeba Zalebis
# sidide
sidideebis mxrebis

Y
F1 , n F2, n d1 , m d 2, m M1 , nm M2, nm M = M1 + M2 F1 / F2 d2 / d1

S i
P
n
1

e r o w i g
a w

O
3
ar C

C
11. Seadare Zalebis sidideebis Sefardeba mxrebis Sefardebas da gamoitane
daskvna: ra damokidebuleba arsebobs Zalebis sidideebsa da maT mxrebs

’ T
Soris im dros, roca berketi wonasworobaSia?

N
maS ase, berketi wonasworobaSia, Tu masze modebuli Zalebis momentebis
algebruli jami 0-is tolia.

O
cxadia, es igive momentebis wesia da samarTliania im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac
berketze orze meti Zala moqmedebs. Tu msjelobas gavagrZelebT da im SemTxvevas

D
ganvixilavT, roca berketze ori Zala moqmedebs, miviRebT berketis wonasworobis
pirobas, romelsac berketis wesi hqvia: vTqvaT berketze moqmedebs ori Zala da
berketi wonasworobaSia. es imas niSnavs, rom Zalis momenti, romelic berkets
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT abrunebs sididiT im Zalis momentis
tolia, romelic berkets saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
abrunebs:
M1 = M2 anu F1 d1 = F2 d2
aqedan ki gamomdinareobs, rom
F1 d2
=
F2 d1
ase, rom berketi wonasworobaSia, Tu masze moqmedi Zalebis sidideebi mxrebis
ukuproporciulia. es berketis wesia, romelic momentebis wesidan gamomdi-
nareobs da samarTliania im SemTxvevaSi, roca berketi ori Zalis moqmedebis
Sedegadaa gawonasworebuli.
berketis wesidan Cans, rom:
1. didi Zala SesaZlebelia patara ZaliT gavawonasworoT, oRond im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu patara Zalis mxari imdenjer aRemateba didi Zalis mxars, ramdenjerac
didi Zalis sidide patara Zalis sidides;
2. berketis saSualebiT movigebT ZalaSi imdenjer, ramdenjerac didi Zalis mxari
metia patara Zalis mxarze;
3. ramdenjerac vigebT ZalaSi, imdenjer vagebT manZilSi da piriqiT. es aris
kanoni, romelsac meqanikis `oqros wess~ uwodeben.

73
 2.5 fizika amocanebSi:
momentebis wesi
maS ase, berketis saSualebiT SegviZlia didi
Zalis gawonasworeba mcire ZaliT, anu `ZalaSi
mogeba~.
gaixsene SenTvis cnobili berketebis moqmede-
bis principi: TiTqmis yvela maTganis gamoyenebas
erTaderTi mizani aqvs _ `ZalaSi mogeba~. swored
am mizniT iyenebdnen berkets jer kidev uxsovar
dros, mag., piramidebis mSeneblobisas. piramidebis
mSeneblobaze qvis or milionze meti filaa gamo-
yenebuli, romelTagan yvelaze patara 2,5 tonas

Y
iwonis. berketis dauxmareblad mSeneblebi, albaT,
ver aswevdnen im uzarmazar filebs, romlebiTac

P
xeofsis 147 m simaRlis piramidaa agebuli.
berkets dResac ar daukargavs mniSvneloba

O
ara marto yofa-cxovrebaSi, aramed teqnikaSic. sur 1
momentebis wesi saSualebas gvaZlevs, ganvsa­zRvroT sxeulis masa; gamovTvaloT,

C
ra mogebas gvaZlevs berketi ZalaSi (an manZilSi), ra sididis Zalebi da romel
wertilSi unda movdoT berkets, rom is wonasworobaSi iyos.

’ T
1

N
1. berketis principiT moqmedebs amwe, rome-
lic I klasis berkets warmoadgens (sur.1).

O
rogor fiqrob, ra daniSnuleba aqvs e. w.
sapirwones (suraTze moniSnulia wiTlad)?

D
2. momentebis wesi udevs safuZvlad Sen­
Tvis kargad cnobili berketiani sasworis
moqmedebas. berketiani sasworis ZiriTa-
di nawili I klasis tolmxriani berketia
(sur. 2). swored amitom, Tu sasworis erT d1 d2
mxares m1 masis sxeuli devs TefSze, xolo
meore mxares _ m2 masis da saworis berke- m1 m2
ti wonasworobaSia, maSin sxeulTa masebi 
tolia (m1 = m2). F1

tolmxriani berketiani sasworiT satvir- F2
sur. 2.
To avtomanqanis an vagonis awona sakmaod
mouxerxebelia (ratom?). maT asawonad gamoiyeneba e. w. aTjeradi saswori,
romlis ZiriTad nawilsac berketi warmoadgens, Tumca konstruqciiT
is gansxvavdeba tolmxriani berketiani sasworisgan. aTjeradi sasworis
berketis is mxari, romelzec sawons kideben, gacilebiT grZelia im mxar-
ze, romelzec asawoni avtomanqanis simZimis Zalaa modebuli. dafiq­rdi:
ratomaa mosaxerxebeli aTjeradi sasworiT avtomanqanis awona?
momentebis wesi saSualebas gvaZlevs, sxeulis masa sasworis gareSe ganvsaz­
RvroT. amisaTvis dagvWirdeba mxolod berketi da erTi sxeuli, romlis masac
gvecodineba. am meTodis ukeT gasacnobad aseTi amocana amovxsnaT.

74
 fizika amocanebSi: momentebis wesi 2.5

amocana 1
me- 3 suraTze gamosaxulia I klasis berketi _ ficari, romelic gawonas­
wo­re­bulia sayrdenze. ficris boloebze moTavsebuli ori tvirTidan
erT-erTis masaa m1= 5 kg, xolo meoris masa, m2, ucnobia. gansazRvre meore
tvirTis masa.
m1
ganixile ori SemTxveva: m2=?
1. ficris (berketis) masa simciris
gamo mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba;
2. ficris (berketis) masa 2 kg-ia.

Y
d1 = 30 sm d2 = 60 sm
sur. 3

P
amoxsna
1. ficris (berketis) masa simciris gamo mxed-

O
d1 d2
velobaSi ar miiReba (sur.4). berketis wesis
Tanaxmad, Tu ficari (berketi) wonasworo- m1 m2

C
baSia, m1 tvirTis simZimis Zala sididiT
imdenjer metia m2 masis tvirTis simZimis

T
F1 F2

’
Zalaze, ramdenjerac am ukanasknelis mxari

g n S i
(d2), metia pirveli tvirTis simZimis Zalis

w i
sur. 4

N
mxarze (d1) (sur. 4).
gamoTvale
a w e r o
C

O
ar
a) ramdenjer aRemateba d2 mxris sigrZe d1
mxris sigrZes;

D
b) m2 masis tvirTis simZimis Zala;
g) m2 masis tvirTis masa.
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: m2 = 2,5 kg.

2. ficris (berketis) masa 2 kg-ia (sur.5). ber- d1 d2

ketze tvirTebis simZimis Zalebis garda,
ficris SuawertilSi misi simZimis Zalacaa m1 m2
modebuli, amitom berketis wesis nacvlad,
Fsim
ufro zogadi, momentebis wesi gamoviye- F1 F2
noT da davweroT berketis wonasworobis
sur. 5
piroba:
a) gamoTvale TiToeuli Zalis momenti;

w i g S i
b) Zalis momentis niSnis dasadgenad warmoidgine, rom ficarze mxolod
n
mocemuli Zala moqmedebs. vTqvaT, danarCeni Zalebi ficarze modebuli

e r o
ar aris. dafiqrdi, ra mimarTulebiT ibrunebs aseT SemTxvevaSi ficris

a w
ar C
is wertili, romelzedac Zalaa modebuli da Sesabamisad, daadgine
Zalis momentis niSani;
g) dawere momentebis wesi: gautole momentebis algebruli jami 0-s
da ipove miRebuli gantolebidan m2.
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: m2 = 2 kg

75
2.5 fizika amocanebSi: momentebis wesi

amocana 2
tvirTis gadasazidad iyeneben urikas, romelic II klasis berketia (sur. 6).
gamoTvale, ra masis tvirTis gadatanaa SesaZlebeli urikiT 100 n amwevi
Zalis gamoyenebiT, Tu cnobilia, rom tvirTis simZimis Zalis modebis
wertili (A) sayrdenidan (O wertili) 30 sm-iTaa daSorebuli, xolo A wer-
tilidan 90 sm-is daSorebiT amwevi Zalaa modebuli (B wertili).
amoxsna
gamoTvale:

w i g n S i B

a w e r o
1. ris tolia amwevi Zalisa (Famw ) da
tvirTis simZimis Zalis (Fsim) mxrebi
A
O
ar C
(OB da OA);
2. ramdenjer gvaZlevs mocemuli urika

ZalaSi mogebas anu OB / OA ;

Y
3. tvirTis simZimis Zalis sidide (Fsim); Famw
A O

P
4. tvirTis masa (m).
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: B 
Fsim

O
m = 40 kg.

C
sur. 6.
amocana 3

T
adamianis ConCxis agebulebaSi berketis uamravi magaliTi arsebobs, mag.,

’
winamxari (sur. 7). is SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc III klasis berketi,
romlis brunvis RerZi idayvis saxsarSi (O wer­tili) gadis. im dros, roca

N
adamians xelSi tvirTi uWiravs, iWimeba orTava kunTi, romelic sxivis
Zvalzea mimagrebuli.

O i g n S i
gamoTvale, ra ZaliT iWimeba kunTi, Tu adamians xelSi 8- kg-iani hanteli

D
e r w
uWiravs, romlis simZimis centri mxris Zvlidan 32 sm-iTaa daSorebuli. or-
o
Tava kunTis mimagrebis adgili ki idayvis saxsridan 4 sm-iTaa daSorebuli.
amoxsna
ar C a w
berketis wesis Tanaxmad, Tu xeli (berketi)
wonasworobaSia, kunTis daWimulobis Zala F2
sididiT imdenjer metia tvirTis simZimis
Zalaze, ramdenjerac am ukanasknelis mxari
metia daWimulobis Zalis mxarze.
gamoTvale: 32 sm
1. ramdenjer aRemateba tvirTis simZimis
Zalis mxari kunTis daWimulobis Zalis O
mxars; F1
2. kunTis daWimulobis Zalis sidide.
4 sm

Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: 640 n.

O F2

F1

sur. 7.

76
 fizika amocanebSi: momentebis wesi 2.5

amocana 4
`aiwona-daiwonas ~ boloebze 25 kg da 40kg masis bavSvebi sxedan (sur. 8). sad
aqvs sayrdeni wertili ficars, Tu igi gawonasworebulia horizontalur
mdgomareobaSi? ficris masa 10 kg-ia, misi sigrZe ki _ 2 m.
amoxsna

w i g S i
me-8 suraTze gamosaxul naxazebze sayrde-
n
ni wertilisa da ficarze moqmedi Zalebis

e r o
modebis wertilebis savaraudo ganlagebaa

a w
ar C
naCvenebi.
O

Y
1. dafiqrdi, ra Zalas gamosaxavs F1 veqto-
ri? F2 veqtori? ficris Sua wertilSi

P
modebuli F ? sur. 8.
2. rogor fiqrob, romeli naxazi (sur.9) See-

O
sabameba amocanaSi aRweril situacias? pasuxi axseni;

C
3. g
 amoTvale ficarze moqmedi Zalebis mabrunebeli momentebi;
4. gamoiyene momentebis wesi, Seadgine gantoleba x-is mimarT da ipove sayrde­

T
nis mdebareoba.

’
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: sayrdeni wertili ficris marjvena bolodan daSo-
rebulia 70 sm-iT.

O N
1m 1m 1m 1m
x

D
25 kg 40 kg 25 kg 40 kg
 
F1  F1
F F
 
a) F2 b) F2

1m 1m
x
25 kg 40 kg
sur. 9. 
F1 
F

g) F2

gadaWeri sxvadasxva problema, romlebsac virtualur laboratoriaSi Se-

mogTavazeben. Caatare cdebi da Seamowme Seni codna, ramdenad kargad gesmis
momentebis wesis arsi. estumre laboratorias misamarTze:
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/balancing-act/latest/balancing-act_en.html
https://www.vascak.cz/data/android/physicsatschool/template.php?f=mech_
paka&l=en

77
 martivi meqanizmebi _ Zveli drois udidesi gamogoneba

ici, vin aris kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze genialuri gamomgonebeli?

_ pirvelyofili sazogadoebis is wevri, romelsac pirvels mouvida TavSi
azrad, joxiT (berketiT) qva gadaegorebina an, sulac, misi daxmarebiT rame
moenadirebina.
diax, is iyo pirveli, vinc moifiqra da joxis (berketis) saSualebiT xelis
Zala gazarda. Semdeg ki adamianebi TandaTan iZendnen gamocdilebas, Tu rogor
moegoT ZalaSi; rogor daemzadebinaT Sromisa da Tav­dacvis iaraRebi; rogor
aegoT Senobebi da sazRvao xomaldebi da sxv. es codna Taobidan Taobas gadae-
cemoda da mogvianebiT mecnierebis dargic ki ganviTarda, romelsac `manqane-
bis Seqmnis xelovneba~, anu, rogorc mas Zveli berZnebi uwodebdnen, meqanika
ewoda. meqanikas berZnebi mecnierebad ar miiCnevdnen, xelobad Tvlidnen da,

Y
rogorc yvela sxva samuSaos, masac Tavisufali moqalaqisTvis Seufereblad
miiCnevdnen.

O P
’ T C
O N
D sur. 1. arqimedes `klanWi~

kacobriobas ki dRemde aocebs mecnierebis gariJraJze meqanikis erT-erTi

fuZemdeblis, arqimedes, mier berketisa da sxva martivi meqanizmebis gamoyene-
biT Seqmnili genialuri konstruqciebi da gamogonebebi, romlebsac dRemde
ar daukargavT praqtikuli mniSvneloba.
Tanamedroveni gancvifrebaSi mohyavda arqimedes mier Seqmnil saomar man-
qanebs. masve miaweren ramdenime kbilana Tvlisgan Sedgenili mowyobilobis
gamogonebas, romlis daxmarebiTac xmeleTze xomaldis gadaadgileba erT
adamiansac ki SeeZlo.
75 wlis iyo Zveli saberZneTis udidesi moazrovne, roca romaelTa mxedro-
bam mis mSobliur qalaqs, sirakusas alya Semoartya. is Tavad Caudga saTaveSi
qalaqis damcvelebs da Tavisive Seqmnili sabrZolo manqanebiT udidesi ziani
miayena mtris sazRvao flots.

78
 P Y
sur. 2. arqimedes sikvdili

C O
’ T
berZeni istorikosis, plutarqes, gadmocemiT, swored maSin aamoqmeda
arqimedem Tavisi manqanebi. mtris Tavze warmoudgeneli sididis lo­debi sa-

N
Sineli siswrafiTa da xmauriT cvioda. aravis SeeZlo maTgan Tavis daRweva.
galavnidan nasroli uzarmazari morebi pirdapir mtris xomaldebs ecemoda da

O
zRvaSi Ziravda maT (rogor fiqrob, ra manqanebs iyenebda arqimede?). qalaqis

D
kedelTan miaxloebul xomaldebs rkinis klanWebs esrodnen (sur. 1), xomaldis
cxvirs gamosdebdnen, haerSi vertikalurad swevdnen da ayiravebdnen.
Sen SegiZlia animaciebis naxva internetSi misamarTebze:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1YrueoGlbE
https://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Claw/models.html
animaciebSi naTlad Cans, rogor moqmedebda es saomari manqanebi.
iqve am manqanebis sxvadasxva modelis naxvasac SeZleb.
rogorc plutarqe aRniSnavs, arqimedes saomarma manqanebma ise
daaSina romaeli jariskacebi, rom qalaqis kedelze xis kunZis gamoCenac ki
Tavzars scemdaT, radgan fiqrobdnen, rom arqimede morig Tavdasxmas umza-
debdaT da mosalodnel safrTxes gaqceviT aridebdnen Tavs.
sirakusas alya ramdenime Tves grZeldeboda da mxolod moRalatis dax-
marebiT SeZles romaelebma qalaqSi SeRweva.
`uamravi simxece iyo Cadenili cxel gulze, magram maT Soris yvelaze ufro
cnobili arqimedes mkvlelobaa~, _ werda titus liviusi (Zv. w. I saukune).
raRacaze, albaT, isev romelime manqanis konstruqciaze, dafiqrebuli
arqimede qviSaze mSvidad xazavda figurebs, roca is gamxecebulma romaelma
jariskacma maxviliT gangmira ise, rom arc ki ueWvia, vin iyo misi
msxverpli.
martivi meqanizmebis meSveobiT gasaocar konstruqciebs qmnida
leonardo da vinCic. maT Sesaxeb informacia SegiZlia moiZio misa-
marTze: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwOlIGGDVjE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prhLTJJCgrI

79
 2.6 daxrili sibrtye

daakvirdi 1-l suraTs: megobrebs

erTi da igive mizani amoZravebT: maT
surT, Cemodani, romelic sakmaod mZime
Cans, manqanis sabargulSi moaTav­son. da-
saxuli miznis miRwevas isini sxvadasxva
gziT cdiloben. rogor fiqrob, romeli
maTgani iqceva ufro Wkvi­anurad? rome- a b
li maTgani daxarjavs­nakleb energias
sur. 1.
miznis misaRwevad?
Sen ici, rom zogjer adamiani Sromis Sesamsubuqeblad samarjvebs iyenebs,

Y
romelTac martiv meqanizmebsac uwodeben. erT-erT maTgans, berkets, ukve icnob.
1-l suraTze ki daxrili sibrtyea gamosaxuli, romelsac xSirad iyeneben yofa-

P
cxovrebaSi. adamianebi uxsovari droidan sargeblobdnen sxvadasxva martivi
meqanizmiT da maTi daxmarebiT Seqmnili sxva ufro rTuli mowyobilobebiT

O
(piramidis mSeneblebi daxril sibrtyesa da berkets iyenebdnen).
me-2 suraTze swored martivi meqanizmebia gamosaxuli (Seni azriT, raSi

C
iyeneben TiToeul maTgans?).

N ’ T soli xraxni

D O
WoWonaqi owinari borbali kbilanebi berketi

martivi meqanizmebis roli Zalian mniSvnelovania. isini farTod gamoiyene-

ba teqnikasa da yofa-cxovrebaSi, rogorc damoukideblad, ise sxva manqanebis
konstruqciaSi.
sur. 2.

gaixsene martivi meqanizmebi, romelTa daxmarebac yoveldRe gWirdeba (Tu

gonebis TvaliT sakuTar samzareuloSi Seixedav, maT aucileblad icnob, isini
samzareulos ganuyofeli atributebia!).
maS ase, raSi gvexmareba martivi meqanizmebi? gvaZlevs Tu ara isini muSaobaSi
mogebas, anu SeiZleba Tu ara, maTi daxmarebiT imaze naklebi muSaoba SevasruloT
(Sesabamisad, naklebi energia davxarjoT), vidre es miznis misaRwevadaa saWiro?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad CavataroT Teoriuli kvleva.

? kvleva I: ℓ sigrZisa da h simaRlis daxril sibrtyeze xaxunis gareSe, Ta-

! nabrad miasrialeben m masis sxeuls. sxeulze modebuli wevis Zala (ℓ)
daxrili sibrtyis paraleluria. gansazRvre, rogor gamoiTvleba wevis
Zalis sidide (Fwev);

80
 daxrili sibrtye 2.6

daakvirdi me-3 suraTs: daxril sibrtyes sqematurad marTkuTxa samku-

Txedis saxiT gamosaxaven. daxrili sibrtyis sigrZes ℓ-iT aR­niSnaven,
simaRles ki _ h-iT.

ℓ
F wev

sur. 3.

Y
1. gaixsene: ℓ sig­­­r­Zis daxril sibrtyeze sxeulis gadaad­gilebisas Ses-

P
rulebuli muSaoba, romel­­ sac sxeulze modebuli wevis Zala (Fwev )
as­rulebs, ase gamoiTvleba: A = Fwev ℓ (1)

O
2. amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, sxeuli moZ­raobs:
a) mudmivi siCqariT (icvleba Tu ara am dros sxeulis kinetikuri

C
energia?);
b) xaxunis gareSe (sruldeba Tu ara muSaoba xaxunis daZlevaze?).

’ T
ase rom, Tu xaxuns mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT da sxeuls daxrili
sibrtyis daxmarebiT garkveul h simaRleze Tanabrad avitanT, wevis

N
Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sedegad mxolod sxeulis poten-
ciuri energia gaizrdeba (0-dan mgh -mde). aseT SemTxvevaSi, energiis

O
mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, wevis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
sxeulis potenciuri energiis cvlilebis tolia

D
Fwev ℓ = mgh (2)
3. me-2 tolobidan Cans, rom im Zalis sidide (Fwev), romelic saWiroa
mov­doT daxrili sibrtyis paralelurad m masis sxeuls, daxril si-
brtyeze xaxunis gareSe, Tanabrad asrialebis mizniT, ase gamoiTvleba:
Fwev = mgh / ℓ (3)
?
! kvleva II: Seadare wevis Zalis sidide (Fwev) im Zalis sidides, romliTac
imave m masis sxeuls daxrili sibrtyis gareSe vertikalurad zeviT,
h simaRleze, Tanabrad asweven.
1. gaixsene: im Zalis sidide, romelic saWiroa m masis sxeulis vertika-
lurad zeviT (daxrili sibrtyis gareSe) h simaRleze Tanabrad asawevad,
simZimis Zalis sididis tolia:
F = mg (4)

2. me- 3 da me- 4 tolobebidan gamomdinareobs, rom

mg
= ℓ (5)
Fwev h
maS ase, daxril sibrtyeze, xaxunis gareSe, sxeulis Tanabrad asrialebisTvis
saWiro wevis Zala sididiT imdenjer naklebia sxeulis simZimis Zalaze, ramdenje-
rac daxrili sibrtyis sigrZe metia mis simaRleze (wevis Zala daxrili sibrtyis
paraleluradaa modebuli).

81
2.6 daxrili sibrtye

ase rom, daxrili sibrtyis gamoyenebisas vigebT ZalaSi, magram ramdenjerac

vigebT ZalaSi, imdenjer vagebT manZilSi (igulisxmeba, rom xaxunis Zala 0-is
tolia). es ki meqanikis `oqros wesia~, romelic jer kidev berketis Seswavlisas
davadgineT.
kvleva III: modi, vnaxoT, vigebT Tu ara muSaobaSi daxrili sibrtyis gamo-
? yenebisas?
! me-5 tolobidan Cans, rom mgh = Fwev ℓ , anu erTmaneTis tolia:
a) muSaoba, romelsac asrulebs wevis Zala daxril sibrtyeze sxeulis
Tanabrad, uxaxunod asrialebisas (wevis Zala modebulia daxrili sibr-
tyis paralelurad);
b) muSaoba, romelsac asrulebs amwevi Zala sxeulis h simaRleze, daxrili
sibrtyis gareSe, Tanabrad awevisas.
es Sedegi energiis mudmivobis kanonidan gamomdinareobs, amitom is SeiZleba

Y
ganvazogadoT da meqanikis `oqros wesi~ ase CamovayaliboT:
muSaobaSi mogebas arc erTi meqanizmi ar gvaZlevs. maTi gamoyenebiT SeiZleba

P
movigoT ZalaSi, magram wavagebT manZilSi (da piriqiT). amasTan, roca xaxuni umniS-

O
vneloa, ramdenjerac vigebT ZalaSi, imdenjer vagebT manZilSi (da piriqiT).
axla SegiZlia, gakveTilis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTxvebsac gasce pasuxi: megob­

C
rebidan romeli daxarjavs nakleb energias miznis misaRwevad? romeli maTgani
iqceva ufro Wkvianurad? ratom?
modi, CavataroT cda da Cveni Teoriuli kvlevis Sedegi eqsperimentulad

’ T
SevamowmoT.
a

N
cda I

O
cdisTvis saWiroa: Stativi, dinamometri, fica-
ri, sazomi lenti an saxazavi, sagoravi, Zelaki.

D
1. aswie ficris erTi bolo garkveul simaRlem­
de: daixmare wignebi an Caamagre Stativis
TaTSi (sur 4); b
2. gazome miRebuli daxrili sibrtyis ℓ sigrZe
da h simaRle;
3. moaTavse qva (an sxva romeli sxeuli, mag., xis
Zelaki) daxrili sib­rtyis fuZesTan;
4. mosde qvas (Zelaks) dinamometri da Seecade,
Tanabrad aacuro daxril sib­rtyeze (sur. 4 a).­
gazome wevis Zalis sidide (Fwev); sur. 4.
5. mosde qvas dinamometri da aswie is daxrili sibrtyis gareSe, vertika-
lurad, h simaRleze (sur. 4 b). Seecade, qva Tanabrad amoZrao da aiRe
anaTvali dinamometrze (anu gazome sxeulze modebuli amwevi Zalis
sidide (Famw). romeli Zalis tolia is sididiT?
6. gamoTvale muSaoba, romelsac asrulebs
a) wevis Zala daxrili sibrtyis ℓ sigrZeze sxeulis gadaadgilebi-
sas (Awev);
b) amwevi Zala sxeulis h simaRleze daxrili sibrtyis gareSe, Ta-
nabrad atanisas (anu, sxeulis simZimis Zalis daZlevisas) (Aamw);
7 . Seitane gazomvebisa da gamoTvlebis Sedegebi I cxrilSi.

82
 daxrili sibrtye 2.6

8. Seadare erTmaneTs Awev da Aamw: aris Tu ara isini erTmaneTis toli?

rogor fiqrob, ratom?

cda II
1. gaimeore I cda, oRond amjerad qvis
(Zelakis) nacvlad sagoravi an bor-
blebiani saTamaSo manqana gamoiyene
(manqanis borblebi Tavisuflad unda
goravdes daxrili sibrtyis zedapir- sur. 5.
ze) (sur. 5).

Y
2. Caatare Sesabamisi gazomvebi, gamoTvlebi da Sedegebi I cxrilSi Sei-
tane.

P
cxrili I
daxrili daxrili wevis amwevi wevis Zalis amwevi Zalis Seadare

O
sibrtyis sib­rtyis Zalis Zalis mier Sesrule- mier Sesrule- erTmaneTs
sigrZe si­maRle sidide sidide buli muSaoba buli muSaoba
ℓ,m h,m Fwev , n Famw , n Awev , j Aamw , j Awev da Aamw

C
cda I

’ T
cda II

N
gaaanalize Sen mier Catarebuli cdebi da upasuxe kiTxvebs:
1. romel cdaSi ufro naklebia gansaxvaveba Awev-sa da Aamw-s Soris? ga-

O
moTqvi varaudi, ra aris amis mizezi?
2. gamoitane daskvna: ra SemTxvevaSia samarTliani meqanikis `oqros wesi~?

D
maS ase, radgan xaxunis ugulebelyofa realur situaciebSi SeuZlebelia, me-
qanizmebis gamoyenebisas Sesrulebuli (sruli muSaoba) yovelTvis aRemateba im
muSaobas, romelic saWiroa dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad (anu sasargeblo muSaobas).
(maS, ra upiratesoba aqvs martivi meqanizmebis gamoyenebas?).
Tu tvirTis simaRleze asatanad daxril sibrtyes (an romelime sxva meqa-
nizms) viyenebT, sruli muSaoba wevis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobaa, romelic
sruldeba ara marto sxeulis simZimis Zalis, aramed xaxunis Zalis dasaZlevadac:
Asr = Fwev ℓ, sadac ℓ daxrili sibrtyis sigrZea.
sasargeb­lo muSaoba ki is muSaobaa, romelic miznis misaRwevad anu, tvirTis
h simaRleze asatanadaa saWiro: Asas = Famw h = mgh.
gaixsene: sidides, romelic gviCvenebs, sruli muSaobis (an daxarjuli energiis)
ra nawils Seadgens sasargeblo muSaoba, meqanizmis margi qmedebis koeficienti (mqk)
ewodeba. meqanizmis mqk ase gamoiTvleba:
A sas .
η= 100 %
A sr
1
1. meqanizmis mqk yovelTvis 1-ze (100%-ze) naklebia. axseni, ratom?
2. dafiqrdi: ras gaakeTeb imisaTvis, rom meqanizmis (mag., daxrili sib­
rtyis) mqk gazardo?

83
 2.7 praqtikuli samuSao # 2
WoWonaqebi

sur.1. sur.2. sur.3.

Y
daakvirdi: 1-l suraTze eifelis koSkis bolo sarTulidan, 300 m simaRlidan
gadaRebuli parizis xedi Cans. lifti, romelic koSkis SigniTaa damontaJebuli,

P
sul ramdenime wuTSi agiyvanT mis umaRles wertilSi. liftis Weri gamWvirvalea
(sur. 2) da mgzav­robisas SegiZlia yuradRebiT daaTvaliero, rac liftis SaxtSi

O
xdeba: mag., rogor moZraobs bagirebi, romlebzec liftis kabinaa dakidebuli.

C
bolo sarTulze SegiZlia is mowyo­bilobac daaTvaliero, Sens mSvidobianad maRla
as­vla - Camosvlas rom uzrunvelyofs (sur. 3).
es mowyobiloba WoWonaqia, romelsac xSirad iyeneben lif­tebSi

’ T
da sxva amwev mowyobilobebSi. WoWonaqi (sur. 4) martivi meqanizmia,
romelsac Rariani borblis forma aqvs. mas simZimeebis asawevad

N
iyeneben: Toks, romlis erT boloze tvirTia dakidebuli, WoWo-
naqis Rarze gadadeben da Tokis meore boloTi ewevian.

O
WoWonaqi orgvaria: uZravi da moZravi.
uZravia WoWonaqi (sur. 5), romlis RerZi damagrebulia (mag.,

D
Werze) da amitom tvirTis awevisas WoWonaqi zeviT-qveviT ar
moZraobs.
moZravi WoWonaqis (sur. 10 a) RerZi ki damagrebuli ar aris. sur. 4.
misi daxmarebiT tvirTis zeviT awevisas WoWonaqic zeviT mo-
Zraobs.
modi, CavataroT cdebi da davakvirdeT Sedegs, romelsac moZravi da uZravi
WoWonaqis gamoyenebisas viRebT.

samuSao 1. samuSaos mizani:

gamovikvlioT, gvaZlevs Tu ara uZravi WoWonaqi ZalaSi mogebas
samuSaosTvis saWiroa: sademonstracio dinamometri, 200-gramiani
sawoni, WoWonaqi, wvrili Toki an msxvili Zafi.
samuSaos msvleloba
1. gamoabi sawoni Zafs da gaakeTe Zafis meore boloze maryuJi;
2. gamosde dinamometri maryuJs da aswie misi daxmarebiT sawoni ver-
tikalurad zeviT, Tanabrad. aiRe dinamometris Cveneba (F1): es aris
im Zalis sidide, romelic saWiroa tvirTis asawevad vertikalurad
da Tanabrad;

84
 praqtikuli samuSao # 2 WoWonaqebi 2.7

3. daamagre WoWonaqi Stativis TaTSi

uZravad (sur.5): am dros WoWonaqs
gadaadgileba ar SeuZlia. is mxolod
sakuTari RerZis garSemo brunavs _
es uZravi WoWonaqia.
4. gadade Toki WoWonaqis RarSi;
5. gadadebuli Zafis
a) erT boloze gaakeTe maryuJi; a b
b) meore bolo gamoabi sawons;
6. gamosde dinamometri maryuJs da sur. 5
sawoni Tanabrad

Y
a) aswie zeviT; b) dauSvi qveviT.

P
7. gaimeore cda ramdenjerme da cvale yovel jerze dinamometris pozi-
cia: jer amoZrave dinamometri vertikalurad (sur.5 a), xolo Semdeg

O
gadaxare ise, rom man vertikalTan kuTxe Seqmnas (sur.5 b);
8. aiTvale yovel jerze dinamometris Cveneba F2: es aris im Zalis sidide,

C
romelic saWiroa tvirTis asawevad uZravi WoWonaqis daxmarebiT;
9. Seadare F2 -is sidideebi rogorc erTmaneTs, ise F1 -s.

’ T
samuSao 2. samuSaos mizani:
gamovikvlioT, gvaZlevs Tu ara uZravi WoWonaqi manZilSi mogebas

N
samuSaosTvis saWiroa: sademonstracio dinamometri, 200-gramiani

O
sawoni, 2 cali saxazavi (1m sigrZis), WoWonaqi, 3 cali Stativi damWeri
TaTebiT, Toki an msxvili Zafi.

D
samuSaos msvleloba
1. daamagre Stativebze ori saxazavi vertikalur mdgo-
mareobaSi im Zafis paralelurad, romelzedac sawonia
dakidebuli (sur.6);
2. aswie dinamometri Tanabrad jer vertikalurad zeviT,
xolo Semdeg daswie vertikalurad qveviT da saxazavis
meSveobiT gazome:
a) manZili, romelzec tvirTi gadaadgilda (h1);
b) manZili, romelzec gadaadgilda Zafis dinamometriani
bolo (h2);
3. Seadare erTmaneTs: h1 da h2.
sur. 6

? gaaanalize 1-li da me-2 samuSaos Sedegebi da gamoitane daskvnebi:

! 1. gvaZlevs Tu ara uZravi WoWonaqi ZalaSi mogebas? manZilSi mogebas?
2. ra mizniT iyeneben uZrav WoWonaqs? ra sargebeli moaqvs mis gamoye-
nebas?
3. aisaxeba Tu ara amwevi Zalis mimarTuleba mis sidideze?
4. savaraudod, ra gavlenas axdens WoWonaqis gamoyenebaze masTan Zafis
xaxunis Zala?

85
2.7 praqtikuli samuSao # 2 WoWonaqebi

samuSao 3. samuSaos mizani:

gamovikvlioT, gvaZlevs Tu ara moZravi WoWonaqi ZalaSi mogebas
samuSaosTvis saWiroa: sademonstracio dinamometri, 200-gramiani
sawoni, WoWonaqi, wvrili Toki an msxvili Zafi.
samuSaos msvleloba
1. gamoabi sawoni Zafs da gaakeTe Zafis meore boloze
maryuJi;
2. gamosde dinamometri maryuJs da aswie misi daxmarebiT
sawoni vertikalurad zeviT, Tanabrad. aiRe dinamometris
Cveneba (F1): es aris im Zalis sidide, romelic saWiroa
tvirTis asawevad vertikalurad da Tanabrad;
3. amosde Zafi WoWonaqis RarSi (sur. 7).

Y
4. Caamagre Zafis erTi bolo Stativis TaTSi, xolo meore
boloze gakeTebul maryuJze gamosde dinamometri;

P
sur. 7
5. dakide tvirTi WoWonaqis RerZze da dinamometris sa-

O
SualebiT vertikalurad zeviT-qveviT Tanabrad amoZrave. am dros
WoWonaqic imoZravebs tvirTTan erTad (Sesabamisad, aseT WoWonaqs

C
moZravi hqvia);
6. gaimeore cda ramdenjerme da cvale yovel jerze dinamometris pozi-

T
cia: jer amoZrave dinamometri vertikalurad, xolo Semdeg gadaxare

’
ise, rom man vertikalTan kuTxe Seqmnas;

N
7. aiTvale yovel jerze dinamometris Cveneba (F2): es im Zalis sididea,
romelic saWiroa tvirTis asawevad moZravi WoWonaqis daxmarebiT;

O
8. Seadare F2 - is sidideebi rogorc erTmaneTs, ise F1 -s.

D
samuSao 4. samuSaos mizani:
gamovikvlioT, ramdenjer vagebT manZilSi moZravi WoWonaqis
gamoyenebisas
cdisTvis saWiroa: sademonstracio dinamometri, 200-gramiani sawoni, 2
cali saxazavi (1m sigrZis), WoWonaqi, 3 cali Stativi damWeri TaTebiT,
wvrili Toki an msxvili Zafi.
samuSaos msvleloba
1. daamagre Stativebze ori saxazavi vertikalur mdgo-
mareobaSi im Zafis paralelurad, romelzedac sawonia
dakidebuli (sur.8);
2. aswie dinamometri Tanabrad jer vertikalurad zeviT,
xolo Semdeg daswie vertikalurad qveviT da saxazavis
meSveobiT gazome:
a) manZili, romelzec tvirTi gadaadgilda (h1);
b) manZili, romelzec gadaadgilda Zafis dinamome-
triani bolo (h2);
3. Seadare erTmaneTs: h1 da h2
sur. 8

86
 praqtikuli samuSao # 2 WoWonaqebi 2.7

gaaanalize me-3 da me-4 samuSaos Sedegebi da gamoitane daskvnebi:

?
! 1. gvaZlevs Tu ara moZravi WoWonaqi ZalaSi mogebas? manZilSi mogebas?
ramdenjer?
2. savaraudod, ra gavlenas axdens WoWonaqis gamoyenebaze masTan Zafis
xaxunis Zala? WoWonaqis wona?
3. aisaxeba Tu ara amwevi Zalis mimarTuleba mis sidideze?
WoWonaqi berketis nairsaxeobaa, Tumca is a)
gareg­nulad berkets ar hgavs. daakvirdi orive
saxis WoWonaqis gamartivebul sqemas (sur. 9,10): A O B
uZravi WoWonaqi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, ro-

Y
gorc tolmxriani berketi, romlis brunvis

P
RerZi WoWonaqis centrze (O wertilze) gadis
(sur. 9 b). wevis Zala ( Fwev ) da tvirTis simZimis

O
Zala ( Fsim ) berketis boloebze, Sesabamisad A da
B wertilebSia modebuli.

C
berketis wesis Tanaxmad, berketis wonasworo-
bis piroba ase Caiwereba:

T
Fweva · OA = Fsim · OB ,

’
Fwev Fsim
sadac OA da OB Sesabamisad, Fwev -isa da b)

N
A O B
Fsim -is Zalebis mxrebia. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom OA = OB, miviRebT, rom Fwev = Fsim .

O
Fwev Fsim
ase, rom uZravi WoWonaqi martivi meqanizmia, rome-
sur. 9.

D
lic Zalasa da manZilSi mogebas ar gvaZlevs, magram
gvaZlevs saSualebas, SevcvaloT Zalis moqmedebis
mimarTuleba: a)
Fwev
moZravi WoWonaqi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
berketi, romlis brunvis RerZi WoWonaqis kidu-
ra O wertilze gadis. es wertili Tokis mimarT
uZravia (winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Toki WoWonaqis
RarSi gasrialdeboda) (sur. 10 b). tvirTis simZi- O A B
mis Zala (Fsim) berketis Sua wertilSia modebuli,
wevis Zala (Fwev) ki berketis kidura B wertilSi.
berketis wesis Tanaxmad, berketis wonasworo-
bis piroba ase Caiwereba:

Fweva · OB = Fsim · OA Fsim

b)
sadac OB da OA Sesabamisad, Fwev -isa da
Fwev
Fsim -is Zalebis mxrebia. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom OB = 2 · OA, miviRebT, rom O A B

Fsim Fsim
Fweva= sur. 10.
2
ase rom, moZravi WoWonaqi martivi meqanizmia, romlis gamoyenebisas manZilSi 2-jer
vagebT, magram samagierod ZalaSi vigebT 2-jer.

87
 2.8 fizika amocanebSi: martivi meqanizmebis
margi qmedebis koeficienti
Sen ici, rom kacobrioba uxsovari droidan iyenebs sxvadasxva martiv meqanizms
_ samarjvebs, romelTa saSualebiTac, saWiroebisamebr, SesaZlebelia Zalis si-
didis an mimarTulebis Secvla.
modi, ganvixiloT, rogor gamovTvaloT SenTvis cnobili martivi meqaniz-
mebis mqk da davsaxoT gzebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia ama Tu im
meqanizmis mqk-s gazrda.

amocana 1
avejis gadasazidad daqiravebul muSas 600 n
wevis Zalis ganviTareba SeuZlia. gamoTvale

Y
maqsimaluri masa sxeulisa (pianinosi), romlis
Tanabrad atanac SeuZlia muSas daxrili sib­

P
rtyis daxmarebiT. daxrili sibrtyis simaRle
1 m-ia, xolo sigrZe _ 3 m. xaxuns mxedvelobaSi

O
nu miiReb ( g = 10 n/m).
sur. 1.
0n

C
amoxsna
= 60
F wev 1. muSis (wevis Zalis) mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba

T
daxril sibrtyeze sxeulis (pianinos) Tanabrad ata-
h = 1m

’
nisas ase gamoiTvleba:
= 3m
A = Fwev (1)

N
sadac daxrili sibrtyis sigrZea, xolo Fwev wevis is

O
sur. 2. Zalaa, romliTac muSa pianinos awveba.
2. muSaoba, romelic saWiroa vertikalurad, daxrili sibrtyis garSe, h
S i

D
g n
simaRleze m masis sxeulis Tanabrad asawevad, ase gamoiTvleba:
w i
A1 = Famw h

a w e r o
C
radgan tvirTis vertikalurad Tanabrad awevisas masze modebuli

ar
amwevi Zala sididiT tvirTis simZimis Zalis tolia, miviRebT, rom
A1 = Famw h = mgh (2)
3. meqanikis `oqros wesis~ Tanaxmad, martivi meqanizmebis gamoyenebisas
muSaobaSi ar vigebT (vigebT mxolod ZalaSi an manZilSi). amocanis
pirobis Tanaxmad, xaxuni mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba, amitomac 1-li da
me-2 tolobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia, davweroT:
A = A1 , anu Fwev = mgh (3)
4. me-3 tolobidan ki SegviZlia, gamovTvaloT maqsimaluri masa sxeulisa
(pianinosi), romlis Tanabrad atanac SeuZlia muSas mocemuli daxrili
sibrtyis daxmarebiT.
5. gamoTvale da Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: m = 180 kg.

amocana 2
gamoTvale, ra sididis wevis Zalis gamoyeneba mouwevs muSas 180 kg masis
pianinos asatanad realur situaciaSi (roca xaxunis ugulebelyofa ar
SeiZleba), Tu cnobilia, rom daxrili sibrtyis mqk 75 %-ia.

88
 fizika amocanebSi: martivi meqanizmebis margi qmedebis koeficienti 2.8

amoxsna
1. amocanaSi aRweril situaciaSi mizani m masis sxeulis h simaRleze
atanaa, amitom sasargeb­lo muSaobad is muSaoba CaiTvleba, romelic
mxolod sxeulis simZimis Zalis dasaZlevadaa saWiro. tvirTis ver-
tikalurad Tanabrad awevisas masze modebuli amwevi Zala sididiT

gamoiTvleba formuliT:
w i g S i
tvirTis simZimis Zalis tolia da am SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo muSaoba
n
e r o
Asas = Famw h = mgh
a w
(1)

ar C
2. Sen ici, rom Tu tvirTis simaRleze asatanad daxril sibrtyes (an
ro­ melime sxva meqanizms) viyenebT, sruli muSaoba wevis Zalis mier

Y
Sesrulebuli muSaobaa, romelic sruldeba ara marto sxeulis sim­
Zi­mis Zalis, aramed xaxunis Zalis dasaZlevadac. sruli muSaoba ase,

P
ga­moiTvleba:
Asr = Fwev ℓ (2)

O
sadac ℓ Cvens SemTxvevaSi daxrili sibrtyis sigrZea.

C
3. gaixsene, meqanizmis margi qmedebis koeficienti ase gamoiTvleba:
A sas .
η = 100 % (3)

T
A sr

’
4. Seitane me-3 formulaSi 1-li da me-2 gamosaxulebebi;

N
5. Cawere procentebiT gamosaxuli mqk aTwiladis saxiT da gamoTvale
wevis Zalis sidide (Fwev), romlis gamoyenebac mouwevs muSas pianinos

O
asatanad mocemuli daxrili sibrtyis daxmarebiT.
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: Fwev= 800 n.

D
amocana 3
gamoTvale, ris tolia xaxunis Zala, romlis daZlevac uwevs muSas me-2
amocanSi mocemul situaciaSi.
amoxsna
1. gaiTvaliswine, rom muSis mier Sesrulebuli sruli muSaoba sasargeblo
muSaobis Sesrulebasa da xaxunis Zalis daZlevaze ixarjeba:
Asr = Asas + Axax ;
aqedan Cans, rom Axax = Asr - Asas
2. gamoTvale, ris tolia:
a) sruli muSaoba (Asr), romelsac Seasrulebda muSa, Tu misi wevis Zala
800 n iqneboda (ix. amocana 2);
b) sasargeblo muSaoba (Asas), romelsac muSa pianinos h simaRleze
asatanad asrulebs;
w i g n S i
a w e r o
g) muSaoba, romelic sruldeba xaxunis Zalis dasaZlevad daxril si-

ar C
brtyeze pianinos atanisas (Axax);
d) xaxunis Zalis sidide: Fxax = Axax / ℓ , sadac ℓ daxrili sibrtyis sigrZea
_ manZili, romelzec xaxunis Zalis daZleva xdeba.
3. Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: Fxax = 200 n.
4. dafiqrdi: SeZlebs Tu ara muSa pianinos atanas (ix. amocana 1)? rogor
unda moiqces is, rom pianino saWiro simaRleze aitanos 600 n wevis
Zalis gamoyenebiT?

89
2.8 fizika amocanebSi: martivi meqanizmebis margi qmedebis koeficienti

amocana 4
piramidis mSeneblebma berketis daxmarebiT 1t beto-
nis fila 5 sm simaRleze aswies. am dros berketis meore
bolo, romelzec mSeneblebi 3000 n sididis ZaliT
awvebodnen, 20 sm-ze aiwia. gansazRvre berketis mqk.
amoxsna
sur. 3.
1. dafiqrdi:
a) mocemuli amocanis pirobebis mixedviT, ra aris samuSaos mizani? sa-
sargeblo muSaoba? sruli muSaoba?

i
b) tvirTis simZimis Zalis daZlevis garda, kidev raze ixarjeba mSeneb­

i g n S
lebis amwevi Zalis mier Sesrulebuli sruli muSaoba?
w
2. gamoTvale:
e r o

Y
C a w
a) sasargeblo muSaoba, romelic betonis filis simZimis Zalis daZle-

ar

P
visas sruldeba: Asas = mg h1 (1), sadac m betonis filis masaa, xolo h1
simaRlea, romelzec fila aswies;

O
b) sruli muSaoba, romelic piramidis mSeneblebma berketis daxmarebiT
tvirTis awevisas Seasrules: Asr = F h2 (2), sadac F mSeneblebis amwevi

C
Zalis sididea, xolo h2 _ simaRle, romelzec berketis is bolo daiwia,
romelsac mSeneblebi awvebodnen;

’ T
g) berketis mqk. mqk gamosaxe procentebiT da daamrgvale meaTedebamde;

N
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: η ≈ 83,3%.
1 dafiqrdi:

O
1. konstruqtorebi cdiloben, meqanizmebis konstruirebisas maTi mqk
ise gazardon, rom 1-s (anu 100%-s) miuaxlovon. rogor fiqrob, riT

D
aixsneba maTi es mcdeloba?
2. ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli, zogadad, berketis mqk-s gazrda?

amocana 5
saxlis mSeneblobaze qviSiT savse 22 kg masis saTli dam­xmare muSam uZravi
WoWonaqiT 5 m simaRleze aswia. Zala, romliTac muSa Toks eweva, 240 n-is
tolia. gansazRvre WoWonaqis mqk.
amoxsna
uZravi WoWonaqi martivi meqanizmia, romelic Zalasa da
manZilSi mogebas ar gvaZlevs. metic: amocanis pirobis
mixedviT Zala, romliTac muSa WoWonaqis daxmarebiT
tvirTs garkveul simaRleze swevs, sididiT metia im
Zalaze, romelic tvirTis simZimis Zalis dasaZleva-
daa saWiro. es imiT aixsneba, rom muSas, garda tvir-
Tis simZimis Zalisa, Tokis simZimis Zalisa da Tokis
WoWonaqTan xaxunis Zalis daZlevac uwevs. samagierod,
uZravi WoWonaqis gamoyeneba mas saSualebas aZlevs,
Secvalos wevis Zalis mimarTuleba: WoWonaqis gare-
Se muSas vertikalurad zeviT mimarTuli wevis Zalis sur. 4.

90
 fizika amocanebSi: martivi meqanizmebis margi qmedebis koeficienti 2.8

gamoyeneba dasWirdeboda. amjerad ki, Tu WoWonaqze gadadebuli Tokis

erT boloze qveviT mimarTuli ZaliT imoqmedebs, Tokis meore boloze
gamobmuli tvirTi zeviT aiwevs.
dafiqrdi:
w i g n S i
w e r o
1. ra manZilze (S) gadaadgildeba Tokis bolo, romelsac muSa eweva, Tu
a
ar C
tvirTi am dros h = 5 m simaRleze aiwevs?
2. rogor gamoiTvleba wevis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba, anu sruli
muSaoba (Asr);
3. ra mizani aqvs muSas? gamoTvale am miznis misaRwevad saWiro sasargeblo
muSaoba (Asas);

Y
4. rogor gamoiTvleba meqanizmis mqk? gamoTvale WoWonaqis mqk (η) da daam­
rgvale mTel ricxvamde.

P
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: η ≈ 92%.

O
amocana 6
mRebavma saRebaviT savse 22 kg masis saTli moZravi WoWonaqis

C
daxmarebiT 2 m simaRleze aswia. gansazRvre Zala, romliTac
mRebavi Toks eweva, Tu WoWonaqis mqk daaxloebiT 92%-ia.

’ T
amoxsna
Sen ukve ici, rom moZravi WoWonaqi martivi meqanizmia,

N
romlis gamoyenebisas manZilSi 2-jer vagebT, magram sa-
magierod ZalaSi vigebT 2-jer.

O
dafiqrdi:

D
1. ra manZilze (S) gadaadgildeba Tokis bolo, romelsac
mRebavi zeviT eweva, Tu man moZravi WoWonaqis centrSi sur. 5.
dakidebuli saRebaviani vedro h = 2 m simaRleze aswia?
2. rogor gamoiTvleba wevis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba anu sruli
muSaoba (Asr)?
w i g n S i
a w e r o
3. ra mizani aqvs mRebavs? gamoTvale am miznis misaRwevad saWiro sasar-

ar C
geblo muSaoba (Asas);
4. rogor gamoiTvleba WoWonaqis mqk? Casvi mqk-s gamosaTvlel formulaSi
Asr-isa da Asas-s gamosaTvleli gamosaxulebebi da gamosaxe Fwev;
5. gamoTvale im wevis Zalis sidide, romliTac mRebavi Toks eweva da Sea-
mowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: Fwev ≈ 120 n.
6. ris tolia saRebaviani saTlis simZimis Zalis sidide
(Fwev)?
7. moigo Tu ara mRebavma moZravi WoWonaqis daxmarebiT
ZalaSi 2-jer? rogor fiqrob, ra aris amis mizezi?

2 dafiqrdi:
1. ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli, zogadad, WoWonaqis mqk-s gaz­
rda?
2. ra mizniT gamoiyeneba me-6 suraTze gamosaxuli uZra-
vi da moZravi WoWonaqebis erToblioba _ polispasti
(sur. 6)?
sur. 6.

91
 2 Seamowme Seni codna
testi #2
gaiTvaliswine: TiToeul davalebas, sirTulis mixedviT, garkveuli feri da qula See-
sabameba:
umartivesi _ 1 qula; martivi _ 2 qula;
saSualo sirTulis _ 3 qula; rTuli _ 4 qula.

1. rogoria 1-l suraTze gamosaxuli sxeulebis wonasworoba?

a) mdgradi; b) aramdgradi;
g) ganurCeveli; d) SeuZlebelia gansazRvra.

P Y
O
sur. 1

C
2. rogoria me-2 suraTze gamosaxuli sxeulebis wonasworoba?

T
a) mdgradi; b) aramdgradi;

’
g) ganurCeveli; d) SeuZlebelia gansazRvra.

O N
D
sur. 2

3. rogoria me-3 suraTze gamosaxuli sxeulebis wonasworoba?

a) mdgradi; b) aramdgradi;
g) ganurCeveli; d) SeuZlebelia gansazRvra.

sur. 3

4. romeli avtomanqana SeinarCunebs wonasworobas (sur. 4)? ratom?

a) I; b) II; g) orive; d) arc erTi.

5. romel SemTxvevaSia biWis (sur.5) wonasworoba ufro mdgradi? ratom?

a) I; b) II; g) orive SemTxvevaSi erTnairad mdgradia;
d) SeuZlebelia gansazRvra.

92
 Seamowme Seni codna 2

I II
I II

50 sm 50 sm

sur. 4
sur. 5

#6 - #8 amocanebSi nulovani danayofi vertikalurad dakidebuli

Y
saxazavis zeda nawilSia.

P
6. saxazavi (sur.6), romelic Tavisuflad brunavs sakidis garSemo, mdgrad

O
wonasworobaSi iqneba, Tu mas sakidze davkidebT:
a) yviTeli wertilebiT; b) mwvane wertilebiT;

C
g) wiTeli wertiliT; d) SeuZlebelia gansazRvra.

T
7. saxazavi (sur.6), romelic Tavisuflad brunavs sakidis garSemo, aram­

’
dgrad wonasworobaSi iqneba, Tu mas sakidze davkidebT:
a) yviTeli wertilebiT; b) mwvane wertilebiT;

N
g) wiTeli wertiliT; d) SeuZlebelia gansazRvra.

O
8. saxazavi (sur.6), romelic Tavisuflad brunavs sakidis garSemo, ganur-
Cevel wonasworobaSi iqneba, Tu mas sakidze davkidebT:

D
a) yviTeli wertilebiT; b) mwvane wertilebiT;
g) wiTeli wertiliT; d) SeuZlebelia gansazRvra.

sur. 6
9. dafiqrdi: romeli berketia wonasworobaSi (sur. 7)
a) I da II; b) II da III; g) I da III; d) arc erTi.

I II III

sur.7.

10. Tu berketi gawonasworebulia (sur. 8), maSin m =

a) 5 kg; b) 4 kg; g) 3 kg; d) 2 kg.

10 kg 5 kg m kg

sur. 8.

93
2 Seamowme Seni codna

11. Tu TiToeuli tvirTis masa 100 g-ia da berketi wonasworobaSia (sur. 9), maSin
dinamometris Cvenebaa:
a) 0,2 n; b) 2 n; g) 3 n; d) 6 n.

12. Tu TiToeuli tvirTis masa 100 g-ia da berketi wonaswo-

robaSia (sur. 10), maSin dinamometris Cvenebaa:
a) 1 n; b) 2 n; g) 4 n; d) 6 n.

P Y
O
sur.9. sur.10.

C
13. 6 -kilogramiani ficris sayrdeni wertili misi erTi bolodan sigrZis 1/4-ze

’ T
aqvs. ficari wonasworobaSi rom iyos, saWiroa misi grZeli nawilis bolos
marTobulad movdoT Zala, romlis sididea:

N
a) 60 n; b) 20 n; g) 15 n; d) 10n.

O
14. daxrili sibrtye, romlis sigrZea 4 m, xolo simaRle 20 sm, ZalaSi mogebas

D
gvaZlevs (xaxuni simciris gamo ugulebelyofilia):
a) 5-jer; b) 10-jer; g) 20-jer; d) 80-jer.

15. Tu gvinda, rom daxrili sibrtyis gamoyenebiT ZalaSi 5-jer movigoT,

2,5 m sigrZis ficari erTi bolodan unda avwioT (xaxuni simciris gamo
ugulebelyofilia)
a) 0,5 m-ze; b) 2,5 m-ze; g) 5m-ze; d)12,5 m-ze.

16. 100 kg masis sxeuli 3 m sigrZisa da 60 sm simaRlis daxril sibrtyeze

xaxunis gareSe rom avasrialoT, sxeuls daxrili sibrtyis paralelurad
unda movdoT Zala, romlis sididea:
a) 1000 n; b) 500 n; g) 200 n; d) 100 n.

17. Tu ficris horizontisadmi daxris kuTxe 300-ia, maSin masze sxeulis

uxaxunod asrialebisas ZalaSi:
a) vigebT 2-jer; b) vagebT 2-jer;
g) ar vigebT; d) vigebT, Tu sxeulis masa mcirea.

94
 Seamowme Seni codna 2

18. Tu 3 m sigrZisa da 50 sm simaRlis daxril sibrtyeze mis

paralelurad mimarTuli moduliT 800 n-is toli ZaliT
300 kg masis sxeuli aaqvT, maSin daxrili sibrtyis mqk aris:
a) 62,5%; b) 6,25%; g) 0, 625%; d) 75%.

19. Tu uZravi WoWonaqis daxmarebiT 15 kg masis tvirTis 5 m

simaRleze atanisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba 1000 j-is tolia,
maSin WoWonaqis mqk aris:
a) 85%; b) 75%; g) 50%; d) 15%.

Y
20. tvirTi zeviT moZravi da uZravi WoWonaqebis sistemis
(polispastis) daxmarebiT aaqvT (sur.11) suraTze gamo-

P
saxuli monacemebis mixedviT, polispastis mqk aris:
a) 3,5%; b) 7,1%; g) 35%; d) 71%.

O
5 kg

C
h = 0,5 m

T
sur. 11.

’
testSi dagrovili qulebis mixedviT Sen sakuTari codnis Sefasebas SeZleb:

N
dagrovili

O
Sedegis aRwera Sefaseba
qulebi

D
1-5 1
6-9 im davalebebidan, romlebic sworad gaqvs Sesrulebuli, 2
Cans, rom zogierTma sakiTxma dagainteresa. vfiqrob, kargi
10 - 13 iqneba, Tu gavlil masalas xelaxla gadaxedav. 3
14 -16 4
17 - 20 5
bevri davaleba sworad gaqvs Sesrulebuli. Sedegis
gaumjobesebisTvis aucileblad gaakeTe analizi, ra tipis
Secdomebi dauSvi da ram ganapiroba es Secdomebi. xelaxla
21 - 24 gadaxede gavlil masalas da misi ukeT gaazrebisTvis 6
damatebiTi savarjiSoebi gamoiyene.

25 - 28 sakmaod bevri davaleba sworad gaqvs Sesrulebuli. Cans, rom 7

mimdinare davalebebs yuradRebas aqcevdi. gadaxede daSvebul
Secdomebs da gaaanalize, ra tipis Secdomebs uSveb ZiriTadad
29 - 32 da ratom. gaakeTe damatebiTi savarjiSoebi da amocanebi im 8
kategoriidan, romelSic ufro meti Secdoma gaqvs daSvebuli.

Sedegi kargia. aucileblad gaanalize mcire xarvezebi,

33 - 35 romlebic testis Sesrulebisas dauSvi. es sxva dros 9
wvrilmanebze yuradRebis koncentrirebaSi dagexmareba.

gilocav! Sedegi Zalian kargia. Cans, rom damoukideblad

36 - 38 muSaobdi, saklaso da saSinao davalebebs sistematurad da 10
gaazrebulad asrulebdi.

95
 II Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

gaiTvaliswine: TiToeul davalebas, sirTulis mixedviT, garkveuli feri Seesabameba:

umartivesi - ; martivi - ; saSualo sirTulis - ; rTuli - .

§ 2.1 wonasworoba
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da #1- #4 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT
Camoyalibe.
1. ras niSnavs, zogadad, wonasworoba?
2. ra aris meqanikuri wonasworoba?
3. ra SemTxvevaSia sxeulis moZraoba gadataniTi? brunviTi? daasaxele

Y
magaliTebi.

P
4. ra aris gadataniT moZravi, arambrunavi sxeulis wonasworobis piroba?

O
§ 2.2. wonasworobis saxeebi
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da #1- #6 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT

C
Camoyalibe.
1. wonasworobis ra saxeebi ici?

T
2. rodisaa wonasworoba mdgradi? aramdgradi? ganurCeveli?

’
3. rogoraa damokidebuli sxeulis wonasworoba misi simZimis centris mde-

N
bareobaze?
4. ra SemTxvevaSia sayrdeni wertilis mqone sxeulis wonasworoba mdgradi?

O
5. ra SemTxvevaSia brunvis RerZis mqone sxeulis wonasworoba mdgradi?
aramdgradi? ganurCeveli?

D
6. ra SemTxvevaSia sayrdeni farTobis mqone sxeulis wonasworoba mdgradi?

7. a) axseni, ratom uWirT maRalquslian fexsacmelebze siaruli miuCvevel

qalbatonebs?
b) Tu SemTxveviT zurgze gadabrunebul kus waawydiT, gverds gulgrilad
nu auv­liT. mas TavisiT gadmobruneba ar SeuZlia. ratom?
g) fanqari ase dgas: ase ki ara:

rogor fiqrob, ratom xdeba ase?

d) ratom dgas ufro myarad larnaki ase: vidre ase?

8. daamzade Seni xeliT: giTamaSia am `jiuti~ TojinaTi? Sen cdilob, is

daawvino, is ki ar gemorCileba da kvlav Tavis sawyis mdgomareobas
ubrundeba (rogoria es wonasworoba?). raSia am saTamaSos saidumlo?
Tu mas Signidan daaTvaliereb, naxav, rom mis qveda nawilSi, fskerze,

96
 II Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

didi masis tvirTia damagrebuli (sur.1). ratom?

amis axsna SenTvis momindvia: ukve imdeni codna
dagigrovda, rom, albaT, ar gagiWirdeba Tojinas
`sijiutis~ axsna.
9. kvercxis moxatva Senc SegiZlia (sur. 2), mag­ram mTa-
vari siZnele sxvaa: rogor SeZleb sadgamis gareSe
kvercxis aseT mdgomareobaSi gaCerebas? sur. 1
mxolod imas getyvi, rom winaswar kvercxi wvrili bur-
RiT (nemsiT) unda gaxvrito or adgilas (erTi wverze da
erTic ganier mxares) da CaberviT gamodevno SigTavsi.
Semdeg kargad gamorecxe, gaaSre da... danarCeni SenTvis

Y
momindvia, imedia, mixvdebi, rogor unda gaxdes kvercxi

P
`damjeri~. axseni, ratom inarCunebs kvercxi wonaswo-
robas.

O
10. Citi, romelic xidan ar vardeba (sur. 3) sur. 2
moiSvelie fantazia da daamzade `Citi~: amisTvis SegiZ-

C
lia, naZvis girCa an penoplastis burTi gamoiyeno. rogor
gaaCereb mas xis totze?

T
`Citis~ tanSi Caamagre mavTuli, romlis meore boloze

’
mZime tvirTi iqneba dakidebuli. `Citi~ xis totze auci-
leblad gaCerdeba da Tanac ise, rom wonasworobas Seinar-

N
Cunebs im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mas Searxev. axseni, ratom
inarCunebs `Citi~ wonasworobas.

O
11. daakvirdi suraTebs (sur.4-6) da aawyve wonasworuli
konstruqciebi. axseni, ratomaa Sen mier awyobili kon-

D
truqciebis wonasworoba mdgradi.
sur. 3

sur.4 sur.5 sur.6

12. gaaCere sayrdenze `pepela~ da `balerina~ (sur.7). maT

dasamzadeblad muyaos Txeli firfita da qaRaldis
samagrebi dagWirdeba. axseni, ratomaa `peplisa~ da
`balerinas~ wonasworoba mdgradi? gamoiyene sura-
Tebi an dawvrilebiT instruqcia monaxe miTiTebul
misamarTebze, romlebzec sxva wonasworuli saTa-
maSoebis naxvac SegiZlia:

http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/toys/Balancingbutterfly.html
sur.7
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wv-OwxcKaW0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZgN-iictJ5w

97
II Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

§ 2.3. momentebis wesi

yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da #1- #13 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT
Camoyalibe.
1. ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom Zalas mabrunebeli
moqmedeba axasiaTebs?
2. razea damokidebuli Zalis mabrunebeli moqmedeba?
3. ra aris Zalis moqmedebis wrfe?
4. ras ewodeba Zalis mxari, riT aRiniSneba is? d1
5. ra aris Zalis mabrunebeli momenti da rogor
gamoiT­vleba is? d2
6. aRwere, rogor vipovoT Zalis mxari (sur. 8).
sur.8
7. ra aris Zalis momentis erTeuli SI sistemaSi?
8. ra SemTxvevaSi qmnis sxeulze modebuli Zala mabrunebel moments?

Y
9. ra SemTxvevaSia Zalis mabrunebeli momenti dadebiTi? uaryofiTi?
10. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom didi da patara Zalis momenti F
1 2

P
erTnairi iyos? ra SemTxvevaSi?
11. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom damagrebuli brunvis Rer­ Zis

O
(centris) mqone sxeuli (mag., kari) wonasworobaSi iyos, 3 4
Tu masze modebulia sapirispiro mimarTulebisa da

C
sxvadasxva sididis Zalebi? ra SemTxvevaSi? sur.9 d
12. Camoayalibe momentebis wesi, anu ra SemTxvevaSia

T
damagrebuli brunvis RerZis (centris) mqone sxeuli M 1

’
2
wonasworobaSi;

N
13. Camoayalibe sxeulis wonasworobis piroba im SemTxve-
visTvis, Tu is, rogorc gadataniT, ise brunviT moZrao- 3 4

O
bas asrulebs.
sur.10 F
14. romel wertils Seesabameba Zalis maqsimaluri mabru-

D
nebeli momenti (F; d) diagramaze (sur. 9)? M
1 2
15. romel wertils Seesabameba umciresi mxari (M; F) dia-
gramaze (sur. 10)?
16. romel wertils Seesabameba maqsimaluri sididis Zala 3 4
(M; d) diagramaze (sur. 11)?
17. me-12 suraTze gamosaxulia damagrebuli brunvis Rer- sur.11 d
Zis mqone sxeuli (brunvis RerZi O wertilze gadis),
romelzedac Zalebia modebuli.
a) romeli Zala qmnis mabrunebel moments da romeli _ ara? pasuxi
axseni.
F1
b) gadaxaze rveulSi naxazi, aage Zale- F8 F2
bis mxrebi da saxazaviT gazome maTi
sigrZe;
g) gansazRvre TiToeuli Zalis mabru- F3
nebeli momentis niSani.

18. me-13, me-14 da me-15 suraTebze gamo- O F4

saxulia damagrebuli brunvis RerZis
F7
mqone Rero (brunvis RerZi O wer-
F6 sur.12
F5

98
 II Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

tilze gadis), romelzedac sxvadasxva Zalaa modebuli. Reros centrSi

misi simZimis Zalaa modebuli.
a) romeli Zala qmnis mabrunebel moments da romeli _ ara? pasuxi axseni.
b) daadgine TiToeuli Zalis mabrunebeli momentis niSani;
g) gansazRvre, ris tolia TiToeuli Zalis mxari;
d) gamoTvale TiToeuli Zalis momenti;
e) daadgine, aris Tu ara Rero wonasworobaSi.

F2= 15 n F4= 8 n F2= 20 n F3= 25 n

1m 0 1m
0 1m 1,5m 2m

Y
70 sm 50 sm 50 sm 125 sm

P
F1= 20 n F3= 10 n F5= 5 n F4= 15 n

O
F1= 20 n Fsim= 10 n

sur.13 sur.14

C
F4= 40 n F2= 220 n

T
0

’
1,5 m 1m
2m 50 sm

N
F3= 60 n Fsim= 100 n F1= 50 n

O
sur.15

D
19. suraTebze (sur. 16 -17) gamosaxulia damagrebuli brunvis RerZis mqone
Rero (brunvis RerZi O wertilze gadis). Reros masa 1 kg-ia.
a) gansazRvre, ris tolia Reroze modebuli Zalebis sidideebi.
b) daadgine TiToeuli Zalis mabrunebeli momentis niSani;
g) gansazRvre, ris tolia TiToeuli Zalis mxari;
d) gamoTvale TiToeuli Zalis momenti;
e) daadgine, aris Tu ara Rero wonasworobaSi.
85 n 100 n 50 n

50 sm 0 50 sm 0 50 sm 1m 1,5 m
1m 1m 2m

2 kg 5 kg 2 kg 10 n 5 kg

sur.16 sur.17

20. gansazRvre, ra sididisa da mimarTulebis Zala unda movdoT Reros

marjvena boloze, rom 1 kg masis Rero wonasworobaSi iyos (sur.17)?
21. rodisaa Zelis gadagoreba ufro advili: a) Tu b) SemTxvevaSi?

a) b)

sur.18

99
II Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

22. naxatze gamosaxulia sxvadasxva dros karze modebuli Zala: rodis ar

gaiReba kari? rodis Seqmnis Zala karis gasaRebad saWiro mabrunebel
moments? rodis iqneba misi sidide maqsimaluri? minimaluri?

sur.19

23. dagegme, rogor ipovi im Zalis moments, rome-

lic skams gadaayiravebs a), b) da g) SemTxveveb-
Si. naxazze gamosaxulia TiToeul SemTxvevaSi
Zalis modebis wertili da mimarTuleba.
a) b) g)

Y
sur.20
24. saSinao cda: joxi, romelic sakuTar Tavs awonasworebs!

P
► aiRe gluvzedapiriani joxi (biliardis kii an saxazavi).
daide igi saCvenebel TiTebze ise, rogorc 21-e suraT-

O
zea naCvenebi.
TiTebi nel-nela amoZrave joxis centrisken. gamoTqvi

C
varaudi, ra moxdeba, Tu TiTebi erTmaneTs `Sexvdeba~:
dairRveva Tu ara joxis wonasworoba? Seamowme Seni

T
varaudi. daarqvi saxeli joxis im wertils, romelSic

’
TiTebi erTmaneTs Sexvda. axseni cdis Sedegi.
► Tu daakvirdi, joxis centrisken TiTebis moZraobisas

N
orive TiTi erTdroulad ar moZraobs. Tu es ar Segim­

O
Cnevia, girCev, cda ramdenjerme gaimeoro da am movlenas
daakvirde. ratom xdeba ase?

D
am cdaze dakvirveba SegiZlia internetSi misamarTze:
http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/mechanics/movies/1J1030.mov; sur.21
http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/mechanics/movies/1J1025.mov

§ 2.4. berketi. berketis wonasworobis piroba

yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da #1- #7 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT
Camoyalibe.
1. ra aris berketi? daasaxele SenTvis cnobili berketebis magaliTebi;
2. rogori berketia I klasis berketi? II klasis berketi? III klasis berketi?
aRwere maT Soris gansxvaveba (sad mdebareobs sayrdeni wertili, xelis
kunTisa da winaaRmdegobis Zalebis modebis wertilebi);
3. daasaxele berketis magaliTebi bunebaSi;
4. Camoayalibe berketis wonasworobis piroba;
5. Camoayalibe berketis wesi, anu berketi wonasworobis piroba im SemTxve-
visTvis, roca masze ori Zalaa modebuli;
6. rogor gamoiTvleba ZalaSi mogeba berketis daxmarebiT, Tu berketze
ori Zalaa modebuli?
7. Camoayalibe meqanikis `oqros wesi~.
8. axseni, ratom aqvs qaRaldis saWrel makratels piri ufro grZeli, vidre
saxeluri? Tunuqis saWrel makratelSi ki piriqiTaa. ratom?

100
 II Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

9. moifiqre, rogori unda iyos sasworis konstruqcia, rom erTi sawonis

daxmarebiT sxvadasxva masis sxeulis awona SeZlo.
10. gansazRvre, ramdenjer gvaZlevs ZalaSi mogebas suraTze gamosaxuli
berketebi (sur.22).

a) b) g)

Y
sur.22

P
11. gansazRvre, aris Tu ara 23-e da 24-e suraTebze gamosaxuli berketebi
wonasworobaSi (yvela tvirTis masa erTnairia. suraTebze gamosaxuli

O
berketis mdgomareoba SesaZloa, realobas ar Seesabamebodes).

C
a) b)

a) b)

g)

N ’ T
d)

O
g)
d)

D
sur.23 sur.24

§ 2.5 fizika amocanebSi: momentebis wesi

1. naxazze (sur.25) gamosaxuli erTgvarovani
berketi wonasworobaSia. gansazRvre, ris
tolia:
sur.25
a) tvirTis masa;
b) sayrdenze berketis dawolis Zala.
berketis masa simciris gamo mxedvelobaSi
ar miiReba.
2. gansazRvre, ris tolia:
a) berketze dakidebuli tvirTis masa, Tu
cnobilia, rom berketi wonasworobaSia
(sur.26); sur.26
b) sayrdenze berketis dawolis Zala.
berketis masa simciris gamo mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba.
3. naxazze (sur.27) gamosaxuli 2 kg masis erTgvarovani berketi wonaswo-
robaSia. marcxena boloze kidia 6 kg
masis tvirTi. gansazRvre, ris tolia: 
F
a) F Zalis sidide;
b) sayrdenze berketis dawolis Zala. 6kg
sur.27

101
II Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

4. berketis erT boloze dakidebuli 3kg masis tvirTi

gawonasworebulia 10 n ZaliT. gansazRvre am Zalis F1 = 100 n
mxari, Tu tvirTze moqmedi simZimis Zalis mxari 40
sm-ia.
5. berketis erT boloze modebuli 20 n Zala gawo-
nasworebulia 5 kg tvirTiT. gansazRvre am Zalis
mxari, Tu tvirTze moqmedi simZimis Zalis mxari 40
sm-ia. 25 sm
6. berketis erT mxares sayrdenidan 20 sm manZilze 4
kg tvirTia dakidebuli. sayrdenidan meore mxares
ra manZilze unda davkidoT 5kg masis tvirTi, rom O
berketi wonasworobaSi iyos? 5 sm
7. 28-e suraTis mixedviT gansazRvre xaxunis Zala, sur. 28

Y
romelic ewinaaRmdegeba lursmnis amoZrobas.
8. gansazRvre Zalis sidide, romliTac xelis

P
kunTi iWimeba, roca adamians xelSi 100-gra- kunTi

miani tvirTi ise uWiravs, rogorc es 29-e

O
tvirTi
suraTzea gamosaxuli.

C
9. ra ZaliT iWimeba kisris kunTi, Tu cnobilia, brunvis
RerZi
rom saSualod, adamianis Tavis masa 3,6 kg- ia

T
5 sm 35 sm
(sur. 30).

’
sur. 29
10. gansazRvre Zalis sidide, romliTac wvivis

N
kunTi iWimeba, roca 75 kg masis adamiani cali
fexis wverze iweva (sur.31).

D O 11. gansazRvre Zalis sidide (F), romlis moqmedebiTac

32-e suraTze gamosaxuli berketi wonasworobaSia.

F
0,5 m 0,5 m

20 n
1m

sur.32
10 n
Tavis simZimis
Zala
sayrdeni

20 sm
kisris
kunTi

15 sm

sur.30

12. gansazRvre m3, Tu cnobilia, rom m1 = 50 g, xolo m2 =

100 g. berketi wonasworobaSia da misi masa mxedvelobaSi
ar miiReba (sur. 33). wvivis
kunTi

sxeulis
simZimis
Zala
sayrdeni
4 sm

sur.33 12 sm

sur.31

102
 II Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

13. gamoTvale F Zalis sidide, Tu cnobilia, rom berketi wonasworobaSia.

berketis masa simciris gamo mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba.
a) 34-e suraTis mixedviT; b) 35-e suraTis mixedviT.

sur.34 sur.35

14. naxazebis (sur. 36) mixedviT gansazRvre: a) F Zalis sidide; b) berketis

romel wertilSi unda davkidoT 4 kg-iani tvirTi? g) tvirTis masa.

P Y
a) b) g)

O
6n
ℓ=?

C
1 kg F=? 1 kg
m=?

T
1 kg

’
1 kg 1 kg 4 kg
sur.36

N
15. naxazebis (sur. 37) mixedviT gansazRvre dinamometris danayofis fasi,

O
Tu berketi wonasworobaSia.
a) b)

D
10 n

10 n sur.37

16. 1m sigrZis berketis boloebze 2 n-isa da 18 

F3
n-is toli Zalebi moqmedebs. sad mdebareobs
berketis sayrdeni, Tu berketi wonasworo-
baSia?
 
F2 F1
17. hidravlikuri manqanis didi da patara dgu-
Sis farTobebi Sesabamisad 400 sm2 da 2 sm2-ia
(sur. 38). ramdenjer gvaZlevs aseTi manqana
ZalaSi mogebas, Tu patara dguSze im ber- sur.38
ketis daxmarebiT awvebian, romlis mxrebis
sigrZeebia 50 sm da 10 sm.
18. ris tolia m, Tu ZafiT gadabmuli ori berketi wonasworobaSia (sur. 39).

6 kg

3 kg m kg

sur. 39

103
II Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

§ 2.6 daxrili sibrtye

yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da #1 _ #5 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT
Camoyalibe.
1. ras ewodeba martivi meqanizmebi;
2. daxaze, rogor gamoisaxeba sqematurad daxrili sibrtye. aCvene naxazze,
ra aris daxrili sibrtyis
a) simaRle; b) sigrZe; g) fuZe; d) daxrilobis kuTxe.
3. ris tolia:
a) im Zalis sidide, romelic saWiroa m masis sxeulis vertikalurad
zeviT, h simaRleze asawevad?
b) muSaoba (Aamw), romelic sruldeba amwevi Zalis mier m masis sxeulis
vertikalurad zeviT, h simaRleze asawevad (daxrili sibrtyis gareSe) ?
g) muSaoba (Awev), romelic sruldeba wevis Zalis mier m masis sxeulis

Y
h simaRleze asatanad daxrili sibrtyis daxmarebiT.
d) Seadare erTmaneTs: Aamw da Awev(xaxunis Zala simciris gamo ugule-

P
belyofilia).
4. ramdenjer gvaZlevs daxrili sibrtye ZalaSi mogebas (xaxunis Zala sim-

O
ciris gamo ugulebelyofilia);
5. Camoayalibe `meqanikis oqros wesi~.

C
#6 _ #12 amocanebSi xaxunis Zala ar gaiTvaliswino.

T
6. ramdenjer movigebT ZalaSi, Tu tvirTis 60 sm simaRleze asawevad gamo-

’
viyenebT ficars, romlis sigrZea a) 90 sm; b) 1,2 m; g) 3 m.

N
7. ramdenjer mogvcems mogebas ZalaSi daxrili sibrtye, romlis
a) sigrZea 3 m, xolo simaRle _ 1 sm;

O
b) sigrZea 160 sm, xolo simaRle _ 40 sm;
g) sigrZea 2 m, xolo simaRle _ 50 sm.

D
8. ramdenjer mogvcems mogebas ZalaSi daxrili sibrtye, romlis
a) sigrZea 5 m, xolo fuZe _ 3 m;
b) sigrZea 1m, xolo fuZe _ 60 sm.
9. gamoTvale, ra sididis wevis Zala unda movdoT 540 kg masis urikaze, rom
urika daxril sibrtyeze Tanabrad, xaxunis gareSe avagoroT. cnobilia,
rom wevis Zala daxrili sibrtyis paraleluradaa modebuli urikaze,
daxrili sibrtyis
a) sigrZea 6 m, xolo simaRle _ 2 m;
b) sigrZea 10 m, xolo simaRle _ 5 m;
g) sigrZea 10 m, xolo simaRle _ 3 m;
d) sigrZea 18 m, xolo simaRle _ 5 m.
10. gamoTvale, ra masis tvirTis atana SegviZlia daxril sibrtyeze Tanab­
rad, xaxunis gareSe, Tu cnobilia, rom tvirTze 240 n wevis Zala daxrili
sibrtyis paraleluradaa modebuli. daxrili sibrtyis
a) sigrZea 6 m, xolo simaRle _ 2 m;
b) sigrZea 7 m, xolo simaRle _ 3 m;
g) sigrZea 3 m, xolo simaRle _ 80 sm;
d) sigrZea 5 m, xolo fuZe _ 3 m.

104
 II Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

11. gamoTvale daxrili sibrtyis sigrZe, Tu misi daxmarebiT 100 kg masis

tvirTi Tanabrad, uxaxunod aaqvT
a) 2 m simaRleze 200 n ZaliT;
b) 4 m simaRleze 800 n ZaliT.
tvirTze wevis Zala daxrili sibrtyis paraleluradaa modebuli.
12. gamoTvale daxrili sibrtyis simaRle, Tu masze 230 kg masis datvir-
Tuli vagoni Tanabrad, uxaxunod aaqvT
a) 690 n ZaliT. daxrili sibrtyis sigrZea 3 m;
b) 1000 n ZaliT. daxrili sibrtyis sigrZea 9,2 m;
tvirTze wevis Zala daxrili sibrtyis paraleluradaa modebuli.

Y
§ 2.7 praqtikuli samuSao #2: WoWonaqebi

P
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da #1_ #4 kiTxvebis
pasuxi Seni sityvebiT Camoyalibe.

O
1. ra gansxvavebaa uZrav da moZrav WoWonaqs Soris?

C
2. gvaZlevs Tu ara mogebas uZravi WoWonaqi
a) ZalaSi? b) manZilSi?

T
3. ra mizniT iyeneben uZrav WoWonaqs?

’
4. gvaZlevs Tu ara mogebas moZravi WoWonaqi
a) ZalaSi? b) manZilSi? ramdenjer? sur.40

N
#5 _#10 amocanebSi xaxunis Zala ar gaiTvaliswino.

O
5. gansazRvre, ra Zala unda movdoT Tokis Tavi-
sufal bolos, rom WoWonaqi wonasworobaSi

D
iyos? cnobilia, rom tvirTis masa 5 kg-ia. amo-
cana amoxseni WoWonaqisTvis, romelic gamosaxulia
a) 40-e suraTze; b) 41-e suraTze;
6. gansazRvre, ra masis tvirTia WoWonaqze dakide-
buli, Tu cnobilia, rom Tokis Tavisufal boloze
100 n Zalaa modebuli. amocana amoxseni WoWonaqis-
Tvis, romelic gamosaxulia sur.41
a) 40-e suraTze; b) 41-e suraTze;
7. gansazRvre, ra simaRleze aiweva WoWonaqze dakidebuli tvirTi, Tu
cnobilia, rom Tokis Tavisufali bolo 40 sm-iT gadaadgilda. amocana
amoxseni WoWonaqisTvis, romelic gamosaxulia
a) 40-e suraTze; b) 41-e suraTze;
8. gansazRvre, ra manZilze gadaadgildeba Tokis Tavisufali bolo, Tu
cnobilia, rom WoWonaqze dakidebuli tvirTi 50 sm-iT aiwia. amocana
amoxseni WoWonaqisTvis, romelic gamosaxulia
a) 40-e suraTze; b) 41-e suraTze;
9. iqneba Tu ara wonasworobaSi 42-e
suraT­ z e gamosaxuli berketisa da
WoWonaqis sistema?

sur.42

105
II Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

10. suraTze WoWonaqebis sistemaa a) b)

gamosaxuli (sur.43). ris tolia
aseTi sistemiT tvirTis amwevi
Zala, Tu sistemaze dakidebuli
tvirTis masaa m. aawyve suraTze
gamosaxuli sistema da daamtkice
eqsperimentulad Sen mier miRe-
buli formulis marTebuloba.

Y
sur.43

P
§ 2.8 fizika amocanebSi: martivi meqanizmebis margi qmedebis
koeficienti

O
1. gamoTvale berketis mqk, Tu misi daxmarebiT 245 kg masis tvirTi 6 sm
simaRleze aswies. berketis meore bolo, romelzec 500 n sididis Zala

C
iyo modebuli, dabla 0,3 m-iT daeSva.
2. 0,8 m sigrZisa da 0,2 m simaRlis daxril sibrtyeze 1,2 kg masis tvirTi

T
wevis Zalis moqmedebiT aacures. gamoTvale daxrili sibrtyis mqk, Tu

’
zedapiris paraleluri wevis Zalis sidide 5,4 n-is tolia.

N
3. daxrili sibrtyis daxmarebiT tvirTis 2,4 m simaRleze asatanad 3600 j
muSaoba Seasrules. gansazRvre tvirTis masa, Tu daxrili sibrtyis mqk

O
40%-ia.
4. 2 m sigrZisa da 40 sm simaRlis daxril sibrtyeze 80 kg masis kasrs Tanab­

D
rad miagoreben. gamoTvale daxrili sibrtyis mqk, Tu kasrze moqmedi
xaxunis Zalis sidide 200 n-is tolia.
5. daxrili sibrtyis daxmarebiT 40 kg masis tvirTis garkveul simaRleze
atanisas 320 j muSaoba Seasrules. gamoTvale, ra simaRleze aitanes
tvirTi, Tu:
a) xaxuns mxedvelobaSi ar miiReb; b) daxrili sibrtyis mqk 40%-ia.
6. gamoTvale moZravi WoWonaqis mqk, Tu misi daxmarebiT 40 kg
masis tvirTis garkveul simaRleze asawevad 250 n Zalaa saWiro.
7. 2 m sigrZisa da 50 sm simaRlis daxril sibrtyeze miacureben 100 kg
masis sxeuls. wevis Zalis sidide 400 n-is tolia. gamoTvale daxrili
sibrtyis mqk.
8. 500-kg-iani pianino moZravi WoWonaqis daxmarebiT 3 m-ze aaqvT 3000 n
Zalis daxmarebiT. gamoTvale moZravi WoWonaqis mqk.
9. 8 m sigrZisa da 2 m simaRlis daxril sibrtyeze Tanabrad miacureben
80 kg masis tvirTs. gansazRvreT daxrili sibrtyis mqk, Tu cnobilia,
rom tvirTze moqmedi xaxunis Zalaa 50 n.

106
 II Temis mokle Sinaarsi

II Temis mokle Sinaarsi

wonasworoba
meqanikuri wonasworoba gulisxmobs sxeulis iseT mdgo­mareobas, rodesac igi
inarCunebs siCqares: uZravia an moZraobs wrfivad da Tanabrad.
arambrunavi sxeuli, romelsac gadaadgileba SeuZlia, wonasworobaSia, Tu
masze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedi nulis tolia: sxeulze ar moqmedebs Zala an
masze moqmedi Zalebi erTmaneTs awonasworebs.
damagrebuli brunvis RerZis (centris ) mqone sxeuli wonasworobaSia, Tu masze
modebuli Zalebis momentebis algebruli jami nulis tolia _ es aris damagre-

Y
buli brunvis RerZis mqone sxeulis wonasworobis piroba anu momentebis wesi.
ganasxvaveben sami saxis wonasworobas: mdgrads, aramdgrads da ganurCevels.

P
mdgradia wonasworoba, Tu wonasworobis mdebareobidan mcire
gadaxrisas sxeuli kvlav ubrundeba Tavdapirvel wonasworul a)

O
mdebareobas (sur.1,a). daakvirdi: burTulas simZimis centri
mdgrad wonasworobaSi ufro dablaa, vidre nebismier mezobel

C
mdebareobaSi.
b)
aramdgradia wonasworoba, Tu wonasworobis mdebareobidan

T
mcire gadaxrisas sxeuli aRar ubrundeba Tavdapirvel wonaswo-

’
rul mdebareobas da Sordeba mas (sur.1,b). daakvirdi: burTulas

N
simZimis centri aramdgrad wonasworobaSi ufro maRlaa, vidre g)
nebismier mezobel mdebareobaSi.

O
ganurCevelia wonasworoba, Tu wonasworobis mdebareobi-
sur.1
dan mcire gadaxra sxeulis wonasworobas ar cvlis. is arc

D
ubrundeba da arc Sordeba Tavis Tavdapirvel, wonasworul
mdebareobas (sur.1,g).
imisaTvis, rom sxeulis wonasworoba mdgradi iyos, aucile-
belia misi simZimis centri SesaZlo mdebareobebidan yvelaze O
dabla mdebareobdes. A B
sxeuli (sxeulTa sistema), romelic erTi wertiliT eyrdnoba
raime zedapirs, wonasworobaSi iqneba, Tu misi simZimis centri
sayrdeni wertilis qveviT aRmoCndeba (sur. 2).
brunvis RerZis mqone sxeulis wonasworoba sur. 2.
a) mdgradia, Tu sxeulis simZimis centri brunvis RerZis
qveviT mdebareobs (amasTan, brunvis RerZi unda mdebareobdes simZimis centrze
gamaval vertikalur wrfeze) (sur. 3);
b) aramdgradia, Tu simZimis centri brunvis RerZis qveviT mdebareobs (sur. 4);
g) ganurCevelia, Tu brunvis RerZi sxeulis simZimis centrze gadis (sur. 5).

sim sim
sim sim
sim

sur. 3 sur. 4 sur. 5

107
II Temis mokle Sinaarsi

sayrdeni farTobis mqone sxeulis wonasworoba mdgradia, Tu mis simZimis cen-

trze gamavali Sveuli gadis sayrden farTobSi. amasTan, sxeulis wonasworoba
miT ufro mdgradia, rac ufro metia sayrdeni farTobi.

Zalis momenti
Zalebi, romelTa moqmedebis wrfe brunvis RerZze gadis, sxeulis mobrunebas
ar iwvevs. nebismieri aseTi Zala gawonasworebulia damagrebuli brunvis RerZis
reaqciis (drekadobis) ZaliT.
sxeulis mobruneba SeiZleba gamoiwvios Zalebma, romelTa moqmedebis wrfe brun-
vis RerZze ar gadis.
Tumca SeiZleba sxeulze moqmedi Zalebis moqmedebis wrfe ar gadiodes
brunvis RerZze, magram Zalebi sxeulis mobrunebas ar iwvevdes: sxeuli, romelic
damagrebuli centris (RerZis) garSemo brunavs, wonasworobaSi iqneba, Tu masze

Y
modebuli sxvadasxva sididisa da mimarTulebiT sapirispiro ori Zala erTnair
mabrunebel momentebs qmnis. es mbrunavi sxeulis wonasworobis pirobaa.

P
Zalis mxari

O
Zalis mabrunebeli moqmedeba damokidebulia Zalis sididesa da mimarTule-
baze. Zalis mabrunebeli moqmedebis dasaxasiaTeblad SemoaqvT fizikuri sidide

C
_ Zalis mxari.

T
Zalis moqmedebis wrfe

N ’
A

D O
O A O A O O
sur. 6. A

Zalis mxari umoklesi manZilia (OA) sxeulis brunvis centridan (RerZidan)

im wrfemde, romelic Zalis moqmedebis mimarTulebas emTxveva (Zalis moqmedebis
wrfem­de) (sur. 6).

Zalis momenti
Zalis sididisa da mxris namravls Zalis momenti ewodeba:
M=Fd,
sadac F Zalis sididea, xolo d _ Zalis mxari.
Zalis momentis erTeulad SI sistemaSi miRebulia 1n . m _ mabrunebeli momenti,
romelsac qmnis 1 n Zala, romlis moqmedebis wrfe brunvis RerZidan 1 m-iTaa da-
Sorebuli.
gaiTvaliswine, Zalis momenti gansazRvravs Zalis mabrunebel moqmedebas mxolod
brunvis mocemuli centris (RerZis) mimarT, radgan Tu brunvis centrs O wertili-
dan sxva wertilSi gadavitanT, Seicvleba Zalis mxari da, Sesabamisad, misi momentic.
Zalis momenti mTlianad gansazRvravs Zalis mabrunebel momoqmedebas, anu
uZravi centris (RerZis) garSemo sxeulis mobrunebisTvis aucilebelia, Seiq­mnas
saWiro Zalis momenti, rac SesaZlebelia Zalis sididis an Zalis mxris cvlile-

108
 II Temis mokle Sinaarsi

biT: Zalis erTi da igive mabrunebeli momenti SeiZleba warmoiqmnas mcire ZaliTac,
romlis mxari didia da didi ZaliTac, romlis mxari pataraa.
sxeuli, romelsac damagrebuli RerZis garSemo brunva SeuZlia, wonasworo-
baSia, Tu brunvis RerZis mimarT masze moqmedi Zalebis momentebis algebruli
jami nulis tolia. es aris momentebis wesi _ damagrebuli brunvis RerZis mqone
sxeulis wonasworobis piroba.

berketi. berketis wonasworobis piroba

berketi myari sxeulia, romelsac uZravi sayrdenis garSemo SeuZlia brunva.
berketi wonasworobaSia, rodesac masze moqmedi Zalebis sidideebi mxrebis uku-
proporciulia.

Y
F1 d2
=
F2 d1

P
berketis gamoyeneba gvaZlevs ZalaSi mogebas imdenjer, ramdenjerac patara

O
Zalis mxari metia didi Zalis mxarze.

C
anu ramdenjerac vigebT ZalaSi, imdenjer vagebT manZilSi da piriqiT. es aris
kanoni, romelsac meqanikis `oqros wess~ uwodeben.

’ T
martivi meqanizmebi

N
meqanikis `oqros wesi~ SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT:

O
muSaobaSi mogebas arc erTi meqanizmi ar gvaZlevs. maTi gamoyenebiT SeiZleba
movigoT ZalaSi, magram wavagebT manZilSi (da piriqiT): ramdenjerac vigebT ZalaSi,

D
imdenjer vagebT manZilSi (da piriqiT).

daxrili sibrtye
daxril sibrtyeze sxeulis Tanabrad atanisas sxeulze modebuli wevis Zala si-
didiT imdenjer naklebia sxeulis simZimis Zalaze, ramdenjerac daxrili sib­rtyis
sigrZe metia mis simaRleze:
mg
=
Fwev h

F wev

sur. 7.

WoWonaqi
WoWonaqi orgvaria: uZravi da moZravi.
uZravi WoWonaqi (sur. 8) martivi meqanizmia, romelic Zalasa da manZilSi
mogebas ar gvaZlevs, magram gvaZlevs saSualebas, SevcvaloT Zalis moqmedebis
mimarTuleba.

109
II Temis mokle Sinaarsi

a) a)
Fwev

A O B

O A B

Fwev Fsim Fsim

b)

Y
b) A O B Fwev

P
O A B
Fwev Fsim
Fsim

O
sur. 8. sur. 9.

C
moZravi WoWonaqi (sur. 9) martivi meqanizmia, romlis gamoyenebisas manZilSi
2-jer vagebT, magram samagierod ZalaSi vigebT 2-jer.

’ T
martivi meqanizmebis margi qmedebis koeficienti

N
radgan xaxunis ugulebelyofa realur situaciebSi SeuZlebelia, meqanizmebis
gamoyenebisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba yovelTvis aRemateba im muSaobas, romelic

O
saWiroa dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.

D
muSaobas, romelic mxolod dasaxuli miznis misaRwevadaa saWiro, sasargeblo
muSaobas uwodeben, xolo muSaoba, romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia rogorc sasar-
geblo, ise xaxunis dasaZlevad Sesrulebuli muSaoba, sruli muSaobaa.
mag., Tu Cveni mizania, m masis sxeuli h simaRleze avitanoT, maSin sasargeblo
muSaoba aris muSaobaa, romelic mxolod sxeulis simZimis Zalis dasaZlevadaa
saWiro. tvirTis vertikalurad Tanabrad awevisas masze modebuli amwevi Zala
sididiT tvirTis simZimis Zalis tolia da am SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo muSaoba
gamoiTvleba formuliT: Asas = Fsim h = mgh.
Tu tvirTis simaRleze asatanad daxril sibrtyes (an romelime sxva meqanizms)
viyenebT, sruli muSaoba wevis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobaa (Asr = Fwev ℓ, sadac
ℓ daxrili sibrtyis sigrZea), romelic sruldeba ara marto sxeulis simZimis
Zalis, aramed xaxunis Zalis dasaZlevadac, amitom sruli muSaoba yovelTvis
metia sasargeblo muSaobaze: Asr > Asas
sidides, romelic gviCvenebs, sruli muSaobis (an daxarjuli energiis) ra nawils
Seadgens sasargeblo muSaoba, meqanizmis margi qmedebis koeficienti ewodeba.
margi qmedebis koeficientis Semoklebuli aRniSvnaa mqk.
meqanizmis mqk-s `η~-Ti (`eta~) aRniSnaven da xSirad procentebiT gamosaxaven.
A sas .
η= 100 %
A sr

nebismieri meqanizmis mqk 1-ze (anu 100%-ze) naklebi ricxvia.

110
 Tema III
siTburi
movlenebi

P Y
sur. 1.

C O
’ T
proeqti #3: `mwyurvali Citi~ _ mudmivi Zrava?
Sen mxolod erTi ram gevaleba: `Cits~ wylian WiqaSi

N
niskarti unda Caayofino. roca `Citi~ wyals `mosvams~,
gaswordeba, `madlobis niSnad~ Tavs ramdenjerme da-

O
gikravs, gaCerdeba da isev wylis dasalevad daixreba.

D
kvlav gaswordeba, `madlierebis niSnad~ arc Tavis ram-
denjerme ganmeorebiT dakvra daaviwydeba da a. S. `Citi~
`usasrulod~ gaimeorebs am process (an imden xans, rom
dagaviwydeba kidec, rodis `mosva~ pirvelad wyali).
es yvelaferi SeiZleba Zalian sasacilod mogeCvenos
da gagikvirdes kidec, ra kavSirSia fizikis gakveTileb­
Tan es bavSvuri saTamaSoo, magram dafiqrdi, xom ar
gagonebs is kacobriobis auxdenel ocnebas mudmiv Zrava-
ze? `Cits~ xom erTxel mianiWe moqmedebis unari da mere
(ise, rom aRar dasWirvebia energiis maragis Sevseba) is
`usasrulod~ asrulebs muSaobas: daixreba, gaswordeba
(romeli Zalis dasaZlevad sruldeba am dros muSaoba?),
kvlav daixreba da isev gaswordeba...
SegiZlia, fantazia moiSvelio da uamravi meqanizmi
warmoidgino, romelsac `Citi~, Tavis mxriv, moqmedebaSi
moiyvans... gamodis, rom `Citis~ saxiT energiis ulevi
wyaro gqonia! marTlac ase Tu ara?
gaarkvie, ratom ar Cerdeba `Citi~? amisaTvis daakvir-
di am mowyobilobis gamartivebul sqemas (sur.2): `Citi~
minis ori sferuli WurWlisgan, anu rezervuarisgan,
Sedgeba, romlebic erTmaneTTan saerTo miliTaa Seer-
Tebuli. mili qveda rezervuarSi Rrmad Cadis, zedasTan
ki garedanvea mierTebuli.
II Temis mokle Sinaarsi

dafiqrdi:
► roca `Citi~ wyals svams, misi `Tavi~ (zeda rezervua-
ri), romelsac garedan bambis qsovili aqvs Semox-
veuli, wyliT iJRinTeba (ra movlenaa es?).
► `Citi~ `Tavs~ maRla swevs da swordeba. ratom?
► gamoirkva, rom roca `Citi~ vertikalur mdgomare-
obaSi Cerdeba, misi `Tavis~ temperatura mcirdeba
(mkvlevarebs amaSi zusti eleqtronuli Termometri
daexmara (sur.3)). rogor fiqrob, ra aris amis mizezi?
► ra xdeba, roca `Tavis~ temperatura dabla iwevs,
rogor Seicvleba temperatura am dros `tanSi~, anu
milSi?
► Seadare haeris wneva zeda da qveda rezervuarSi.

Y
sur. 2.
siTburi movlenebis Seswavlisas pirvelive gakveTil-

P
ze galileo galileis Termoskops (sur.4) gaecnobi: Tu Citis `tans~ kargad
daakvirdebi, mixvdebi, rom is galileis Termoskops waagavs da es msgavseba

O
marto garegnuli ar aris _ maT moqmedebis principic erTnairi aqvT. Tu am
msgavsebas gaaanalizeb, mixvdebi, ratom ixreba

C
`Citi~ isev da isev wylis `dasalevad~.

T
► ra moxdeba, roca `Citis~ `tani~ horizon-

’
talur mdgo­ m areobas daikavebs? rogor
gadanawildeba am dros wneva zeda da qveda

N
rezervuarebs Soris?
► gaixsene brunvis RerZis mqone sxeulis

O
wonasworobis piroba da dafiqrdi: ratom
swordeba TavisiT `Citi~?

D
sur. 3.

Tu am saTamaSos moqmedebebs axsni, mixvdebi, rodis Sewyvets is moZraobas,

anu iluzia, rom `mwyurvali Citi~ mudmivi Zravaa, gaqreba. am proeqtze muSaoba
siTburi movlenebis saguldagulod Seswav­las moiTxovs, radgan `Citis~ moq-
medebis saidumlo swored am movlenebSia damaluli!
`Citis~ moqmedebas SegiZlia daakvirde videomasa-
laze internetSi misamarTze: http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=Yk71GY02diY
aseve SegiZlia mis Sesaxeb cnobebi moipovo misamarTze:
http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/phyworld/iq/drinking_bird/drinking_bird_e.html
warmoadgine klasis winaSe `Citis~ martivi modeli
da prezentacia Temaze: `mwyurvali Citi~ _ mudmivi Zrava?~.
gamoiyene SenTvis misaRebi prezentaciis forma (flipCarti,
eleq­tronuli prezentaciis programa Power Point). gaacani
me­gob­rebs `mwyurvali Citi~da isinic darwmundebian, rom miu-
xedavad `Citis~ saxaliso garegnobisa, Znelad Tu moiZebneba
sxva aseTi saTamaSo, romlis moqmedebasac safuZvlad fizikis
amdeni kanoni udevs.

sur. 4.

112
3.1 Termometrebi

1. Termoskopi
gaixsene: Cven im movlenebs gavecaniT, romlebic sxeulTa moZraobasa da urTier-
Tqmedebas ukavSirdeba. am TavSi ki iseT movlenebs SeviswavliT, romlebic sxeulis
siTbur mdgomareobaze, temperaturazea damokidebuli, mag., sxeulTa gaTboba, gaci-
veba, dnoba, gamyareba, aorTqleba da a. S. aseT movlenebs siTburi movlenebi hqvia.
siTburi movlenebis Seswavlisas xSirad mogviwevs iseTi terminis gamoyeneba,
rogoricaa `temperatura~. am termins Cvens yoveldRiur yofa-cxovrebaSi imdenad

Y
Cveulebrivad miviCnevT, rom, albaT, gagikvirdeba kidec SekiTxva: ra aris `tempe-
ratura~?

P
SemiZlia, Seni pasuxic gamovicno, radgan odiTganve ase iyo: temperaturis
cnebas sicivisa da siTbos SegrZnebebs ukavSireben. Tu wyali civad eCvenebaT,

O
maSin amboben, rom misi temperatura dabalia, xolo Tu wyali cxelia, amboben,
rom misi temperatura maRalia. magram aris Tu ara Cveni SegrZnebebi realobis

C
Sesabamisi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad aseTi cda CavataroT:

T
cda I

’
sur. 1
winaswar moamzade sami erTnairi WurWeli

N
(sur.1): erTSi cxeli wyali Caasxi, meoreSi _
macivridan gamoRebuli civi wyali, mesameSi civi wyali cxeli wyali

O
_ ki oTaxis temperaturis wyali.
1. erTi xeli cxel wyalSi Cayavi, meore

D
ki imavdroulad _ civ wyalSi.
oTaxis
2. erTi wuTis Semdeg orive xeli mesame temperaturis wyali
WurWelSi, oTaxis temperaturis wyalSi
Cayavi da daakvirdi, erTnairia Tu ara SegrZnebebi orive xelze, miuxedavad
imisa, rom orive erTnairi temperaturis wyalSi gaqvs moTavsebuli?
diax, siTbosa da sicivis SegrZneba Zalze SefardebiTia da amitom, am Segr­
Znebebis mixedviT, temperaturis gansazRvra zust Sedegs ar mogvcems.
temperaturis zustad gazomva pirvelad galileo galileim scada 1592 wels. ga-
lileis Tanamedrove abati kasteli, romelic mis sajaro leqcias daes­wro, igonebs:
`galileim aiRo qaTmis kvercxisodena minis sfero, romelsac lerwmis Reros sisqis
erTi wyrTa minis mili hqonda mierTebuli. minis sfero xeliT gaaTbo da amis Semdeg
mili wylian WurWelSi CauSva...~ ra moxda amis Semdeg? modi, CavataroT msgavsi cda
da vnaxoT, ra moxda.

cda II
1. SemoaWde xelisgulebi polieTilenis boTls da gaaTbe (an, cdis ufro
TvalsaCino SedegisTvis, Caasxi masSi cotaodeni cxeli wyali).
2. 2-3 wT-is Semdeg (Tu boTls cxeli wyliT gaaTbob, dayovneba saWiro
ar aris) boTli civi wyliT savse WurWelSi gadmoapirqvave da xelis-
gulebi moacile. daakvirdi wylis dones boTlSi. ras amCnev?

113
3.1 Termometrebi

swored es movlena gamoiyena SemdgomSi galileim im xel-

sawyos Sesaqmnelad, romelic `siTbosa da sicives zomavs~. es
iyo pirveli Termometri, ufro sworad, Termoskopi (sur.2).
cxadia, is Zalze gansxvavdeboda dRevandeli Termometrebisagan,
arc maincdamainc didi sizustiT gamoirCeoda, radgan ar hqonda
skala, magram TermoskopiT SeiZleboda ori sxvadasxva tempera-
turis (mag., janmrTeli da avadmyofi adamianis temperaturis)
Sedareba, rac im droisaTvis mainc did miRwevad iTvleboda.
mogvianebiT galileim Termoskops skalac daatana, magram mas
nakli mainc hqonda, radgan misi Cveneba atmosferul wnevazec
iyo damokidebuli (axseni, ratom)? (Termoskopis moq- sur. 2.
medebas SegiZlia daakvirde animaciis daxmarebiT:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NS8bx65Ts-I

Y
2. siTburi gafarToeba

P
Termoskopidan Tanamedrove Termometris Seqmnamde daaxloebiT ori saukune ga-
vida. Termometris moqmedebas garkveuli fizikuri movlenebi udevs safuZvlad.

O
erT-erTi nivTierebis (sxeulis) siTburi gafarToebaa. am movlenas efuZneboda

C
swored galileis Termoskopis moqmedebac. is TermoskopSi haeris siTbur ga-
farToebas iyenebda (cda II): gamTbar boTlSi haeri Tbeba da farTovdeba. wylian
WurWelSi CaSvebis Semdeg ki boTlSi haeri civdeba, ikumSeba da Sedegad wyali

’ T
boTlSi zeviT iwevs.
siTburi gafarToebis movlenas me-7 klasSi vakvirdebodiT (gaixsene: liTo-

N
nis birTvi, romelic Tavisuflad gadis rgolSi, gaxurebis Semdeg masSi aRar
eteva; gaTbobis Semdeg wylis done milSi zeviT iwevs) da ici, rom ZiriTadad,

O
myari sxeulebi, airebi da siTxeebi temperaturis momatebis Sedegad farTovdeba,
xolo temperaturis Semcirebis Sedegad ikumSeba. Tumca arsebobs gamonaklisebi,

D
mag., wylis siTbur gafarToebas Tavisebureba axasiaTebs, romelic wylis anoma-
liis saxeliTaa cnobili: wyali farTovdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi temperatura
40C-s gadaaWarbebs da farTovdeba maSinac, Tu misi temperatura 4-dan 00C-mde
ecema (am saintereso movlenas proeqtSi davubrundebiT). amgvari anomalia sxva
nivTierebebsac (mag., Tujs, galiums, bismuts) axasiaTebs.

1 dafiqrdi:
1. xidebze garkveuli Sualedebis Semdeg gamafarToebeli saxsaria Cad­
gmuli (sur. 3). rogor fiqrob, ratom?
2. rkinigzis liandageb­ze relsebis dagebisas maT Soris Sualedebs
toveben (sur. 4). ratom?
3. eleqtrogadamcem xazebs anZebs Soris ar Wimaven (sur.5). ratom?

sur. 3 sur. 4. sur. 5.

114
 Termometrebi 3.1

3. Termometrebi
Termometrebi sxvadasxva saxisaa: siTxiani, airiani, bimetaluri, eleqtronuli.
samecniero laboratoriebSi eqsperimentuli kvlevebisTvis airiani Termomet­
rebi gamoiyeneba, romlebic didi sizustiT gamoirCeva. maTi moqmedeba airis
siTburi gafarToebis movlenas efuZneba. bimetaluri Termometris moqmedebas
ki ori liTonis gansxvavebulad gafarToebis movlena udevs safuZvlad. praq­
tikaSi yvelaze farTod siTxiani Termometrebi gamoiyeneba. aseTi Termometre-
biT temperaturis gazomva siTxeebis (vercxliswylis, Seferadebuli spirtis)
siTbur gafarToebas efuZneba.
pirveli siTxiani Termometri, romelic wylis siTbur gafarToebas efuZneboda,

Y
1613 wels frangma eqimma Jan reim gamoiyena. igi sicxiani avadmyofis xelis mtev­
nebs Soris wyliT savse mcire zomis sferos aTavsebda (sur.6), romlis mWidrod

P
morgebul sacobSi viwro mili iyo datanebuli: wyali gaTbobis Sedegad milSi
zeviT iwevda. siTxiani Termometris erT-erTi saxeoba SenTvis kargad cnobili

O
samedicino Termomet­ria (sur.7).

C
rezervuari, romelic vercxliswyliTaa savse

N ’ T rezervuarTan mierTebulia viwro mili _

arxi, romelSic vercxliswyali zeviT adis.

O
sur. 6 sur. 7

D
2 dafiqrdi:
1. ratom iwevs vercxliswylis sveti zemoT, roca Termo-
metriT sicxes izomaven?
2. samedicino Termometrebs, oTaxis Termometrebisgan
gansxva­vebiT, rezervuarTan axlos arxi Seviwroebuli
aqvT (sur.8). rogor fiqrob, ratom? ratom ar aqvs aseTi
`Seviwroeba~ oTaxis Termometrs (sur. 9)?
3. ra aris samedicino Termometris (sur.7) gazomvis zRva­
ri? SeiZleba Tu ara, samedicino Termometri mduRare
wyalSi CavuSvaT? ratom?
sur. 8 4. ratom ar iyeneben siTxian TermometrebSi wyals? ro-
disaa es SesaZlebeli? sur. 9

temperaturis erTnairad momatebisas sxvadasxva nivTiereba sxvadasxva-

nairad farTovdeba, mag., cnobilia, rom erTnairad gaTbobisas spilenZi
metad farTovdeba, vidre foladi. am movlenas bimetaluri firfitis
dasamzadeblad iyeneben: foladisa da spilenZis or erTnair firfitas,
romelTac erTnairi sigrZe, sigane da sisqe aqvs, oTaxis temperaturis
pirobebSi erTmaneTze deben da mWidrod kraven (sur. 10). ivaraude, ra
spilenZi

foladi

moxdeba, Tu oTaxSi temperatura: a) gaizrdeba; b) Semcirdeba.

moipove informacia, ra praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs bimetalur firfitas.
bimetalur firfitas SegiZlia animaciis saSualebiT daakvirde:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9AWKkTPqrJE
sur.10.

115
 proeqti #4
anomalia, romelic sicocxles icavs

P Y
sur. 1. yinuliT dafarul
tbas rom uyureb, verc ki

O
warmogidgenia, rom mis qveS
sicocxle Cqefs, magram es

C
rom asea, am meTevzeebma
SesaniSnavad ician.

’ T
gicdia wylis gaciveba sayinuleSi minis WurWliT? Tu ar gicdia, girCev, arc
scado. ratom? Caatare cda da mixvdebi.

N
cda I

O
1. sayinuleSi wyliT piramde savse erTjeradi Wiqa Sedgi.
2. wylis gayinvis Semdeg daakvirdi misi moculobis cvlilebas. moulod-

D
nelia Tu ara Sedegi?

axla mixvdi, ratom ar toveben ufrosebi zamTrobiT, Zlieri yinvebis dros,

manqanis radiatorSi wyals? Sen ici, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi nivTierebis myar
mdgomareobaSi gadasvlisas moculoba iklebs, wyali ki am mxriv saintereso
gamonaklisia: wylis moculoba gayinvisas izrdeba.
gaixsene nivTierebis agebuleba myar da Txevad mdgomareobaSi. dafiqrdi, ratom
iklebs umetes SemTxvevaSi moculoba nivTierebis myar mdgomareobaSi gadasvlisas?
wylis SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiT xdeba: wyalSi molekulebi ufro mWidrodaa gan-
lagebuli, vid­re yinulis kristalSi, amitom 00C-ze yinulis simkvrive (920 kg/m3)
ufro naklebia, vidre amave temperaturaze wylis simkvrive (999,84 kg/m3).
gaixsene: geizerebi miwisqveSa wylebis siTburi gafarToebis Sedegad amoif­
rqveva, anu wyali gaTbobis Sedegadac farTovdeba. amaSi kidev erTxel dar­
wmundebi, Tu aseT cdas Caatareb:

cda II
1. Caasxi Seferili wyali kolbaSi im donemde, rom is nawilobriv kolbis
Tav­saxurSi gayril milSic aRmoCndes (sur. 2)
2. daamagre kolba Stativis TaTSi da SeaTbe wyali spirtquris alze;

116
 proeqti #4 anomalia, romelic sicocxles icavs

3. daakvirdi wylis dones milSi. ra moxda wylis gaTbobis

Sedegad? axseni cdis Sedegi
gamodis, rom wyali gayinvis drosac farTovdeba da maSinac,
roca misi temperatura izrdeba? paradoqsia.
Tumca aq daujerebeli araferia. SenTvis ukve cnobilia, rom
wylis siTbur gafarToebas Tavisebureba axasiaTebs, romelic
wylis anomaliis saxeliTaa cnobili. es movlena Zalian mniSvne-
lovania wylis binadrebisTvis: is maT sicocxles icavs. axseni
ratom? sur. 2.
dafiqrdi:
1. ra temperaturaze dneba yinuli? ra temperaturaze iyineba wyali?

Y
2. 00C-ze ufro maRalia temperatura Tu dabali:

P
a) tbis zedapirze, roca tbas aseTi yinulis safarveli aqvs (sur.1)?
b) wylis temperatura yinulis safarqveS (sur.1)?

i
O
g n S
Tu imasac gaiTvaliswineb, rom Tevzebi 00C-ze ufro dabali temperaturis
w i
o
C
C a w r
pirobebSi ver Zleben, cxadi gaxdeba, rom yinulis safarvelqveS wylis tempera-
e
tura 00C-ze ufro ..... , rac imas niSnavs, rom tbaSi wyali mTlianad ar iyineba!

ar

T
ratom eqceva tbas zemodan yinulis safarveli? ratom ar iyineba tbaSi wyali

’
mTlianad? Tu wylis siTburi gafarToebis unikalur Tvisebas, romelic wylis
anomaliis saxeliTaa cnobili, kargad gaaanalizeb da im grafiksac daukvirdebi,

N
romelic temperaturis mixedviT wylis moculobis cvlilebas asaxavs (sur.3),

O
mixvdebi, ra icavs wyalsatevebis binadarTa sicocxles yinulis qveS. manamde ki
dafiqrdi:

D
1. ra temperaturazea wylis simkvrive yvelaze didi?
2. rogor fiqrob, fskerze metia wylis simkvrive Tu zedapirTan? sad
ufro metia wylis temperatura, fskerze Tu zedapirTan?
3. rogor ganlagdeba wylis fenebi fskeridan zeviT:
a) simkvrivis mixedviT?
b) temperaturis mixedviT?
gaakeTe wyalsatevis sqematuri naxazi da aCvene, rogor icvleba wylis tempe-
ratura siRrmis zrdasTan erTad. klasis winaSe warmoadgine sqema da Sesabamisi
prezentacia Temaze: `anomalia, romelic sicocxles icavs ~. gaacani Tanaklaselebs,
ratom akisria `sabnis~ roli yinulisa da Tovlis safarvels wylis binadarTaTvis.

V, l

1, 0869
1, 00050
1, 00015
1, 000027

1, 00016

-4 0 4 8 12 t0 C

sur. 3.

117
 3.2 temperatura

1. temperatura
im drosac ki, roca Termometrebi ukve
sakmaod srulyofili xelsawyoebi iyo,
adamianebma ar icodnen, ras zomavdnen. maT
ar hqondaT pasuxi kiTxvebze: ra aris tem-
peratura? riT gansxvavdeba `cxeli~ wyali
`civisgan~? Sen ki am kiTxvebze pasuxi ukve,
karga xania, ici.
sur. 1

1 gaixsene:

Y
1. risgan Sedgeba nivTiereba? ra saxis energia aqvs nivTierebis Semadgenel

P
nawilakebs moZraobis Sedegad?
2. ra aris difuzia da riT aixsneba es movlena?

O
3. cxel wyalSi ufro swrafad ixsneba saRebavi Tu civSi (sur. 1)? ratom?
riT gansxvavdeba `cxeli~ da `civi~ wylis molekulebi erTmaneTisgan?

C
razea damokidebuli difuziis siCqare?
4. rogoraa damokidebuli niv­Tierebis Semadgeneli nawilakebis siCqare

T
temperaturaze?

’
ase rom, sxeulis temperatura miT metia, rac metia misi Semadgeneli nawilakebis

N
(molekulebis an atomebis) moZraobis siCqare.
aRmoCnda, rom Tu Jangbadis molekulebis siCqare 440 m/wm-ia, maSin Jangbadis
temperatura 200C-ia, xolo Tu imave siCqariT azotis molekulebi moZraoben,

O
maSin azotis temperatura 160C-ia, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom azotis moleku-

D
lebi ufro msubuqia, vidre Jangbadis. es ki imas niSnavs, rom garda nawilakebis
saSualo siCqarisa, sxeulis temperatura nawilakebis masazecaa damokidebuli.
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
sxeulis temperatura damokidebulia misi Semadgeneli nawilakebis saSualo kine-
tikur energiaze: rac metia sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilakebis moZraobis saSualo
kinetikuri energia, miT metia sxeulis temperatura. sxeulis temperatura misi
Semadgeneli nawilakebis moZraobis saSualo kinetikuri energiis zomaa.

2. siTburi moZraoba

sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilakebis qaosur, ganuwyvetel moZraobas siTbur moZ­

raobas uwodeben. meqanikurisgan gansxvavebiT, siTbur moZraobaSi qaosurad da
ganuwyvetliv moZravi nawilakebis uzarmazari raodenoba monawileobs.

2 dafiqrdi:
1. rogor fiqrob, aris Tu ara erTi molekulis moZraoba:
a) siTburi moZraoba? b) meqanikuri moZraoba? ratom?
2. ratom hqvia uzarmazari raodenobis nawilakebis qaosur, ganuwyvetel
moZraobas `siTburi~?

118
 temperatura 3.2

3. siTburi wonasworoba
cnobilia, rom sicxis gazomvisas saWiroa, Termometri sul cota, xuTi wuTis
ganmavlobaSi mainc uSualod exebodes sxeuls. marTalia, am ramdenime wuTis gan-
mavlobaSi lodini zogjer usiamovnoa, magram aucilebelia. gainteresebs, ratom?
modi, ganvixiloT kidev erTi movlena, romelsac aseve efuZneba Termomet­
rebis moqmedeba.

cda
1. Caasxi WiqaSi cxeli wyali da moaTavse Sig civi kovzi ise, rom kovzis
bolo ori TiTiT geWiros;

Y
2. daakvirdi:
a) rogor gaTba kovzi, myisierad Tu TandaTan? ra dro dasWirda,

P
kovzi mTlianad rom gamTbariyo?
b) rogor Seicvala am dros wylis temperatura: gaizarda Tu Semcira?

O
3. rogor fiqrob, rodemde gagrZeldeba kovzisa da wylis temperaturis

C
cvlileba?

modi, avxsnaT es movlena: Tavdapirvelad, cxeli wylis Semad-

’ T
geneli nawilakebis (molekulebis) siCqare da Sesabamisad, maTi
kinetikuri energia metia civi liTonis nawilakebis siCqaresa da

N
kinetikur energiaze. cxeli wylis molekulebi ejaxebian civi
kovzis nawilakebs da TavianTi kinetikuri energiis nawils gadas-

O
cemen maT: wylis molekulebis siCqare da kinetikuri energia Tan-
daTan iklebs, kovzis nawilakebisa ki izrdeba (miaqcie yuradReba:

D
energia Tbili sxeulidan gadaecema civ sxeuls da ara piriqiT)
(sur.2). Sesabamisad, wylis temperatura Semcirdeba, xolo kovzisa
_ gaizrdeba.
energiis gadacema (Tbilidan civi sxeulisken) Sewydeba maSin,
roca wylisa da kovzis temperatura gaTanabrdeba, anu roca maT
Soris siTburi wonasworoba damyardeba (gaixsene, meqanikuri wo-
nasworobis dros sxeuli siCqares inarCunebs. siTburi wonaswo- sur. 2
robis dros ki sxeulebis temperaturaa ucvleli). imisaTvis,
rom siTburi wonasworoba damyardes, aucilebelia garkveuli dro da cxadia,
sxeulebi am drois ganmavlobaSi kvlav erTmaneTs unda exebodes. axla, albaT,
gasagebia, ratom giwevs mtanjveli lodini sicxis gasazomad.
gaxsovdes, Termometri sakuTar temperaturas zomavs: Termometrze anaTvalis
aRebisas saWiroa dro. unda daelodo, sanam Termometris Cveneba aRar Seicvle-
ba, anu sanam ar damyardeba siTburi wonasworoba Termometrsa da Sens sxeuls
Soris. am dros Termometrisa da sxeulis temperatura erTnairia.

4. celsiusi. farenhaiti. kelvini

Termometrebi, romlebsac yofa-cxovrebaSi viyenebT, temperaturas gradu-
sebSi, celsiusis skaliT, zomavs. Svedi fizikosis, anders celsiusis (1701-1744),
skalaze (sur.3) nulovani temperatura (00C) yinulis dnobis temperaturas See-
sabameba, xolo 1000C temperatura _ normaluri atmosferuli wnevis pirobebSi
wylis duRilis temperaturas.

119
3.2 temperatura

00C- dan 1000C-mde intervalis measedi nawili ki 10C-ia.

inglissa da amerikaSi dResac farenhaitis skala (sur.3) gamoiyeneba, romelic
1714 wels germanelma fizikosma, daniel farenhaitma Seqmna. am skalaze nulovan
temperaturas farenhaitma 1709 wlis mkacri zamTris temperatura Seusabama!
celsiusmac da farenhaitmac skalaze nuli nebismierad SearCies, ramac Sem­
dgomSi garkveuli siZneleebi Seqmna mecnieruli kvlevebis monacemebis Teoriulad
damuSavebis dros.
farenhaitis skalaze aTvlil temperaturasa (0 F) da celsiusis skalaze aTvlil
temperaturas (0 C) Soris aseTi damokidebulebaa:
F = (9/5 ) 0C + 320
1848 wels uiliam tomsonma (romelsac SemdgomSi mecnieruli miRwevebisTvis
lord kelvinis tituli mieniWa) temperaturis axali skala Semoitana. man nulovan
wertilad is temperatura miiCnia, romelzec molekulebis siTburi moZraoba wydeba.

Y
tomsonisTvis amosavali iyo mosazreba, rom temperatura molekulebis sa-
Sualo kinetikuri energiis zomaa. misi azriT, temperatura nulis toli unda

P
yofiliyo maSin, roca molekulebis kinetikuri energia nuls utoldeba.
tomsonis skalaze aTvlil temperaturas absolutur temperaturas uwodeben,

O
xolo skalis nulovan temperaturas _ absolutur nuls.
SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, rom absoluturi nulis miRweva, romelic celsiusis

C
skaliT -2730C-s utoldeba, SeuZlebelia, radgan SeuZlebelia molekulebis
siTburi moZraobis Sewyveta: moZ­raoba xom molekulis ganuyofeli Tvisebaa.

T
Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvadasxva laboratoriuli meTodis gamoyenebiT mecnie-

’
rebma miaRwies temperaturas, romelic mxolod 0,0001 K-iTaa maRali, vidre abso-

N
luturi nuli. am mdgomareobaSi molekulebi odnavRa irxevian wonasworobis areSi.
kelvinis skalaze aTvlil temperaturasa (T) da celsiusis skalaze aTvlil
temperaturas (t) Soris aseTi damokidebuleba: T = t + 2730

D O farenhaiti
wyali duRs............................... 212°
celsiusi kelvini
. .......................... 100° ...........................373

sxeulis temperatura................ 98.6° ............................. 37° ........................ 310.15

oTaxis temperatura................... 68° ............................. 20° ........................ 293.15

wyali iyineba............................32° ............................. 0° ........................ 273.15

sur. 3.

120
3.3 Sinagani energia da misi Secvlis
xerxebi
1. Sinagani energia.
dameTanxmebi, saocari sanaxavia var­skvlavebiT
moWedili ca. ginaxavs odesme, rogor swydeba
cas varskvlavi? gaielvebs da Caqreba. zogi
aucileblad Caifiqrebs am dros survils,
sjera, rom ausruldeba, zogic am movlenas
avis momaswaveblad miiCnevs. sinam­ dvileSi ki

Y
es Cveulebrivi buneb­rivi movlenaa: kosmosuri
sivrcidan dedamiwis atmosferoSi SemoWrili

P
mcire zomis ciuri sxeuli dedamiwam­ de ver sur. 1.
aRwevs, iwvis da caze ganaTebul kvals tovebs

O
(naxe `varskvlavis~ Camovardna videomasalaze internetSi:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xsieVk7HJI

C
ratom tovebs ganaTebul kvals ciuri sxeuli? SesaZlebelia Tu ara igive
movlena mTvareze? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas mogvianebiT SevZlebT, manamde

’ T
ki CavataroT cdebi.

cda I

N
cdisTvis saWiroa: tyviis firfita, tyviis burTula.

O
1. aswie burTula firfitidan garkveul simaRleze. ra saxis energia
aqvs mas, sanam xels gauSveb?

D
2. gauSvi xeli burTulas. ra saxis energia aqvs mas vardnis momentSi?
aRwere energiis gardaqmna burTulis vardnisas.
3. ra saxis energia aqvs burTulas tyviis firfitaze dacemis momentSi?
4. ra saxis energia aqvs dacemis Semdeg gaCerebul burTulas?
rogor fiqrob, Sesrulda Tu ara meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis
kanoni? sad `gaqra~ burTulis meqanikuri energia?
5. firfitaze dacemis Semdeg yuradRebiT daaTvaliere rogorc bur-
Tula, ise firfitis zedapiri. daakvirdi, xom ar moxda maTi defor-
macia? Seexe xeliT burTulas da firfitas im adgilas, sadac bur-
Tula daeca. moimata Tu ara maTma temperaturam?
6. CaquCi ramdenjerme Zlierad daartyi liTonis sxeuls (mag., imave ty-
viis zedapirs, lursmans). maSin is cvlilebebi, romlebic tyviis bur-
Tulis zedapirze dacemisas arcTu ise TvalsaCinoa, cxadi gaxdeba.

maS ase, sad `gaqra~ burTulis an CaquCis meqanikuri energia, romelic maT cdis
dasawyisSi hqondaT? Sen ici, rom sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilakebi ganuwyvetliv,
qaosurad moZraobs da urTierTqmedebs: miizidavs da ganizidavs erTmaneTs.
Sesabamisad, moZraobis Sedegad nawilakebs kinetikuri energia aqvT, xolo ur-
TierTqmedebis Sedegad _ potenciuri.
sxeulis Semadgeneli umciresi nawilakebis moZraobis kinetikuri da urTier-
Tqmedebis potenciuri energiebis jams sxeulis Sinagani energia hqvia.

121
3.3 Sinagani energia da misi Secvlis xerxebi

a) TviTmfrinavi mifrinavs b) TviTmfrinavi asafren zol- g) TviTmfrinavi gaCerebulia

ze moZraobs
sur. 2.

1 dafiqrdi:
1. me-2 suraTze gamosaxuli TviTmfrinavebidan romels aqvs kinetikuri
energia? potenciuri? Sinagani? pasuxebi axseni.
2. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom
a) sxeulis Sinagani energia nulis toli iyos?

Y
b) sxeuls Sinagani energia hqondes da meqanikuri ara?piriqiT?

P
pasuxebi axseni da daasaxele magaliTebi.
sxeulis Sinagani energia sxeulis moZraobaze an sxva sxeulebis mimarT mis

O
mdebareobaze damokidebuli ar aris. sxeuls, romelsac yovelTvis aqvs Sinagani
energiis maragi, SeiZleba hqondes meqanikuri energiac.

C
2 dafiqrdi:

’ T
gamoTvlebma aCvena, rom oTaxis temperaturaze:
a) 1m3 wyalbadis yvela molekulis kinetikuri energiis jami daaxloebiT

N
3 m simaRleze aweuli 5 t uros potenciuri energiis tolia. gamoTvale
uros energia da Seafase, rogori Sinagani energia aqvs 1m3 wyalbads.

O
b) wyalbadis erTi molekulis kinetikuri energia warmoudgenlad mci-
rea. is 5.10-21j-s utoldeba. maS, riTaa ganpirobebuli 1m3 wyalbadis

D
Sinagani energiis aseTi sidide (ix. wina amocanaSi gamoTvlis Sedegi)?

2. Sinagani energiis Secvlis xerxebi.

sxeulis Sinagani energia ar aris ucvleli sidide, is SeiZleba Seicva-
los. sxeulis Sinagani energia damokidebulia sxeulis temperaturasa da sxeulis
Semadgeneli nawilakebis urTierTqmedebis xasiaTze.
cxadia, sxeulis Sinagani energia temperaturis momatebisas izrdeba, radgan
am dros sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilakebis saSualo siCqare da, Sesabamisad,
kinetikuri energia izrdeba. temperaturis Semcirebisas ki, piriqiT, Sinagani
energia mcirdeba.
ase rom, Sen ukve SegiZlia daasaxelo kidec zogierTi is gza, romliTac SesaZ­
lebelia sxeulis Sinagani energiis Secvla. modi, CavataroT cdebi da `aRmova-
CinoT~ sxva gzebic.

cda II
spilenZis an aluminis msxvili mavTuli ramdenjerme swrafad gadaRune
xan erT, xan meore mxares. Seexe xeliT gadaRunvis adgils. ra SeamCnie?

122
 Sinagani energia da misi Secvlis xerxebi 3.3

cda III
folgis patara furceli an moneta swrafad, aqeT-iqiT moZraobiT, ra-
mdenime wuTis ganmavlobaSi uxaxune muyaos zedapirs. folgis furceli
xelis gulze daide. ra SemaCnie? rogor Seicvala misi temperatura?

cda IV
korpis sacobi Camoacvi saqsov Cxirs da ramdenime wuTis ganmavloba-
Si swrafad amoZrave aqeT-iqiT Cxiris gaswvriv. Seexe xeliT Cxirs. ra
SeamCnie?

Y
3 dafiqrdi

P
1. rogor Seicvala II-IV cdebSi gamoyenebuli sxeulebis Sinagani energia?
2. kidev ra gza arsebobs imisaTvis, rom mavTuli, moneta da Cxiri ga-

O
vaTboT?
3. Tu sxeuli ukve Tbilia (mag., mavTuli, moneta, Cxiri), SegviZlia Tu

C
ara gamovicnoT, ra gziTaa gamTbari es sxeuli?

T
maS ase, sxeulis Sinagani energia SeiZleba ori gziT Seicvalos:

’
1. sxeulze muSaobis SesrulebiT: mag., dartymisas, Runvisas, xaxunisas sxeulis

N
Sinagani energia izrdeba da sxeuli Tbeba.
2. muSaobis Sesrulebis gareSe, siTbur procesebSi: mag., temperaturis cvli-

O
lebisas (gaTbobisas an gaciebisas), agregatuli mdgomareobis Secvlisas.
sxeulis Sinagani energiis cvlilebis process, romlis drosac muSaoba ar

D
sruldeba, magram energia erTi sxeulidan meores gadaecema, Tbogadacema
(siTbocvla) hqvia.
sxeulis gaTbobisas Sinagani energia izrdeba. am dros amboben, rom `sxeuli
siTbos iRebs~ an `sxeuls siTbo gadaeca~.
gacivebisas sxeulis Sinagani energia mcirdeba. am dros amboben, rom `sxeuli
siTbos kargavs~ an `sxeulma siTbo gasca~.
sxeulis Sinagani energia icvleba agregatuli mdgomareobis SecvliTac. am
sakiTxs momdevno gakveTilebze ganvixilavT. axla ki gakveTilis dasawyisSi
dasmul kiTxvebs davubrundeT.

4 dafiqrdi
ratom tovebs ganaTebul kvals ciuri sxeuli? SesaZlebelia Tu ara igive
movlena mTvareze? (miniSneba: dedamiwas atmosfero akravs, mTvares ki,
dedamiwisgan gansxvavebiT, atmosfero ar aqvs. gaixsene, ra Zalebi moqme-
debs atmosferoSi moZrav sxeulze da mix­vdebi, ratom iwvis kosmosidan
SemoWrili mcire zomis ciuri sxeuli, sanam dedamiwis zedapirs miaRwevs).

3. Sinagani energiis gamoyeneba.

gaixsene: ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom urom detalze dacemisas muSaoba
Seasrulos, anu rogor gamoviyenoT uros potenciuri energia? sxeulis Sinagani
energiis gamoyeneba ki, gansxvavebiT meqanikuri energiisgan, ase advili ar aris
da arc yovelTvisaa SesaZlebeli. mecnierebi Sinagani energiis gamoyenebis gzebis

123
3.3 Sinagani energia da misi Secvlis xerxebi

kvlevas mniSvnelovan yuradRebas uTmoben, radgan swored amazea damokidebuli

samecniero-teqnologiuri progresi da kacobriobis keTildReoba. cnobilia,
rom Tu mecnierebi msoflio okeanis Sinagani energiis srulad gamoyenebas SeZ-
leben, dedamiwa ulevi energiis wyaroTi iqneba uzrunvelyofili.
adamianebi didi xania, warmatebiT iyeneben orTqlis Sinagan energias. imisaT­
vis, rom warmovidginoT, rogor xdeba es, CavataroT martivi cda.

cda V
1. Caasxi sinjaraSi wyali naxevramde. sinjaras
Tavi mWidrod dauce sacobiT da Stativis
TaTSi Caamagre;
2. gaacxele spirtquris alze wyliani sinjara
da daelode, rodis aduRdeba wyali. did­xans

Y
lodini ar dagWirdeba, radgan sinjaraSi
dagrovebuli orTqli... Tum­ca­daelode, ra

P
moxdeba.
3. movlenas, romlis mowmec gaxdebi, fizikis

O
enaze ase aRweren: `orTqlma muSaoba Seasru- sur. 3.
la~? ratom?

C
4. cdis dasrulebis Semdeg Caaqre spirtqura:
daafare Tavsaxuri.

T
gaxsovdes: spirtqura arasodes Caaqro SeberviT.

’
5. daaTvaliere sinjaris kedlebi. ras amCnev? gaixsene, rom nami zafxu-
lobiT dila-saRamos, acivebisas Cndeba da gamoitane Sesabamisi daskvna:

N
rogor Seicvala orTqlis temperatura, roca man muSaoba Seasrula?

O
Sinagani energia?

maS ase, sxeulis Sinagani energia:

D
a) izrdeba, Tu sxeulze muSaobas asruleben;
b) mcirdeba, Tu Tavad sxeuli asrulebs muSaobas;

4. sruli energiis mudmivobis kanoni

siTburi movlenebis Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom, ra sididiTac mcirdeba sxeulis
meqanikuri energia, imave sididiT izrdeba misi Sinagani energia. sxeulis sruli
energia, romelic misi meqanikuri da Sinagani energiebis jamis tolia, ucvleli rCeba
_ es sruli energiis mudmivobis kanonia, romelic energiis mudmivobis kanonis
erT-erTi gamovlinebaa siTburi movlenebis dros.
4 dafiqrdi
1. energiis mudmivobisa da gardaqmnis kanoni robert maierma aRmoaCina.
is didi xnis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda kunZul iavaze da swored iq
SeamCnia, rom zRvis wyali qariSxlis Semdeg ufro Tbili iyo, vidre
manamde. maieri didxans fiqrobda da cdilobda, es movlena aexsna.
Sen gacilebiT swrafad axsni mas. dafiqrdi da axseni, ratom Tbeboda
zRvis wyali?
2. rogor fiqrob, sad `gaqra~ burTulis an CaquCis meqanikuri energia,
romelic maT I cdis dasawyisSi hqondaT?

124
 Sinagani energia siTbosa da sinaTlis wyaro

Sen ici, rogor moipovebdnen pirvelyofili adamianebi cecxls: xeSi

CarWobil xisave wawvetebul joxs xelis-
gulebs Soris moiqcevdnen da swrafad
atrialebdnen, TiTqos xes burRaveno
(sur.1). Sedegad cecxls iRebdnen (rogor
fiqrob, romel fizikur movlenas efuZ-
neba am dros cecxlis gaCena?).
cnobilia, rom, roca xes `bur­Raven~,

Y
1 wm-Si `budeSi~ temperaturam SeiZleba
200C-s miaR­ wios. xe 2500C-ze iwvis (ra

P
dro dasWirdeba cecxlis gaCenas?)

O
Jiul vernis romanis, `saidumlo kun-
Zulis~, gmirebi cecxlis mosapoveblad

C
xis erT naWers meoreze uxaxunebdnen,
magram amaod.
sur. 1.

T
`energias isini ar iSurebdnen, imdens

’
xarjavdnen, Tbomavlis saqvabes gaaxurebdao~, _ wers Jiul verni (rogor
fiqrob, ratom ar Cndeboda am dros cecxli?).

N
pirvelyofili adamianebi cecxls xaxuniT moipovebdnen da dResac asea.
Tanamedrove adamianebic xaxuniT moipoveben cecxls. gaixsene, rogor anTeb

O
asanTs? sanTebelas?
asanTis warmoeba XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi daiwyes. maSin asanTis aa-

D
lebisTvis fosfors iyenebdnen, romelic sakmaod dabal temperaturaze,
600C-ze, aaldeba. fosforis asanTi sakmaod saxifaTo gaxldaT: sakmarisi iyo
asanTis Reris ubralo gakvra kedelze an Ceqmis yelze, an sulac, kolofis
Zirs davardna, rom is ucbad inTeboda, rac xSirad xanZris mizezi xdeboda.
usafrTxo asanTi, romelsac dRes viyenebT (Tumca misi gamoyenebis dro-
sac sakmao sif­rTxile gmarTebs), 1855 wels SvedeTSi gamoigones _ fosfori
sxva, SedarebiT Znelad aalebadi nivTierebebiT Secvales. mas Semdeg amgvar
asanTs, `Svedur asanTs~ eZaxian. icodi?

sur. 2.

125
 proeqti #5. orTqlis turbina

gaixsene Sen mier damzadebuli `frTiani borbali~. is

am proeq­tSic gamogadgeba. aRvniSneT kidec, rom borbali,
Cveulebrivic da frTebianic, romelsac Semdgom turbina
uwodes, kacobriobis istoriaSi, albaT, yvelaze praqtikuli
gamogonebaa. Tu Seni damzadebuli turbinis modeli aqamde
SemogrCa, axal proeqtze muSaobisas is kidev erTxel dagex-
mareba. Tu ara da nu daizareb, axali daamzade da sur. 1-ze
sur. 1.
gamosaxuli cda Caatare. daakvirdi cdis Sedegs da dafiqrdi:
rogor SegiZlia, orTqlis Sinagani energia ufro didi miznebisTvis
gamoiyeno? ras gaakeTebdi am energiis xarjze?

Y
1889 wels Svedma inJinerma gustav lavalma pirveli orTqlis turbina Seq­mna,

P
romelic swored didi miznebisTvis gamoiyenes. pirvel xanebSi orTqlis turbi-
nis meSveobiT gemebis propelerebs abrunebdnen, magram is gansakuTrebiT maSin

O
dafasda, roca misi saSualebiT eleqtruli generatoris rotoris datrialeba
SeZles.

C
cxeli orTqli generatori

T
orTqlis turbina

’
Rumeli

O N
D
saqvabe kondensatori
sur. 2.

me-2 suraTze swored Tboeleqtrosadguris gamartivebuli sqemaa gamosaxuli.

Seecade, gaar­k­vio Tboeleqtrosadguris muSaobis principi.
moipove informacia:
► vin da rodis Seqmna pirveli orTqlis manqana? ra roli Seasrula orTqlis
manqanis gamogonebam mrewvelobaSi?
► rogor warmoiqmneba orTqli? ra dros asrulebs orTqli muSaobas da
romeli energiis xarjze? romeli saxis energiad gardaiqmneba orTqlis
Sinagani energia siTbur ZravaSi?
► ra funqcia aqvs kondensators?
► riT axasiaTeben siTburi Zravas ekonomiurobas? rogor gamoiTvleba or-
Tqlis turbinis mqk?
► ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT ramdenad usafrTxoa Tboeleqtrosadgurebi?
es grZelvadiani proeqtia. bevr dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxs mogvianebiT gascem,
Tumca Tbo­e­leq­trosadguris muSaobis ZiriTadi principi SenTvis nacnobia.
iqneb moifiqro, kidev raSi SeiZleba orTqlis Sinagani energiis gamoyeneba?
warmoadgine klasis winaSe siTburi Zravas martivi modeli da prezentacia
Temaze: `orTqlis Sinagani energiis gamoyeneba~. gamoiyene SenTvis misaRebi pre-
zentaciis forma (flipCarti, eleqtronuli prezentaciis programa Power Point ).

126
3.4 Tbogamtaroba

1. Tbogamtaroba
maS ase, Sen ukve ici, rom sxeulis Sinagani energia SeiZleba ori gziT Seic-
valos: muSaobis SesrulebiT da muSaobis Sesrulebis gareSe _ TbogadacemiT.
1 daakvirdi: suraTebze (sur.1-3) SenTvis kargad nacnobi situaciebia
gamosaxuli. dafiqrdi:
1. rogor icvleba Caidnis (sur.1), masSi Cas­xmuli wylis, qsovilis (sur.2),
xelebis (sur.3) Sinagani energia?

Y
2. ra gziT icvleba maTi Sinagani energia, muSaobis SesrulebiT Tu Tbo-
gadacemiT?

P
3. romeli sxeulebi gadascemen maT (Caidans, wyals, qsovils, xels) Sinagan
energias (siTbos)?

C O
sur. 1.

N ’ T sur. 2. sur. 3.

O
Sinagani energia, iseve rogorc yvela sxva energia, SeiZleba erTi sxeulidan

D
meores gadaeces. Tbogadacemis gziT energiis gadacema sxvadasxva temperaturis
mqone sxeulebs Soris xdeba: energia ufro maRali temperaturis mqone sxeuli-
dan SedarebiT dabali temperaturis mqone sxeuls gadaecema. amasTan, Tbili
sxeulis Sinagani energia mcirdeba, xolo civisa izrdeba. cxeli wylidan civ
kovzze Tbogadacemis magaliTi Cven ukve ganvixileT. Tbogadacemis gziT energia
ara marto erTi sxeulidan meores, aramed sxeulis metad gamTbari nawilidan
naklebad gamTbar nawilsac gadaecema. daakvirdi me-4 suraTs: masze TvalsaCinod
Cans, rogor gadaecema energia ara marto cxeli wvnianidan civ kovzs, aramed kovzis
erTi nawilidan meores.
1. Tavdapirvelad cxeli wylis Semadgeneli nawilakebis kinetikuri energia
metia civi liTonis nawilakebis kinetikur energiaze;
2. cxeli wvnianis nawilakebi ejaxeba civi kovzis im ubnis nawilakebs, rome-
lic uSualo SexebaSia wvnianTan da TavianTi kinetikuri energiis nawils
gadascems maT. Sesabamisad, kovzis es ubani Tbeba;
3. kovzis gamTbari ubnis nawilake­ 2
bi TavianT kinetikuri energiis 1
nawils mezobeli ubnis nawilakebs
gadascems da, Sesabamisad, am ubnis
temperaturac gaizrdeba.
4. kovzis nawilakebis siTburi moZrao-
bisa da urTierTqmedebis Sedegad
kovzi TandaTan mTlianad gaTbeba.
4 3 sur. 4

127
3.4 Tbogamtaroba

Tbogadacemis saxes, roca Sinagani energia (siTbo) erTi sxeulidan meores, an

sxeulis erTi nawilidan meore nawils sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilakebis siTburi
moZraobisa da urTierTqmedebis Sedegad gadaecema, Tbogamtaroba hqvia. CavataroT
cda, romelic ufro TvalsaCinos gaxdis Tbogamtarobis meqanizms.

cda I
1. Caamagre spilenZis msxvili mavTuli
Stativis TaTSi ise, ro­gorc es me-5
suraTzea naCvenebi;
2. miamagre Reroze sanTliT asanTis
Rerebi ise, rom maT Soris Suale-
debi erTnairi iyos; sur. 5.
3. moaTavse anTebuli spirtqura Reros Tavisufali bolos qveS;
4. daakvirdi, rogori TanmimdevrobiT Camovardeba asanTis Rerebi. axseni

Y
cdis Sedegi;

P
5. aRwere, rogor xdeba energiis gadatana Reros gaswvriv. gadaadgildeba
Tu ara energiis gadatanisas Tavad nivTiereba (spilenZi)?

O
Tbogamtarobisas energia nawilakebis siTburi moZraobisa da urTierTqmedebis

C
Sedegad gadaecema sxeulis erTi nawilidan meores (an erTi sxeulidan meores) ise, rom
Tavad nivTiereba am dros ar gadaadgildeba.

’ T
2. Tbogamtarebi da Tboizolatorebi
rogoria sxvadasxva nivTierebis Tbogamtaroba, erTnairia Tu gansxvavebuli?

N
razea damokidebuli Tbogamtaroba? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad CavataroT
cdebi:

D O
cda II
1. moaTavse cxel wyalSi erTdroulad ori kovzi: erTi xis, meore ki
liTonis. Seamowme mcire xnis Semdeg, romeli metad gacxelda?
2. gaaanalize cdis Sedegi da gamoitane daskvna: erTnairia Tu ara sxvadasxva
nivTierebis Tbogam­taroba?
3. gamoTqvi varaudi, riTaa es gansxvaveba gamowveuli?

cda III
1. Semoaxvie liTonis cilindrs qaRaldis zoli da misi
daxmarebiT daiWire spirtquris alze ise, rogorc es
me-6 suraTzea naCvenebi.
2. gamoTqvi varaudi, daiwveba Tu ara qaRaldi?
3. Seamowme Seni varaudi: gamarTlda Tu ara?
4. gaaanalize cdis Sedegi da gamoitane daskvna: qaRaldis
Tbogamtaroba ufro metia Tu liTonis?
sur. 6.

cda IV
1. gamoTqvi varaudi: daiwveba Tu ara qaRaldis carieli Wiqa, Tu mas spir-
tquris alis zemoT daviWerT (sur.7)? Tu Wiqas wyliT gavavsebT?

128
 Tbogamtaroba 3.4

2. Seamowme Seni varaudi cdiT: qaRaldis Wiqa orive

SemTxvevaSi Stativis TaTSi daamagre;
3. Seadare, romlis Tbogamtarobaa meti:
a) haeris Tu qaRaldis?
b) wylis Tu qaRaldis?
g) wylis Tu haeris? axseni Seni pasuxebi.

cda V
1.  sinjaris fskerze sanTeli CaaRvenTe da roca ga­-
civ­deba, civi wyali daasxi; sur. 7.

Y
2. daiWire sinjara spirtquris alze ise, rom ali
wylis zeda fenebs aTbobdes (sur.8);

P
3. gaiTvaliswine, rom wyali 1000C-ze duRdeba, sanTeli
ki gacilebiT dabal temperaturaze iwyebs dnobas da

O
gamoTqvi varaudi: jer sanTeli daiwyebs dnobas da
wyali mere aduRdeba Tu piriqiT? Seamowme.

C
4. gaaanalize cdis Sedegi da gamoitane daskvna: rogori
Tbogamtaria wyali? ratom? sur. 8.

’ T
cda VI

N
1. sinjara TiTze Camoicvi da spirtquris alze ise
daiWire, rogorc es me-9 suraTzea naCvenebi. ra

O
dro dasWirda sinjaraSi haeris SeTbobas (anu rodis
igrZeni TiTze siTbo)?

D
2. gaaanalize cdis Sedegi da gamoitane daskvna: rogo-
ri Tbogamtaria haeri? haeris Tbogamtaroba metia sur. 9.
Tu minis? ratom?

maS ase, sxvadasxva nivTierebas gansxvavebuli Tbogamtaroba axasiaTebs.

daakvirdi qvemoT mocemul 1-l cxrils: wylis Tbogamtaroba (romelic, ro-
gorc cdebidan dar­wmundi, arc ise didia) pirobiTad 1-is toladaa miCneuli.
nivTierebaTa gaswvriv miTiTebuli koeficientebi ki imis maCvenebelia, ramdenjer
aRemateba ama Tu im nivTierebis Tbogamtaroba wylis Tbogamtarobas (200C-ze):
rac ufro maRalia koeficienti, miT metad Tbogamtaria nivTiereba.
cxrili 1. zogierTi nivTierebis Tbogamtarobis koeficienti (200C-ze)
wylis orTqli azbesti/
0,04 foladi 75 spilenZi 656 0,24 wyali 1
(1000C) muyao

mSrali haeri 0,04 platina 117 vercxli 698 eboniti 0,27 mina 1,3

pleqsiglasi yinuli
heliumi 0,25 rkina 122 maudi 0,1 0,3 3,8
(00C)

wyalbadi 0,31 nikeli 150 mSrali miwa 0,2 mSrali xe 0,6-0,7 grafiti 8,2

vercxliswyali 11 alumini 340 navTi 0,2 aguri 0,8-1,3 almasi 222,5

tyvia 57 oqro 512 qaRaldi 0,23 betoni 0,18-3,9 vakuumi 0

129
3.4 Tbogamtaroba

2 daakvirdi 1-li cxrilis monacemebs da dafiqrdi:

1. romeli nivTierebebi gamoirCeva kargi TbogamtarobiT?
2. rogori Tbogamtarebia siTxeebi? airebi?
3. rogori Tbogamtaria vakuumi?
4. Seni azriT, razea damokidebuli nivTierebis Tbogamtaroba? riT aix­
sneba is faqti, rom zogierTi nivTiereba siTbos kargad atarebs, zogi
ki _ cudad?
5. oTaxSi, sadac 200C temperaturaa, magidaze moTavsebulia sxeulebi:
wigni, xisa da liTonis saxazavi, makrateli, fanqari. Seexe xeliT ma-
gidaze moTavsebul sxeulebs da Seadare maTi temperatura: romeli
maTgani geCvena ufro civi? axseni, ratom xdeba ase, am sxeulebis
temperatura xom erTnairia?

Y
maS ase, liTonebi kargi Tbogamtarebia, siTxeebis (garda gamdnari liTonisa)
Tbogamtaroba didi ar aris, airebisa ki Zalian mcirea. es imiT aixsneba, rom

P
TbogamtarobaSi mniSvnelovani roli nivTierebis Semadgenel nawilakebs ekisreba:
nivTierebaSi maTi mcire raodenobiT arseboba (an saerTod ararseboba), aseve

O
nawilakebs Soris arsebuli didi Sualedebi aZnelebs energiis gadatanas sxeu-
lis erTi nawilidan meoreSi. nivTierebebi, romlebic cudi TbogamtarobiT

C
xasiaTdeba, gamoiyeneba, rogorc Tboizolatorebi: isini ar atarebs an cudad
atarebs siTbos. mag., haeri (zogadad, airebi) cudi Tbogamtaria, radgan misi

T
molekulebi erTmaneTisgan didi manZilebiTaa daSorebuli da energiis gadacema

’
erTidan meore molekulaze gaZnelebulia.

N
matyli, bamba, bumbuli, bewvi da sxvadasxva forovani sxeuli (haeriani
Sualedebis Semcveli struqturebi: Tixa, penoplasti, igive `zRvis qafi~,

O
rogorc xSirad uwodeben xolme, da sxv.) cudi Tbogamtarebi da, Sesabamisad,
kargi Tboizolatorebia. sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva ram SeiZleba siTbos

D
SesanarCuneblad gamoviyenoT, mag., Cala, gamxmari foTlebi, naxerxi da a.S. cxi-
movani fenac kargi Tboizolatoria: swored is icavs sicivisgan veSaps, selaps,
lomveSaps. saukeTeso Tboizolatoria vakuumi _ garemo, sadac nawilakebi ar
aris an Zalian gaiSviaTebulia.
3 dafiqrdi:
1. aguriT naSeni saxli gacilebiT Tbilia, vidre
rkina-betoniT. axseni, ratom?
2. saxlis fanjrebs ormag minebs ukeTeben. ratom?
3. zam­
TarSi beRurebi ibuzebian: bumbuls Slian
da patara fumfula `burTebad~ gadaiqcevian
xolme (sur.10). rogor fiqrob, raSi exmareba
maT `abuzva~?
4. Citebi ufro metad frenis dros iyinebian. ra-
tom?
5. cxovelebisTvis bewvis safarveli, xolo frin- sur. 10
velebisTvis bumbuli sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania. axseni, ratom?
6. yinulisa da Tovlis safarvels wylis binadarTaTvis `sabnis~ roli
akisria (gaixsene proeqti `anomalia, romelic sicoc­ xles icavs~).
axseni, ratom?

130
3.5 konveqcia

1. konveqcia
Zv. w. I saukuneSi romaeli arqiteqtori
da inJineri vitruviusi dawvrilebiT aRwer-
da iatakqveSa gaTbobis sistemas, romelsac
Zvel romSi Senobebis gasaTbobad iyeneb­dnen.
gaTbobis am sistemas hipokausti hqvia, rac
`qvemodan gaTbobas~ niSnavs. romaelebi Se-
nobebs svetebze aSenebdnen (sur.1). Senobis

Y
qveS, saZirkvelsa da iataks Soris, sahaero

P
sivrces cecxliT aTbobdnen. gamTbari haeri
zeviT adioda da garda imisa, rom iataks aT-

O
bobda, Senobis kedlebs Soris specia­lurad
datovebul Sualedebsac avsebda. Sedegad, sur. 1

C
ked­lebis zedapiri Tbeboda. kvamli ki sakvamuriT Senobis gareT gadioda.
ratom adis gamTbari haeri zeviT?romeli movlena udevs safuZvlad gaTbobis

T
amgvar sistemas? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas mogvianebiT SeZleb. manamde ki

’
gaixsene: siTxeebi da airebi cudi Tbogamtarebia, amitom maT gaTbobas Tbogamta-
robis gziT sakmaod didi dro dasWirdeba (gaixsene wina gakveTilze Catarebuli

N
V-VI cdebis Sedegebi). yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan ki ici, rom wylis aduRebas
sul ramdenime wuTi sWirdeba, oTaxSi haeris gaTbobac did siZneleebTan ar

O
aris dakavSirebuli. Tumca CaidanSi wylis gasaTbobad aravin cdilobs, gaTboba

D
wylis zeda nawilidan scados: wylian Caidans cecxls qvemodan unTeben. aseve,
gaTbobis mizniT, oTaxis gamaTboblebs iatakTan axlos, fanjris qveS, aTavseben.
ratom iqcevian ase? modi, am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad CavataroT cda:

cda I
1. moaTavse kolbis fskerze saRebavis mcire ulufa an kaliumis perman-
ganatis kristali da kolba wyliT sanaxev­rod gaavse;
2. Caamagre kolba Stativis TaTSi da wyali spirtquris alze SeaTbe.
daakvirdi wylis gaTbobis process da aRwere, rogor moZraobs siTxis
Seferadebuli fena gaTbobisas.

cda II
1. daxaze Tabaxis furcelze wre da Caxaze wreSi spirali;
2. gamoWeri spirali da erTi boloTi dakide anTebuli
sanTlis zemoT (sur. 2). daakvirdi spiralis moZraobas da
ivaraude, riTaa misi moZraobis Tavisebureba gamowveuli.

modi, avxsnaT cdebis Sedegebi: Tavdapirvelad Tbeba wylis

(haeris) qveda fena, romelic uSualo SexebaSia siTbos wyarosTan
(Caidnis cxel zedapirTan, sanTlis alTan). gamTbari fena farTov-
deba da misi sim­kvrive wylis (haeris) zeda, civi fenis simkvrivesTan
SedarebiT naklebi xdeba (gaixsene, ra xdeba, roca sxeulis simkvrive
naklebia im garemos sim­kvriveze, romelSic isaa moTavsebuli, mag., sur. 2.

131
3.5 konveqcia

ra moxdeba, Tu korpis sacobs wyliani WurWlis fskerze

movaTavsebT?), gamTbari qveda fena zeviT amoZravdeba da mis
adgils SedarebiT civi fena daikavebs, romelic gaTbobis
Semdeg aseve zeviT ava da a. S. wyali daiwyebs cirkuli-
rebas, wriulad moZraobas (sur.3): cirkulirebis Sedegad
ki wyali (haeri) mTel moculobaSi Tanabrad gaTbeba. am
movlenas konveqcia ewodeba. konveqcia Tbogadacemis saxea, sur. 3
romlis drosac siTxis an airis fenebi araTanabari gaTbobis Sedegad cirkulirebs,
wriulad moZraobs. am dros, rogorc siTxeSi, ise airSi, energia erTi adgilidan
meoreze nivTierebis fenebs gadaaqvs (gansxvavebiT Tbogamtarobisgan, romlis
drosac energia nivTierebis Semadgenel nawilakebs gadaaqvs, xolo Tavad niv-
Tiereba ar gadaadgildeba).
Cven mier ganxilul magaliTebSi konveqcia bunebrivia, is Tavisuflad, garedan

Y
yovelgvari Carevis gareSe mimdinareobs. magram gaixsene, rogor xarSaven krems
an xilfafas? SeiZleba maTi datoveba cecxlze bunebrivi konveqciis imedad?

P
ras akeTeben diasaxlisebi imisaTvis, rom kremi, xilfafa Tanabrad gaTbes? es
ki ukve iZulebiTi konveqciaa.

O
bunebrivi, anu Tavisufali, konveqciis warmosaq­ mnelad sakmarisia, siTxe an
airi qvemodan gavaTboT an zemodan gavacivoT (gaixsene kondicioneris magaliTi),

C
amasTan siTxe (airi) araTanabrad unda iyos gamTbari.
iZulebiTi konveqcia ki garedan Carevis Sedegad xdeba: siTxisa da airis fenebi

’ T
tumbos an meqanikuri sarevis daxmarebiT gadaadgildeba.
myar sxeulSi yoveli nawilaki sxva nawilakebis mxridan mizidulobis ZalebiTaa

N
SeboWili, ris gamoc is mxolod odnav irxeva Tavisi mdebareobis maxloblad.
nawilakebis moZraobis am Taviseburebis gamo myar sxeulSi gaTbobis Sedegad

O
fenebis moZraoba SeuZlebelia. swored amitom myari sxeulebi TbogamtarobiT
Tbeba da ara konveqciiT.

D
2. konveqcia bunebasa da yofa- haeri dRe
ili
cxovrebaSi Tb

brizi. konveqciis movlena Zalze

gav­
rcelebulia bunebaSi. is ara marto
i
uzrunvelyofs siTbocvlas atmosfero- civi haer
Si, aramed qaris warmoSobis erT-erTi
mizezicaa. `sufTa~ konveqciuri qaria,
mag., brizi, musoni, romlebic mxolod Tbili xmeleTi civi zRva
didi wyalsatevebis (zRvebis, okeaneebis)
sur. 4
maxloblad iqmneba. modi, vnaxoT, rogor
warmoiqmneba brizi, susti qari, romelic Rame
Tbili h
ae r
zRvis sanapiroze qris. dRisiT sanapi- i
roze civi haeri wylidan napirisken mo-
civ
Zraobs _ es dRis brizia (sur.4), anu grili i haeri
niavi, romelic zRvidan uberavs. RamiT
civi haeri napiridan zRvisken moZraobs,
anu grili niavi napiridan wylisken ube-
ravs. es Ramis brizia (sur. 5).
civi xmeleTi Tbili zRva
SevecadoT avxsnaT, ratom warmoiqmne-
ba dRisa da Ramis brizi. sur. 5

132
 konveqcia 3.5

1 dafiqrdi:
1. xmeleTis zedapiri wyalTan SedarebiT:
a) dRisiT ufro swrafad Tbeba; b) RamiT ufro swrafad civdeba.
gadaxede Tbogamtarobis koeficientebs da axseni, ratom xdeba ase.
2. Seadare erTmaneTs xmeleTTan da wylis zedapirTan axlomdebare haeris
fenebis temperatura, simkvrive da wneva: a) dRisiT; b) RamiT.
3. axseni, ratom moZraobs brizi (civi haeri) dRisiT zRvidan napirisken, xolo
RamiT _ piriqiT.

weva. qarxnebs, fabrikebs, eleqtrosadgurebs uzarmazari sak­ vamle milebi

Y
aqvs. patara, magram aseTive sakvamle mils Rumelsac adgamen Tavze. ratom? am
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad CavataroT cda.

P
cda III

O
1. moaTavse anTebuli sanTeli minis milSi (SegiZ­lia, lampis mina gamoi-

C
yeno) (sur.6);
2. daakvirdi, rodis iwvis sanTeli ukeT: roca is milSia moTavsebuli Tu
milis gareSe?

’ T
3. daafare mils zemodan muyaos naWeri. ra moxda? rogor fiq­
rob, ratom?

N
cda IV

O
1. kvlav moaTavse anTebuli sanTeli minis milSi;
2. gamoWeri muyaosgan `T~-s magvari firfita da milSi ise moa-

D
Tavse, rogorc es me-6 suraTzea naCvenebi.
3. daakvirdi, gaumjobesda Tu ara sanTlis wva? sur. 6.

cdebis Sedegebis asaxsnelad gaixsene: Jangbadis gareSe wvis procesi SeuZlebe-

lia, amitom Tu wvisas sanTels, Rumels, buxars haeris axali nakadi ar miewodeba,
wva Sewydeba. haeris bunebrivad miwodeba rom uzrunvelyon, wvis adgilis Tavze
grZel mils, sakvamurs, ayeneben (sur.7).
modi, vnaxoT, ra saWiroa aseTi mili da rogor miewodeba haeri bunebrivad
wvis adgils: wvis adgilas temperatura Zalian maRalia, ris gamoc RumelSi hae-
ri cxeldeba. cxeli haeris simkvrive da Sesabamisad, wneva RumelSi da sakvamle
milSi naklebia, vidre Rumlis gareT:
wnevaTa sxvaobis gamo warmoiqmneba konveqciuri
nakadi: Tbili haeri sakvamle milSi zeviT adis, mis
adgils ki RumelSi, garedan Sesuli axali, civi
haeri ikavebs, rac xels uwyobs wvis procesis gag­
rZelebas (sur.7).
rac ufro maRalia sakvamle mili, miT metia sxva­
oba milSi arsebuli Tbili haeris wnevasa da milis
gareT haeris wnevas Soris. Sesabamisad, miT ufro
Zlierdeba wvis adgilas axali haeris nakadis buneb­
wvis
rivad miwodeba, anu weva. axla SegiZlia axsna, ratom adgili
gaumjobesda sanTlis wva milSi III cdaSi da upasuxo
kiTxvasac: ratom dgamen qarxnebisa da fabrikebis sur. 7
saqvabe danadgarebze uzarmazar milebs?
133
 3.6 gamosxiveba

1. gamosxiveba
koconTan gatarebuli saRamoebi yvela
adamianis cxovrebaSi Zalian sasiamovno mo-
gonebaaa: saubrebi, cecxlis romantikuli
Suqi da siTbo...koconis Tema, marTalia, li-
rikuli gadaxvevaa, magram Zalian saintereso
magaliTia Tbogadacemis kidev erTi xerxis
gasacnobad. maS ase, rogor Tbebian adamianebi
koconTan, ra gziT gadaecema maT siTbo? sur. 1.
1 daakvirdi 1-l suraTs. gaixsene, rogori Tbogamtaria koconsa da

Y
ada­mianebs Soris arsebuli haeris fena, ra mimarTulebiT moZraobs
ko­­
coniT gamTbari haeris konveqciuri nakadi da dafiqrdi, romeli

P
mtki­cebaa marTebuli: koconTan msxdomi adamianebi Tbebian
a) TbogamtarobiT; b)konveqciiT;

O
g) arc erTi zemoTCamoTvlili xerxiT.
daasabuTe Seni pasuxi.

C
diax, garda Tbogamtarobisa da konveqciisa, bunebaSi arsebobs sxva gzac,

T
romliTac SesaZlebelia Tbogadacema. es aris gamosxiveba _ Tbogadacemis gan-

’
sakuTrebuli saxe, romliTac energia vakuumSic ki vrceldeba.
dedamiwasa da mzes Soris, kosmosur sivrceSi,

N
sicariele ar aris (kosmosuri mtvriTaa savse), mag­
ram mainc SeiZleba es sivrce miaxloebiT vakuumad

O
ganvixiloT, radgan masSi nivTiereba TiTqmis ar
aris, gaiSviaTebulia. siTbo mzidan dedamiwamde

D
swored gamosxivebis meSveobiT aRwevs.
siTbos nebismieri temperaturis sxeuli asxivebs
(mag., adamianis sxeuli, Rumeli, naTura, sanTeli, xme-
leTi da a.S.), amasTan, rac metia sxeulis temperatura,
miT metia mis mier gamosxivebuli energia, romelsac
garemos gadascems.
ratom SeigrZnob siTbos, Tu xels gaxurebul
sxeulebs, mag., anTebul naTuras, cxel uTos
sur. 2. miuaxloveb (sur. 2)?
gamosxivebuli energia sxeulis (xelis) mier nawilobriv STainTqmeba da mis Sinagan
energiad gardaiqmneba. Sedegad, sxeulis temperatura matulobs.
gamoTvlilia, rom mzidan dedamiwamde moRweuli energiis 15%-s STanTqavs
atmosferos Semadgeneli airebi, masSi Semavali mtvris nawilakebi, wylis wve-
Tebi da a. S. dedamiwis zedapiri mzis gamosxivebis mxolod 43%-s STanTqavs.
mzidan moRweuli energiis sakmaod mniSvnelovani nawili (42%) ki Rrublebidan,
dedamiwis zedapiridan airekleba da atmosferoSi ifanteba.
ase rom, zogi sxeuli metad STanTqavs gamosxivebul energias, zogi _ nakle-
bad, zogi ki saerTod ar STanTqavs _ aireklavs.
modi, CavataroT cdebi da davakvirdeT sxeulebis mier energiis STanTqmis
gansxvavebul unars.

134
 gamosxiveba 3.6

cda I
1. SeRebe kolbis erTi mxare Savi feris zeTis sa-
RebaviT an gaWvar­tle sanTlis alze.
2. moarge kolbas mWidrod sacobi, romelSic moxri-
li milia gayrili;
3. Seitane milis moxril nawilSi erTjeradi Spri-
ciT Seferadebuli wylis wveTi da moniSne milze sur. 3.
misi sawyisi mdebareoba.
4. CarTe qselSi magidis naTura da mis axlos kolba ise moaTavse magidaze,
rom kolbis SeRebili mxare anTebuli naTuris mxares iyos miqceuli

Y
(sur.3).
5. daakvirdi 2-3 wT-is Semdeg: Seicvala wveTma mdebareoba? axseni cdis

P
Sedegi.

O
cda II
1. gaimeore cda kolbis gacivebis Semdeg, oRond naTura kolbis im mxares

C
dadgi, romelic SeRebili ar aris.
2. daakvirdi 2-3 wT-is Semdeg, rogor Seicvala wveTma mdebareoba da

’ T
Seadare wveTis mier gavlili manZili I cdaSi gavlil manZils.
dafiqrdi: rodis gaTba metad kolba da gamoTqvi varaudi, ratom moxda

N
ase?

O
cda III
1. moaTavse kolbasa da naTuras Soris TeTri qaRaldis furceli;

D
2. naTura jer kolbis SeRebil mxares dadgi, xolo Semdeg SeuRebav mxares.
3. daakvirdi wveTs ramdenime wuTis ganmavlobaSi. gaTba Tu ara kolba?

maS ase, gamosxivebul energias muqi feris zedapiri ukeT STanTqavs da Sesaba-
misad, metad xurdeba, vidre Ria feris (axla SegiZlia axsna, ratom gaTba I cdaSi
kolba metad, vidre meoreSi da ratom ar gaTba kolba III cdaSi?).

cda IV
1. SeRebe aluminis ori erTnairi WurWlidan erT-erTi Savi saRebaviT.
2. Caasxi orive WurWelSi erTnairi raodenobisa da erTnairi tempera-
turis cxeli wyali da daakvirdi, romel WurWelSi gacivdeba ufro
swrafad wyali?
3. gamoitane daskvna: romeli metad gamoasxivebs energias: muqi Tu Ria
feris sxeuli?

ase rom, gamosxivebis gamo muqzedapiriani sxeuli ufro swrafad civdeba, vidre
sxeuli, romelsac Ria feris zedapiri aqvs.

sxvadasxva sxeulis mier energiis STanTqmisa da gamosxivebis gansxvavebul

unars gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba rogorc yofa-cxovrebaSi, ise teq-
nikaSi.

135
3.6 gamosxiveba

2 dafiqrdi:
1. zafxulSi Ria feris tansacmels aniWeben upirate-
sobas, zamTarSi ki _ muqs. ratom?
2. kosmonavtebi Ria kosmosSi gasvlisas TeTr
skafandrs­icvamen, xolo saxe naxevrad gamWvirvale
movercxlili ekraniT aqvT dafaruli. ratom?
3. mexanZreTa spectansacmeli da damcavi CaCqnebi
aluminis vercxlisferi feniTaa dafaruli. ratom?
sur. 4.
4. mzis batareebi mzis gamosxivebis energias STan-
Tqavs da eleqtrul energiad gardaqmnis. maTi zedapirebi muqi ferisaa
(sur.4). ratom?

2. Termosi.

Y
Sen ici, rom energia metad Tbili sxeulidan naklebad Tbil sxeulebs gadae-
cema da es Tbogadacema manam grZeldeba, sanam maT Soris siTburi wonasworoba ar

P
damyardeba. Tu cxel Caidans cecxlidan gadmodgam, garkveuli drois Semdeg is
gacivdeba, radgan Caidnis Sinagani energiis nawili garemos gadaecema. imisaTvis,

O
rom sxeulma temperatura SeinarCunos (arc gacivdes da arc gaTbes) cdiloben,

C
Tbogadacema ar moxdes arc TbogamtarobiT, arc konveqciiT da arc gamosxivebiT.
1892 wels ingliselma mecnierma jeims diuarma Seqmna specialuri WurWeli,
romelSi moTavsebuli sxeuli temperaturas Zalian didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

’ T
inarCunebda. am WurWlis Sesaqmnelad mecnierma sxeulsa da garemos Soris
siTbocvlis yvela SesaZlo gza (Tbogamtaroba, konveqcia, gamosxiveba) gaiTva-

N
liswina da maT Tavidan asacileblad gansakuTrebu-
li zomebi miiRo. diuaris WurWeli pirvel xanebSi

O
advilad aale­ badi SekumSuli airebis (mag., Txevadi
2
heliumis) Sesanaxad gamoiyeneboda, ufro mogvianebiT

D
ki am WurWlis gamoyeneba sakvebi produqtebis Sesana- 1

xadac daiwyes maTTvis temperaturis SesanarCuneblad.

albaT, mixvdi kidec, ra WurWelzea laparaki. Sen mas
Termosis (sur.5) saxeliT icnob. sur. 5.

3 Termosis (sur.6) ZiriTadi nawili ormag­kedliani minis WurWelia (1).

am kedlebis SigniTa zedapirebi vercxlisferi liTonis 4
feniTaa dafaruli (ratom?). kedlebs Soris sivrcidan
5
haeri amotumbulia (ratom?).
imisaTvis, rom minis WurWeli dazianebisgan daicvan, mas
liTonis an plastmasis garsSi aTavseben (2). garssa da 3
minis WurWels Soris haeris fenaa (3). es kidev erTi da- 1
matebiTi dacvaa siTxis temperaturis SesanarCuneblad cxeli
wyali
(axseni, ratom?). minis WurWels mWidrod morgebuli
sacobi (4) da xraxniani saxuravi aqvs (5). TermosSi mo-
Tavsebuli siTxis garemosTan siTbocvla ukiduresad 2
SezRudulia. axseni, ratom?
sur. 6.
albaT, SegimCnevia, TermosSi Casxmuli cxeli wyali di-
dxans inarCunebs temperaturas, magram bolos mainc civdeba; arc civi
wyali inarCunebs temperaturas mudmivad. ratom?

136
 Termogramebi

xSirad gamosxivebas ver SevigrZnobT, magram misi

`danaxva~ SegviZlia: mecnierebma Seqmnes specialuri
nivTierebebi, romlebic Zalze mgrZno­ biarea nebis-
mieri gamosxivebis mimarT. am nivTierebebis gamoye-
nebiT amzadeben fotofirebs, romlebzec Sesabamisi
aparaturiT fotografirebisas (an videogadaRebebis
dros) sxvadasxva intensivobiT gamosxivebuli energia
gansxvavebuli ferebiT gamoisaxeba. amgvari meTodiT
gadaRebul suraTebs Termogramebi hqvia.

Y
Termogramaze (sur.1), romelzedac marsis samxre- - 1200C 0 0C

P
Ti polusia gamosaxuli, marsis civi da cxeli ubnebi
sxva­dasxvafrad moCans. iqve miTiTebulia, romel fers sur. 1.

O
daaxloebiT ra temperatura Seesabameba. Termogramaze
kargad Cans, rom temperatura marsze -1200C-idan 00C-mde meryeobs.

C
amgvarad iReben kosmosidan dedamiwis zedapirsac. tyeebi, mindvrebi, mdi-
nareebi, zRvebi sxvadasxvanairad gamoasxivebs energias da amitom isini Ter­
mog­ramaze gansxvavebuli feriT aRibeWdeba. aseTi fotoebis analizi saSua-

’ T
lebas aZlevs meteorologebs, didi sizustiT gansazRvron dedamiwis ama Tu
im nawilSi temperatura, iwinaswarmetyvelon amindi. geologebi sasargeblo

N
wiaRiseulis SesaZlo adgilmdebareobas adgenen. aseTi fotoebis saSualebiT
sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebisTvis niadagis mzaobis xarisxis dadgenac ki

O
SeiZleba.
albaT, ginaxavs filmebSi, rogor xedaven sibneleSi sxeulebs specialuri

D
aparaturiT. es Ramis xedvis aparatebia, romlebic swored sxeulebis ga-
mosxivebaze reagireben. maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia sibneleSi sxvadasxva
teqnikisa da adamianebis gadaadgilebis danaxva.
`siTbos xedvas~ didi mniSvneloba aqvs medicinaSi. gamosxivebis mimarT Zalze
mgrZnobiare specialuri aparatura sxeulis ama Tu im nawilidan da Sinagani
organoebidan gamosxivebul energias aRricxavs. daavadebuli organo, jan­
mrTelisgan gansxvavebiT, Termogramaze sxva feriT gamoisaxeba. ase rom, fo-
tofirebis saTanado damuSavebis Semdeg SesaZlebelia daavadebebis gamovlena.
me-2 suraTze mocemul Termogra-
mebze erTi da imave adamianis xelia
gamosaxuli sigaretis mowevamde (a) da
a b mowevis Semdeg (b). daakvirdi tempera-
turis vardnas. gaiTvaliswine, lurji
feri Zalian dabali temperaturis ga-
momsaxvelia, TeTri ki yvelaze maRal
temperaturaze mianiSnebs. dafiqrdi
am gansxvavebis gamomwvev mizezze da
gaakeTe saTanado daskvnebi.
am misamarTze SegiZlia zemoT aRwe-
rili meTodiT gadaRebuli Zalian
sur. 2. saintereso suraTebi naxo:
http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/image_galleries/ir_zoo/index.html

137
 proeqti #6: saTburis efeqti

saTburis mina kargad atarebs mzis gamosxivebas, ro-

melsac niadagi STanTqavs, magram cudad atarebs siTbos,
romelsac gaxurebuli niadagi asxivebs. swored amitom
saTburSi temperatura garemos temperaturaze 100C-iT
metia.
dedamiwac saTburis pirobebSia (sur.1): saTburis
minebs atmosfero cvlis, romelic Seuferxeblad
atarebs mzis gamosxivebas, mag­ram mxolod nawilobriv
atarebs im siTbos, romelsac mzis energiiT gamTbari
dedamiwa asxivebs (gaarkvie, ratom?).
atmosfero mzis energiis erTgvari `maxea~. aseTi

Y
saTburis efeqtis gareSe dedamiwaze temperatura sur. 1. dedamiwa saTburis

P
0 0C-ze gacilebiT pirobebSia
dabla daiwevda da masze sicocxlis arseboba

O
SeuZ­lebeli iqneboda. magram ra moxdeba, Tu
saT­buris efeqti gaZlierdeba da atmosfero

C
ufro met siTbos SeunarCunebs dedamiwas?
(gaige, ra SemTxvevaSia es mosalodneli).

T
es procesi ukve dawyebulia da is `globa-

’
luri daTbobis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. mecnie-
rebma daadgines, rom dedamiwis zedapiri uka-

N
nasknel 40 weliwadSi 10C-iT gaTba. es TiTqos
sur. 2.
arc ise didi ricxvia (saukunis ganmavlobaSi

O
temperatura mxolod or-naxevari gradusiT aiwevs), magram temperaturis zrdis
aseTi tempi 50-jer ufro swrafia, vidre gasuli 10 000 wlis manZilze. me-2 su-

D
raTze, romelic 2003 welsaa gadaRebuli, kargad Cans, sad gadioda myinvarze
yinulis safarvelis sazRvari 1985 wels.
dedamiwis klimati bunebrivad icvle-
ba, magram ukanaskneli saukunis glo- saTburi
airebi
baluri daTboba mxolod buneb­ rivi
procesebiT ver aixsneba (sur.3). mzis
gamosxiveba
gaige, ra aris globaluri daTbo-
bis ZiriTadi gamomwvevi mizezi da ra
SesaZlo xerxebi da gzebi arsebobs mis siTbo
Tavidan asacileblad (am sakiTxebis
garkvevaSi geografiisa da biologiis
gakveTilebic dagexmareba).
saTburi airebi
dainteresdi da gaige ufro meti siTbos atmosfe-
rodan ar uSveben
globaluri daTbobis SesaZlo Sedege- xanZari
avtomobilebis
bis Sesaxeb. ratomaa msoflio SeSfo- gamonabolqvi
qarxnebis mier
Tebuli am movlenis gamo? ra prob­ atmosferos dabinZureba
lemas uqmnis globaluri daTboba
sur. 3.
kacobriobas? SeiZleba Tu ara, misi
Sedegebi katastrofuli iyos?
http://global-warming.accuweather.com/effects_of_global_warming/

138
3.7 praqtikuli samuSao #3:
siTbos raodenoba
1. siTbos raodenoba _ Sinagani energiis cvlilebis zoma

1 gaixsene:
1. ra gzebi arsebobs imisaTvis, rom sxeulis Sinagani energia Seicvalos?
2. ra SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom `sxeuli siTbos iRebs~ an `sxeuls siTbo
gadaeca~? `sxeuli siTbos kargavs~ an `sxeulma siTbo gasca~?

rogor gamovTvaloT, ra sididiT icvleba sxeulis Sinagani energia? momdevno

Y
gakveTilze ganvixilavT, rogor gamoiTvleba sxeulis Sinagani energiis cvli-
lebis sidide, roca es cvlileba muSaobis gziT xdeba. axla ki gamovTvaloT,

P
ra sididiT icvleba sxeulis Sinagani energia, Tu es cvlileba Tbogadacemis
gziT xdeba. SevTanxmdeT, rom

O
Sinagani energiis raodenobas, romelsac sxeuli Tbogadacemisas iRebs an kargavs,

C
siTbos raodenoba ewodeba. Sinagan energias, iseve, rogorc energiis sxva saxeebs,
joulebiT zomaven, Sesabamisad, siTbos raodenobac joulebiT izomeba.
gaiTvaliswine, rom termini `siTbos raodenoba~ mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ga-

’ T
moiyeneba, roca Sinagani energiis cvlileba Tbogadacemis gziT xdeba.
modi, gavarkvioT, ra sidideebzea damokidebuli siTbos raodenoba, anu

N
Sinagani energiis cvlileba siTbur procesebSi, rom SemdgomSi misi gamoTvla
SevZloT. amisaTvis garkveuli samuSaoebis Catareba dagvWirdeba:

O
samuSao 1. samuSaos mizani:

D
siTbos raodenobis sxeulis masaze damokidebulebis dadgena
samuSaosTvis saWiroa: Stativi samagri TaTebiTa da sadgamiT, spir-
tqura an eleqtrogamaTbobeli, cecxlgamZle WurWeli, menzura, Ter-
mometri, oTaxis temperaturis (200C) wyali.
samuSaos msvleloba
1. gazome wylis moculoba menzuris saSualebiT;
2. Caasxi WurWelSi oTaxis temperaturis 100 ml wyali;
3. dadgi WurWeli Stativis sadgamze. Caamagre Termo-
metri Stativis TaTSi ise, rom misi bolo wyalSi
aRmoCndes (sur.1);
4. moaTavse WurWlis qveS spirtqura (an eleqtrogamaT-
sur. 1
bobeli) da gaaTbe wyali;
5. aiTvale dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic wylis tempe-
ratura 500C-s miaRwevs.
gaiTvaliswine, rom drois mixedviT SegviZlia SevafasoT wylisTvis
gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba: rac metia dro, romlis ganmavlo-
baSic wyali Tbeba, miT metia wyalze gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba.
6. gaimeore cda, oRond amjerad WurWelSi oTaxis temperaturis 200
ml wyali Caasxi. kvlav aiTvale dro, romelSic wylis temperatura
500C-s miaRwevs;
7. Seadare erTmaneTs, romel SemTxvevaSi dasWirda wyals meti dro
(Sesabamisad, meti siTbos raodenoba) imisaTvis, rom 500C-mde gam­
Tbariyo: roca wylis moculoba iyo 100 ml Tu roca is 200 ml iyo?
139
3.7 praqtikuli samuSao #3: siTbos raodenoba

8. gamoitane daskvna: Tu gaTbobisas sxvadasxva masis mqone erTi da imave

nivTierebis (sxeulis) temperatura erTnairad icvleba, maSin rac
metia nivTierebis (sxeulis) masa, miT … gadacemuli siTbos raode-
noba (mravalwertilis nacvlad igulisxme saWiro sityva: `metia~an
`naklebia~).

samuSao 2. samuSaos mizani:

siTbos raodenobis temperaturis cvlilebis sidideze
damokidebulebis dadgena.
samuSaosTvis saWiroa: Stativi samagri TaTebiTa da sadgamiT, spir-
tqura an eleqtrogamaTbobeli, cecxlgamZle WurWeli, menzura,
Termometri, oTaxis temperaturis (20°C) wyali.
samuSaos msvleloba

Y
1. gazome wylis moculoba menzuris saSualebiT;
2. Caasxi WurWelSi oTaxis temperaturis 200 ml

P
wyali;
3. dadgi WurWeli Stativis sadgamze. Caamagre

O
Termometri Stativis TaTSi ise, rom misi bolo

C
wyalSi aRmoCndes (sur.2);
4. moaTavse WurWlis qveS spirtqura (an eleqtro-
gamaTbobeli) da gaaTbe wyali;

’ T
5. aiTvale dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic wylis tem-
peratura:

N
a) 40°C-s miaRwevs (anu temperaturis cvlilebis
sur. 2
sidide 20°C-ia);

O
b) 70°C-s miaRwevs (anu temperaturis cvlilebis sidide 50°C-ia);
6. Seadare erTmaneTs, romel SemTxvevaSi dasWirda wylis gaTbobas

D
meti dro (Sesabamisad, meti siTbos raodenoba): roca wylis sawyisi
temperatura a) 20°C-iT gaizarda; b) 50°C-iT gaizarda.
7. gamoitane daskvna: Tu gaTbobisas erTnairi masis mqone erTi da imave
nivTierebis (sxeulis) temperatura gansxvavebuli sididiT icvleba,
maSin rac metia nivTierebis (sxeulis) temperaturas cvlilebis
sidide, miT … gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba (mravalwertilis
nacvlad igulisxme saWiro sityva: `metia~an `naklebia~).

samuSao 3. samuSaos mizani:

siTbos raodenobisa da nivTierebis gvarobas Soris
damokidebulebis dadgena.
samuSaosTvis saWiroa: Stativi samagri TaTebiTa da sadgamiT, spir-
tqura an eleqtrogamaTbobeli, cecxlgamZle WurWeli, menzura,
Termometri, oTaxis temperaturis (20°C) wyali da mcenareuli zeTi.
samuSaos msvleloba
1. gazome wylis da zeTis moculoba menzuris saSualebiT;
2. Caasxi WurWelSi oTaxis temperaturis 200 ml wyali;
3. dadgi WurWeli Stativis sadgamze. Caamagre Termometri Stativis
TaTSi ise, rom misi bolo wyalSi aRmoCndes (sur.2);

140
 praqtikuli samuSao #3: siTbos raodenoba 3.7

4. moaTavse WurWlis qveS spirtqura (an eleqtrogamaTbobeli) da

gaaTbe wyali. aiTvale dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic wylis tempera-
tura 50°C-s miaRwevs.
5. gaimeore cda, oRond amjerad WurWelSi oTaxis temperaturis 200
ml zeTi Caasxi. kvlav aiTvale dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic wylis
temperatura 50°C-s miaRwevs;
6. Seadare erTmaneTs: romel SemTxvevaSi daWirda 50°C-mde nivTierebis
gaTbobas meti dro (Sesabamisad, meti siTbos raodenoba): roca es
nivTiereba iyo a) wyali; b) zeTi.
7. gamoitane daskvna: Tu gaTbobisas erTnairi masis mqone gansxvavebuli
nivTierebebis (sxeulebis) temperatura erTnairad icvleba, maSin

Y
gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba …. nivTierebis gvarobaze (mraval­

P
wertilis nacvlad igulisxme saWiro sityva: `damokidebulia~ an `ar
aris damokidebuli~).

O
2. rogor gamoiTvleba siTbos raodenoba

C
maS ase, rogorc Catarebuli samuSaoebidan Cans, gaTbobisas sxeulze gadace-
muli siTbos raodenoba (Q) damokidebulia:

T
a) sxeulis masaze (m);

’
b) sxeulis temperaturis cvlilebaze: saboloo da sawyisi temperaturebis
sxvaobaze (Tu sawyis temperaturas t1 -iT aRvniSnavT, saboloos ki_ t2-iT, tem-

N
peraturis cvlileba ase gamoiTvleba: ∆t = t2 - t1);
g) sxeulis nivTierebis gvarobaze: siTbos raodenobis damokidebulebas niv-

O
Tierebis gvarobaze axasiaTeben fizikuri sididiT, romelsac nivTierebis kuTri
siTbotevadoba ewodeba. kuTri siTbotevadoba c asoTi aRiniSneba.

D
maS ase, gaTbobisas (an gacivebisas) sxeulis mier miRebuli (an dakarguli) siTbos
raodenoba damokidebulia sxeulis masaze, sxeulis temperaturis cvlilebasa da
nivTierebis gvarobaze.
siTbos raodenoba gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Q = c m (t2- t1) (1)
1-li formulidan Cans, rom
1. Tu sxeuls siTbos gadavcemT, maSin sxeuli Tbeba da t2 > t1, Sesabamisad,
sxeulze gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba dadebiTi sididea: Q > 0 ;
2. Tu sxeuli siTbos kargavs (gascems), maSin sxeuli civdeba da t2 < t1, Sesaba-
misad, sxeulis mier gacemuli siTbos raodenoba uaryofiTi sididea: Q < 0 ;
3. kuTri siTbotevadoba (c) ase gamoisaxeba:
Q
c = (2)
m Δt
me-2 formulidan Cans, rom
1. kuTri siTbotevadobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris 1 j/kg°C:
[ Q ] SI j
[c]SI = = 1
[m]SI · [Δt] SI kg · °C
2. kuTri siTbotevadoba aris fizikuri sidide, romlic gviCvenebs Tu:
a) ris tolia 1kg nivTierebis 1­ 0C-iT­gasaTbobad saWiro siTbos raodenoba;
b) ramdeni jouliT gaizrdeba (Semcirdeba) 1 kg sxeulis Sinagani energia misi
1°C-iT­gaTbobisas (gacivebisas).

141
3.7 praqtikuli samuSao #3: siTbos raodenoba

mag., tyviis kuTri siTbotevadobaa 140 j/kg.0C, rac niSnavs, rom 1 kg tyviis
1°C-iT­
a) gasaTbobad saWiroa, tyvias gadavceT 140 j siTbos raodenoba;
b) gaciebisas tyvia gascems, kargavs (gadascems sxva sxeulebs, garemos) 140 j
siTbos raodenobas;
g) gaTbobisas (gaciebisas) tyviis Sinagani energia izrdeba (mcirdeba) 140 j-iT.

sxvadasxva nivTierebas gansxvavebuli kuTri siTbotevadoba aqvs. me-2 cxrilSi

zogierTi maTganis kuTri siTbotevadobaa miTiTebuli.
cxrili 2. zogierTi nivTierebis kuTri siTbotevadoba j/kg . 0C
oqro 130 vercxli 250 foladi 500 alumini 920 navTi 2100
vercxliswy. 140 spilenZi 400 Tuji 540 haeri 1000 mSrali xe 2400
tyvia 140 TuTia 400 mina 840 mcen. zeTi 1700 spirti 2500
yinuli (00C)

Y
kala 230 rkina 460 aguri 880 2100 wyali 4200

2 daakvirdi me-2 cxrilis monacemebs da dafiqrdi:

P
1. siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom 1 kg masis Tujis sxeulis tem-

O
peraturam 10C-iT moimatos?
2. siTbos ra raodenobas gascems 1 kg masis rkinis sxeuli, Tu misi temperatura

C
10C-iT Semcirdeba?
3. ra nivTiereba gaaTbes /gaacives 10C-iT, Tu cnobilia, rom 1kg masis niv-

T
Tierebis Sinagani energia am dros

’
a) 130 j- iT gaizarda; b) 400 j -iT Semcirda.

N
3 axla SegiZlia, Catarebuli me-3 samuSaos Sedegic axsna, anu ratom Tbeba
zeTi ufro swrafad, vidre imave pirobebSi imave raodenobis wyali:

O
1. daakvirdi: ra raodenobis siTbo unda gadaeces 1kg wyals, rom is 10C-iT
gaTbes? imave masis zeTs, rom is 1 °C-iT gaTbes?

D
2. gamoTvale, siTbos ra raodenoba unda gadaeces 1°C-iT gasaTbobad 200g
wyals? 200 g zeTs? Seadare, romel SemTxvevaSi iqneba saWiro siTbos
meti raodenoba.

siTbos raodenobis gasazomad jer kidev XIX saukunis dasawyisSi mecnierebi

iyenebdnen erTeuls, romelsac kaloria (laTinurad `kalor~ siTbos niSnavs)
hqvia da is dRemdea SemorCenili: 1 kaloria (1kal) siTbos is raodenobaa, romelic
saWiroa 1 g wylis 1°C-iT gasaTbobad ( 1kal ≈ 4,2 j). gamoiyeneboda siTbos raode-
nobis ufro didi erTeulic _ kilokaloria (kkal) 1kkal ≈ 4200 j.

4 dafiqrdi
1. cnobilia, rom niadagis (mSrali miwis) kuTri siTbotevadoba daaxloebiT
0,2-0,3 kal/g·°C-is tolia. Seadare wylis kuTr siTbotevadobas da axseni,
ratomaa, rom dRisiT xmeleTi ufro swrafad Tbeba, vidre wyali, RamiT
ki wyali ufro nela civdeba, vidre xmeleTi;
2. zafxulobiT okeaneebis, zRvebisa da didi wyalsatevebis maxlobel adgi-
lebSi SedarebiT grila, xolo zamTari am adgilebSi naklebad mkacria.
ras fiqrob, ratom?

142
3.8 fizika amocanebSi: Sinagani energiis
cvlileba

XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebamde, TiTqmis ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mec-

nierebaSi batonobda Teoria, romelic siTbos ganixilavda, rogorc usuno,
ufero da uwono nivTierebas, romelic arc warmoiqmneba da arc ispoba,
aramed mxolod gadanawildeba sxeulebs Soris. mas siTbombads, anu siTbur
nivTierebas uwodebdnen.
rac metia siTbombadi sxeulSi, miT metia misi temperatura _ amtkicebdnen
am Teoriis mimdevarni da saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom gamoCenilma frangma

Y
qimikosma antuan lavuaziem (1743-1794) siTbombadi qimiuri elementebis siaSi

P
Seitana.
cxadia, am Teoriis mixedviT, siTbos raodenoba arc energiasTan iyo dakav­

O
Sirebuli da arc muSaobasTan. swored amitom zomavdnen mas specialuri
erTeuliT _ kaloriiT.

C
germaneli eqimis, iulius robert maierisa, da ingliseli mecnieris, je-
ims joulis, eqsperimentuli kvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom siTbo sxva

T
araferia, Tu ara sxeulis Sinagani energiis

’
3
cvlilebis Sedegi da es cvlileba SesaZ­
lebelia rogorc siTbur procesebSi, ise

N
4
muSaobis Sesrulebis gziT.
siTbos raodenoba, iseve rogorc meqaniku-

O
ri muSaoba, Sinagani energiis cvlilebis zomaa. 2
1843 wels jeims joulis mier Catarebuli

D
istoriuli eqsperimenti klasikuri fizikis
1
saganZurSi Sevida. 1-l suraTze im mowyo- 5
bilobis gamartivebuli sqemaa gamosaxuli,
romlis daxmarebiTac jouli Tavis cnobil
eqsperiments atarebda:
(1) _ ormagkedliani WurWeli; (2) _ firfi- 5
tebiani RerZi, romelic saxeluris saSuale-
sur. 1.
biT brunavs; (3) _ saxeluri; (4) _ dolura,
romelzec saxeluris brunvis Sedegad WoWonaqze gadadebuli Toki exveva; (5)
_ tvirTebi, romlebic WoWonaqze gadadebuli Tokis boloebzea dakidebuli.
dafiqrdi, ra mimarTulebiT daiwyebs tvirTebi moZraobas:
► Tu saxelurs iseTi mimarTulebiT abruneb, rom masze Toki daexvios?
► Tu saxelurs masze Tokis daxvevis Semdeg gaaTavisufleb?
jouli WurWelSi wyals asxamda. roca tvirTebi sul dabla eSveboda, saxe-
luris meSveobiT maT kvlav zeviT swevda da xels uSvebda. am moqmedebas is
ramdenjerme imeorebda da Sedegad wyali Tbeboda (ratom?). rogor fiqrob,
marto wyali gaTbeboda am dros?
am cdiT joulma sabolood daamtkica, rom sxeulis gaTboba, anu misi Sinagani
energiis cvlileba, SesaZlebelia muSaobis Sesrulebis gziT da gamoTvala kidec
is muSaoba, romelic saWiroa Sesruldes, rom 1 kg wylis temperaturam 1°C-iT
moimatos.

143
3.8 fizika amocanebSi: Sinagani energiis cvlileba

maS ase, rogor gamovTvaloT, ra sididiT icvleba sxeulis Sinagani energia,

Tu es cvlileba muSaobis gziT moxda?
Tu sxeulis Sinagani energia muSaobis Sesrulebis gziT icvleba, maSin Sinagani
energiis cvlileba Sesrulebuli muSaobis tolia:
A=∆U

amocana 1
gamoTvale, ra sididiT Seicvleba wylis Sinagani energia joulis eqsperiment-
Si saxeluriT tvirTebis zedized 10-jer awevisa da gaTavisuflebis Semdeg,
Tu TiToeuli tvirTis masa 15 kg-ia da saxeluris gaTavisuflebis Semdeg
isini 1 m simaRlidan vardeba. CaTvaleT, rom Sesrulebuli muSaobis xarjze
mxolod wyali Tbeba (amocanis pirobebi realuri eqsperimentis monacemebs
ar Seesabameba).

Y
amoxsna: dafiqrdi:
1. ra muSaobas asrulebs erTi tvirTis simZimis

P
u.v. ∆ U
Zala h simaRlidan
moc.: m = 15 kg
S i
a) erTxel Camovardnisas (A1)?
n
O

h=1m
n = 10
w i g
b) n-jer Camovardnisas (An) ?
o
w e r

C
ar C a 2. ra muSaobas (A) asrulebs orive tvirTis simZimis
Zala h simaRlidan n-jer Camovardnisas?

T
3. gaiTvaliswine energiis mudmivobis kanoni da amocanis piroba: Sesru-

’
lebuli muSaobis xarjze mxolod wyali Tbeba. ra sididiT Seicvleba

N
wylis Sinagani energia? gamoTvaleT wylis Sinagani energiis cvlileba
(∆ U).

O
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: ∆ U = 3 000 j

D
Tu sxeulis Sinagani energia Tbogadacemis gziT icvleba, maSin Sinagani energiis
cvlileba gadacemuli siTbos raodenobis tolia:
∆U=Q

amocana 2
ra raodenobis siTboa saWiro, rom aluminis 350 g-ian WurWelSi Cas­xmuli
1 l wyali 150C -dan 100 0C -mde gacxeldes? ra sididiT Seicvleba am dros
wylisa da WurWlis Sinagani energia?
amoxsna: 1. gadacemuli siTbos xarjze Tbeba wyalic
u.v. Q, ∆ U. da WurWelic. wylis sawyisi temperaturaa
moc.: m1 = 0,35 kg
V2 = 0,001 m3
w i g n S i
t1=15  °C, xolo saboloo t2 = 100 °C. ris
to­lia WurWlis sawyisi temperatura? sabo­
t1 = 150C
a w e r o loo? ratom?

ar C
t2 = 100 0C
c1 = 920 j/kg. 0C
2. gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba siTbos
raodenoba sxeulis gaTbobisas da gamoTva-
c2 = 4200 j/kg.0C le, siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro (Q1), rom
ρ2 = 1000 kg/m3 aluminis WurWeli t1-dan t2-mde gaTbes ? ro-
gor Seicvleba am dros WurWlis Sinagani
energia?

144
 fizika amocanebSi: Sinagani energiis cvlileba 3.8

3. gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba sxeulis masa zogadad da gamoTvale wylis

masa (m2 );
4. gamoTvale, siTbos ra raodenobaa (Q2) saWiro, rom wyali t1-idan t2-mde
gaTbes? rogor Seicvleba am dros wylis Sinagani energia?
5. ris tolia mTlianad siTbos is raodenoba (Q), romelic saWiroa wylisa
da WurWlis (sistemis) t1-idan t2-mde gasaTbobad?
6. ra sididiT Seicvleba am dros wylisa da WurWlis (sistemis) Sinagani
energia (∆ U) ?
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: 384,3 kj.
1 dafiqrdi:

Y
1. rogor gamoTvli Sinagani energiis cvlilebas, Tu sxeulze muSaobac
sruldeba da mas siTboc gadaecema?

P
2. Seicvleba Tu ara sxeulis Sinagani energia, Tu sxeulze arc muSao-

O
ba sruldeba da is arc TbogadacemaSi iRebs monawileobas (anu Tu
sxeuli izolirebulia garemosgan)?

C

amocana 3 eqsperimentuli amocana

’ T
cda
cdisTvis saWiroa: kalorimetri (sur.2) _ WurWeli, 1

N
romelSic Casxmuli wyali didxans inarCunebs tem-
peraturas, radgan maqsimalurad izolirebulia 2

O
garemosgan. 3
kalorimetri erTmaneTSi Casmuli ori WurWlisgan

D
Sedgeba, romelTa kedlebs Soris haeris fenaa (3)
(ratom?). Siga WurWlis (2) fskeri gare WurWlis (1)
fskerisgan specialuri sadgamiTaa (4) gacalkeve- 4
buli. gare WurWeli, rogorc wesi, TeTri ferisaa
sur. 2.
(ratom?).
cxadia, aseTi WurWliT mTlianad ver avicilebT wyalsa da garemos Soris
siTbocvlas, magram kalorimetrSi Casxmuli wyali mainc SedarebiT did­
xans SeinarCunebs temperaturas (ratom?).
samuSaos msvleloba:
1. Caasxi kalorimetrSi 250C temperaturis 200 g masis wyali da mduRare
(1000C temperaturis) 100 g masis wyali.
2. gazome laboratoriuli TermometriT narevis temperatura.

modi, Teoriulad gamovTvaloT, ra temperatura eqneba narevs da SevadaroT

cdis Sedegs.
garkveuli miaxloebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kalorimetrSi moTavsebuli cxeli
da civi wyali izolirebulia garemosgan: siTbocvla mxolod maT Soris xdeba
da ar xdeba garemosTan.
izolirebul sistemaSi Semaval sxeulebs Soris Tbogadacemis procesSi Tbili
sxeuli gascems energias, xolo civi _ miiRebs, amasTan siTbos ra raodenobasac
gascems Tbili sxeuli, sididiT imave raodenobis siTbos iRebs civi sxeuli. ener-
giis gadanawileba gagrZeldeba manam, sanam sxeulTa Soris siTburi wonasworoba

145
3.8 fizika amocanebSi: Sinagani energiis cvlileba

ar damyardeba. es, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs, rom izolirebul sistemaSi Semavali

sxeulebis jamuri Sinagani energia ar Seicvleba, anu:
izolirebuli sistemis Sinagani energia ucvleli rCeba am sistemaSi mimdinare
nebismieri procesis dros _ es Sinagani energiis Senaxvis kanonia.
Sinagani energiis Senaxvis kanonis Tanaxmad, izolirebul sistemaSi Tbili
sxeulebis mier gacemuli da civi sxeulebis mier miRebuli siTbos raodenobe-
bis jami nulis tolia: (gaixsene, Tu sxeuli mier gacemuli siTbo uaryofiTi
sididea, xolo miRebuli _ dadebiTi):

Q1 + Q2 + Q1+ ... = 0 (1)

(1)-l gantolebas siTburi balansis gantolebas uwodeben. siTburi balansis

gantoleba Sinagani energiis Senaxvis kanonis gamovlinebaa.
amoxsna:

Y
narevis saboloo temperatura aRvniSnoT t-Ti. gaixsene, ra sidideebi

P
gaqvs mocemuli cdaSi da Cawere amocanis mocemuloba:
I sxeuli (civi wyali) II sxeuli (Tbili wyali)

O
m1 = 200 g = 0,2 kg m2 = 100 g = 0,1 kg

C
t1 = 25 0C t2 = 100 0C
c = 4200 j/kg.0C c = 4200 j/kg.0C

’ T
t=?
dafiqrdi:

i g n S i

N
e r o w
1. rogor gamoiTvleba siTbos is raodenoba, romelic

w
a) civma wyalma miiRo t1-dan t-mde gaTbobisas, anu Q1?
a
O
ar C
b) cxelma wyalma gasca t2-dan t-mde gacivebisas, anu Q2 ?
2. Cawere siTburi balansis gantoleba, Seitane masSi Q1 -isa da Q2 -is

D
gamosaxulebebi da amoxseni t-s mimarT:
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: 500C. Seadare cdis Sedegs.

SeniSvna: imis gamo, rom cdis Catarebisas energiis nawili garemosa da

WurWels gadaecema, miRebuli da gacemuli siTbos raodenobebi sididiT
toli ar iqneba: gacemuli energia miRebulze metia. am mizeziT eqsperi-
mentul da Teoriuli Sedegebi erTmaneTs ar daemTxveva.

Caatare kvleva
gamoikvlie Teoriulad: rogor gamoiTvleba narevis saboloo tempera-
tura (t), Tu sxvadasxva temperaturis mqone (t1 ≠ t2) erTi da imave raode-
nobis (m1=m2) or erTnair siTxes (c1 = c2) erTmaneTs SevurevT.
Caatare eqsperimenti: gadaamowme Teoriuli mtkicebis Sedegi eqsperi-
mentulad. gaaanalize kvlevis Sedegi da prezentacia kvlevis Sesaxeb
TanaklaselTa winaSe warmoadgine.

146
3.9 dnoba. gamyareba

1. nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobebi

wyali zamTrobiT tbebisa da mdinareebis

zedapirze iyineba, yinulis safarqveS ki Txe-
vad mdgomareobas inarCunebs… wylis orTqli
garemomcvel garemoSi uxilavia, Tumca yinvis
dros mas nislis saxiT vxedavT (sur. 1)
ase rom, erTi da igive nivTiereba garkveul

Y
pirobebSi SeiZleba iyos, rogorc myar da Txe-

P
vad, ise airad mdgomareobaSi. Sen ici, rom am
mdgomareobebs agregatuli mdgomareobebi

O
hqvia. nivTierebis erTi agregatuli mdgo-
mareobidan meoreSi gadasvlas praqtikuli
sur. 1

C
mniSvneloba aqvs, mag., metalurgiaSi liTo-
nebs adnoben da maTgan sxvadasxva Senadnobs

T
(Tujs, folads, brinjaos, TiTbers) iReben. wylis orTqli Tboeleqtrosad-

’
gurebSi turbinebis dasabruneblad gamoiyeneba, Txevadi airebi ki _ macivar-
danadgarebSi da a.S.

N
wylis agregatuli mdgomareobebis cvli-
lebas didi masStabiT bunebaSi wylis wre-

O
brunvisas vxvdebiT: okeaneebis, zRvebis, tbe-

D
bisa da mdinareebis zedapiridan orTqldeba
wyali, orTqli zeviT adis, civdeba da wvimisa
da Tovlis saxiT dedamiwaze brundeba (sur.2).
Sen ici, rom sxvadasxva agregatul mdgoma-
reobaSi erTi da imave nivTierebis Semadgeneli
nawilakebi ar icvleba _ icvleba mxolod
nawilakTa moZraobisa da urTierTqmedebis
xasiaTi. sur. 2

airSi molekulebs Soris manZili bevrad aRemateba TviT molekulis zomas,

ris gamoc airis molekulebs Soris miziduloba TiTqmis ar arsebobs (sur.1).
siTxesa da myar sxeulSi ki molekulebi (nawilakebi) erTmaneTTan ufro axlosaa
ganlagebuli da, Sesabamisad, maT Soris urTierTqmedeba Zlieria. nawilakebis
moZraobis saSualo kinetikuri energia sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis, rom maT Soris
mizidulobis dasaZlevad muSaoba Sesruldes, amitom siTxisa da myari sxeulis
nawilakebi didi manZilebiT ver Sordeba erTmaneTs. nivTierebis agregatuli
mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad, saWiroa muSaobis Sesruleba (mag., airidan Txevad
mdgomareobaSi gadayvanisas airs jer aciveben, Semdeg ki kumSaven) an energiis
gadacema (mag., myari sxeulis dasadnobad an siTxis asaorTqleblad sxeuls
aTboben). am dros nivTierebis Sinagani energia icvleba. ganvixiloT, rogor
icvleba nivTierebis Sinagani energia agregatuli mdgomareobis cvlilebisas.
daviwyoT kristaluri sxeulis dnobisa da gamyarebis procesiT.

147
3.9 dnoba. gamyareba

2. kristaluri sxeulis dnoba da gamyareba

gaixsene: nivTierebis myari mdgomareobidan TxevadSi gadasvlis process dnoba
hqvia. nivTiereba gansazRvrul temperaturaze iwyebs dnoba: temperaturas, ro-
melzec nivTiereba dneba, dnobis temperatura ewodeba. sxeuli rom gavadnoT,
saWiroa, is jer dnobis temperaturamde gavaTboT.
kristaluri sxeulebisgan gansxvavebiT, amorful nivTierebebs (parafins,
minas) ar aqvs dnobis erTi, gansazRvruli temperatura. amorfuli sxeuli tem-
peraturis momatebisas ki ar dneba, aramed jer rbildeba, xolo Semdeg TandaTan
Txevad mdgomareobaSi gadadis (albaT, SegimCnevia es procesi sanTlis wvisas).
am dros misi temperatura mudmivad icvleba.
sxvadasxva nivTierebis dnobis temperatura gansxvavebulia. me-3 cxrilSi
zogierTi nivTierebis dnobis temperaturaa mocemuli.
cxrili 3. zogierTi nivTierebis dnobis (gamyarebis) temperatura, 0C

Y
(normaluri atmosferuli wnevis dros)

P
heliumi -272 vercxliswy. -39 natriumi 98 alumini 660 foladi 1500

wyalbadi -259 yinuli 0 kala 232 vercxli 962 rkina 1539

O
Jangbadi -219 ceziumi 29 tyvia 327 oqro 1064 platina 1772

C
azoti -210 kaliumi 63 qarva 360 spilenZi 1085 osmiumi 3045

spirti -114 naftalini 80 TuTia 420 Tuji 1200 volframi 3400

’ T
1 daakvirdi me-3 cxrilis monacemebs
da dafiqrdi:

N
1. romel agregatul mdgomareobaSia
vercxliswyali –35 0C temperatu­

O
raze?
2. SesaZlebelia Tu ara haeris tempe-

D
raturis gazomva vercxliswyliani sur. 3. titani Znelad dnobadi niv-
TermometriT –390C-ze dabali tem- Tierebaa. mis gasadnobad 16500C
peraturis pirobebSi? romeli siTxe temperaturac ki ar kmara. aseT niv-
SeiZleba gamoiyeno TermometrebSi Tierebebs TviTmfrinavebis, raketebis
korpusebis asagebad iyeneben. ratom?
am mizniT?
3. ra moxdeba, Tu kalis `jariskacs~
gam­dnar tyviaSi Caagdeb? Tu tyvi­isas
Caagdeb gamdnar kalaSi? sur. 4. galiumi ki advi­
lad dnobadia: is xe­­
4. SeiZleba Tu ara, qarva tyviis WurWel- lis­­gulze dneba. iva­
Si gaadno? oqros WurWelSi? ra­­u de, daaxloebiT
5. SeiZleba Tu ara ceziumisgan samkau- ris tolia misi dnobis
tem­peratura?
lebis gakeTeba? pasuxebi axseni.

gaixsene: nivTierebis Txevadidan myar mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis process gamya-

reba (kristalizacia) hqvia. nivTiereba gansazRvrul temperaturaze iwyebs gamya-
rebas: temperaturas, romelzec nivTiereba myardeba (kristaldeba), gamyarebis
(kristalizaciis) temperatura ewodeba. nivTiereba imave temperaturaze myardeba,
romelzedac dneba, mag., wyali iyineba da yinuli dneba 0 0C temperaturaze. siTxem
rom gamyareba daiwyos, saWiroa, is jer gamyarebis temperaturamde gavacivoT.

148
 dnoba. gamyareba 3.9

3. Sinagani energiis cvlileba dnobisa da gamyarebis procesSi.

me-5 suraTze kristaluri nivTierebis (yinulis) dnobisa da gamyarebis gra-
fikia gamosaxuli:

t, 0C
D
40

ob i

Tx
ad

ga

ev
ev

a
20

ci

ad
Tx

i
veb
Tb
ga

a
Y
E Tx → my F , wT
dnobis B my → Tx C
temperatura dnoba gamyareba

P
my veba
ga
i

ar
-20
ar

ci
ob

O
i
my
Tb
ga

siTbos STanTqams siTbos gascems

sur.5.

C
-40 A G

T
modi, cal-calke ganvixiloT grafikis TiToeuli ubnis Sesabamisi procesi.

’
SevecadoT, gavarkvioT, rogor icvleba yinulis (wylis) molekulaTa moZraobisa

N
da urTierTqmedebis suraTi gaTbobis, gaciebis, dnobisa da gamyarebis procesSi.
ratomaa temperatura ucvleli dnobisa da gamyarebis dros (BC da EF ubnebi),

O
rogor icvleba yinulis (wylis) Sinagani energia grafikis TiToeul ubanze:
1. grafikis AB ubani: yinulis temperatura matulobs.

D
yinulis kristalSi molekulebi mkacrad gansazRvrul adgilebzea ganlagebu-
li, isini wonasworobis mdebareobis mimarT mxolod odnav irxevian (warmoidgine
ormoSi Cavardnili burTula, romelic ormos fskerze odnav irxeva). gamaTbob­
lisgan miRebuli energiis xarjze molekulebis saSualo siCqare izrdeba (isini
ufro da ufro Zlierad irxevian da `ormodan amosvlas lamoben~), Sesabamisad,
izrdeba maTi saSualo kinetikuri energiac, yinulis temperatura matulobs da
misi Sinagani energia izrdeba.
2. grafikis B wertili: yinulis temperatura 00C-ia.
es is momentia, rodesac kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi ganlagebuli molekule-
bis saSualo kinetikuri energia imdenad izrdeba (ris xarjze?), rom molekulebs
Soris mizidulobis Zalebs aRar SeuZlia maTi Sekaveba wonasworobis mdebareobis
maxloblad. kristalSi molekulebis ganlagebis mkacrad gansazRvruli wesrigi
irRveva, anu kristaluri meseri rRvevas iwyebs (burTulebidan zogierTma iseTi
energia SeiZina, rom `ormoebidan amosvla~ SeZlo). yinuli dnobas iwyebs (Sea-
dare yinulis Sinagani energia B wertilSi da AB ubanze).
3. grafikis BC ubani: dnobis procesSi yinulis temperatura ucvlelia.
imisaTvis, rom dnobis procesi gagrZeldes, saWiroa misTvis damatebiTi
siTbos gadacema. gamaTboblisgan miRebuli energia nivTierebis dnobis procesSi
mTlianad kristaluri mesris darRvevas xmardeba, amitom molekulebis siCqare aRar
izrdeba da Sesabamisad nivTierebis temperatura dnobis procesSi ar icvleba. kris-
taluri mesris daSlisas icvleba molekulaTa urTierTqmedebis xasiaTi: izrdeba

149
3.9 dnoba. gamyareba

molekulaTa urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia. dnobisas nivTiereba energias

STanTqavs, Sesabamisad, dnobis procesSi nivTierebis Sinagani energia izrdeba.
4. grafikis C wertili: kristaluri meseri daSlilia. yinuli mTlianad dadna
da wylad iqca, romlis temperatura 00C -ia. Seadare, romlis Sinagani energiaa
meti: 00C temperaturis wylis Tu imave temperaturisa da imave masis yinulis?
ratom?
5. grafikis CD ubani: wylis temperatura matulobs. kristaluri meseri daS-
lilia, gamaTboblisgan miRebuli energiis xarjze axla ukve wylis molekule-
bis saSualo siCqare izrdeba. izrdeba maTi saSualo kinetikuri energia (wylis
temperatura matulobs) da, Sesabamisad _ wylis Sinagani energiac.
2 dafiqrdi:
rogor Seicvleba wylis temperatura, Tu mas siTbos aRar gadavcemT

Y
da wylis temperatura garemos:
a) temperaturaze metia;

P
b) temperaturis tolia;
g) temperaturaze naklebia.

O
Tu nivTiereba siTbos gascems (temperatura iklebs _ DE ubani), misi Semadge-

C
neli nawilakebis saSualo kinetikuri energia iklebs (mcirdeba Sinagani energia)
da dgeba momenti, rodesac nawilakebi imdenad nela moZraoben, rom mizidulobis

T
Zalebs kvlav SeuZliaT maTi erTmaneTTan SekavSireba. es is momentia (E wertili),

’
roca kristaluri meseri aRdgenas iwyebs da, Sesabamisad, iwyeba nivTierebis
gamyareba (kristalizacia). Tu nivTiereba ganagrZobs siTbos dakargvas, gamyareba

N
gagrZeldeba, magram miuxedavad energiis kargvisa, siTxis temperatura gamyarebis
procesSi ar icvleba (EF ubani): kristaluri mesris aRdgenisas potenciuri energia

O
mcirdeba (gaixsene: dnobisas nivTiereba STanTqavs energias, romlis xarjzec

D
nawilakebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia izrdeba. kristalizaciisas ki
piriqiT xdeba). am dros gamoiyofa energia, romlis nawili nawilakebis kinetikuri
energiis danakargis Sevsebas xmardeba da kinetikuri energia ucvleli rCeba.
gamyarebisas gamoyofili energiis nawili ki garemos gadaecema, ris Sedegadac
garemo Tbeba.
3 dafiqrdi:
1. zamTrobiT, rodesac mdinareebi da tbebi
iyineba, frinvelebi ufro xSirad yinulis
safarvelze sxdebian da ara maxlobel
xeebze (sur.6). axseni maTi saqcieli.
2. 00C temperaturis wyalSi amave tempe-
raturis yinuli CauSves. rogor fiqrob,
yinuli gadneba Tu wyali gaiyineba?
3. gazafxulze im adgilebSi, sadac Tov­li
dneba, haeris temperatura ufro nela
sur.6.
iwevs maRla, vidre uTovlo adgilas.
SemodgomiT ki im tbebisa da mdinareebis maxloblad, romlebic iyi-
neba, haeris temperatura ufro nela ecema dabla, vidre im adgilebSi,
sadac aseTi wyalsatevebi ar aris. ratom?

150
 dnoba. gamyareba 3.9

4. dnobis siTbo
Sen ukve ici: kristaluri sxeuli rom gavadnoT, is jer dnobis temperaturamde
unda gavaTboT. dnobis temperaturamde miyvanili sxeulis dnobis procesi rom
gagrZeldes, saWiroa misTvis damatebiTi siTbos gadacema, romelic sxeulis
kristaluri mesris darRvevaze ixarjeba. sxvadasxva nivTierebis Semadgenel
nawilakebs Soris urTierTqmedeba gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa, amitom dnobis
temperaturamde miyvanili erTnairi masis sxvadasxva kristaluri nivTierebis
mTlianad dasadnobad siTbos sxvadasxva raodenobaa saWiro.
fizikur sidides, romelic gviCvenebs, ra raodenobis siTboa saWiro imisaT­
vis, rom dnobis temperatura­mde miyvanili 1kg masis kristaluri nivTiereba
imave temperaturis siTxed gadaiqces, nivTierebis dnobis kuTri siTbo ewodeba.

Y
dnobis kuTri siTbo λ-Ti (`lambda~) aRiniSneba.
siTbos raodenoba, romelic saWiroa dnobis temperaturamde miyvanili m masis

P
kristaluri nivTierebis dasadnobad, gamoiTvleba formuliT:

O
Q= λ m (1)

C
1-li formulidan Cans, rom dnobis kuTri siTbos erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris
1 j/kg.
sxvadasxva nivTierebis dnobis kuTri siTbo gansxvavebulia. me-4 cxrilSi

’ T
zogierTi nivTierebis dnobis kuTri siTboa mocemuli.

N
cxrili 4. zogierTi nivTierebis dnobis kuTri siTbo, X105 j/kg
( normaluri atmosferuli wnevis dros)

alumini 3.9 spilenZi 2.1 spirti 1.05 oqro 0.67 tyvia 0.25

O
yinuli 3.4 parafini 1.5 vercxli 0.87 wyalbadi 0.59 Jangbadi 0.14

D
rkina 2.7 platina 1.1 foladi 0.84 kala 0.59 vercxliswy. 0.12

energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, nivTierebis kristalizaciisas garemoSi

sididiT zustad imdenive siTbo gamoiyofa, ramdenic misi dnobisas STainTqmeba
(gaixsene: gamoyofili siTbo uaryofiTi sididea).
siTbos raodenoba, romelic gamoiyofa gamyarebis temperaturamde miyvanili m
masis Txevadi nivTierebis gasamyareblad, gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Q= - λ m (2)
gaiTvaliswine, rom 1-li da me-2 formulebis gamoyeneba mxolod dnobisa da
gamyarebis temperaturamde miyvanili nivTierebisTvisaa SesaZlebeli.

4 daakvirdi me-4 cxrilis monacemebs da dafiqrdi:

1. ra niSnavs Canaweri: `spilenZis dnobis kuTri siTboa 2,1.105 j/kg~?
2. rodisaa meti siTbo saWiro: dnobis temperaturamde miyvanili 1kg oqros
Tu 1 kg vercxlis srulad dasadnobad?
3. ra sididiT da rogor Seicvleba dnobis temperaturamde miyvanili
1 kg masis aluminis sxeulis Sinagani energia misi srulad dadnobisas?
4. ra nivTiereba gamyarda, Tu cnobilia, rom gamyarebis temperaturamde
miyvanili 1kg Txevadi nivTierebis srulad gamyarebisas misi Sinagani
energia 1,1.105 j-iT Semcirda;
5. siTbos ra raodenoba gamoiyofa 00C-mde miyvanili 1 kg wylis gayinvi-
sas?

151
 3.10 aorTqleba. kondensacia

kosmosuri safreni aparatebis korpusebs Znelad dnobadi nivTierebebisgan

amzadeben, raTa Tavidan aicilon SesaZlo dazianeba, rodesac atmosferos-
Tan xaxunis Sedegad maTi temperatura Zalian izrdeba. garda amisa, inJiner-
konstruqtorebi sxva zomebsac mimarTaven, aparatebi rom ar gadaxurdes: kor-
pusebis zedapirs iseTi nivTierebebiT faraven, romlebic maRal temperaturaze
swrafad orTqldeba. ratom?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad ganvixiloT, rogor orTqldeba nivTiereba da
ra Sinagani procesebi mimdinareobs am dros.
manamde SevTanxmdeT, rom process, romlis drosac Txevadi nivTiereba airadSi
gadadis, orTqladqceva hqvia, xolo Tu orTqladqceva nivTierebis zedapiridan

Y
mimdinareobs, mas aorTqlebas uwodeben (orTqladqceva duRilis gziTac SeiZ-
leba, romelsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT).

P
aorTqleba SenTvis kargad nacnobi movlenaa, romelsac Zalian xSirad xvdebi
yoveldRiur yofa-cxovrebaSi, mag., Sen ici, ra moxdeba, Tu wyals WiqaSi didi

O
xnis ganmavlobaSi TavRiad datoveb: is aucileblad mTlianad ....... .
rogor orTqldeba siTxe? aorTqlebis meqanizmis asax-

C
snelad gaixsene: wylis (nebismieri siTxis) molekulebi
ganuwyvetliv da qaosurad moZraobs: zogi ufro swrafad,

T
zogi ki _ SedarebiT nela. molekulebs Soris arsebuli

’
urTierTmizidulobis gamo wylis molekulas ar SeuZ-

N
lia, datovos siTxe. Tu wylis zedapirTan iseTi siCqariT
moZravi molekula aRmoCndeba, romelsac sakmarisad didi

O
kinetikuri energia aqvs da mezobeli molekulebis mizidu-
lobis daZleva SeuZlia, is datovebs siTxes (sur.1). swored

D
sur. 1.
es movlenaa aorTqleba. siTxis zedapiridan amosuli mole-
kulebi siTxis zemoT orTqls warmoqmnis. davakvirdeT am movlenas cdiT.

cda I
1. dadgi wyliT savse minis WurWeli (kolba an minis Caidani) cecxlze;
2. daakvirdi: roca wyali aorTqlebas iwyebs, kolbis kedlebze wylis
wveTebi Cndeba;
3. dauxvedre WurWlidan amosul orTqls civi lambaqi. ra SeamCnie?
4. gamoTqvi varaudi, ra SeiZleba moxdes, roca aor­Tqlebisas molekula
SedarebiT civ garemoSi (haerSi an WurWlis civ kedlebze) aRmoCndeba?

siTxidan molekulebis aorTqlebasTan erTad Sebru-

nebuli procesic mimdinareobs: aorTqlebuli molekula
SedarebiT civ garemoSi moxvedrisas kargavs Tavisi ener-
giis nawils da ubrundeba siTxes. process, romlis dro-
sac nivTiereba airadi mdgomareobidan TxevadSi gadadis,
kondensacia hqvia.
daakvirdi me-2 suraTs: TeTri Rrubeli, romelsac duRi-
lisas Caidnis tuCTan xedav, orTqli ar aris. wylis orTqli
uxilavia. TeTri Rrubeli orTqlis kondensaciis Sedegad
warmoq­mnili wylis umciresi nawilakebis erTobliobaa. sur. 2.

152
 aorTqleba. kondensacia 3.10

siTxe, airisgan gansxvavebiT, mTlianad ar

ikavebs im WurWlis moculobas, romelSic
asxia: siTxes aqvs Tavisufali zedapiri _
sasazRvro fena, romelic mas airisgan (mag.,
haerisgan an orTqlisgan) gamoyofs.
imis gamo, rom siTxeSi yovelTvisaa
swrafad moZravi molekulebis garkveuli
raodenoba, aorTqleba nebismier tempera-
turaze xdeba. gaixsene: sarecxi, wyliani
gube Sreba weliwadis nebimier dros, magram
razea damokidebuli aorTqlebis siCqare?

Y
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad:
sur. 3. kondensaciis Sedegad warmoiqmneba

P
Rrub­lebi. aRwere maTi warmoqmnis meqanizmi.
1 ratom modis wvima? ratom Cndeba nami?

O
dafiqrdi:
1. dakecili sarecxi ufro swrafad Sreba Tu Tokze gafenili?

C
2. erTi da imave raodenobis wyali Wiqidan ufro male aorTqldeba Tu
lambaqidan? rogor fiqrob, ratom?

T
3. gamoitane daskvna: aris Tu ara damokidebuli aorTqlebis siCqare

’
siTxis Tavisufali zedapiris farTobze?

N
modi, CavataroT cdebi da davakvirdeT, kidev razea damokidebuli aorTqle­
bis siCqare (Tumca am kiTxvaze pasuxi nawilobriv ici kidec, mag., ici, rodis

O
ufro swrafad Sreba sarecxi: sicxeSi Tu siciveSi, qarian Tu wynar amindSi).

D
cda II
1. minis ori firfitidan erT-erTi winaswar SeaTbe spirtquris alze;
2. daawveTe TiToeul firfitaze TiTo wveTi spirti;
3. romeli firfitidan aorTqlda ufro swrafad wveTi? axseni cdis
Sedegi.
4. gamoitane daskvna: aris Tu ara damokidebuli aorTqlebis siCqare
temperaturaze? rogor?

cda III
1. daawveTe minis or sxvadasxva firfitaze TiTo-TiTo wveTi spirti;
2. gauniave qaRaldiT erT-erT firfitaze dawveTebul spirts;
3. romeli firfitidan aorTqlda ufro swrafad wveTi? axseni cdis Sedegi.
4. gamoitane daskvna: aris Tu ara damokidebuli aorTqlebis siswrafe gare-
momcveli haeris moZraobaze?

cda IV
1. daawveTe minis firfitaze TiTo-TiTo wveTi mcenareuli zeTi, wyali,
spirti da eTeri (an acetoni);
2. daakvirdi, romeli wveTi aorTqldeba ufro male. ivaraude, rogoria
sxvadasxva siTxeSi molekulebis urTierTmizidulobis xasiaTi da
axseni cdis Sedegi.
3. gamoitane daskvna: aris Tu ara damokidebuli aorTqlebis siCqare si-
Txis gvarobaze?

153
3.10 aorTqleba. kondensacia

maS ase, siTxeebi nebismier temperaturaze orTqldeba. aorTqlebis siCqare

damokidebulia

1. temperaturaze: rac metia siTxis temperatura, miT metia im `swrafi~ mole-

kulebis raodenoba, romelTac siTxis zedapiridan amosasvlelad sakmarisi
energia aqvT;
2. siTxis Tavisufali zedapiris farTobze: rac metia farTobi, miT meti mole-
kula datovebs siTxis zedapirs erTdroulad;
3. garemomcveli haeris moZraobaze, qarze: siTxidan amosvlisas molekula
kargavs Tavisi energiis nawils, amitom molekulebis garkveuli raode-
noba siTxeSi brundeba sxva molekulebis mxridan mizidulobis gamo, rac
aferxebs aorTqlebas. qars Tan miaqvs orTqlis molekulebi, riTac xels
uwyobs aorTqlebas;

Y
4. siTxis gvarobaze.

P
cda V

O
daisxi cotaodeni spirti xelze da daaakvirdi: grZnob Tu ara sicives
spirtis aorTqlebisas?

C
gamoTqvi varaudi, ratom xdeba ase?

T
am movlenis asaxsnelad gaixsene: aorTqlebisas siTxes yvelaze swrafi mole-

’
kulebi toveben da Sedegad, siTxeSi darCenili molekulebis saSualo kinetikuri
energia iklebs. aorTqlebisas siTxis Sinagani energia mcirdeba da siTxe civdeba.

N
wylidan amosvlisas sicives maSinac ki grZnob, roca Zalian cxela.es imitom, rom
sxeulis zedapirze darCenili wyali aorTqlebis Sedegad civdeba da sxeuls

O
siTbos arTmevs. gamodis, rom, rac ufro meti wyali aorTqldeba Wiqidan, miT
metad gacivdeba wyali da Tu aorTqlebis procesi gagrZeldeba, wyali gaiyineba!

D
sinamdvileSi ase ar xdeba: wylis temperatura ucvleli rCeba garemodan miRe-
buli siTbos xarjze _ aorTqlebisas siTxe STanTqavs garemos energias. imisaTvis,
rom aorTqleba ucvleli temperaturis pirobebSi mimdinareobdes, siTxes unda
gadavceT energia. orTqlis kondensacias dros ki energia gamoiyofa.

2
dafiqrdi:
1. siTxe gansakuTrebulad civdeba, Tu is swrafad orTqldeba (mag.,
spirti, eTeri). ratom?
2. ra mniSvneloba aqvs aorTqlebis process cocxali organizmebis si-
cocxlisTvis?
3. axla SegiZlia, gakveTilis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTxvasac gasce pasuxi: ratom
icavs kosmosur aparatebs gadaxurebisagan maTi zedapiris iseTi nivTie-
rebebiT dafarva, romlebic maRal temperaturaze swrafad orTqldeba?

aorTqlebisas siTxis gacivebis movlena gamoiyeneba macivrebSi (sur.4): ma-

civris milebis sistemaSi specialuri, swrafad aorTqlebadi siTxe, freoni,
moZraobs.

154
 aorTqleba. kondensacia 3.10

(1) _ Txevadi freoni amaorTqlebel milSi (2)

gadadis. rogor Seicvleba freonis tempera-
tura aorTqlebisas?
(2) _ civi orTqliT savse mili sayinule
ganyofilebaSi gadis da macivris Siga sivrces
(1)
siTbos arTmevs, Sesabamisad, yvelanairi pro-
duqti, romelic macivarSia, civdeba.
(3) _ kompresoris saSualebiT orTqli kon-
densators miewodeba.
(4) _ kondensatori orTqls siTbos
arTmevs.­orTqli civdeba, kondensirdeba (4)

Y
da miRebuli siTxe kvlav amaorTqlebels

P
miewodeba. siTbo garemoSi gamoiyofa.

(3)

C O
sur. 4.

’ T
cda VI
1. Caagde iodis patara kristali cecx­lgamZle minis WurWelSi da dauce

N
WurWels Tavi.
2. daamagre Stativis TaTSi da SeaTbe spirtquris alze. daakvirdi: ro-

O
mel agregatul mdgomareobaSi gadavida iodis myari kristali?

D
process, romlis drosac nivTiereba myari mdgo-
mareobidan airadSi gadadis (ise, rom ar Txevaddeba),
sublimacia ewodeba. Cveulebrivi yinuli oTaxis tempe-
raturaze dneba, `mSrali yinuli~ (myari naxSirorJangi
_ CO2) ki, romelsac xSirad nayinis konteinerebSi an
sasmelebis gasaciveblad iyeneben, orTqldeba (sur.6).
ulamazesi yinulis `maqmanebi~ fanjris minebze da
TrTvili balaxze ki desublimaciis Sedegia (sur.7,8),
romlis drosac nivTiereba airadi mdgomareobidan
(wylis orTqli) ise gadadis myarSi (yinulis krista- sur. 5. es iodis sublimaciaa.
lebi), rom siTxed ar gadaiqceva.

sur. 6. sur. 7. sur. 8.

155
 3.11 duRili

1. duRili
duRili, iseve rogorc aorTqleba, orTqladqcevis saxea. Tumca, aorTqlebis-
gan gansxvavebiT, duRili gansazRvrul temperaturaze iwyeba. duRili SenTvis
kargad cnobili movlenaa, romelsac, albaT, yoveldRiurad akvirdebi, magram
miuxedavad amisa, mainc CavataroT cda da davakvirdeT am movlenis Taviseburebebs:

cda I
1. Caasxi minis cecxlgamZle WurWelSi oTaxis temperaturis wyali, dadgi
spirtquris alze;
2. gazome periodulad wylis temperatura. daakvirdi, ra temperaturaze

Y
a) gaCnda WurWlis fskersa da kedlebze patara buStukebi? rogor
moZraobs isini?

P
b) ra temperaturaze daiwyo wyalma duRili? Seicvala Tu ara duRilis
procesSi wylis temperatura?

O
3. mas Semdeg, rac wyali duRils daiwyebs, Caaqre spirtqura da daakvirdi,
gaagrZelebs Tu ara wyali duRils, Tu mas siTbos aRar miawodeb?

C
modi, avxsnaT dakvirvebis Sedegebi: wylis gaTbo-

T
bisas dainaxav, rom WurWlis fskersa da kedlebze

’
patar-patara buStukebi Cndeba (sur.1). es im haeris
gafarToebis Sedegia, romelic wyalSi yovelTvis

N
aris gaxsnili (amasTan, rac ufro civia wyali, miT
meti raodenobis haeria masSi gaxsnili). tempera-

O
turis matebisas wyalSi arsebuli haeris buStukebi
farTovdeba da CvenTvis xiluli amitomac xdeba.

D
buStukebSi ara marto haeria, aramed wylis or­ sur. 1
Tqlicaa, radgan wyali am buStukebSic orTqldeba.
temperaturis matebasTan erTad buStukebSi wylis aorTqlebis siCqare iz­
rdeba, ris gamoc orTqlis raodenoba da, Sesabamisad, orTqlis wneva buStukebSi
izrdeba. mas Semdeg, rac wylis qveda fenebSi temperatura 1000C-s miuaxlov-
deba, wneva buStukebis SigniT da gareT erTmaneTs gautoldeba, ris Semdegac
buStukebi gafarToebas iwyebs.
moculobis zrdasTan erTad buStukebze moqmedi arqimedes Zala izrdeba. mas
Semdeg, rac arqimedes Zala sididiT buStukebis sim­Zimis Zalas gadaaWarbebs,
buStukebi mowydeba WurWlis kedlebs da zemoT iwyebs moZraobas. wylis zeda,
SedarebiT civ fenebSi moxvedrisas buStukebis SigniT orTqli nawilobriv
kondensirdeba. buStukebis moculoba mcirdeba da simZimis Zalis moqmedebiT
isini kvlav qveviT eSveba. wylis qveda fenis maRali temperaturis gamo isini
kvlav farTovdeba, mere isev zeviT amocurdeba, civ fenebSi moxvedrisas pata-
ravdeba da isev qveviT eSveba da a. S. wylis SigniT periodulad buStukebis
gazrda-dapataravebas Tan sdevs damaxasiaTebeli bgerebis warmoqmna: duRilis
dawyebis win wyali `SiSins~ iwyebs.
roca wyali WurWelSi mTlianad gaTbeba da mis temperatura 1000C-s miaRwevs,
zeviT amosuli buStukebi aRar dapataravdeba (sur.2). piriqiT, maTi moculoba
mkveTrad imatebs (Seadare wneva buStukebs SigniT da gareT) da arqimedes Zalis

156
 duRili 3.11

moqmedebiT wylis zedapirze amodis. wylis ze-

dapirze amosuli buStukebi skdeba (ratom?) da
wylis orTqli atmosferoSi gamoifrqveva. ismis
wylis duRilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `buybuyi~.
maS ase, duRili orTqladqcevis procesia,
romlis drosac siTxis SigniT, mTel moculobaSi
warmoiqmneba swrafad mzardi orTqlis buStukebi.
buStukebi siTxis zedapirze amodis, skdeba da
orTqls atmosferoSi gamoafrqvevs.
1000C-ze wyali duRils iwyebs da duRilis pro- sur. 2.
cesi rom gagrZeldes, misTvis damatebiTi siTbos

Y
gadacemaa saWiro (gaixsene, ra moxda, roca spirtqura Caaqre?).

P
gamaTboblisgan miRebuli energia mTlianad wylis orTqladqcevaze ixarjeba:
wylis temperatura duRilisas ar icvleba da ucvleli iqneba manam, sanam mTeli

O
wyali ar aorTqldeba.
duRilis temperatura
1

C
F
0
C
Tu cdis msvlelobisas temperaturis
D
cvlilebaze dakvirvebis Sedegs gra- 100

T
E

’
fikze gadavitanT, grafiki miaxloebiT 75
iseT saxes miiRebs, rogoric me-3 su- 50

N
C
raTzea gamosaxuli. 25
1. aRwere grafikis calkeuli ubnis

O
Sesabamisi procesi molekulur-kine- 0 10 20 30 40 wT
tikuri Teoriis safuZvelze; sur. 3.

D
2. dafiqrdi, rogor icvleba wylis (an orTqlis) temperatura da Sinagani
energia TiToeul ubanze;
3. ivaraude, rogori saxe eqneba grafiks, Tu duRilis Sedegad miRebuli
orTqli kondensirdeba da miRebuli siTxe Tavdapirvel temperatu-
ramde gacivdeba.

2. duRilis temperatura
temperaturas, romelzec siTxe duRs, duRilis temperatura ewodeba.
ris tolia wylis duRilis temperatura? am kiTxvaze umravlesoba Tavdaje-
rebiT pasuxobs: cxadia, 1000C-is.
modi, CavataroT cda da gavarkvioT, ramdenad sworia aseT pasuxi.

cda II
cdisTvis dagWirdeba: 5 ml-iani (an ufro didi) erTjeradi
Sprici (nemsis gareSe).
1. daswie Spricis dguSi bolomde da amoiRe oTaxis tempe-
raturis wyali, ise, rom Sprici sanaxevrod aivsos;
2. gamodevne Spricidan haeri, romelic, SesaZloa, wylis
awevisas moxvda SpricSi: daswie odnav dguSi ise, rom
cotaodeni wyali gareT gamovides;
3. Spricis Ria bolo (sadac nemsi ukeTdeba) saguldagulod
dagmane plastiliniT an, ubralod, TiTi mWidrod daa-
fare (sur.4); sur. 4

157
3.11 duRili

4. aswie dguSi da daakvirdi SpricSi wyals (dguSis aweva cota gagiWir-

deba, magram Sedegi amad Rirs);
5. aRwere, ra moxda: daiwyo Tu ara wyalma duRili, anu warmoiqmna Tu
ara masSi haeris buStukebi? P atm
Cveni warmodgeniT, duRili yovelTvis si-
Txis maRal temperaturas ukavSirdeba. Tumca, PsiT
rogorc II cdis Sedegidan Cans, civi wyalic
SeiZleba aduRdes. ratom? am kiTxvaze pasuxis PbuS
gasacemad gaixsene: duRili iwyeba mas Semdeg,
rac orTqlis wneva buStukebSi gautoldeba wnevas
buStukebs gareT. wneva buStukebSi siTxis tempera­
turazea damokidebuli. wneva buStukebs gareT
ki, Tavis mxriv, siTxis wnevisa da atmosferuli sur. 5

Y
wnevis jamis tolia:
PbuS = PsiT +Patm (1)

P
umetes SemTxvevaSi WurWelSi Casxmuli siTxis wneva atmosferulTan Sedare-
biT imdenad mcirea, rom SeiZleba mxedvelobaSi arc miviRoT. 1-li tolobidan

O
gamodis, rom duRilis dawyebisTvis saWiro wnevas buStukebSi da, Sesabamisad,
duRilis temperaturas, atmosferuli wnevis sidide gansazRvravs. cnobilia,

C
rom wylis duRilis temperatura 1000 C-ia mxolod maSin, roca atmosferuli
wneva normaluria (100 kpa). Tu atmosferuli wneva normalurTan SedarebiT

’ T
a) gaizrdeba (mag., SaxtaSi Casvlisas), buStukebSi orTqlis wneva da, Sesaba-
misad, siTxis temperatura ufro maRali (1000 C-ze meti) iqneba;

N
b) Semcirdeba (mag., mTaze asvlisas), buStukebSi orTqlis wneva da, Sesabamisad,
siTxis temperatura ufro dabali (1000 C-ze naklebi) iqneba.

O
II cdaSi dguSis awevisas (cdis me-4 etapi), SpricSi dguSsa da wyals Soris
sicariele da, Sesabamisad, dabali wnevis are warmoiqmneba da wylis duRili

D
oTaxis temperaturaze iwyeba.
maS ase, duRilis temperatura damokidebuli atmosferul wnevaze. me-5 cxrilSi
mocemulia wylis duRilis temperatura sxvadasxva simaRleze (zRvis donidan yo-
veli 300 m-iT zeviT asvlisas duRilis temperatura daaxloebiT 10C-iT iklebs).
cxrili 5. wylis duRilis temperatura sxvadasxva simaRleze

simaRle zRvis wylis duRilis simaRle zRvis wylis duRilis

donidan, m temperatura, 0C donidan, m temperatura, 0C
0 100 3000 90
500 98,3 3500 88,3
1000 96,7 4000 86,7
1500 95 4500 85,0
2000 93,3 5000 83,3
2500 91,7 6000 80

duRilis temperaturis damokidebuleba atmosferul wnevaze gamoyenebulia

`swrafmxarSav~ orTqlis qvabebSi: aseT qvabs hermetulad morgebuli Tavsaxuri
aqvs, ris gamoc duRilis dros warmoqmnili wylis orTqli gareT ar gamodis da
misi wneva 200 kpa-s aRwevs. am pirobebSi wylis duRilis temperatura 1200C-ia.
aseT qvabebSi sakvebisTvis gankuTvnili produqti gacilebiT swrafad ixarSeba,
vidre Cveulebriv qvabSi. Tu mTaSi mogzaurobisas xorcis an kvercxis moxar-

158
 duRili 3.11

Sva gaqvs gadawyvetili, aseTi qvabi aucileblad waiRe Tan, radgan mis gareSe
maRalmTian adgilebSi xorcsa da kvercxs saerTod ver moxarSav (ratom? gai-
Tvaliswine, rom kvercxi da xorci 1000 C-ze nakleb temperaturaze ar ixarSeba).
wnevis Semcirebisas duRilis temperaturis Semcireba gamoiyeneba macivris
asaorTqlebelSi: normalur atmosferul wnevaze Txevadi freoni 300 C-ze duRs.
wnevis Semcirebisas freonis duRilis temperatura SeiZleba 00 C-mde Semcirdes.
kompresoris saSualebiT amaorTqlebelSi dabali wnevis are iqmneba, freoni 00C-
ze orTqldeba da macivris kameris kedlebs siTbos arTmevs. Sedegad macivris
SigniT temperatura ecema.
duRilis temperatura gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva nivTierebisTvis. me-6 cxrilSi
mocemulia zogierTi nivTierebis duRilis temperatura.

Y
cxrili 6. zogierTi nivTierebis duRilis temperatura 0C (normaluri atmosferuli wnevis dros)

P
wyalbadi -253 rZe 100 spirti 78 tyvia 1740

Jangbadi -183 eTeri 35 wyali 100 spilenZi 2567

O
benzini 40-180 freoni 12 -29,8 vercxliswyali 357 rkina 2750

C
sxvadasxva nivTierebis duRilis temperaturis gansxvavebulobas farTod iyeneben
mrewvelobaSi. mag., navTobis gadamuSavebisas mas 3600 C-mde acxeleben. mis Semadgen-

’ T
lobaSi Semavali mazuTis asaduReblad gacilebiT ufro maRali temperaturaa
saWiro, amitom mazuTi ar orTqldeba da navTobSi rCeba. navTobis SemadgenlobaSi

N
Semavali iseTi nivTierebebi ki, romelTa duRilis temperatura 3600 C-ze dabalia,
orTqldeba. swored amgvarad warmoqmnili orTqlisgan iReben benzins.

O
3. orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbo

D
Sen ukve ici, rom duRilisas siTxe energias STanTqavs, romelic mTlianad
siTxis orTqladqcevas (molekulebs Soris mizidulobis Zalebis daZlevasa da
maT Soris kavSiris gawyvetas) xmardeba. es energia molekulebis siCqaris gaz­
rdaze ar ixarjeba da amitom siTxis temperatura duRilisas ar icvleba: siTxis
mTlianad aorTqlebisas imave temperaturis orTqli miiReba. sxva­dasxva siTxis
molekulebs Soris urTierTqmedeba gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa, amitom duRilis
temperaturamde miyvanili erTnairi masis sxvadasxva siTxis mTlianad asaor­
Tqleblad siTbos gansxvavebuli raodenobaa saWiro.
fizikur sidides, romelic gviCvenebs, ra raodenobis siTboa saWiro, rom 1 kg siTxe
ucvleli temperaturis pirobebSi mTlianad aorTqldes, nivTierebis orTqladqcevis
kuTri siTbo ewodeba. orTqlad­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­qcevis kuTri siTbo r-iT aRiniSneba. me-7 cxrilSi
mocemulia zogierTi nivTierebis orTqlad­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­qcevis kuTri siTbo duRilis tempera-
turze da normaluri atmosferuli wnevis dros.
siTbos raodenoba, romelic saWiroa duRilis temperaturaze m masis siTxis
mTlianad asaorTqleblad, gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Q=rm (1)
duRilis temperaturaze m masis orTqlis kondensaciisas ki gamoiyofa siTbo,
romelic misi warmoqmnisas STanTqa siTxem. siTbos es raodenoba gamoiTvleba
formuliT:
Q= – rm (2)
1-li formulidan Cans, rom orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbos erTeuli SI siste-
maSi aris 1 j/kg.

159
3.11 duRili

cxrili 7. zogierTi nivTierebis orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbo x 106 j/kg

(duRilis temperaturaze da normaluri atmosferuli wnevis dros)
wyali 2.3 spirti 0.9 vercxliswyali 0.3

amiaki (Txevadi) 1.4 eTeri 0.4 haeri (Txevadi) 0.2

2
daakvirdi me-7 cxrilis monacemebs da dafiqrdi:
1. ra niSnavs Canaweri: eTeris orTqladqcevis kuTri siTboa 0,4.106 j/kg?
2. rodisaa meti siTbo saWiro: 1kg wylis Tu 1 kg vercxliswylis sru-
lad asaorTqleblad (orive nivTiereba duRilis temperaturamdea
miyvanili)?
3. ra sididiT Seicvleba duRilis temperaturamde miyvanili 1 kg masis
spirtis Sinagani energia misi mTlianad aorTqlebisas da imave tempe-
raturis orTqlis miRebisas?

Y
4. duRilis temperaturamde miyvanili 1 kg masis nivTiereba aorTqlda

P
da imave temperaturis orTqlad iqca. am dros misi Sinagani energia
1,4 . 106 j-iT gaizarda. ra nivTiereba aorTqlda?

O
5. ra raodenobis siTbo gamoiyofa duRilis temperaturamde miyvanili
2 kg wylis orTqlis srulad kondensaciisas da imave temperaturis

C
siTxis miRebisas?

amocana

’ T
`roca yvela sxva saSualeba uZluria,
avadmyofs gankurnebaSi orTqli exma-

N
reba~. _ amas hipokrate werda. Zveli
berZnebisTvis mis sityvebs gansakuTre-

O
buli mniSvneloba hqonda da, albaT,

D
ami­tomac sazogadoebriv abanoebSi maT
specialuri orTqlis oTaxi _ kalda­
ri­u mi hqondaT mowyobili (sur.6).
mozaikiT mopirkeTebuli iataki Tixis sur. 6
filebiT naSen svetebs eyrdnoboda.
brinjaos uzarmazar qvabebSi wyali duRda da orTqli iatakis qveS
sivrces mTlianad avsebda, iqidan ki iataksa da kedlebSi datanebuli
arxebidan kaldariumSi vrceldeboda.
gamoTvale, siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro, rom 200C temperaturisa da 50
kg masis wyali kaldariumSi mTlianad aorTqldes. siTbos danakargebs nu
gaiTvaliswineb.
amoxsna

w i g n S i
1. gamoTvale, siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro, rom

a w e o
a) 200C-iani wyali duRilis temperaturamde mivides (Q1) ?
r
b) duRilis temperaturamde miyvanili wyali mTlianad aorTqldes (Q2 ) ?

ar C
2. gamoTvale, ris tolia mTlianad siTbos is raodenoba (Q), romelic
saWiroa 200C-iani wylis mTlianad asaorTqleblad, anu Q1 + Q2 .

Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: Q = 131,8 mgj.

160
3.12 mzis energiis Senaxvis formebi

1. mze _ energiis wyaro

1
1. gaixsene: sxeuls energia moZraobis an sxva sxeulebTan urTierTqmedebis
Sedegad aqvs. energiis ra formebi ici? dafiqrdi, ris Sedegia isini:
moZraobis Tu urTierTqmedebis? raSi mdgomareobs energiis mudmi-
vobisa da gardaqmnis kanoni?
2. daakvirdi1-l suraTs. Seecade, gaixseno, ra aris masze gamosaxuli

Y
sxeulebis energiis wyaro.

P
romeli energiis xarjze:

O
a) muSaobs saaTebi? b) Tbeba sadili, iwveba xorci?

’ T C
N
g) moZraobs transporti? d) varjiSobs sportsmeni?

D O
sur.1

am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, albaT, ar gagWir-

vebia, magram Tu TiToeul magaliTSi energiis
gardaqmnis uwyvet jaWvs gahyvebi da Seecdebi, is
pirvelwyaro ipovo, saidanac eleqtroenergia,
siTbo an meqanikuri energiis esa Tu is saxe war-
moiqmneba, aucileblad mixval kiTxvamde: saidan
modis qaris, wylis, adamianis, sawvavis energia?
dedamiwaze yvela saxis energiis pirvelwyaro
mzea!
mzis energiis didi nawili dedamiwaze arsebu-
li wylis uzarmazar masaSi grovdeba: dRisiT,
sxva siTxeebTan SedarebiT, wyali yvelaze metad sur. 2. kaSxliT Sekavebuli wylis
STanTqavs mzis gamosxivebas (ratom?), RamiT ki uzarmazari masa didi simaRlidan
Zalian nela civdeba (ratom?). vardnisas abrunebs eleqtrosad-
guris generatoris turbinas, rom-
ase rom, wyali mzis energias inaxavs da Semdeg lis meqanikuri energia eleqtroen-
Tavad xdeba energiis wyaro (sur.2). ergiad gardaiqmneba.

161
3.12 mzis energiis Senaxvis formebi

gaixsene, ra mniSvneloba aqvs wylis brunvas bunebaSi? swored mzis gamosxive-

bis Sedegad da simZimis Zalis moqmedebiT moZraobs ganuwyvetliv dedamiwaze
arsebuli wylis uzarmazari masa: yovelwliurad okeaneebis, zRvebisa da xmele-
Tis zedapiridan 550 000 km3 moculobis wyali orTqldeba da amdenive brundeba
dedamiwaze naleqis saxiT.
2
gaixsene, rogor warmoiqmneba qari? SesaZ-
lebeli iqneboda Tu ara atmosferos
konveqciuri moZraoba, anu warmoiqmneboda
Tu ara qari, rom ara mzis gamosxivebis
Sedegad atmosferos araTanabari gaTboba?

maS ase, wylisa da qaris energia mzis energiis

Y
saxecvlili formebia, maTSi mzis gamosxivebis
sur. 3. qaris generatorebi qaris en-
garkveuli nawilia moqceuli. ergias eleqtroenergiad gardaqmnian.

P
3

O
SeiZleba Tu ara imis mtkiceba, rom hidro- da qaris eleqtrosadgurebi
mzis energiaze muSaobs?

C
romeli energiis xarjze muSaobs adamiani?

T
Sen ici, rom manqanis muSaobisTvis benzinis an gazis

’
sawvavia aucilebeli. avtomanqanis Zrava benzinis daw-
visas gamoyofili energiis xarjze muSaobs (sur. 4).

N
adamianic erTgvari manqanaa. nebismieri manqanis
msgavsad, masac sWirdeba `sawvavi~, romlis dawvisas

O
gamoyofil energias adamianis organizmi moixmars,

D
mag., kunTebis asamoZraveblad, sxeulis temperatu-
ris SesanarCuneblad (gaixsene kidev uamravi sxva sur. 4.
funqcia, romelic manqana-`adamians~ akisria). albaT,
xvdebi kidec, ra aris adamianis organizmis `sawvavi~?
diax, adamianis zrdasa da ganviTarebas, fizikur aqtiurobas, Sinagani organoebis
muSaobas da, saerTod, adamianis energiis marags misi sakvebi gansazRvravs.
nebismieri saxis sakvebi cilebis, naxSirwylebisa da cximebisgan Sedgeba.
swored sakvebidan miRebul naxSirwylebsa da cximebs iyenebs adamianis organizmi
sawvavad. maTi daSlisas gamoyofili energiis nawili siTbos saxiT organizmis
temperaturis SenarCunebas xmardeba, danarCenis xar-
jze ki organizmSi mimdinare procesebi regulirdeba.
ase rom, organizmis zrdisa da ganviTarebisTvis
saWiro pirobebis Sesaqmnelad sakvebi produqtebi
mdidari unda iyos naxSirwylebiT, cilebiT, cximebiT.
maS ase, adamianis energiis wyaro sakveb­Si dagrove-
buli qimiuri bmebis energiaa.
magram ris xarjze xdeba sakvebSi qimiuri energiis
dagroveba? gaixsene fotosinTezis movlena, romlis
drosac mcenareebis mwvane foTlebi mzisgan gamosxive-
bul energias umartivesi naxSirwylis sawarmoeblad
sur. 5.

162
 mzis energiis Senaxvis formebi 3.12

iyeneben da nawils Reroebsa da fotosinTezi

foTlebSi, nawils ki TeslSi sinaTlis energia

naxSirorJangi + wyali glukoza + Jangbadi
ina­­xaven (sur.6). qlorofili
mzis energia
adamianebi ikvebebian mce­­ mwvane foTlebSi
dagrovili qlorofili
nareebiT da im cxo­v e­l e­b is
xorciT, rom­le­bic, Tavis mxriv,
sak­vebad mcenareebs iyeneben da­ Saqari sakvebSi
a. S. ase rom, is qimiuri energia, naxSirorJangi
haerSi
ro­melsac sakvebis saxiT iReb,
sak­vebSi Senaxuli mzis energiaa,
anu adamianis energiis mTavari

Y
wyali niadagSi
wyaroc mzea.

P
ici Tu ara, rom sasargeb­lo
wiaRiseuli: qvanaxSiri, torfi, sur. 6.

O
navTobi, bunebrivi airi im mce-
nareebisa da organizmebis namarxi narCenebis-

C
gan warmoiSva, romlebic milionobiT wlis winaT
arsebobdnen?

T
zogjer meSaxteebi pouloben qvanaxSiris

’
natexs, romelzec milionobiT wlis winandeli
gvimris foTlis anabeWdia gamosaxuli. es

N
anabeWdi cxadad metyvelebs imaze, Tu rogor
warmoiqmna qvanaxSiri. (sur. 7).

O
navTobi im organizmebisagan Seiq­mna, romle-
sur. 7.
bic preistoriul xanaSi zRvebSi binadrobdnen,

D
daixocnen da fskerze daileqnen. Slamis fenebi
am organizmebis naSTebs sul ufro da ufro
bunebrivi
sqlad faravda (sur. 8). sicxem da maRalma wne- gazi
vam es narCenebi Txevad navTobad aqcia. roca
qvanaxSirs, torfs, navTobs, bunebriv airs
navTobi

vwvavT da mis energias sxvadasxva miznisTvis

(hidroeleqtrosadgurebSi, manqanebSi, Senobe-
bis gasaTbobad) viyenebT, Cven mzis im energias
viyenebT, romlebic uZvelesi mcenareebisa da
cxovelebis naSTebSi maragis saxiTaa Senaxuli. sur. 8.
Tavis droze ki mzis energia mcenareebma fotosinTeziT, xolo cxovelebma am
mcenareebis an sxva balaxismWameli cxovelebis sakvebad gamoyenebiT daagroves.

2. ratom gamoiyofa energia sawvavis dawvisas?

sawvavi (naxSiri, navTobi, benzini da sxv.) naxSirbadis atomebs Seicavs. wvis
procesSi naxSirbadis erTi atomi haerSi arsebuli Jangbadis or atoms uerTdeba
da naxSirorJangis molekula CO2 warmoiqmneba. mis warmoqmnas ki Tan energiis
gamoyofa axlavs.
energias, anu siTbos im raodenobas, romelic sawvavis srulad dawvisas gamoiyo-
fa, sawvavis wvis siTbo ewodeba.
fizikur sidides, romelic gviCvenebs, ra raodenobis siTbo gamoiyofa 1 kg masis
sawvavis srulad dawvisas, sawvavis wvis kuTri siTbo (Tbounarianoba) ewodeba.

163
3.12 mzis energiis Senaxvis formebi

sawvavis wvis kuTri siTbo q asoTi aRiniSneba. siTbos raodenoba, romelic m

masis sawvavis srulad dawvisas gamoiyofa, gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Q=qm (1)
1-li formulidan Cans, rom wvis kuTri siTbos erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris 1 j/kg.
me-8 cxrilSi mocemulia zogierTi sawvavis wvis kuTri siTbo.

cxrili 8. zogierTi sawvavis wvis kuTri siTbo X 107 j/kg

denTi 0.38 qvanaxSiri 2.7 SeSis naxSiri 3.4 benzini 4.6

mSrali SeSa 1.0 spirti 2.7 bunebrivi airi 4.4 navTi 4.6

torfi 1.4 anTraciti 3.0 navTobi 4.4 wyalbadi 12

4 daakvirdi me-8 cxrilis monacemebs da dafiqrdi

1. ra niSnavs Canaweri: torfis wvis kuTri siTboa 2,1 . 107 j/kg?

Y
2. ra raodenobis siTbo gamoiyofa 2 kg masis SeSis dawvisas?

P
3. cxrilSi miTiTebuli sawvavebidan romlis gamoyenebaa ufro momgebiani
wvisas gamoyofili energiis TvalsazrisiT?

O
amocana

C
zRvis donidan 3000 m simaRleze mTaSi mog-
zaurobisas turistebma 200C temperaturis

T
2 l wyali 800 g masis aluminis CaidniT ce-

’
cxlze dadges. gamoTvale, ra raodenobis

N
fiCxi daixarja wylis asaduReblad? siTbur
danakargebs nu gaiTvaliswineb.

O
sur. 9.
amoxsna

D
1. gaarkvie, ra temperaturaze duRs wyali 3000 m-ze;
2. gamoTvale, ris tolia siTbos is raodenoba (Q1), romelic saWiroa mTaSi
200C-iani wylis duRilis temperaturamde misayvanad ?
3. gaizrdeba Tu ara Caidnis temperatura masSi wylis duRilisas? gamoTva-
le, ris tolia siTbos is raodenoba (Q2), romelic saWiroa 200C-iani
Caidnis duRilis temperaturamde misayvanad?

Q1 + Q2 ;
w i g n S i
4. gamoTvale, ris tolia mTlianad daxarjuli siTbos raodenoba:

a w e r o
5. gamoTvale fiCxis (SeSis) wvis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbo (Q);

ar C
6. gaiTvaliswine energiis mudmivobis kanoni da gautole erTmaneTs
Q1 + Q2 da Q.
7. gamoTvale fiCxis masa miRebuli gantolebidan: m .
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: m ≈ 524 g.

164
3.13 siTburi Zravebi

1. siTbur Zrava
Sen ukve ici, rom dedamiwaze energiis mTavari wyaro mzea. rogor gamoviye-
noT mzis energia?
gaixsene: wylisa da qaris wisqvili adamianis Seqmnili yvelaze martivi mow-
yobilobaa. misi daxmarebiT SesaZlebelia muSaobis Sesruleba mzis energiis im
nawilis xarjze, romelic wylisa da qaris energiis saxiTaa Senaxuli. rogor
muSaobs wisqvili da rogor gardaiqmneba misi daxmarebiT wylisa da qaris
energia (anu mzis energia) meqanikur energiad, ukve ici.

Y
magram rogor gardaiqmneba meqanikur energiad mzis energiis is nawili,

P
romelic sawvavSia Senaxuli? procesebi, romelTa drosac meqanikuri energia
siTbod gardaiqmneba, ukve ganvixileT. axla vnaxoT, rogor xdeba Sebrunebuli

O
procesi: rogor gardaiqmneba sawvavis wvis Sedegad gamoyofili energia (siTbo)
meqanikur energiad.

C
gaixsene cda (§3.3), romelic Sinagani energiis ganxilvisas CavatareT: wylis
aduRebis Sedegad sinjaraSi dagrovebulma orTqlma mWidrod morgebuli sacobi

T
amoagdo. ginaxavs, albaT, qvabSi wylis Zlieri duRilisas saxuravi, romelic

’
mWidrod ar aris qvabs morgebuli, `TamaSobs~: aixdeba da isev daixureba. zogjer
ki isec xdeba, rom qvabs mWidrod morgebuli saxuravi wylis aduRebis Semdeg

N
iseTi ZaliT amovardeba, rom qvabi TavRia rCeba. ratom xdeba ase?

O
1 dafiqrdi:

D
1. rogor icvleba Tavdaxurul WurWelSi orTqlis wneva duRilisas?
2. ra moxdeba, Tu orTqlis wneva atmosferul wnevas gadaaWarbebs?
3. ra Zalis daZleva uxdeba saxuravs zeviT moZraobisas? romeli energiis
xarjze?
4. ratom ubrundeba saxuravi pirvandel mdgomareobas da ratom meordeba
kvlavac es moZ­raoba?
5. ratom gadaexdeba qvabs zogjer saxuravi?
6. ra aqvs am movlenas saerTo Cven mier Catarebul cdasTan?

warmoidgine: vTqvaT, sinjara (an qvabi) iseTi cilindriT (1) SevcvaleT (sur. 1),
romelsac mWidrod aqvs morgebuli dguSi (2) da mas aqeT-iqiT moZraoba SeuZ­lia.
Tu dguSze moZrav muxla lilvs (3) daamagreb, SeZleb, aamoZ­rao sxvadasxva mowyobi­
lobis moZravi nawilebi, anu umartives
siTbur Zravas mi­i­Reb. 1
siTburi Zrava iseT mow­y obi­l obaa,
rome­lic saw­vavis Sinagan energias (wvis
2
siTbos) meqa­ni­kur energiad gardaqmnis. 3
orTqli

sawvavi

sur. 1.

165
3.13 siTburi Zravebi

siTburi Zravebi sxvadasxva saxisaa: orTqlis (an airis) turbina (sur.2), orT-
qlis manqana (sur.3), Sigawvis Zrava(sur.4), reaqtiuli Zrava (sur.5).

sur. 2. sur. 3 sur. 4 sur. 5

siTbur ZravebSi sawvavis energia jer orTqlis an airis Sinagan energiad

Y
gardaiqmneba, xolo Semdeg orTqli (an airi) gazrdili Sinagani energiis xarjze
farTovdeba da muSaobas asrulebs. muSaobis Sesrulebis procesSi orTqlis Sina-

P
gani energiis nawili Zravas moZravi nawilebis meqanikur energiad gardaiqmneba.

O
2. orTqlis manqana

C
orTqlis turbinis moqmedebis princips ukve icnob (gaixsene proeqti: `orT-
qlis turbina~). modi, vnaxoT, rogor moqmedebs orTqlis manqana.
orTqlis gamoyeneba sasargeblo miznebisaTvis mxolod XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi

’ T
daiwyes: ingliselma mWedelma tomas niukomenma qvanaxSiris Saxtebidan wylis
amosaqaCi manqana Seqmna (Tumca niukomeni pirveli ar aris, vinc orTqlis manqana

N
Seqmna. istoriuli cnobebi, Tu rogor viTardeboda orTqlis manqanebi,
SegiZlia moiZio misamarTze: http://digilander.libero.it/calchic/introe.html

O
iqve yvela manqanis moqmedebas gaecnobi animaciebis saSualebiT).

D
2
iTvleba, rom pirveli orTqlis manqana 2000 wlis win
heron aleqsandrielma gamoigona: man sfero or milze
daamagra, romelTa saSualebiTac sfero orTqliT ivse-
boda da ori moxrili milis saSualebiT gareT gamodioda
(sur. 6). gaagrZele aRwera, ra moxdeba Semdeg?
romeli kanoni udevs am mowyobilobis moqmedebas sa-
fuZvlad? am misamarTze Sesabamisi cdis naxva SegiZlia:
sur. 6
http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/mechanics/1Q4080.html
orTqlis manqanis ZiriTadi nawili cilindria, romlis SigniTac mWidrod mor-
gebuli dguSi moZraobs: dguSi moZraobaSi orTqls mohyavs, romelic saqvabidan
miewodeboda cilindrs.

3
me-7 suraTze niukomenis manqanis sqemaa mocemuli. mqnevaras erT boloze
(1) meSaxteebi wylian WurWels kidebdnen, romlis sim­Zimis Zalis moqmede-
biT cilindrSi (2) moZravi dguSi (3) maRla adioda. cilindri am dros
orTqliT ivseboda. orTqlis SesaSveb sarqvelze onkans (4) ketavdnen
da cilindrSi civ wyals uSvebdnen me-(5) onkanidan. gaagrZele procesis
aRwera: ra moxdeboda cilindrSi civi wylis SeSvebis Semdeg?

166
 siTburi Zravebi 3.13

cxadia, niukomenis manqanas uamravi nakli hqon-

da, magram kacobriobis ganviTarebis im etapze
is sakmaod progresuli iyo da mZlavri impulsi
misca kidec msgavsi teqnikis Semdgom daxvewasa
wylis 1
da ganviTarebas. Wavli 3
1768 wels ingliselma gamomgonebelma jeims uat-
ma pirveli universaluri orTqlis manqana Seqmna
2
(gaixsene: misi manqanis istoria simZlavris erTeuls 5
ukavSirdeba) da swored uati iTvleba Tanamedrove 4
tipis orTqlis manqanis gamomgoneblad.
martivi konstruqciis orTqlis manqanebSi

Y
orTqliT cilindris mxolod erTi mxare ivseba, wylis

P
Sesabamisad, orTqli dguSs mxolod erT mxares Saxta
awveba da erTi mimarTulebiT amoZravebs. uatis
sur. 7

O
orTqlis ZravaSi dguSis orive mxare periodulad
ivseba orTqliT da dguSi orive mxares moZraobs (sur. 8). aseT Zravebs ormagi

C
moqmedebis orTqlis Zravebi ewodeba. Tanamedrove orTqlis Zravebi swored or-
magi moqmedebisaa.

T
sarqveli, saida-

’
nac orTqli Sedis
cilindrSi

N
namuSevari orTqli
gareT gamodis

O
borbali

D
sur. 8. Seecade, aRwero or-
magi moqmedebis orTqlis
manqanis moqmedeba.
cilindri dguSi

3. Sigawvis Zrava
Sigawvis Zrava 1860 wels frangma meqanikosma
etien lenuarma gamoigona. aseTi tipis ZravaSi
sawvavi cilindris SigniT iwveba da amitom ewode-
ba mas Sigawvis Zrava (gaixsene: orTqlis manqanaSi
sawvavi cilindris gareT iwvis. amis gamo mas gare
wvis Zravasac uwodeben)
lenuaris Zravas arasrulyofili konstruqcia
da dabali mqk hqonda. is 1878 wels germaneli niko-
las otos mier Seqmnilma oTxtaq­tianma Sigawvis sur.9. daimleris avtomanqana, 1886 w.
Zravam Secvala (otos ZravaSi erTi samuSao cikli
oTxi taqtisgan Sedgeboda da amis gamo ewoda mas oTxtaqtiani).
lenuarisa da otos ZravebSi sawvavad haerisa da manaTobeli airis narevi
gamoiyeneboda. benzinis Sigawvis Zrava mogvianebiT, 1885 wels, germanelma got-
lib daimlerma gamoigona. swored aseTi Zrava hqonda me-9 suraTze gamosaxul
pirvel oTxTvlian avtomanqanas, romelic 1886 wels Seqmna daimlerma.
benzinis oTxtaqtian Sigawvis ZravaSi sawvavad benzinis orTqlisa da haeris narevi
gamoiyeneboda, romelic specialur mowyobilobaSi _ karburatorSi mzaddeboda.

167
3.13 siTburi Zravebi

me-10 suraTze gamosaxulia avtomobilis Sigawvis Zravas cilindris Wrili.

cilindrSi moZraobs dguSi (3), romlis zeviT-qveviT TiToeul svlas taqti
ewodeba. Tanamimdevrulad ganvixiloT TiTo taqtis ganmavlobaSi cilindris
SigniT mimdinare procesi.
4
1 2

cilindri

3
5

sur. 10. sur.11. sur. 12. mqnevara sur. 13.

Y
I taqti _ SeSveba (sur.10): I taqtis dasawyisSi dguSi qveviT moZraobs da cilin-

P
dris 1-li sarqveli iReba. me-2 sarqveli am dros daketilia. 1-li sarqvlis
gav­liT karburatoridan cilindrSi sawvavi narevi Sedis. I taqtis bolos 1-li

O
sarqveli iketeba.
II taqti _ SekumSva (sur.11): I taqtis bolos orive sarqveli daketilia. II taqtis

C
dasawyisSi dguSi zeviT moZraobs da sawvav narevs kumSavs. Sekum­Svisas narevi
cxeldeba (ratom?).

’ T
III taqti _ muSa svla (sur.12): roca dguSi II taqtis bolos zeda kidura mde-
bareobas miaRwevs (am dros orive sarqveli isev daketilia), sawvavi narevi

N
aaldeba sanTlis (4) eleqtruli naperwkliT. narevis wvisas gavarvarebuli
airi warmoiqmneba, romlis temperatura 1600 -22000C-s, xolo wneva 3-6 mpa-s

O
aRwevs. dguSi qveviT amoZravdeba (ratom?). dguSis moZraoba muxla lilvis (5)
meSveobiT mqnevaras gadaecema. Zlieri biZgis miRebis Semdeg mqnevara inerciiT

D
ganagrZobs brunvas da momdevno taqtebSi masze mimagrebuli dguSis gadaadgi-
lebas uzrunvelyofs.
IV taqti _ gamoSveba (sur.13): III taqtis dasasruls iReba me-2 sarqveli. 1-li
sarqveli daketilia. dguSi zeviT moZraobs da wvis produqtebi cilindridan
me-2 sarqvlis gav­liT atmosferoSi gamoifrqveva. IV taqtis bolos me-2 sarqveli
iketeba da 1-li iReba. amis Semdeg cikli meordeba.
4
1. daakvirdi: romel taqtSi Sesrulda sasargeblo muSaoba?
2. Tanamedrove manqanebSi Zravas ara erTi, aramed oTxi (sportul manqanebs
ki eqvsi) cilindri aqvs. rogor fiqrob, ratom?
1897 wels germanelma inJinerma rudolf dizelma axali konstruqciis Sigawvis
Zrava Seqmna, romelSic II taqtSi, sawvavi narevis nacvlad, haeri ikumSeboda. SekumSvis
procesSi haeris temperatura 800-1000 0C- mde, anu sawvavis aalebis temperaturamde,
izrdeboda da amitom specialuri asaalebeli mowyobiloba dizelis ZravaSi saWiro
aRar iyo: III taqtis dasawyisSi gaxurebul haerSi specialuri tumbos saSualebiT
Sefrqveuli dizelis sawvavi TavisiT aaldeboda. kon­struqciidan amoiRes karbu-
ratoric. axal Zravas dizelis Zrava uwodes. dizelis Zravebi dResac warmatebiT
gamoiyeneba traqtorebSi, tankebSi, satvirToebSi da a. S. garda amisa, dizelis Zrava
ekonomiurobiTac gamoirCeva: is sakmaod iaf sawvavze muSaobs da misi mqk 31-44%-s
Seadgens (dafiqrdi: ras giCvenebs es ricxvebi?).

168
 siTburi Zravebi 3.13

maS ase, yvela saxis siTburi Zrava muSaobisas im energiis mxolod nawils iyenebs,
romelic sawvavis dawvisas gamoiyofa. sidides, romelic gviCvenebs, sawvavis dawvi-
sas gamoyofili energiis ra nawili daixarja Zravas mier Sesrulebul muSaobaze,
siTburi Zravas margi qmedebis koeficienti ewodeba.
siTburi Zravas margi qmedebis koeficienti gamoiTvleba formuliT:

sadac Q sawvavis dawvis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbos raodenobaa, xolo A _

Zravas mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba.

4. siTburi Zravebis gamoyenebis Sedegebi

Y
siTburi Zravebis gareSe warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove civilizacia: rom

P
ara siTburi Zravebi, ar gveqneboda SedarebiT iafi eleqtroenergia da swrafi
satransporto saSualebebi (avtomanqanebi, TviTmfrinavebi, raketebi). Tumca

O
siTburi Zravebis farTod gamoyeneba TvalsaCino uaryofiT gavlenas axdens
garemos ekologiur mdgomareobaze: siTburi Zravebis saSualebiT eleqtruli

C
da meqanikuri energiis miRebisas garemos aucileblad gadaecema siTbos mniS-
vnelovani raodenoba, rac, Tavis mxriv, dedamiwaze atmosferos saSualo tem-

T
peraturis gazrdas iwvevs. cnobilia, rom dedamiwaze

’
amJamad gamoyenebuli sawvavis simZlavre daaxloebiT 1010
kvt-s Seadgens. Tu es simZlavre 3∙1012 kvt-s miaRwevs,

N
dedamiwaze saSualo temperatura daaxloebiT 1°C-iT
moimatebs. es movlena globaluri daTbobis saxeli-

O
Taa cnobili da ekologiur katastrofas iwvevs: dneba

D
myinvarebi, mniSvnelovnad iwevs msoflio okeanis done,
radikalurad icvleba klimati.
globaluri daTbobis daCqareba siTburi Zravebis
gamoyenebis erTaderTi uaryofiTi Sedegi ar aris. sur. 14.
siTburi Zravebis namuSevari airebi, romlebic adamianis, cxovelebisa da mce-
nareebisTvis mavne nivTierebebs Seicavs, atmosferoSi gamoityorcneba da mis
mniSvnelovan dabinZurebas iwvevs (sur. 14). gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Sigawvis
Zravebis gamonabolqvi, romlis wilad haeris dabinZurebis 50-80% modis. haeris
mTavari damabinZureblebis (naxSirwyalbadebis, naxSirJangis, azotisa da gogir-
dis dioqsidebis) ZiriTadi wyaro swored avtomanqanebis, TviTmfrinavebisa da
raketebis Sigawvis Zravebis gamonabolqvia.
haeris dabinZureba mTeli msofliosTvis mniSvnelovani problemaa, romelic
safrTxes uqmnis adamianebisa da garemos sijansaRes. es am saukunis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi gamowvevaa, romlis Sesaxebac TiToeuli moqalaqe unda iyos infor-
mirebuli. am problemis mogvareba moeTxoveba yvela qveyanas, radgan haers
sazRvrebi ar gaaCnia da misi dabinZurebisagan dacva mTeli kacobriobis saerTo
da gadaudebeli sazrunavia. gamonabolqvTan brZolis efeqturi gza Sigawvis
Zravebis axali tipis ZravebiT (mag., eleqtroZravebiT) Canacvlebaa. mecnierebi
muSaoben ekologiurad usafrTxo sawvavis (mag., wyalbadisa da Jangbadis nare-
vis) Seqmnaze, romlis dawvisas gamoyofil namuSevar airSi mavne nivTierebebi ar
iqneba. siTburi Zravebis mq koeficientis gazrda umniSvnelovanesi teqnikuri
amocanaa. amJamad Sigawvis Zravas mqk-s maqsimaluri mniSvneloba daaxloebiT 44%-
ia. inJinrebis mizania, gazardon Zravas mqk misi nawilebis xaxunisas da arasruli
wvisas dakarguli energiis Semcirebis xarjze.
169
3.14 fizika amocanebSi: siTbo da muSaoba

amocana 1
polaruli eqspediciis monawileebi yinuls adnoben
da miRebul wyals saWmlis mosamzadeblad iyeneben.
gamoTvale, ra raodenobis bunebrivi airia saWiro
imi­saTvis, rom gazquraze 10 kg masis rki­nis WurWel-
Si –10 0C­ temperaturisa da 20 kg masis yinuli
dadnes da aduR­­­des. aageT jer yinulis, Sem­deg ki _
wylis temperatu­ris droze damokidebulebis gra-
fiki, Tu cnobilia, rom WurWeli gamaTbob­lisgan
sur. 1.
yovel wm-Si daaxloebiT 4000 j siTbos iRebs. siTbos
danakargebs nu gaiTvaliswineb.

Y
dawere amocanis mocemuloba da upasuxe kiTxvebs:

P
1. ra procesebi unda gaiaros yinulma, rom is aduRebul wylad iqces?
2. a) gamoTvale, siTbos ra raodenobaa (Q1) saWiro, rom –100C-iani yinuli

O
dnobis temperaturamde gaTbes;
b) gaiTvaliswine, rom gamaTboblisgan yinuli wm-Si daaxloebiT 4000 j siTbos

C
iRebs da gamoTvale, ra dro ( 1) dasWirdeba am process;
3. a) gamoTvale, siTbos ra raodenobaa (Q2) saWiro, rom 00C-iani yinuli mTli­

n S i

T
anad dadnes;
i g

’
o w
b) gamoTvale, ra dro ( 2) dasWirdeba am process?

e r
C a w
4. a) gamoTvale, siTbos ra raodenobaa (Q3) saWiro, rom 00C-iani wyali aduRdes;

N
ar
b) gamoTvale, ra dro ( 3) dasWirdeba am process;
5. a) Sen ici, rom gadacemuli siTbos xarjze Tbeba yinulic da WurWelic.

O
dafiqrdi, ris tolia im WurWlis sawyisi temperatura, romelSic yinulia

D
moTav­sebuli? saboloo temperatura? ratom?
b) gamoTvale, siTbos ra raodenobaa (Q4) saWiro, rom –100C-iani rkinis
qvabi 1000C-mde gaTbes;
6. gamoTvale, ris tolia mTlianad siTbos is raodenoba, romelic saWiroa
imisaTvis, rom yinuli aduRebul wylad iqces:
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 ? (1)
7. rogor gamoiTvleba sawvavis wvis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbo (Q )? (2)
8. gaiTvaliswine energiis mudmivobis kanoni da gautole erTmaneTs 1-li da
me-2 gamosaxuleba;
9. miRebuli gantolebidan gamoTvale sawvavis masa: m .
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: m = 378 g.

amocana 2
gamoTvale bencis avtomobilis (sur.2) benzinze momuSave Sigawvis Zravas
mqk, Tu cnobilia, rom 1 l benzinis dawvisas am avtomobilma 8000 kj muSaoba
Seasrula.
Seadare benzinis Zravas mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba im muSaobas, romelsac
dizelis Zrava Seasrulebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dizelis sawvavis dawvisas
imave sididis energia gamoiyofoda. cnobilia, rom dizelis Zravas mqk
44%-s Seadgens.

170
 fizika amocanebSi: siTbo da muSaoba 3.14

amoxsna:
dawere amocanis mocemuloba da upasuxe kiTxvebs:
1. gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba siTburi Zravas

w i
2. gamoTvale benzinis masa (m);
g n S
margi qmedebis koeficienti (η) ?
i (1)

e r o
3. gamoTvale siTbos raodenoba (Q b), romelic m

a w
ar C
masis benzinis dawvisas gamoiyofa; (2)
4. Casvi me-2 gamosaxuleba (1)-Si da gamoTvale
bencis avtomanqanis Zravas mqk (η b);
5. gaiTvaliswine 1-li formula. daakvirdi amo-
canis pirobas da gamoTvale dizelis Zravas

Y
mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba: Ad .
sur. 2. 1886 welsve, magram ufro

P
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: mogvianebiT, vidre daimlerma, karl
η b ≈ 25 %; Ad ≈ 14 400 kj. bencma samTvliani avtomobili Seqmna.

O
amocana 2

C
gamoTvale, ra raodenobis qvanaxSiri iyo saWiro imisaTvis, rom niukome-
nis orTqlis manqanas (sur.3) 1 sT-is ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv emuSava,

T
Tu cnobilia, rom manqanis mqnevara wuTSi 12 rxevas asrulebda da TiToeu-

’
li rxevisas 45 l wyals tumbavda 46 metri siRrmis Saxtidan. niukomenis
manqanis mqk ki mxolod 1% iyo (monacemebi aRebulia internetidan).

N
amoxsna:
dawere amocanis mocemuloba da upasuxe kiTxvebs:

O
rogor gamoiTvleba:
1. im wylis masa (m), romelsac niukomenis manqana TiToeuli

D
rxevisas tumbavda Saxtidan?
2. muSaoba(A1), romelsac TiToeuli rxevisas asrulebda
manqana m masis wylis h simaRleze amosatanad?
3. muSaoba (A2), romelsac wuTSi asrulebda manqana wylis
amosatumbad?
4. muSaoba (A3), romelsac 1 sT-Si asrulebda manqana wylis sur. 3
amosatumbad;

w i g n S i (1)
(2)
o
5. niukomenis manqanis margi qmedebis koeficienti (η )?

w e r
6. 1-lis gaTvaliswinebiT, energiis is raodenoba (Q), romelic saWiroa imisaT-

C a
ar
vis, rom niukomenis orTqlis manqanas 1 sT-is ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv
emuSava? (3)
7. siTbos is raodenoba (Qqv), romelic m1 masis qvanaxSiris (energiis wyaro
niukomenis manqanaSi) dawvisas gamoiyofa? (4)
8. gaiTvaliswine energiis mudmivobis kanoni da gautole erTmaneTs me-3 da me-4
gamosaxulebebi.
9. gamoTvale miRebuli tolobidan qvanaxSiris raodenoba (m1), romelic saWi-
ro iyo imisaTvis, rom niukomenis orTqlis manqanas 1 sT-is ganmavlobaSi
ganuwyvetliv emuSava.
Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: m1 = 55 kg.
rogor fiqrob, ramdenad ekonomiuria aseTi manqana?Tumca miuxedavad aseTi
teqnikuri monacemebisa, niukomenis orTqlis manqanam TiTqmis 60 wels mTel
inglisSi konkurentis gareSe imuSava!

171
 3.15 energiis araganaxlebadi wyaroebi

Cveni civilizaciis arsebobis safuZveli energiaa: imisaTvis, rom raime qmedeba

ganxorcieldes, saWiroa energia. energia sWirdeba yvela cocxal organizms
sicocxlis SenarCunebisTvis. es energia eleqtruli energia gar­
ki mzisa da sakvebisgan modis. daiqmneba siTbur ener­
giad _ naTura Tbeba
adamians sWirdeba siTbo, sinaTle,
transporti, sxvadasxva saxis manqana,
romelic mas Sromas Seumsubuqebs. yve-
lafer amas ki energiis wyaro esa­Wiroeba.
eleqtruli energia
gaixsene: energiis ZiriTadi wyaro deda- gardaiqmneba
miwaze mzea. energiis buneb­rivi wyaroebis sinaTlis energiad

Y
_ wylis, qarisa da sawvavis _ energia
ki mzis energiis formebia. dedamiwaze

P
eleqtruli energia
moRwevis Semdeg mzis energia sxva- gardaiqmneba siTbur
dasxva saxis energiad gardaiqmneba da energiad _

O
sadenebi Tbeba
cvlilebebis TiToeuli jaWvi energiis
xelovnur wyaroebSi (mag., naTuraSi,

C
gamaTbobelSi) siTbosa da sinaTlis
gamoyofiT sruldeba (sur. 1). sur. 1

’ T
adamianTa sul ufro mzardi moTxovnilebebi meti da meti energiis saWiroebas

N
ganapirobebs. aTi aTasi wlis win, cecxlis gamoyenebis dawyebis gamo, energiis
saerTo moxmareba asjer gaizarda, Cvens saukuneSi ki energiis saerTo moxmareba

O
milionjer moimatebs!
qvanaxSiri, bunebrivi airi da navTobi energiis bunebrivi wyaroebia, romlebsac

D
dRevandeli msoflio uzarmazari raodenobiT moixmars: bolo 30 wlis ganma-
vlobaSi dedamiwaze moxmarebuli sawvavis energia wina 20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi
mTlianad moxmarebul energias aRemateba!
dRevandeli msoflios mier mopovebuli da moxmarebuli energiis udidesi
nawili swored bunebrivi sawvavis xarjze modis (sur. 2).

qvanaxSiri 23%
bunebrivi airi 23%

birTvuli energia 8%

energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebi 6%

navTobi 40% sur. 2

amouwuravia ki sawvavis maragi dedamiwaze? elis Tu ara msoflios energe-

tikuli `SimSili~? diax, sawvavi, romelsac Tanamedrove adamiani energiis wya-
rod iyenebs da dauzogavad xarjavs, mzis energiis milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi
dagrovebuli formaa, romlis mopoveba da gamoyeneba asi aTasjer ufro swrafad
xdeba, vidre Sevseba bunebrivi procesebis Sedegad. ase rom, sawvavis maragi

172
 energiis araganaxlebadi wyaroebi 3.15

sur. 3. qvanaxSiri, navTobi, bunebrivi airi energiis araganaxlebadi wyaroebia.

Y
amouwuravi ar aris da misi ganaxleba SeuZlebelia. bunebrivi sawvavi (qvanaxSiri,
navTobi, torfi, bunebrivi airi) energiis araganaxlebadi wyaroebia.

P
sawvavis moxmarebis saocari tempi, garda imisa, rom marags amowurvis safr-
Txes uqmnis, mniSvnelovan zians ayenebs

O
garemomcvel bunebas. mag., Tboeleqtro-

C
sadgurebi seriozul safrTxes uqmnis
dedamiwis atmosferos, hidrosferos,
biosferos da dedamiwaze sicocxlis

’ T
arsebobas emuqreba. Tboeleqtosadguris
sakvamle miliT atmosferoSi sawvavis wvis

N
produqti _ naxSirorJangi gamoifrqveva
(sur. 4). naxSirorJangi atmosferoSi qmnis

O
fenas, romelic mzis gamosxivebas ata-
rebs, magram dedamiwidan areklil siTbos

D
kosmosur sivrceSi ar atarebs. iqmneba
saTburis pirobebi: dedamiwidan areklili sur. 4
siTburi energia kosmosSi ar ifanteba, dedamiwis zedapiris maxloblad grov-
deba da Sedegad izrdeba haeris temperatura. amasTan Tboeleqtrosadgurebis
mqk 40-60%-ia, rac imas niSnavs, rom sawvavis dawvis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbos
TiTqmis naxevari garemos gaTbobaze ixarjeba. Tu planetaze dagrovili zed-
meti siTburi energiis gamo haeris temperatura saSualod 30C-iT gaizrdeba,
ekologiuri katastrofa datrialdeba: daiwyeba aisbergebis, myinvarebis dnoba
da Sedegad xmeleTis didi nawili wyliT daifareba, Seicvleba klimati da kacob­
riobis arsebobas safrTxe daemuqreba.
navTobis mopoveba da transportireba
did safrTxes uqmnis ekosistemas: binZur-
deba garemo navTobsadenis maxloblad,
zRvebsa da okeaneebSi tankerebis avariis
Sedegad CaRvrili navTobi ki safrTxes
uqmnis yvela cocxal arsebas (moluskebiT
dawyebuli, selapebiT damTavrebuli) ara
marto zRvaSi, aramed napirzec.

sur. 5. 2000 wlis ianvarSi safrangeTis

Crdilo-dasavleT sanapirosTan daRvril-
ma navTobma 150 000 frinvelis sicocxle
Seiwira.

173
3.16 energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebi

energiis wyaroebs, romelTa maragis Sevseba-ganaxleba mokle droSia SesaZ­

lebeli, energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebi hqvia. aseTebia, mag., wyali, qari, mze,
dedamiwis siRrmidan amofrqveuli geoTermuli wylebi, biomasa.

wylis energia
Sen ukve ici, rogor gardaiqmneba mdinaris wylis kinetikuri energia meqanikur
da eleqtrul energiad (gaixsene proeqti: `rogor gamovtacoT w­ yals energia~
da hidroeleqtrosadgurebis muSaobis principi). wyali energiis Zalian sufTa
wyaroa. sawvavisgan gansxvavebiT, wylis energiis damorCilebiT garemos dabin-
Zureba da globaluri daTbobis xelSewyoba ar xdeba. hidroeleqtrosadgurebi

Y
TboeleqtrosadgurebTan SedarebiT ekonomiuradac momgebiania, radgan aSenebis
Semdeg Zvirad Rirebuli sawvavis energia ar sWirdeba: mdinare mudmivad miedi-

P
neba da misi energia sul ganaxlebis procesSia.
magram miuxedavad hidroeleqtrosadguris dadebiTi mxareebisa, mas uaryo-

O
fiTi mxarec aqvs: kaSxlis mSenebloba, garda imisa, rom Zalian Zviri jdeba,

C
Zirfesvianad cvlis bunebas da gamousworebel zians ayenebs mas.

qaris energia

’ T
Tu adre qaris energias wisqvilebis muSaobisa da ialqniani gemebis gadasaad­
gileblad iyenebdnen (anu qaris energias meqanikurad gardaqmnidnen), dRes qaris

N
energia qaris generatorebSi eleqtrulad gardaiqmneba da gacilebiT mZlavri
agregatebis samuSaod gamoiyeneba. qaris

O
generatorebs gaSlil mindvrebsa da

D
mTis ferdobebze amontaJeben (sur. 1),
amasTan, rogorc wesi, iqmneba gene­
ratorebis mTeli sistema (`qaris
ferma~), romlebic erTian qselSia Car-
Tuli. turbinis frTebi kompiu­teriT
imarTeba: maT qaris mimarTulebiT
SeuZliaT mobruneba.
qaris generators erTi mniSvne-
lovani nakli aqvs: is mxolod ma­ Sin
muSaobs, roca qaris siCqare 5-6 m/wm-ze
maRalia. wynar amindSi tur­ bina gaCe-
rebulia. imis gamo, rom qaris energia
sur. 1. qaris ferma
arastabiluria, `qaris fermas~ ageben
ara damoukideblad, aramed Tboeleqtrosadgurebis gverdiT: roca qari Zlieria,
Tboeleqtrosadguri muSaobas wyvets da energias qaris generatorebi
gamoimuSaveben, wynar amindSi ki piriqiT xdeba.
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb SegiZlia moiZio cnobebi da ixilo animacia inter-
netSi misamarTze:
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/printable_versions/wind_how.html#n
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/printable_versions/wind_animation.html

174
 energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebi 3.16

sur. 2 sur. 3 sur. 4

Y
mzis energia
mzis energiiT momuSave batareebi pirvelad kosmosur Tanamgzavrze gamoiyenes,

P
sadac energiis sxva wyaros gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli iyo. SemdgomSi mzis bata-

O
reebi daixvewa da axla maT ukve sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebiTac gamoiyeneben.
dRes msoflios bevr qveyanaSi sacxovrebeli saxlebis umravlesobas saxuravze

C
heliosistema aqvs damontaJebuli (sur. 2), romelic sakmaris energias gamoimu-
Savebs saSualo ojaxis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad: sayofacxovrebo
aparaturis asamuSaveblad, wylis gasacxeleblad, binis gasaTbobad da a. S.

’ T
mzis energiiT uamravi xelsawyo mina siTbos akavebs
muSaobs: saaTebi, kalkulatorebi,

N
kompiuteri. Seiqmna mzis energiiT cxeli haeri

momuSave ekologiurad sufTa

O
avtomobili _ heliomobili (sur. 3).
iqmneba didi simZ­la­v­ris helio-

D
sistemebic (sur. 4): aTasobiT
sarke mzis sxivebs erT wertilSi
mimarTavs, sadac ma­Ra­­li tempe-
raturis piro­beb­­Si wyali cxel-
deba da mi­ si orTqli turbinas
abrunebs. qaris generatorebis Savi paneli siTbos
msgavsad, heliosistemebic aras- STanTqavs
civi wyali
tabilurad gamoimuSavebs energias
da amitom sawarmoo miznebisTvis sur. 5 wylis mili
misi gamoyeneba gaZnelebulia.

1 daakvirdi sqemas (sur.5): aRwere, rogor xde­ba bata-

reebSi mzis energiis gardaqmna.

geoTermuli energia
dedamiwaze uamravi adgilia, sadac miwis wiaRis siTbo
zedapirze cxeli wylis Sadrevnebisa (geizerebisa) da
orTqlis saxiT amodis. aseT adgilebSi ageben genera-
torebs, romlebic geoTermul energias eleqtrulad
gardaqmnian. mag., islandiis energetikis 45-50% swored
geoTermuli siTbos gamoyenebazea dafuZnebuli.

sur. 6. geizeri

175
3.16 energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebi

eleqtrogeneratori
orTqlis turbina

2 daakvirdi. me-7 suraTze ga-

mosaxul geoTermuli eleqtro-
orTqlis
qvabi sadguris sqemas. aRwere, rogor
orTqli kon­
densirdeba gardaiqmenab geoTermuli ener-
geoTermuli
gia eleqtrulad.
wyali
civi wyali
miwaSi
brundeba

sur. 7.

P Y
biomasis energia
gamxmari xeebi, totebi, foTlebi, xis naxerxi,

O
mosavlis gamousadegari narCenebi, cxovelebis na-

C
keli da frinvelebis skore _ yvelaferi es biomasaa,
ekologiurad sufTa energiis ganaxlebadi wyaro,
romlis gadamuSavebis Sedegad gamoyofili airebi

’ T
atmosferos dabinZurebiT ar emuqreba. biomasisgan
miRebuli ekologiurad sufTa sawvavi _ biodizeli

N
da bioairi sakmaod warmatebulad anacvlebs tradi-
ciul sawvavs, mag., aSS-Si energetikaSi daxarjuli

O
sur. 8
mTliani energiis 8% ganaxlebad wyaroebze modis.
maTgan yvelaze aqtiurad biomasis energias iyeneben (sur. 9).

D geoTermuli 5%

qari 9 %

wyali 35 %
mze 1 %

50% biomasa

sur. 10. mzesumzirasgan damzadebuli biodizeli _

sur. 9. 2011 wlis aprilis monacemebi alternatiuli sawvavi, romlis energiis xarjze
avtomobilis dizelis Zrava muSaobs.

maS ase, aratradiciuli energiis ganaxlebad wyaroebs erTi saerTo Tviseba

aqvs: isini ekologiurad sufTa da usafrTxoa, iZleva SedarebiT mcire sim­
Zlavres da gamoiyeneba mcire sawarmoebSi.
cxadia, alternatiul wyaroebs mZime mrewvelobis an transportis saWiro
ener­giiT uzrunvelyofa ar ZaluZs, magram ganviTarebuli energetikis pirobebSi
maTac farTod iyeneben.

176
 proeqti #7
me energiis axal wyaros aRmovaCen
mizani: alternatiuli sawvavis moZieba da misi wvis kuTri siTbos gansazRvra.

warsuli
Sen energiis zogierT saxes (me­qa­
ni­kurs, siTburs, eleqtruls) ukve
ga­ e cani. momavalSi energiis sxva
formebsac Seiswavli.
civilizaciis mTeli istoria ka­

Y
cob­­r iobis energiiT momaragebis

P
srul­yofis istoriaa: pirvelyofili
ada­ miani Tavis kunTebSi dagrovil

O
ener­ gias iyenebda, mogvianebiT man
cxo­velebis energiis gamoyeneba daiw­

C
yo. TandaTanobiT gaCnda energiis bu­
neb­rivi wyaroebis _ qarisa da wylis

T
ener­giis gamoyenebis idea… jer kidev

’
sur. 1
4500 wlis win egviptelebi qaris
energias nilosze ialqniani navebis gadaadgilebisTvis iyenebdnen (sur.1). Zv. w.

N
II-I saukuneebSi qaris energiaze momuSave wisqviliT egvipteSi marcvals fqvavdnen,
sparselebma VII saukuneSi daiwyes misi gamoyeneba, XII saukuneSi arabebis wyalobiT

O
qaris wisqvilebis Sesaxeb evropamac gaigo… aravin icis zustad, rodis gauCnda

D
adamians wylis energiis gamoyenebis idea, magram Sen ici, rom 1709 wels mTeli
fabrika muSaobda wylis energiiT (gaixsene proeqti: `rogor gamovtacoT wyals
energia~).
namdvili sawarmoo revolucia moxda maSin, roca adamiani mixvda, rogor
gardaeqmna sawvavSi (qvanaxSirSi) dagrovili energia jer siTbur, xolo Semdeg
meqanikur energiad da siTburi Zrava Seqmna…
Seajame Seni codna, damoukideblad moipove sxva informaciac adamianis mier
energiis gardaqmnisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb uZvelesi droidan dRemde.

momavali
dRevandel msoflioSi bunebrivi sawvavis uzarmazari raodenobiT gamoyenebis
tendenciam SesaZloa, globalur energokrizisamde migviyvanos. garda amisa,
Tu uaxloes periodSi kacobrioba ver gamonaxavs tradiciuli sawvavis
ekologiurad sufTa Semcvlels, planetaze sicocxlis arsebobas seriozuli
safrTxe daemuqreba. safrTxis seriozulobis gamo kacobrioba eZebs energiis
miRebis alternatiul gzebs, romlebic naklebi saSiSroebis Semcvleli iqneba
garemosTvis.
► gaarkvie, ra aris energiis alternatiuli wyaro da moipove informacia
zogierT maTganze.
► gaarkvie, ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi aqvs alternatiul energiis
gamoyenebas.

177
3.16 proeqti #7

► moiZieinformacia: ra tendenciebia alternatiuli sawvavis gamoyenebis mxriv

saqarTveloSi. Seecade gaarkvio, SenTvis nacnob garemoSi (mag., sofelSi) xom
ar iyeneben alternatiul sawvavs.

yovelwliurad Cveni qveyana kargavs 446 milioni laris Rirebulebis sawvavad

gametebul xe-tyes. tyis ekosistema nadgurdeba da sul ufro izrdeba bunebrivi
katastrofebis ricxvi, masStabi, moculoba. biomasa (organuli narCenebi)
energiis mniSvnelovani wyaroa, romelic warmoadgens SeSis alternativas saWmlis
mosamzadeblad da gasaTbobad.
biomasisgan damzadebuli sawvavs sakmaod didi Tbounarianoba axasiaTebs da
amitom misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia SeSis magivrad. aseTi sawvavis damzadeba
Zalian martivia. mis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba: foTlebi, bostneulis Rero,
simindis Rero, totebi, Txilis naWuWi, namjis narCenebi, qaRaldi, naxerxi, walami

Y
da sxva. saqarTvelos bevr kuTxeSi adamianebi sawvavad iyeneben wivas _ saqonlis
nakelisa (an qaTmis, Roris, cxenis bionarCenebis) da namjis narevs, romelsac

P
mzeze aSroben (sur.2).
proeqtis mizania: wivis wvis kuTri siTbos gansazRvra.

O
daamzade konservis qilebisgan ormagkedliani qura, raTa maqsimalurad
aicilo Tavidan energiis kargva. wivis dawvis Sedegad gamoyofili energiis

C
xarjze gaaTbe wyali, aiRe saWiro anaTvlebi da gamoTvale wivis wvis kuTri
siTbo.

T
gamoTvale wivis ekonomiuri efeqti erTi ojaxisTvis, anu ra Tanxis dazogva

’
SeuZlia erT ojaxs Tu SeSas wiviT Caanacvlebs. moipove informacia, garda
sawvavis Canacvlebisa, kidev raSi SeiZleba gamoiyenos mosaxleobam wiva.

N
gansazRvre wivis gamoyenebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi da warmoadgine

O
prezentacia klasis winaSe.

D
sur. 2

178
 3 Seamowme Seni codna
testi #3
gaiTvaliswine: TiToeul davalebas, sirTulis mixedviT, garkveuli feri da qula See-
sabameba:
umartivesi _ 1 qula; martivi _ 2 qula;
saSualo sirTulis _ 3 qula; rTuli _ 4 qula.

1. aisbergebis wyalqveSa nawili dnobas iwyebs (sur. 1):

a) qvevidan, radgan is wylis metad gamTbar fenaSia;

Y
b) zevidan, radgan is wylis metad gamTbar fenaSia;

P
g) zevidan, radgan metad xvdeba mzis sxivebi;
d) mas mere, rac wyalzeda nawili dadneba. pasuxi axseni.

O
2. gayinuli Tovli ukeT icavs sagazafxulo naTesebs, Tu
axlad mosuli? ratom?

C
a) gayinuli Tovli, radgan is ufro cudi Tbogamtaria;
b) gayinuli Tovli, radgan is ukeTesi Tbogamtaria;

’ T
g) axlad mosuli Tovli, radgan masSi haeriani Suale-
debi metia, haeri ki kargi Tbogamtaria; sur.1

N
d) axlad mosuli Tovli, radgan masSi haeriani Sualedebi metia, haeri ki
cudi Tbogamtaria.

O
3. moxnul mindors mwvane mdelo esazRvreba. ra mimarTulebiT imoZravebs maT
sazRvarze grili haeri dRisiT?

D
a) mdelodan moxnuli mindvrisken, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom moxnuli
mindvris zedapiri mdelosTan SedarebiT ufro muqi ferisaa, ukeT
STanTqavs mzis sxivebs da metad Tbeba.
b) moxnuli mindvridan mdelosken, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom moxnuli
mindvris zedapiri mdelosTan SedarebiT ufro muqi ferisaa, ukeT
STanTqavs mzis sxivebs da metad Tbeba;
g) mdelodan moxnuli mindvrisken, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom mdelos-
zedapiri ufro naTelia, ukeT STanTqavs mzis sxivebs da metad Tbeba;
d) moxnuli mindvridan mdelosken, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom mdelos
zedapiri ufro naTelia, ukeT STanTqavs mzis sxivebs da metad Tbeba.
4. erTnairi masis wyals, spilenZsa da rkinas erTnairi gamaTboblebiT aTboben.
me-2 suraTze TiToeuli maTganis temperaturis droze damokidebulebis
grafikebia gamosaxuli. gaarkvie, romeli grafiki ekuTvnis wyals, romeli _
spilenZs da romeli _ rkinas.
a) I _ wyali, II _ rkina, III _ spilenZi;
b) I _ rkina, II _ wyali, III _ spilenZi; t, °C
g) I _ spilenZi, II _ rkina, III _ wyali; III
d) I _ wyali, II _ spilenZi, III _ rkina. II

I
0
sur. 2.

179
Seamowme Seni codna

5. adamianis organizmis kuTri siTbotevadoba daaxloebiT

3500 j/kg0C-ia (siTbotevadoba aris sidide, romelic
kuT­ ri siTbotevadobisa da masis namravlis tolia
C=cm). gamoTvale iaponeli sumos moWidavis siTbo-
tevadoba, Tu misi masa 200 kg-ia (sur. 3).
a) 700 j/0C; b) 700 kj/0C;
g) 17, 5 j/0C; d) 3700 kj/0C.

# 6 _ # 10 amocanebSi: me-4 suraTze kristaluri sxeulis sur. 3.

temperaturis gadacemul siTboze damokidebulebis
grafikia gamosaxuli.
t, °C

100

Y
D

P
B C

O
50

C
A

’ T
150 300 450 600 750 900 1050 1200 Q, kj sur. 4

6. gamoTvale kristaluri sxeulis kuTri siTbotevadoba, Tu cnobilia, rom

N
sxeulis masa 5 kg-ia.
a) 300 j/kg 0C; b) 1200 j/kg 0C;

O
g) 150 j/kg C;
0
d) 1050 j/kg 0C.

D
7. ra temperaturaze dneba kristaluri sxeuli?
a) 300 0C; b) 150 0C; g) 80 0C; d) 30 0C.
8. gamoTvale kristaluri sxeulis dnobis kuTri siTbo, Tu cnobilia, rom
sxeulis masa 5 kg-ia.
a) 300 kj/kg; b) 1200 kj/kg;
g) 150 kj/kg; d) 1050 kj/kg.
9. B wertilSi ufro meti Sinagani energia aqvs sxeuls, Tu C wertilSi? ram-
deniT?
a) B wertilSi, 300 kj -iT; b) B wertilSi, 750 kj-iT;
g) C wertilSi, 1050 kj -iT; d) C wertilSi, 750 kj-iT.

10. B wertilSi ufro metia sxeulis temperatura, Tu C wertilSi?

a) B wertilSi;
b) C wertilSi;
g) orive wertilSi erTnairi temperatura aqvs;
d) SeuZlebelia Sedareba.
11. 200C temperaturis wyalSi imave raodenobis 500C-iani Tbili wyali Caasxes.
gansazRvre narevis saboloo temperatura:
a) 150C; b) 200C; g) 350C; d) 400C.

180
 Seamowme Seni codna

12. 200C temperaturis wyalSi orjer meti moculobis 500C-iani Tbili wyali
Caasxes. gansazRvre narevis saboloo temperatura:
a) 150C; b) 200C;
g) 350C; d) 400C.
13. 540C temperaturis wyali eleqtroquraze 7 wT -Si aduRda. gamoTvale, ram­
den xanSi aorTqldeba igi mTlianad?
a) 20 wT 20 wm; b) 60 wT;
g) 80 wT 23 wm; d) 83 wT 20 wm.
14. gamoTvale, ramdeni gradusiT gaTbeba 23 kg masis wyali 84 g navTis dawvi-

Y
sas. CaTvale, rom siTbos is raodenoba, romelic navTis dawvisas gamoiyo,
mTlianad daixarja wylis gasaTbobad.

P
a) 200C; b) 400C; g) 600C; d) 800C.
15. gansazRvre, ris tolia Zravas mqk, Tu misi simZlavre 3,266 .103 vt-ia da

O
Zrava saaTSi 1 l benzins xarjavs:
a) 0,357%; b) 3,57%; g) 36 %; d) 35,7%.

’ T C
testSi dagrovili qulebis mixedviT Sen sakuTari codnis Sefasebas SeZleb:

N
dagrovili
Sedegis aRwera Sefaseba

O
qulebi

D
1-4 1
5-8 im davalebebidan, romlebic sworad gaqvs Sesrulebuli, 2
Cans, rom zogierTma sakiTxma dagainteresa. vfiqrob, kargi
9 - 12 iqneba, Tu gavlil masalas xelaxla gadaxedav. 3
13 -15 4
16 - 18 5
bevri davaleba sworad gaqvs Sesrulebuli. Sedegis
gaumjobesebisTvis aucileblad gaakeTe analizi, ra tipis
Secdomebi dauSvi da ram ganapiroba es Secdomebi. xelaxla
19 - 21 gadaxede gavlil masalas da misi ukeT gaazrebisTvis 6
damatebiTi savarjiSoebi gamoiyene.

22 - 25 sakmaod bevri davaleba sworad gaqvs Sesrulebuli. Cans, rom 7

mimdinare davalebebs yuradRebas aqcevdi. gadaxede daSvebul
Secdomebs da gaaanalize, ra tipis Secdomebs uSveb ZiriTadad
26 - 28 da ratom. gaakeTe damatebiTi savarjiSoebi da amocanebi im 8
kategoriidan, romelSic ufro meti Secdoma gaqvs daSvebuli.

Sedegi kargia. aucileblad gaanalize mcire xarvezebi,

29 - 32 romlebic testis Sesrulebisas dauSvi. es sxva dros 9
wvrilmanebze yuradRebis koncentrirebaSi dagexmareba.

gilocav! Sedegi Zalian kargia. Cans, rom damoukideblad

33 - 34 muSaobdi, saklaso da saSinao davalebebs sistematurad da 10
gaazrebulad asrulebdi.

181
 III Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

gaiTvaliswine: TiToeul davalebas, sirTulis mixedviT, garkveuli feri Seesabameba:

umartivesi - ; martivi - ; saSualo sirTulis - ; rTuli - .

§ 3.1 Termometrebi
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da # 1 _ # 5 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT
Camoyalibe.
1. rogor movlenebs ewodeba siTburi?
2. rogor icvleba, ZiriTadad, myari sxeulebis, siTxeebisa da airebis
moculoba roca maTi temperatura imatebs? roca mcirdeba? ra hqvia

Y
am movlenas?

P
3. daaasaxele nivTierebebi, romlebic `ar emorCileba~ siTburi gafar-
Toebis ZiriTad kanonzomierebas?

O
4. Camoayalibe: raSi mdgomareobs im movlenis arsi, romelic `wylis ano-
maliis~ saxiTaa cnobili?

C
5. ra fizikur movlenas emyareba Termometris muSaoba?

6. Tu gitaras Tbili oTaxidan yinvaSi gaitan, simebi Zlier daiWimeba.

’ T
dafiqrdi, rogor gafarTovdeba xe da foladi temperaturis erTnairad
momatebisas?
avzi

N
axade roials (an pianinos) Tavi da yuradRebiT da-
aTvaliere: foladis simebi CarCozea gadaWimuli.

O
ivaraude, ra masalisgan unda iyos CarCo damzade-
buli? ratom fiqrob ase?

D
7. 1-l suraTze Senobis gaTbobis sistemis sqemaa ga-
mosaxuli. Seni azriT, ra daniSnuleba aqvs sxvenSi
damontaJebul mcire zomis avzs?
8. rogor fiqrob, ra aris imis mizezi, rom xSirad zam­
TrobiT, yinvebis dros, kldeebze napralebi Cndeba saqvabe
(sur. 2)? rogor imoqmedebs es movlena dedamiwis sur. 1.
zedapiris reliefze?
mTvareze ki es movlena ar arsebobs, rac erT-erTi
mizezia imisa, rom dedamiwisgan gansxvavebiT, mTva-
reze gacilebiT ufro maRali da wvetiani mTebia.
ra movlenazea laparaki?
9. yinvaSi tyeSi xeebis tkacuni ismis. rogor fiqrob,
ratom gamoscemen isini aseT xmas?
10. saxaliso cda: ganieri TefSis fskerze 20-TeTriani
moneta dade da zed cotaodeni wyali daasxi. moi-
fiqre, rogor aiReb monetas ise, rom TiTebi ar
daisvelo. es SesaZlebelia!
miTiTeba: gaixsene § 3.1-is II cdis Sedegi.
sur. 2.

182
 III Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

§ 3.2 temperatura
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da # 1- # 14 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT
Camoyalibe.
1. rogoria nivTierebis agebuleba? risgan Sedgeba is?
2. ra saxis energia aqvs nivTierebis Semadgenel nawilakebs moZraobis
Sedegad? urTierTqmedebis Sedegad?
3. ra aris difuzia? ra iwvevs am movlenas?
4. riT gansxvavdeba `cxeli~ da `civi~ wylis molekulebi erTmaneTisgan?
5. razea damokidebuli difuziis siCqare?
6. rogoraa damokidebuli nivTierebis Semadgeneli nawilakebis kinetikuri

Y
energia temperaturaze?
7. ras ewodeba siTburi moZraoba? rogor fiqrob, ratom hqvia am moZraobas

P
`siTburi~?
8. rogor fiqrob, aris Tu ara erTi molekulis moZraoba

O
a) siTburi moZraoba? b) meqanikuri moZraoba? ratom?
9. aRwere: ra moxdeba Tu cxelsa da civ sxeulebs erTmaneTs SevaxebT?

C
10. ra mimarTulebiT gadaecema energia sxvadasxva temperaturis sxeulebis
Sexebisas: ufro maRali temperaturis sxeulidan SedarebiT dabali

’ T
temperaturis sxeulisken Tu piriqiT?
11. ratom sWirdeba dro TermometriT temperaturis gazomvas?

N
12. ras gulisxmobs `siTburi wonasworoba~?
13. ras ewodeba absoluturi temperatura?

O
14. ra damokidebuleba arsebobs
a) farenhaitisa da celsiusis skalaze aTvlil tem-

D
peraturebs Soris?
b) kelvinisa da celsiusis skalaze aTvlil tempe-
raturebs Soris?
15. me-3 suraTze airiani Termometris gamartivebuli
sqemaa gamosaxuli.
(1) _ airiT (wyalbadiT) savse rezervuari. 2
(2) _ vercxliswyliani ziarWurWeli, romelsac
temperaturis gasazomi skala aqvs datanebuli.
1
dafiqrdi, ra moxdeba, Tu airian rezervuars cxel
cxeli wyali
wyalSi CavuSvebT? Seecade, axsna airis Termomet­ sur. 3.
ris moqmedeba.

§ 3.3 Sinagani energia

yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da # 1 _ # 9 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT
Camoyalibe.
1. ra aris sxeulis Sinagani energia?
2. damokidebulia Tu ara sxeulis Sinagani energia mis moZraobaze an mde-
bareobaze sxva sxeulebis mimarT?
3. SeiZleba Tu ara, sxeulis Sinagani energia nulis toli iyos? ratom?
4. SeiZleba Tu ara, sxeuls Sinagani energia hqondes da meqanikuri ara?
ratom?
5. daasaxele Sinagani energiis cvlilebis xerxebi;

183
III Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

6. rogor icvleba sxeulis Sinagani energia sxeulis gaTbobisas? gacivebisas?

7. rogor icvleba sxeulis Sinagani energia, Tu sxeulze muSaobas asruleben?
Tu sxeuli Tavad asrulebs muSaobas?
8. ra aris sxeulis sruli energia?
9. raSi mdgomareobs sruli energiis mudmivobis kanoni?
10. axseni, ratomaa lesvisas salesi qvidan gatyorcnili naperwklebi gavarva-
rebuli?
11. balonidan haeri amotumbes. Seicvleba Tu ara balonSi haeris Sinagani
energia? rogor?
12. aRwere energiis gardaqmna avtomobilis damuxruWebisas.
13. ratom dneba Tovli gzis saval nawilze ufro swrafad, vidre napireb­
Tan?
14. kosmosuri xomaldis konstruqtorebi eZeben saSualebas, rom rogorme

Y
aicilon xomaldis garsis Zlier gaxureba atmosferos qveda fenebSi
xomaldis moZraobisas. ratom cxeldeba xomaldis garsi?

P
15. Seicvleba Tu ara airis temperatura, Tu mas ucbad SevkumSavT? Tu
ucbad gavafarTovebT? Tu Seicvleba, rogori iqneba es cvlileba?

O
16. sqelkedlian cilindrSi mWidrod morgebul dguSs swrafad sweven dab­

C
la da haers kumSaven. Sedegad cilindris fskerze moTavsebuli bambis
fTila aaldeba. rogor fiqrob, ratom xdeba ase? naxe cda internetSi
misamarTze:

’ T
http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/thermo/4B7010.html
17. naxe internetSi cda da axseni cdis Sedegi:

N
WurWelSi Catumbuli haeri Sinagani ener-
giis xarjze muSaobas asrulebs da sacobs

O
amoagdebs:
http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/thermo/4B7025.html

D
18. albaT, ginaxavs, ralis monawileebi Zalian
xSirad cvlian avtomobilis saburavebs sur. 4
(sur. 4). ratom?

§ 3.4 Tbogamtaroba
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da # 1 _ # 5 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT
Camoyalibe.
1. ra aris Tbogadacema?
2. aRwere Tbogamtarobis meqanizmi;
3. TbogamtarobiT sxeulis gaTbobis SemTxvevaSi gadaitaneba Tu ara niv-
Tiereba?
4. riT aixsneba liTonebis _ kargi, xolo siTxeebisa da airebis cudi Tbo-
gamtaroba?
5. rogori masalebi gamoiyeneba Tboizolatorebad? daasaxele ramdenime
maTgani.
6. glexebs Zalian aSinebT uTovlo zamTari, radgan am dros yinva Semod-
gomis naTesebs anadgurebs. ra Seicvleba, Tu zamTari Tovliani iqneba?
7. ra SemTxvevaSi ufro SeinarCuneb sxeulis siTbos: roca or sviters
erTad Caicvam, Tu roca erT sqel sviters Caicvam?

184
 III Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

8. adamians scxela, roca haeris temperatura 250C-ia, magram sciva imave

temperaturis wyalSi. ratom?
9. sworia Tu ara gamoTqma: `qurqi aTbobs~? ratom?
10. garemos erTnairi temperaturis pirobebSi romeli Senobaa ufro Tbili:
xis masalisgan agebuli Tu aguriT naSeni? CaTvale, rom kedlebis sisqe
orive SemTxvevaSi erTnairia.
11. mWedeli gavarvarebul detals wyalSi debs gasaciveblad. ratom iqceva
ase, detali xom haerzec gacivdeba?
12. wyalsaden da sakanalizacio milebs miwaSi Rrmad deben. ratom?
13. rogori fexsacmeli ufro dagicavs zamTarSi yinvisgan: farTo Tu viwro?
14. fexiT mosiarule menayineebi penoplastis yuTSi Cawyobil nayins garedanac

Y
saguldagulod fuTaven: zemodan bambas an qaRaldis bevr fenas afareben.

P
ratom?
15. iglu (sur.5) eskimosebis tradiciuli sacxovrebli

O
qoxia, romelsac gayinuli Tovlis filebisgan aSene-
ben. marTalia, aseTi qoxi erTjeradia (ratom?), mag­

C
ram gacilebiT ufro mosaxerxebelia, vidre oqros
sasaxle, ase xSirad rom natroben zRap­ris gmirebi.

T
ratom?

’
§ 3.5 konveqcia sur. 5

N
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da # 1 _ # 7 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT

O
Camoyalibe.
1. ra aris konveqcia? aRwere misi meqanizmi;

D
2. ra SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba konveqciuri nakadi siTxeSi an airSi?
3. warmoiqmneba Tu ara konveqciuri nakadi siTxesa da airSi, Tu maT zemo-
dan gaTbobas SevecdebiT?
4. gadaitaneba Tu ara nivTiereba, Tu sxeuli Tbeba:
a) konveqciiT; b) TbogamtarobiT?
5. ras ewodeba bunebrivi konveqcia? iZulebiTi? daasaxele magaliTebi;
6. ra aris dRis brizi? Ramis brizi? rogor warmoiqmneba is?
7. axseni, ra aris weva da risTvisaa is saWiro.
8. oTaxis gamaTboblebs iatakTan axlos, fanjris qveS aTavseben, kondicio-
ners ki _ WerTan axlos. axseni, ratom iqcevian ase? ra moxdeba, Tu am
mowyobilobebs adgilebs gaucvlian?
9. me- 6 suraTze Tanamedrove Senobebis
gaTbobis sistemis sqemaa gamosaxuli.
sistemis muSaobis principic imave mov­
lenas efuZneba, romelsac Zvel romSi
gaTbobis sistemaSi iyenebdnen. daakvir-
di sqemas: wiTeli feriT cxeli wyalia
aRniSnuli, lurjiT ki _ civi. axseni,
rogor Tbeba Senobebi.maRalsarTuliani
saxlis gaTbobis sistemaSi ki damatebiT
wyalsaqaC tumboebs amontaJeben. ratom?

sur. 6.

185
III Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

10. gaxseni oTaxis kari, romelic SedarebiT civ saTavsSi (an meore oTaxSi,
SemosasvlelSi) gadis. gamoTqvi varaudi, rogor imoZravebs haeri Ria
karSi?
moaTavse anTebuli sanTeli karis WrilSi jer iatakze, Semdeg WerTan axlos da
alis mixedviT gansazRvre haeris moZraobis mimarTuleba. gaakeTe grafikuli
naxazi.
11. civ oTaxSi yofnisas pirvelad fexebi gveToSeba. ratom?
12. gaixsene: wyalsatevebSi yvelaze Tbili wyali fskerTanaa. ratom ar
xdeba konveqcia, ratom ar amodis zemoT Tbili wylis fena?
13. ratom aqvs wagrZelebuli forma sanTlis als?

§ 3.6 gamosxiveba
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da # 1 _ # 3 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT

Y
Camoyalibe.
1. ra gziT xdeba Tbogadacema vakuumSi?

P
2. rogori temperaturis sxeulebis asxiveben siTbos? razea damokidebuli
maT mier gamosxivebuli energiis intensivoba?

O
3. rogori sxeulebi gamoasxiveben/STanTqaven siTbos meti intensivobiT:

C
Ria Tu muqi feris? daasaxele magaliTebi, rogor iTvaliswineben am
movlenas yofa-cxovrebasa da teqnikaSi.

T
4. gazafxulze Tovli tyeSi ufro gvian dneba, vidre mindorSi. ratom?

’
5. gazafxulze WuWyiani Tovli ufro adre dadneba Tu sufTa?
6. benzinis, navTisa da sxva sawvavis cisternebs vercxlisfrad Rebaven.

N
ratom?
7. TviTmfrinavebi, diriJablebi, sahaero burTebi Ria ferisaa. ratom?

O
8. ratomaa sardafi yvelaze grili adgili SenobaSi?

D
§ 3.7 siTbos raodenoba
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da # 1 _ # 9 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT
Camoyalibe.
1. daasaxele Sinagani energiis cvlilebis gzebi;
2. ras ewodeba siTbos raodenoba? ra SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom sxeuli
siTbos iRebs an siTbo gadaeca? sxeuli siTbos kargavs an sxeulma siTbo
gasca?
3. rogor gamoiTvleba siTbos raodenoba, romelic saWiroa sxeulis t1-dan
t2 temperaturamde gasaTbobad? ganmarte formulaSi Semavali sidideebi.
4. ra aris siTbos raodenobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi?
5. ras gviCvenebs nivTierebis kuTri siTbotevadoba? ra aris misi erTeuli?
6. rogori nivTierebis kuTri siTbotevadobaa 1 j/kg∙0C?
7. ra aris kaloria da ramden jouls utoldeba is?
8. ramdeni joulis tolia 1 kkal?
9. axseni kuTri siTbotevadobis cxrilis gamoyenebiT, ratom Tbeba dRisiT
xmeleTi ufro swrafad, vidre wyali.

10. gavarvarebuli uTo oTaxs ver aTbobs, 600C-mde gamTbari Rumeli an

gaTbobis radiatori ki Zalian kargad aTbobs. ratom?

186
 III Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

11. oTaxi miT ukeT Tbeba, rac metia gaTbobis radiatorSi seqciaTa rao-
denoba. ratom?
12. didi wyalsatevebis (zRvebis, okeaneebis, didi tbebis) maxloblad za-
fxulobiT SedarebiT grila, zamTari ki naklebad mkacri icis. ratom?
13. 1kg masis faifuris 10C -iT gasaTbobad 750 j siTboa saWiro. ris tolia
faifuris kuTri siTbotevadoba?

#15-18 amocanebSi gansazRvre:

14. siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro 1g spirtis 10C-iT gasaTbobad? rogor
Seicvleba misi Sinagani energia?
15. siTbos ra raodenoba gamoiyofa 1 kg masis TuTiis sxeulis 10C-iT

Y
gacivebisas? rogor Seicvleba misi Sinagani energia?
16. ra masis navTi SeiZleba gavaTboT 10C-iT, Tu mas 6300 j siTbos gadav­

P
cemT? rogor Seicvleba misi Sinagani energia am dros?
17. ramdeni gradusiT gaTbeba 2 l wyali, Tu mas 16,8 kj siTbos gadavcemT?

O
rogor Seicvleba wylis Sinagani energia?
18. daadgine nivTierebis gvaroba, Tu cnobilia, rom 1kg masis nivTierebis

C
Sinagani energia 10C-iT
a) gaTbobisas 2100 j-iT gaizarda;

T
b) gacivebisas 1700 j-iT Semcirda.

’
19. gansazRvre, rogor Seefardeba ori sxeulis masa erTmaneTs, Tu cno-
bilia, rom erTi da imave raodenobis siTbos gadacemisas pirvelis

N
temperatura 2-jer ufro naklebad Seicvala, vidre meorisa, amasTan
pirveli sxeulis kuTri siTbotevadoba 3-jer metia meorisaze.

O
20. gansazRvre, rogor Seefardeba ori sxeulis kuTri siTbotevadoba

D
er­TmaneTs, Tu cnobilia, rom sxeulebis temperatura erTi da imave
sididiT Seicvala im dros, roca pirvels gadasces 2-jer ufro nak-
lebi siTbo, vidre meores. amasTan pirveli sxeulis masa 3-jer metia
meorisaze.

§ 3.8 fizika amocanebSi: Sinagani energiis cvlileba

yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da # 1 _ # 6 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT
Camoyalibe.
1. rogor gamoiTvleba sxeulis Sinagani energiis cvlilebis sidide, Tu
is muSaobis Sesrulebis gziT icvleba?
2. rogor gamoiTvleba sxeulis Sinagani energiis cvlilebis sidide, Tu
is siTbocvlis gziT icvleba?
3. rogor gamoiTvleba Sinagani energiis cvlilebis sidide, Tu sxeulze
muSaobac sruldeba da mas siTboc gadaecema?
4. Seicvleba Tu ara sxeulis Sinagani energia, Tu sxeulze arc muSaoba
sruldeba da is arc siTbocvlaSi iRebs monawileobas (anu Tu sxeuli
izolirebulia garemosgan)?
5. Camoayalibe Sinagani energiis Senaxvis kanoni;
6. ra aris siTburi balansis gantoleba da ra Sinaarsi aqvs mas?

7. Termosi, romlis tevadoba 3 l-ia, mduRare (100 0C temperaturis) wyliT

aavses. erTi dRe-Ramis Semdeg wylis temperatura 77 0C-mde daeca. gan-
sazRvre wylis Sinagani energiis danakargi am xnis ganmavlobaSi.

187
III Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

8. 20 kg masis foladis detali Carxze damuSavebisas 50 0C-iT gaTba. ra muSaoba

Seasrula Carxis Zravam detalis damuSavebisas? energiis danakargebs nu
gaiTvaliswineb.
9. ramdeni gradusiT gaTbeba 200 sm3 moculobis WiqaSi wyali, Tu mas 10 j
siTbos gadavcemT?
10. gansazRvre, ra liTonisganaa damzadebuli 200 g masis detali, Tu 200C-
idan 240C-mde detalis gasaTbobad 160 j siTbo daixarja.
11. 100 g masis kalis 320C-mde gacivebisas misi Sinagani energia 4,6 kj-iT
Seicvala. gansazRvre kalis temperatura gacivebamde.
12. ra temperaturamde gacivdeba 5 l mduRare (100 0C temperaturis) wyali,
Tu is garemos 168 kj siTbos gadascems?
13. rkinis avzSi, romlis masa 65 kg-ia, 4 0C temperaturis 200 l Wis wyali
Caasxes. mzis sxivebma wyali 29 0C-mde gaaTbo. gamoTvale, ra raodenobis

Y
siTbo miiRo wyalma da avzma erTad?
14. gamoTvale, ra raodenobis siTbos gascems 300 agurisgan naSeni Rumeli

P
700C-dan 200C-mde gacivebisas, Tu TiToeuli aguris masa 5kg-ia.
15. gamoTvale, ra raodenobis siTboa saWiro auzSi wylis 150C-idan 250C

O
temperaturamde gasaTbobad, Tu cnobilia, rom auzis sigrZe 100 m-ia,
sigane _ 6 m, xolo siRrme _ 2 m.

C
16. gansazRvre, ramdeni gradusiT gaTbeba tyviis burTi, Tu is 28 m simaR-
lidan tyviisave zedapirs daecema. CaTvale, rom burTis meqanikuri

T
energia mTlianad mis Sinagan energiad gardaiqmna (g = 10 n/kg).

’
17. 1,2 kg masis foladis pnevmatikuri CaquCi 1 wT-is ganmavlobaSi muSaobi-
sas 200C-iT gaTba. gaiTvaliswine, rom CaquCis gaTbobaze Sesrulebuli

N
muSaobis 40% daixarja. gamoTvale Sesrulebuli muSaoba da muSaobisas

O
ganviTarebuli simZlavre.
18. rogor Seicvala 3 kg masis uros Sinagani energia 2 m simaRlidan dacemis

D
Semdeg? energiis danakargebs mxedvelobaSi nu miiReb.
19. 5 litr mduRare wyalSi Caasxes 2 litri 30 0C-iani wyali. gaige narevis
saboloo temperatura;
20. 3 litr 700C-ian wyalSi Caasxes 2 litri oTaxis temperaturis (200C)
wyali. gaige narevis saboloo temperatura;
21. 200C temperaturis 10 l wyalSi 500C-iani Tbili wylis Casxmis Semdeg
narevis saboloo temperatura 250C gaxda. gansazRvre Tbili wylis
moculoba.
22. 1,5 l 700C-ian wyalSi 2 l 200C-iani wyali Caasxes. gansazRvre narevis
temperatura. siTbos danakargebs mxedvelobaSi nu miiReb.
23. saTlSi 90C temperaturis 5 kg wyalia Casxmuli. ra raodenobis mduRare
wyali unda CavamatoT, rom narevis temperatura 300C gaxdes? siTbos
danakargebs mxedvelobaSi nu miiReb.
24. liTonis 200 g masis cilindri 1000C-ian mduRareSi gaacxeles da 220C
temperaturis 400 g wyalSi CauSves. ramdenime xnis Semdeg cilindrisa
da wylis temperatura gaTanabrda (ratom?) da 250C-is toli gaxda.
gansazRvre im liTonis kuTri siTbotevadoba, romlisganac cilindria
damzadebuli. siTbos danakargebs mxedvelobaSi nu miiReb.

188
 III Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

§ 3.9 dnoba. gamyareba

yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da # 1 _ # 6 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT
Camoyalibe.
1. ra aris dnoba? gamyareba (kristalizacia)?
2. ra temperaturaze iwyeba dnoba? gamyareba?
3. icvleba Tu ara dnobisas ( gamyarebisas) sxeulis temperatura? Sinagani
energia? rogor?
4. ra aris dnobis siTbo? rogor gamoiTvleba is?
5. rogor gamoiTvleba siTbos raodenoba, romelic gamoiyofa gamyarebis
procesSi?

Y
6. ra aris dnobis kuTri siTbo, ras gviCvenebs is da ra aris misi erTeuli
SI sistemaSi?

P
7. SesaZlebelia Tu ara: a) TuTiis WurWelSi aluminis gadnoba? b) spilen-

O
Zis WurWelSi oqros gadnoba? pasuxebi axseni.
8. zamTarSi, yinvebis dros, sardafSi, sadac xil-bostneuls inaxaven, wyliT

C
savse kasrebs dgamen. axseni, ratom iqcevian ase?
9. eleqtronaTuris ukeT naTebisaTvis misi Zafi Zalian maRal tempe-

T
raturamde unda gacxeldes. romeli nivTierebisganaa ukeTesi Zafis

’
damzadeba: volframisgan Tu rkinisgan? ratom?
10. gansazRvre, siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro 200 g tyviis srulad dasad-

N
nobad, Tu cnobilia, rom misi temperatura
a) 27 0C -ia; b) 327 0C -ia.

O
11. gansazRvre, siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro 200 g kalis srulad dasad-
nobad, Tu cnobilia, rom misi temperatura

D
a) 32 0C -ia; b) 232 0C -ia.
12. aage sqematuri grafikebi, Tu rogor icvleba temperatura drois
mixedviT Sem­degi procesebisTvis:
a) yinuli (-15 0C) → yinuli (0 0C); b) yinuli(-15 0C) → wyali (0 0C);
g) yinuli (-15 0C) → wyali (10 0C); d) wyali (32 0C) → wyali (0 0C);
e) wyali (32 C) → yinuli (0 C);
0 0
v) wyali (32 0C) → yinuli (-10 0C);
z) yinuli (0 0C) → yinuli (-10 0C); T) yinuli (0 0C) → wyali (40 0C);
i) wyali (0 C) → yinuli (-5 C);
0 0
k) wyali (0 0C) → wyali (100 0C).
gamoTvale TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, ra raodenobis siTbos STanTqavs an
gamo­ yofs nivTiereba. nivTierebis masa TiToeul SemTxvevaSi 2 kg-is
tolia.
t °C
13. sufris marilis wyalxsnari 0 0C-ze
dabal temperaturaze iyineba. es tem- 10 20 30
0
peratura imis mixedviT icvleba, Tu p(%)
rogoria xsnarSi marilis Semcveloba. –5
me-7 suraTze mocemulia grafiki, rome- –10
lic giCvenebs, rogoraa damokidebuli
–15
gayinvis temperatura xsnar­Si marilis
procentul Semcvelobaze. gaanalize –20
sur. 7.
grafiki da dafiqrdi:
a) ramdenprocentiani unda iyos marilis wyal­xsnari, rom gayinvis tem-
peraturam yvelaze dabal zRvars miaRwios?

189
III Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

b) zogierTi nagebobis gasaciveblad gayvanil macivris milebSi cirku-

lirebs ara sufTa wyali, aramed marilxsnari. ratom?
g) daTovlil gzebze marils yrian. ratom?
d) rodis metad gagicivdeba fexi: sufTa Tovlze Tu marilmoyril
Tovlze?
14. gamoTvale, ra raodenobis siTboa saWiro, rom 1 kg masis alumini mTli­
anad gadnes, Tu aluminis sawyisi temperaturaa: a) 660 0C; b) 60 0C.
aage orive SemTxvevaSi temperaturis droze damokidebulebis grafiki, Tu
cnobilia, rom alumini gamaTboblisgan yovel wm-Si daaxloebiT 3000 j
siTbos iRebs.

§ 3.10 aorTqleba. kondensacia

yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da # 1 _ # 5 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT

Y
Camoyalibe.
1. ra aris aorTqleba? kondensacia?

P
2. ra temperaturaze xdeba aorTqleba? kondensacia?
3. razea damokidebuli aorTqlebis siCqare?

O
4. rogor icvleba siTxis Sinagani energia aorTqlebisas?
5. rogor icvleba orTqlis Sinagani energia kondensaciisas?

C
6. riT aixsneba naftalinis suni?

T
7. gaixsene toriCelis cda, romelic man atmosferuli wnevis gasazomad

’
Caatara: vercxliswyliT savse mili vercxliswylian WurWelSi gadmoa-
pirqvava. milidan vercxliswylis nawili CamoiRvara da zeviT Tavisu-

N
fali uhaero sivrce darCa, romelsac `toriCelis sicariele~ ewoda.
dafiqrdi: darCenil sivrceSi marTlac sicarielea Tu ara?

O
8. ratomaa ufro advili sicxis atana, roca ventilatoria CarTuli, an
ratom iniaveben sicxeSi qalbatonebi maraoTi?

D
9. cxel dReebSi qalaqgareT bunebaSi gasuli damsveneblebi wylian
WurWels svel naWerSi axveven. ratom iqcevian ase?
10. ratom grila SadrevanTan axlos?

§ 3.11 duRili
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da # 1 _ # 6 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT
Camoyalibe.
1. ra aris duRili da rodis iwyeba is?
2. icvleba Tu ara duRilisas sxeulis temperatura? Sinagani energia?
rogor?
3. rogoraa damokidebuli atmosferul wnevaze duRilis temperatura?
4. ra aris orTqladqcevis siTbo? rogor gamoiTvleba is?
5. rogor gamoiTvleba orTqlis kondensaciis dros gamoyofili siTbo?
6. ra aris orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbo, ras gviCvenebs is da ra aris misi
erTeuli SI sistemaSi?

7. sad ufro metia mduRare wylis temperatura: mTis wverze, zRvis doneze
Tu Rrma SaxtSi?
8. SeiZleba Tu ara mduRare wylis temperaturis gazomva spirtiani Ter-
mometriT?

190
 III Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

9. gamoTvale, siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro duRilis temperaturamde

miyvanili 100 g spirtis srulad asaorTqleblad;
10. gamoTvale, siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro duRilis temperaturamde
miyvanili 300 g wylis srulad asaorTqleblad;
11. aage drois mixedviT sxeulis temperaturis cvlilebis sqematuri gra-
fikebi Semdegi procesebisTvis:
a) wyali (100 0C) → orTqli (100 0C);
b) wyali (15 0C) → orTqli (100 0C);
g) orTqli (100 0C) → wyali (100 0C);
d) orTqli (100 0C) → wyali (20 0C);
e) orTqli (100 0C) → yinuli (0 0C);

Y
gamoTvale, ra raodenobis siTbos STanTqavs an gamoyofs sxeuli, romlis

P
masa TiToeul SemTxvevaSi 2 kg-is tolia.
12. ra masis 1000C-iani wylis orTqli unda SevuSvaT Tavdaxurul wylian

O
WurWelSi, rom misi mTlianad kondensirebisas WurWelSi wylis tempe-
ratura 400C-idan 1000C-mde gaizardos? wylis masa WurWelSi 4 kg-ia.

C
siTbur danakargebsa da WurWlis siTbotevadobas nu gaiTvaliswineb.
13. Tavdaxurul WurWelSi, romelSic 1,5 kg masisa da 150C temperaturis
wyali asxia, 1000C temperaturis 200 g wylis orTqli SeuSves. gamoTvale,

’ T
ris toli iqneba temperatura WurWelSi orTqlis mTlianad kondensaciis
Semdeg. WurWlis siTbotevadobas nu gaiTvaliswineb.

N
§ 3.12 mzis energiis Senaxvis formebi

O
yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da # 1 _ # 4 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT

D
Camoyalibe.
1. ratom iTvleba dedamiwaze arsebuli yvela saxis energiis wyarod mze?
2. ratom gamoiyofa energia sawvavis dawvisas?
3. rogor gamoiTvleba sawvavis dawvis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbos raode-
noba?
4. ras gviCvenebs sawvavis wvis kuTri siTbo da ra aris misi erTeuli SI
sistemaSi;
5. gansazRvre, ra raodenobis siTbo gamoiyofa 2 l Txevadi sawvavis sru-
lad dawvisas, Tu es sawvavia a) navTi; b) benzini; g) navTobi.
6. gansazRvre, ra masis torfi daiwva, Tu misi dawvisas 42 mgj energia
gamoiyo.
7. gansazRvre, ra masis navTobi daiwva, Tu misi dawvisas 22 mgj energia
gamoiyo.
8. gamoTvale, ra raodenobis bunebrivi airi dagWirdeba 8,8 l 00C-iani
wylis asaduReblad (energiis danakargebs nu gaiTvaliswineb);
9. gamoTvale, ra masis wylis aduRebas SeZleb 8,4 kg qvanaxSiris dawvisas
gamoyofili siTboTi, Tu cnobilia, rom wylis sawyisi temperatura
80 0C-ia.
10. gamoTvale, ra masis 140C-iani wylis gaTbobaa SesaZlebeli 500C-mde,
Tu amisaTvis 30 g spirti mTlianad daixarjeba.

191
III Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi

§ 3.13 siTburi Zravebi

yuradRebiT waikiTxe paragrafi da # 1 _ # 7 kiTxvebis pasuxi Seni sityvebiT
Camoyalibe.
1. ra aris siTburi Zrava?
2. daasaxele, ra saxis siTbur Zravebs icnob;
3. rogor gardaiqmneba siTburi energia sxva saxis (mag., meqanikur) ener-
giad?
4. aRwere oTxtaqtian Sigawvis ZravaSi mimdinare procesi;
5. romel taqtSi sruldeba sasargeblo muSaoba?
6. ras gviCvenebs Zravas mqk da rogor gamoiTvleba is?
7. ra zians ayenebs garemos siTburi Zravebis muSaoba?

§ 3.14 fizika amocanebSi: siTbo da muSaoba

Y
1. gamoTvale im traqtoris Zravas mqk, romelsac 15 mgj muSaobis Sesas-
ruleblad 1,2 kg masis sawvavi dasWirda. cnobilia, rom sawvavis wvis

P
kuTri siTbo 42 mgj/kg-ia.
2. gamoTvale avtomobilis Zravas mqk, Tu mas 23 mgj muSaobis Sesasrule-

O
blad 2 kg masis benzini dasWirda.
3. 5,5 .104 vt simZlavris Zrava saaTSi 12 kg benzins xarjavs. gansazRvre

C
Zravas mqk.
4. reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavis oTxi Zravadan TiToeuli 22 kn wevis Zalas

’ T
aviTarebs. gamoTvale, ramdeni litri benzini daixarjeba 1800 km/sT
siCqariT frenisas, Tu TviTmfrinavis Zravas mqk 20%-ia.

N
5. gansazRvre, ra droa saWiro imisaTvis, rom 600 vt simZlavris eleqtro-
quraze 1,5 l 100C temperaturis wyali aduRdes da misi 5% aorTqldes.

O
cnobilia, rom quris mqk 45%-ia.
6. 12 m/wm siCqariT moZravi tyviis birTvi iseTsave uZrav birTvs ejaxeba.

D
gamoTvale, ramdeni gradusiT gaTbeba birTvebi Sejaxebis Sedegad, Tu
am dros meqanikuri energia mTlianad birTvebis Sinagan energiad gar-
daiqmneba.
7. gamoTvale rkinis meteoritis atmosferoSi SemoWris siCqare, Tu atmos-
ferosTan xaxunis Sedegad is mTlianad gadna da aorTqlda. cnobilia,
rom atmosferoSi SemoWris momentSi meteoritis temperatura 00C iyo
da meteoritis meqanikuri energiis 80% mis Sinagan energiad gardaiqmna
(CaTvale, rom rkinis kuTri siTbotevadoba myar da Txevad mdgomare-
obaSi erTnairia. rkinis orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbo r = 6300 kj/kg).
8. tyvia kedelSi 330 m/wm siC­qariT SeiWra. gamoTvale, tyviis ra nawili
gadna kedelSi gavlisas, Tu kedelTan Sejaxebis momentSi misi tempe-
ratura 270C iyo. CaTvale, rom tyviis meqanikuri energia mTlianad mis
Sinagan energiad gardaiqmna.
9. 400 m/wm siCqariT moZravi tyvia kedelSi SeiWra da iqidan 100 m/wm siCqa-
riT gamovida. gamoTvale, tyviis ra nawili gadna kedelSi moZraobisas,
Tu cnobilia, rom kedelTan dajaxebis momentSi tyviis temperatura 500C
iyo da tyviis daxarjuli meqanikuri energiis 60% mis Sinagan energiad
gardaiqmna.

192
 III Temis mokle Sinaarsi

III Temis mokle Sinaarsi

Sinagani energia
sxeulis Semadgeneli molekulebis moZraobis kinetikuri da urTierTqmedebis
potenciuri energiebis jams sxeulis Sinagani energia ewodeba.
sxeulis meqanikuri da Sinagani energiebis jams sxeulis sruli energia ewo-
deba.
sxeulis sruli energia, romelic misi meqanikuri da Sinagani energiebis jamis
tolia, ucvleli rCeba _ es sxeulis sruli energiis mudmivobis kanonia.
sxeulis Sinagani energia damokidebuli ar aris sxeulis moZraobaze an mis

Y
mdebareobaze sxva sxeulebis mimarT. is damokidebulia sxeulis temperaturasa

P
da sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilakebis urTierTqmedebis xasiaTze.
sxeulis Sinagani energia SeiZleba ori gziT Seicvalos:

O
a) sxeulze muSaobis SesrulebiT: Tu sxeulis Sinagani energia muSaobis Ses-
rulebis gziT icvleba, maSin Sinagani energiis cvlileba Sesrulebuli muSaobis

C
tolia: A = ∆ U.
b) muSaobis Seusruleblad, siTbur procesebSi. sxeulis Sinagani energiis

T
cvlilebas muSaobis Seusruleblad Tbogadacema ewodeba. Tbogadacema SeiZleba

’
ganxorcieldes sami gziT: TbogamtarobiT, konveqciiT da gamosxivebiT.
Tu sxeulis Sinagani energia Tbogadacemis gziT icvleba, maSin Sinagani energiis

N
cvlileba gadacemuli siTbos raodenobis tolia:
∆U=Q

O
• sxeulis gaTbobisas Sinagani energia izrdeba. am dros amboben, rom `sxeuli
siTbos iRebs~ an `sxeuls siTbo gadaeca~.

D
• gacivebisas sxeulis Sinagani energia mcirdeba. am dros amboben, rom `sxeu-
li siTbos kargavs~ an `sxeulma siTbo gasca~.
sxeulis Sinagani energia icvleba agregatuli mdgomareobis SecvliTac.
sxeulis Sinagani energia:
a) izrdeba, Tu sxeulze muSaobas asruleben.
b) mcirdeba, Tu Tavad sxeuli asrulebs muSaobas.
izolirebuli sistemis Sinagani energia ucvleli rCeba nebismieri procesis
dros _ es Sinagani energiis Senaxvis kanonia. Sinagan energias, iseve, rogorc
energiis sxva saxeebs, joulebiT zomaven.

Tbogamtaroba
siTbocvlis gziT energia ufro maRali temperaturis sxeulebidan SedarebiT
dabali temperaturis sxeulebs gadaecema, amasTan, ufro cxeli sxeulis Sinagani
energia mcirdeba, ufro civisa ki _ izrdeba. energia siTbocvlis gziT SeiZleba
sxeulis ufro metad gamTbari nawilidan naklebad gamTbar nawilsac gadaeces,
rac sxeulis Semadgeneli molekulebis siTburi moZraobisa da urTierTqmedebis
Sedegia. Tbogadacemis am saxes Tbogamtaroba ewodeba.
sxvadasxva nivTierebas sxvadasxva Tbogamtaroba axasiaTebs. Tbogamtarobisas
mniSvnelovani roli nivTierebis Semadgenel nawilakebs ekisreba. nivTierebaSi
maTi mcire raodenobiT arseboba (an saerTod ararseboba), aseve nawilakebs
Soris arsebuli manZilebis sidide aZnelebs energiis gadatanas sxeulis erTi
nawilidan meoreSi. aseTi nivTierebebi cudi TbogamtarobiT xasiaTdeba da ga-

193
III Temis mokle Sinaarsi

moiyeneba, rogorc Tboizolatorebi: isini ar atarebs an cudad atarebs siTbos.

sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi Tboizolatorebad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT: haeri, Cala,
gamxmari foTlebi, naxerxi, matyli, bamba da a. S.
Tbogamtarobis dros energia nivTierebis Semadgenel nawilakebs gadaaqvs, xolo
Tavad nivTiereba ar gadaadgildeba.

konveqcia
gaTbobisas siTxis (airis) gamTbari fena zeviT adis, mis adgils ki civi fena
ikavebs, romelic gaTbobis Semdeg aseve zeviT ava da a. S. amgvarad, siTxe (airi)
cirkulirebs, wriulad moZraobs, ris Sedegadac siTxis (airis) mTeli moculoba
Tanabrad gaTbeba. am movlenas konveqcia ewodeba.
konveqcia Tbogadacemis saxea, romlis drosac energia gadaaqvs siTxis an airis
fenebs, romlebic nivTierebis araTanabari gaTbobis Sedegad moZraobs.

Y
bunebrivi, anu Tavisufali konveqciis warmosaqmnelad sakmarisia, siTxe an

P
airi qvemodan gaTbes an zemodan gacivdes (gaixsene kondicioneris magaliTi),
amasTan, nivTiereba araTanabrad unda iyos gamTbari. iZulebiTi konveqcia ki

O
garedan Carevas gulisxmobs: siTxisa da airis fenebi tumbos an meqanikuri sa-
revis daxmarebiT gadaadgildeba.

C
gamosxiveba

’ T
gamosxiveba Tbogadacemis gansakuTrebuli saxea, romliTac energia vakuum-
Sic ki vrceldeba. dedamiwasa da mzes Soris kosmosur sivrceSi sicariele ar

N
aris (kosmosuri mtvriTaa savse), magram mainc SeiZleba es sivrce miaxloebiT
ganvixiloT vakuumad, radgan masSi nivTiereba TiTqmis ar aris, gaiSviaTebulia.

O
siTbo mzidan dedamiwamde swored gamosxivebis meSveobiT aRwevs.
energias nebismieri temperaturis sxeuli asxivebs (mag., adamianis organizmi,

D
cxeli wyliT savse WurWeli, Rumeli da a.S.), amasTan, rac metia sxeulis tem-
peratura, miT metia mis mier gamosxivebuli energia. roca gamosxivebuli energia
sxva sxeulamde aRwevs, igi mas STanTqavs, e. i. gamosxivebuli energia mis Sinagan
energiad gardaiqmneba da sxeulis temperatura matulobs. erTi da imave inten-
sivobiT gamosxivebisas energias muqi feris zedapiri ukeTesad STanTqavs, vidre
Ria. zogi zedapiri ki saerTod ar STanTqavs energias, aireklavs mas.

siTbos raodenoba
Sinagani energiis raodenobas, romelsac sxeuli Tbogadacemisas iRebs an
gascems, siTbos raodenoba ewodeba.
sxeulis gaTbobisas (gacivebisas) miRebuli (gacemuli) siTbos raodenoba
gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Q = c m (t2- t1),
sadac Q siTbos raodenobaa, c _ nivTierebis kuTri siTbotevadoba, m _
sxeulis masa, t1 _ sxeulis sawyisi temperatura, xolo t2_ sxeulis saboloo
temperatura.
siTbos raodenobis erTeulia 1 jouli.
siTbos raodenobas, romelic saWiroa erTeuli masis (1kg, 1g) nivTierebis 10C-
iT gasaTbobad, nivTierebis kuTri siTbotevadoba ewodeba. kuTri siTbotevadoba
gviCvenebs, ramdeni jouliT gaizarda (an Semcirda) 1kg (an 1 g) masis sxeulis

194
 III Temis mokle Sinaarsi

Sinagani ener­gia misi 10C-iT gaTbobisas (gacivebisas). sxvadasxva nivTierebas

gansxvavebuli kuTri siTbotevadoba aqvs.
SI sistemaSi kuTri siTbotevadobis erTeulia 1 j/kg . 0C.
Tu sxeuls siTbos gadavcemT, maSin sxeuli Tbeba da t2 > t1, Sesabamisad, gada-
cemuli siTbos raodenoba Q > 0-ze. Tu sxeuli siTbos kargavs (gascems), maSin
sxeuli civdeba da t2 < t1, Sesabamisad, dakarguli siTbos raodenoba Q < 0-ze.

siTburi balansis gantoleba

sxeulTa izolirebul sistemaSi siTbocvlis procesis dros siTbos ra
raodenobasac gascems metad Tbili sxeuli, imave raodenobis siTbos miiRebs

Y
naklebad Tbili sxeuli:
|Q+ | = |Q-| (1),

P
sadac Q+ sistemaSi Semavali sxeulebis mier miRebuli siTbos raodenobaa,
xolo Q – _ gacemuli siTbosi.

O
amocanebis amoxsnisas ufro mosaxerxebelia siTburi balansis gantolebis
tolfasi gantolebiT Secvla: Q+ + Q - = 0 (2)

C
dnoba da gamyareba

’ T
dnobis procesSi nivTiereba myari mdgomareobidan TxevadSi gadadis, xolo
gamyarebis (kristalizaciis) procesSi Txevadi mdgomareobidan _ myarSi.

N
temperaturas, romelzec nivTiereba dneba, dnobis temperatura ewodeba.
dnobis procesSi nivTierebis temperatura ucvlelia. sxvadasxva nivTierebis

O
dnobis temperatura gansxvavebulia.
gamaTboblisgan miRebuli energia nivTierebis dnobis procesSi mTlianad

D
kristaluri mesris darRvevas xmardeba da amitom molekulebis siCqare aRar
izrdeba, Sesabamisad, nivTierebis temperatura dnobis procesSi ar icvleba.
kristaluri mesris daSlisas icvleba molekulaTa urTierTqmedebis xasiaTi:
izrdeba molekulaTa urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia da dnobis procesSi
potenciuri energiis zrdis xarjze izrdeba nivTierebis Sinagani energia.
kristaluri sxeulebisgan gansxvavebiT, parafins, minas (amorful nivTiere­
bebs) ar aqvs dnobis erTi, gansazRvruli temperatura. amorfuli sxeuli tempe-
raturis momatebisas ki ar dneba, aramed jer rbildeba, xolo Semdeg TandaTan
Txevad mdgomareobaSi gadadis (am dros misi temperatura mudmivad icvleba).
siTbos raodenoba, romelic saWiroa dnobis temperaturamde miyvanili m masis
kristaluri nivTierebis dasadnobad, gamoiTvleba formuliT: Q= λ m (1),
sadac λ nivTierebis dnobis kuTri siTboa, xolo m _ nivTierebis masa.
nivTierebis dnobis kuTri siTbo (λ) ewodeba fizikur sidides, romelic
gviCvenebs, ra raodenobis siTboa saWiro, rom dnobis temperaturam­de miyvanili
1 kg masis kristaluri nivTiereba imave temperaturis siTxed gadaiqces.
dnobis kuTri siTbos erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1 j/kg-ia. sxvadasxva nivTierebas
dnobis sxvadasxva kuTri siTbo aqvs.
nivTiereba gamyarebas iwyebs (kristaldeba) imave temperaturaze, romelzec
dneba. temperaturas, romelzec nivTiereba myardeba (kristaldeba), gamyarebis
(kristalizaciis) temperatura ewodeba. siTxis temperatura gamyarebis procesSi
ar icvleba: kristaluri mesris aRdgenisas potenciuri energia mcirdeba. am dros
gamoiyofa energia, romlis nawili nawilakebis kinetikuri energiis danakargis
Sevsebas xmardeba da kinetikuri energia ucvleli rCeba. Sesabamisad, siTxis

195
III Temis mokle Sinaarsi

temperatura gamyarebis procesSi ar icvleba. gamyarebisas gamoyofili energiis

nawili ki garemos gadaecema, ris Sedegadac garemo Tbeba.
energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, nivTierebis kristalizaciisas garemoSi
zustad imdenive siTbo gamoiyofa, ramdenic misi dnobisas STainTqmeba (gamoyofili
siTbo uaryofiTi sididea).
siTbos raodenoba, romelic kristalizaciis temperaturamde miyvanili m
masis Txevadi nivTierebis kristalizaciisas gamoiyofa, gamoiTvleba formuliT:
Q= - λ m (2)
gaiTvaliswine, rom 1-li da me-2 formulebis gamoyeneba mxolod dnobis tem-
peraturamde miyvanili nivTierebisTvisaa SesaZlebeli.

aorTqleba da kondensacia

Y
process, romlis drosac Txevadi nivTiereba airadSi gadadis, orTqladqceva
ewodeba, xolo Tu orTqladqceva nivTierebis zedapiridan mimdinareobs, mas

P
aorTqlebas uwodeben. process, romlis drosac nivTiereba airadi mdgomareo-
bidan TxevadSi gadadis, kondensacia hqvia.

O
rogor xdeba aorTqleba? wylis (nebismieri siTxis) molekulebi ganuwyvet-
liv da qaosurad moZraobs: zogi ufro swrafad, zogi ki _ SedarebiT nela.

C
molekulebs Soris arsebuli urTierTmizidulobis gamo wylis molekulas ar
SeuZlia, datovos siTxe da haerSi aRmoCndes. Tu wylis zedapirze iseTi si-

’ T
CqariT moZravi molekula aRmoCndeba, romelsac sakmarisad didi kinetikuri
energiis gamo mezobeli molekulebis mizidulobis daZlevac ki SeuZlia, maSin

N
is datovebs siTxis zedapirs. siTxis zedapiridan amosuli molekulebi siTxis
zemoT orTqls warmoqmnis, rac siTxis aorTqlebas niSnavs.

O
siTxeebi nebismier temperaturaze orTqldeba. aorTqlebis siswrafe
damokidebu­lia temperaturaze, siTxis gvarobaze, siTxis Tavisufali zedapiris

D
farTobsa da garemomcveli haeris moZraobis siCqareze (siTxe, airisgan gansxva-
vebiT, mTlianad ar ikavebs im WurWlis moculobas, romelSic asxia: siTxes aqvs
Tavisufali zedapiri _ sasazRvro fena, romelic mas airisgan, mag., haerisgan
an orTqlisgan, gamoyofs). aorTqlebis Sedegad siTxe civdeba, misi temperatura
ecema da siTxe aorTqlebisas STanTqavs garemos energias.

duRili
duRili orTqladqcevis procesia, romlis drosac siTxis SigniT, mTel mocu-
lobaSi warmoiqmneba swrafad mzardi orTqlis buStukebi. buStukebi siTxis
zedapirze amodis, skdeba da orTqls atmosferoSi gamoafrqvevs. temperaturas,
romelzec siTxe duRs, duRilis temperatura ewodeba. duRilis temperatura
gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva nivTierebisTvis da damokidebulia atmosferul wne-
vaze (ix. me-6 cxrili): duRilis temperatura miT dabalia, rac ufro dabalia
atmosferuli wneva da piriqiT, atmosferuli wnevis momatebisas duRilis tem-
peratura izrdeba.
wylis (siTxis) temperatura duRilisas ar icvleba da ucvleli iqneba manam,
sanam mTeli wyali (siTxe) ar aorTqldeba. duRili iwyeba mas Semdeg, rac or­
Tqlis wneva siTxeSi warmoqmnil buStukebSi gautoldeba wnevas buStukebs gareT.
wneva buStukebs gareT ki, Tavis mxriv, siTxis wnevisa da atmosferuli wnevis jamis
tolia: pbuS = pgare= psiTx + patm .

196
 III Temis mokle Sinaarsi

duRilisas siTxe energias STanTqavs, romelic mTlianad xmardeba siTxis or-

Tqlad qcevas (molekulebs Soris mizidulobis Zalebis daZlevasa da maT Soris
kavSiris gawyvetas). es energia molekulebis siCqaris gazrdaze ar ixarjeba da
amitom ar icvleba siTxis temperatura duRilisas: siTxis mTlianad aorTqlebis
Sedegad imave temperaturis orTqli miiReba.
fizikur sidides, romelic gviCvenebs, ra raodenobis siTboa saWiro, rom 1
kg siTxe ucvleli temperaturis pirobebSi mTlianad aorTqldes, nivTierebis
orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbo ewodeba.orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbo r-iT
aRiniSneba. orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbos erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1 j/kg-ia. sxvadasxva
nivTierebas orTqladqcevis sxvadasxva kuTri siTbo aqvs.
siTbos raodenoba, romelic saWiroa duRilis temperaturaze m masis siTxis

Y
mTlianad asaorTqleblad, gamoiTvleba formuliT: Q= r m (1)

P
duRilis temperaturaze m masis orTqlis kondensaciisas ki gamoiyofa siTbo,
romelic gamoiTvleba formuliT: Q= - r m (2)

O
sawvavis wvis siTbo

C
ratom gamoiyofa energia sawvavis dawvisas? sawvavi (naxSiri, navTobi, benzi-
ni da sxv.) naxSirbadis atomebs Seicavs. wvis procesSi naxSirbadis erTi atomi

’ T
haerSi arsebuli Jangbadis or atoms uerTdeba da naxSirorJangis molekula
CO2 warmoiqmneba. mis warmoqmnas ki Tan energiis gamoyofa axlavs.

N
energias, anu siTbos im raodenobas, romelic sawvavis srulad dawvisas gamoi-
yofa, sawvavis wvis siTbo ewodeba.

O
siTbos raodenoba, romelic m masis sawvavis srulad dawvisas gamoiyofa, ga­mo­
iT­vleba formuliT:

D
Q= q m (1),
sadac q sawvavis wvis kuTri siTboa (Tbounarianoba) _ fizikuri sidide, ro-
melic gviCvenebs, ra raodenobis siTbo gamoiyofa 1 kg masis sawvavis srulad
dawvisas. sawvavis wvis kuTri siTbos erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1 j/kg-ia. sxvadasxva
sawvavs wvis sxvadasxva kuTri siTbo aqvs.

siTburi Zrava
siTburi Zrava iseT mowyobilobas ewodeba, romelic sawvavis wvis siTbos
meqanikur energiad gardaqmnis. siTburi Zravebi sxvadasxva saxisaa: orTqlis
(an airis) turbina, orTqlis manqana, Sigawvis Zrava, reaqtiuli Zrava.
yvela saxis siTburi Zrava muSaobis Sesrulebisas im energiis mxolod nawils
iyenebs, romelic sawvavis dawvisas gamoiyofa. sidides, romelic gviCvenebs, saw-
vavis dawvisas gamoiyofili energiis ra nawili daixarja Zravas mier Sesrulebul
muSaobaze, siTburi Zravas margi qmedebis koeficienti ewodeba. siTburi Zravas
margi qmedebis koeficienti aRiniSneba `η~- Ti an iwereba SemoklebiT: `mqk~.
siTburi Zravas margi qmedebis koeficienti gamoiTvleba formuliT:
η=A/Q,
sadac Q sawvavis dawvis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbos raodenobaa, xolo A _
Zravas mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba.
siTburi Zravebis saSualebiT eleqtruli da meqanikuri energiis miRebisas
garemos aucileblad gadaecema siTbos mniSvnelovani raodenoba.

197
 sagnobrivi saZiebeli

a
aorTqleba _ procesi, romlis drosac orTqladqceva nivTierebis zedapiridan
xdeba.
arqimede _ Zveli berZeni swavluli, moRvaweobda Zv. w. 287-212 ww.
araganaxlebadi wyaroebi energiis _ energiis wyaroebi, romelTa energiis maragi
amouwuravi ar aris da ganaxleba SeuZlebelia. mag., aseTebia: qvanaxSiri,
navTobi, torfi, bunebrivi airi.
b
berketi _ myari sxeuli, romelsac uZravi sayrdenis garSemo SeuZlia brunva.
brizi _ qari, romelic

Y
a) dRisiT zRvidan xmeleTisken uberavs (dRis brizi);

P
b) RamiT xmeleTidan zRvisken uberavs (Ramis brizi).
g

O
gamosxiveba _ siTbocvlis gansakuTrebuli saxe, romliTac energia vakuumSic
ki vrceldeba.

C
gamyareba (kristalizacia) _ procesi, romelis drosac nivTiereba Txevadi mdgo­
mareobidan myarSi gadadis.

’ T
gamyarebis (kristalizaciis) temperatura _ temperatura, romelzec nivTiereba
myardeba (kristaldeba).

N
ganaxlebadi wyaroebi energiis _ energiis wyaroebi, romelTa maragis Sevseba-
ganaxleba mokle droSia SesaZlebelia. aseTebia, mag., wyali, qari, mze,

O
dedamiwis siRrmidan amofrqveuli geoTermuli wylebi, biomasa.
d

D
daxrili sibrtye _ martivi meqanizmi, romelsac raime simaRleze tvirTis asacu-
reblad iyeneben.
► daxril sibrtyeze sxeulis xaxunis gareSe atanisas sxeulze modebuli
wevis Zalis sidide imdenjer naklebia sxeulis simZimis Zalis sidideze, ram-
denjerac daxrili sibrtyis simaRle naklebia daxrili sibrtyis sigrZeze.
dinamometri _ xelsawyo, romliTac Zalas zomaven.
dnoba _ procesi, romlis drosac nivTiereba myari mdgomareobidan TxevadSi gadadis.
dnobis temperatura _ temperatura, romelzec nivTiereba dneba.
dnobis kuTri siTbo (λ) _ fizikuri sidide, romelic gviCvenebs, ra raodenobis
siTboa saWiro, rom dnobis temperaturade miyvanili 1kg masis kristaluri
nivTiereba imave temperaturis siTxed gadaiqces. dnobis kuTri siTbos
erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1 j/kg-ia.
duRili _ orTqlad qcevis procesi, romlis drosac siTxis SigniT, mTel mocu-
lobaSi warmoiqmneba swrafad mzardi orTqlis buStukebi. buStukebi siTxis
zedapirze amodian, skdebian da orTqls atmosferoSi gamoafrqveven.
duRilis temperatura _ temperatura, romelzec siTxe duRs. duRilis tem-
peratura gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva nivTierebisTvis da damokidebulia
atmosferul wnevaze.

198
 sagnobrivi saZiebeli

e
energia _ muSaobis Sesrulebis unari.
energia kinetikuri _ energia, romelic moZrav sxeuls aqvs.
► sxeulis kinetikuri energia gamoiTvleba formuliT: mv2/2
sadac m sxeu­lis masaa, v ki _ sxeulis siCqare.
energia potenciuri _ energia, romelic dedamiwis zedapiridan zeviT aweul an
deformirebul drekad sxeuls aqvs.
a) sxeulis potenciuri energia, romelic dedamiwis zedapiridan h simaR-
lezea atanili, gamoiTvleba formuliT: Ep= mgh , sadac m sxeulis masaa.
b) deformirebuli drekadi sxeulis potenciuri energia gamoiTvleba for-
muliT: kx2/ 2, sadac k sxeulis sixistea, x ki _ deformaciis sidide.

Y
energia meqanikuri _ kinetikuri da potenciuri energiebis jami.

P
energia sruli _ sxeulis meqanikuri da Sinagani energiebis jami.
energia Sinagani _ sxeulis Semadgeneli molekulebis moZraobis kinetikuri da

O
urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energiebis jami.
energiis mudmivobis kanoni _ energia arafrisgan ar warmoiqmneba da arc ukvalod

C
qreba. igi erTi saxis energiidan meore saxis energiad gardaiqmneba an sxva
sxeuls gadaecema.

T
a) sxeulis sruli energia, romelic misi meqanikuri da Sinagani energiebis jamis

’
tolia, ucvleli rCeba _ es sxeulis sruli energiis mudmivobis kanonia.
b) izolirebuli sistemis Sinagani energia ucvleli rCeba nebismieri pro-

N
cesis dros _ es Sinagani energiis Senaxvis kanonia.

O
v
vati _ simZlavris erTeuli SI sistemaSi: 1 vt = 1 j/wm.

D
T
Tavisufali zedapiri _ sasazRvro fena, romelic siTxes airisgan (mag, haerisgan
an orTqlisgan) gamoyofs.
Tbogamtaroba _ siTbocvlis gza, roca siTbo sxeulis ufro metad gamTbari
nawilidan naklebad gamTbar nawils gadaecema, rac sxeulis Semadgeneli
molekulebis siTburi moZraobisa da urTierTqmedebis Sedegia. Tbogam-
tarobis dros energia nivTierebis Semadgenel nawilakebs gadaaqvs, xolo
Tavad nivTiereba ar gadaadgildeba.
Tbogadacema _ sxeulis Sinagani energiis cvlileba muSaobis Sesrulebis gareSe.
Tbogadacemis gzebia: Tbogamtaroba, konveqcia da gamosxiveba.
Tboizolatori _ nivTiereba, romelic cudi TbogamtarobiT xasiaTdeba: is ar
atarebs an cudad atarebs siTbos.
► sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva ram SeiZleba gamoviyenoT siTbos
SesanarCuneblad, mag., Tboizolatorebia: haeri, Cala, gamxmari foTlebi,
naxerxi, matyli, bamba da a. S.
Termosi _ specialuri, WurWeli, romelSic moTavsebuli siTxis garemosTan siT-
bocvla minimumamdea dayvanili.
Termometri _ temperaturis gasazomi xelsawyo, romlis moqmedeba siTburi
gafarToebis movlenas efuZneba.

199
sagnobrivi saZiebeli

i
izolirebuli sistema _ sxeulTa Caketili sistema: siTbocvla mxolod sistemaSi
Semaval sxeulTa Soris mimdinareobs da ara garemosTan da im sxeulebTan,
romlebic sistemaSi ar Sedis.
► izolirebul sistemaSi Semaval sxeulebs Soris siTbocvlis procesSi
metad Tbili sxeuli gascems energias, xolo naklebad Tbili _ miiRebs.
energiis gadanawileba gagrZeldeba manam, sanam sxeulTa Soris siTburi
wonasworoba ar damyardeba.
k
kaloria (kal ) _ siTbos is raodenoba, romelic saWiroa 1 g wylis 10C-iT ga-
saTbobad.
► 1 kaloria (1 kal) = 4,2 j;
► 1 kilokaloria (kkal) = 4200 j.

Y
kalorimetri _ erTmaneTSi Casmuli ori WurWeli, romelTa kedlebs Soris haeris
fenaa. Siga WurWlis fskeri gare WurWlis fskerisgan specialuri sadgamiTaa

P
gancalkevebuli. gare WurWeli, rogorc wesi, TeTri ferisaa. kalorimetrSi
Casxmuli wyali SedarebiT didxans inarCunebs temperaturas, radgan wyalsa

O
da garemos Soris siTbocvla minimumamdea dayvanili.

C
kondensacia _ procesi, romlis drosac nivTiereba airadi mdgomareobidan
TxevadSi gadadis.
konveqcia _ siTbocvlis saxe, romlis drosac energia gadaaqvs siTxis an airis

’ T
fenebs, romlebic nivTierebis araTanabari gaTbobis Sedegad moZraobs.
► bunebrivi, anu Tavisufali, konveqcia _ konveqcia, romlis warmosaqmnelad

N
sakmarisia, siTxe an airi qvemodan gaTbes an zemodan gacivdes, amasTan nivTie-
reba araTanabrad unda iyos gamTbari.

O
► iZulebiTi konveqcia _ konveqcia, romelic garedan Carevis Sedegad xdeba: siT­
xisa da airis fenebi tumbos an meqanikuri sarevis daxmarebiT gadaadgildeba.

D
kuTri siTbotevadoba _ siTbos raodenoba, romelic saWiroa erTeuli masis (1kg,
1g) nivTierebis 10C-iT gasaTbobad.
► kuTri siTbotevadoba gviCvenebs, ramdeni jouliT gaizarda (an Semcirda)
1kg masis sxeulis Sinagani energia misi 10C-iT gaTbobisas (gacivebisas).
0
► SI sistemaSi kuTri siTbotevadobis erTeulia 1 j/kg. C.

m
margi qmedebis koeficienti (mqk) _ sidide, romelic gviCvenebs, sruli muSaobis
(an daxarjuli energiis) ra nawils Seadgens sasargeblo muSaoba (aRiniSneba
`η~-Ti (`eta~) da xSirad procentebiT gamosaxaven.
► η = (A sas/ A sr) . 100%
► nebismieri meqanizmis mqk 1-ze (anu 100%-ze) naklebi ricxvia.
martivi meqanizmi _ samarjvi, romelsac adamiani Sromis Sesamsubuqeblad iyenebs.
► martivi meqanizmebia: berketi, daxrili sibrtye, WoWonaqi, soli, xraxni,
owinari da a. S.
meqanikuri muSaoba _ skalaruli fizikuri sididea:
a) Tu sxeulis moZraobis mimarTuleba sxeulze modebuli Zalis mimarTulebas
emTxveva, maSin Zala dadebiT muSaobas asrulebas da gamoiTvleba formuliT:
A = Fs (1), sadac F sxeulze moqmedi Zalaa, xolo s _ sxeulis mier gavlili
manZili.

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 sagnobrivi saZiebeli

b) Tu sxeulis moZraobis mimarTuleba sxeulze modebuli Zalis mimarTulebis

sapirispiroa, maSin Zala uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebas, romelic gamoiTvleba
formuliT: A = _ Fs;
g) Tu sxeulis moZraobis mimarTuleba sxeulze modebuli Zalis mimar-
Tulebis marTobulia, maSin Zala muSaobas ar asrulebas: A = 0.
► meqanikuri muSaoba sruldeba maSin, Tu:
a) sxeulze modebulia Zala;
b) sxeuli moZraobs;
g) moZraobis mimarTuleba Zalis mimarTulebis marTobuli ar aris.
► muSaobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi _ 1 jouli (1 j).
meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni _ sxeulis (an sxeulTa sistemis) sruli

Y
meqanikuri energia moZraobisas ar icvleba, Tu sxeulze (an sxeulTa

P
sistemaze) ar moqmedebs garemos winaaRmdegobis Zalebi.
meqanikis `oqros wesi~ _ muSaobaSi mogebas arc erTi meqanizmi ar gvaZlevs. maTi

O
gamoyenebiT SeiZleba movigoT ZalaSi, magram wavagebT manZilSi (da pi-
riqiT); ramdenjerac vigebT ZalaSi, imdenjer vagebT manZilSi (da piriqiT).

C
momentebis wesi _ berketis wonasworobis piroba: berketi wonasworobaSia, Tu
saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT mabrunebel ZalTa momentebis jami

T
tolia im ZalTa momentebis jamisa, romlebic berkets sawinaaRmdego

’
mimarTulebiT abrunebs: M1 = M2
muSaoba sasargeblo _ muSaoba, romelic mxolod dasaxuli miznis misaRwevadaa

N
saWiro (A sas).
muSaoba sruli _ muSaoba, romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia, rogorc sasargeblo,

O
ise xaxunis dasaZlevad Sesrulebuli muSaoba (A sr).

D
n
niutoni _ isaak, ingliseli mecnieri (1643 _ 1727).
► Zalis erTeuli SI sistemaSi.

o
orTqladqceva _ procesi, romlis drosac Txevadi nivTiereba airadSi gadadis.
orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbo (r) _ fizikuri sidide, romelic gviCvenebs, ra rao-
denobis siTboa saWiro, rom 1 kg siTxe ucvleli temperaturis pirobebSi
mTlianad aorTqldes. orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbos erTeuli SI sistemaSi
1 j/kg-ia.
p
polispasti _ uZravi da moZravi WoWonaqebis erToblioba.
s
saTburis efeqti _ atmosfero Seuferxeblad atarebs mzis gamosxivebas, magram mxo-
lod nawilobriv atarebs im siTbos, romelsac mzis energiiT gamTbari dedamiwa
asxivebs. saTburi airebi atmosferoSi qmnis fenas, romelic mzis gamosxivebis
mimarT gamWvirvalea, magram dedamiwidan areklil siTbos kosmosur sivrceSi
ar atarebs: dedamiwidan areklili siTburi energia kosmosSi ar ifanteba,
grovdeba dedamiwis zedapiris maxloblad da Sedegad izrdeba atmosferuli
haeris temperatura.
sawvavis wvis siTbo _ energia, anu siTbos is raodenoba, romelic sawvavis sru-
lad dawvisas gamoiyofa.

201
sagnobrivi saZiebeli

► siTbos raodenoba, romelic gamoiyofa m masis sawvavis srulad dawvisas,

gamoiTvleba formuliT: Q= q m, sadac q sawvavis wvis kuTri siTboa (Tbouna-
rianoba).
siTburi Zrava _ mowyobiloba, romelic sawvavis wvis siTbos meqanikur energiad
gardaqmnis.
► siTburi Zravebi sxvadasxva saxisaa: orTqlis (an airis) turbina, orTqlis
manqana, Sigawvis Zrava, reaqtiuli Zrava.
► siTburi Zravas margi qmedebis koeficienti _ sidide, romelic gviCvenebs,
sawvavis dawvisas gamoyofili energiis ra nawili daixarja Zravas mier Ses-
rulebul muSaobaze. siTburi Zravas margi qmedebis koeficienti aRiniSneba
`η~- Ti an iwereba SemoklebiT: `mqk~.
siTburi Zravas margi qmedebis koeficienti _ sidide, romelic gamoiTvleba
formuliT: η = A / Q, sadac Q sawvavis dawvis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbos
raodenobaa, xolo A _ Zravas mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba.

Y
siTbocvla _ igivea, rac Tbogadacema.

P
siTbos raodenoba _ Sinagani energiis raodenoba, romelsac sxeuli siTbocvli-
sas iRebs an kargavs.

O
► sxeulis mier gaTbobisas (gacivebisas) miRebuli (dakarguli) siTbos rao­
de­­noba gamoiTvleba formuliT: Q = c m (t2- t1), sadac Q siTbos raodeno-

C
baa, c _ nivTierebis kuTri siTbotevadoba, m _ sxeulis masa, t1 _ sxeulis
sawyisi temperatura, xolo t2_ sxeulis sa­bo­­loo temperatura.
► siTbos raodenobis erTeulia 1 jouli.

’ T
siTburi balansis gantoleba _ Q+ + Q- =0, sadac Q+ sistemaSi Semavali sxeulebis
_
mier miRebuli siTbos raodenobaa, xolo Q _ gacemuli. anu sxeulTa

N
izolirebul sistemaSi siTbocvlis procesis dros siTbos ra raodenobasac
gascems metad Tbili sxeuli, sididiT imave raodenobis siTbos miiRebs

O
naklebad Tbili sxeuli.
siTburi movlenebi _ movlenebi, romlebic sxeulis siTbur mdgomareobaze, tempe-

D
raturazea damokidebuli. mag., sxeulTa gaTboba, gaciveba, dnoba, duRili,
aorTqleba da a. S.
siTburi gafarToeba _ movlena, romlis drosac myari sxeulebi, airebi da siTxeebi
temperaturis momatebis Sedegad umetes SemTxvevaSi farTovdeba, xolo
temperaturis Semcirebis Sedegad ikumSeba.
siTburi moZraoba _ sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilakebis qaosuri, ganuwyveteli
moZraoba.
siTburi wonasworoba (balansi) _ izolirebuli sistemis mdgomareoba, rodesac
sistemaSi Semavali sxeulebis temperatura aRar icvleba.
sublimacia _ procesi, romlis drosac nivTiereba myari mdgomareobidan airadSi
gadadis (ise, rom ar Txevaddeba).
simZlavre _ fizikuri sidide, romelic gviCvenebs drois erTeulSi (1 wm-Si,
1 wT-Si, 1 sT-Si) Sesrulebuli muSaobis sidides.
►simZlavre gamoiTvleba formuliT: N = A / t , sadac N simZlavrea, A ki
_ t droSi Sesrulebuli muSaobis sidide.
► simZlavris erTeuli SI sistemaSi _ 1 vati (1 vt).
simZimis centri _ sxeulze simZimis Zalis modebis wertili.
statika _ fizikis nawili, romelic Seiswavlis sxeulTa wonasworobas.

202
 sagnobrivi saZiebeli

t
temperatura _ sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilakebis moZraobis saSualo kinetikuri
energiis zoma. fizikuri sidide, romelic sxeulis siTbur mdgomareobas
axasiaTebs.
C
Caketili sistema _ iseT sxeulTa sistema (jgufi), romlebic erTmaneTTan mxolod
msoflio mizidulobisa da drekadobis ZalebiT urTierTqmedebs.
Z
Zalis mxari _ umoklesi manZili sxeulis brunvis centridan (RerZidan) im wrfem-

Y
de, romelic Zalis moqmedebis mimarTulebas emTxveva (Zalis moqmedebis
wrfemde).

P
Zalis momenti _ Zalis sididisa da mxris namravli (aRiniSneba M asoTi).
► M= F l , sadac F Zalis sididea, xolo l _ Zalis mxari;

O
► Zalis momentis erTeulad SI sistemaSi miRebulia 1n . m.

C
weva _ haeris axali nakadis bunebrivad miwodeba wvis adgilas.
wvis kuTri siTbo (Tbounarianoba) _ fizikuri sidide, romelic gviCvenebs, ra

’ T
raodenobis siTbo gamoiyofa 1 kg masis sawvavis srulad dawvisas. wvis
kuTri siTbos erTeuli SI sistemaSi 1 j/kg-ia.

N
wonasworoba _ sxeulis (sistemis) mdgomareoba, romelsac igi inarCunebs ragind
didi drois ganmavlobaSi, Tu gare zemoqmedeba ar arsebobs.

O
► meqanikuri wonasworoba gulisxmobs sxeulis iseT mdgo­ mareobas, roca
igi inarCunebs siCqares: uZravia an moZraobs wrfivad da Tanabrad.

D
wylis anomalia _ wylis siTbur gafarToebis Tavisebureba: wyali farTovdeba,
Tu misi temperatura 40C-s ascildeba da aseve farTovdeba, roca misi
temperatura 4-idan 00C-mde ecema. wyali gamonaklisi ar aris, amgvari
anomalia sxva nivTierebebsac (mag., Tujs, galiums, bismuts) axasiaTebs.
W
WoWonaqi _ martivi meqanizmi, romelsac Rariani borblis forma aqvs. WoWonaqs
simZimeebis asawevad iyeneben: Toks, romlis erT boloze tvirTia
dakidebuli, WoWonaqis Rarze gadadeben da meore boloTi ewevian.
WoWonaqi uZravi _ WoWonaqi, romlis RerZi damagrebulia (mag., Werze) da amitom
tvirTis awevisas WoWonaqi zeviT-qveviT ar moZraobs.
► uZravi WoWonaqi Zalasa da manZilSi mogebas ar gvaZlevs, magram gvaZlevs
saSualebas, SevcvaloT Zalis moqmedebis mimarTuleba:
WoWonaqi moZravi _ WoWonaqi, romlis RerZi damagrebuli ar aris. misi daxmarebiT
tvirTis zeviT awevisas WoWonaqic zeviT moZraobs.
► moZravi WoWonaqi martivi meqanizmia, romlis gamoyenebisas manZilSi 2-jer
vagebT, magram samagierod ZalaSi 2-jer vigebT.
j
jouli _ a) muSaobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi: 1 j = 1 n.m;
b) energiis erTeuli SI sistemaSi.

203
 Temis Semajamebeli
testebis pasuxebi

testi #1
1. d; 2. d; 3. g; 4. a; 5. g; 6. b; 7. a; 8. d; 9. a; 10. b;
11. a; 12. g; 13. a; 14. a; 15. d.

testi #2
1. a; 2. b; 3. g; 4. b; 5. b; 6. a; 7. b; 8. g; 9. g; 10. d;
11. b; 12. a; 13. b; 14. g; 15. a; 16. g; 17 a; 18. a; 19. b; 20. d.

Y
testi #3
1. a; 2. d; 3. a; 4. a; 5. b; 6. b; 7. g; 8. g; 9. d; 10. ­g;

P
11. g; 12. d; 13. d; 14. b; 15. g.

T
Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebis, amocanebis
pasuxebi

’ C
O N
Tema I

D
§ 1.1
12. a.
13. b.
14. a.
15. a.
16. a) A = mgh, sadac m sakuTari sxeulis masaa, h ki - Seni sarTulis simaRle.
17. orive SemTxvevaSi Sesrulebuli muSaoba tolia, radgan orive SemTxvevaSi cigaze
modebuli Zalebi tolia da cigis mier gavlili manZilebi erTnairia.
18. a) 10 j; b) 1 kj; g) 1 mgj.
19. _ 3 kj.
20. _ 18 mgj.
21. 15 j.
22. _ 10 j.
23. a)-1,5 j; b) 32 j.
24. _ 1 mgj.
25. orive SemTxvevaSi Sesrulebuli muSaoba tolia.
27. a) 3 n; b) 3 kn; g) 150 kn.
28. 550 n.
29. 5 kn.
30. 40 m.
31. 10 km.

204
 Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebis, amocanebis pasuxebi

32. 112,5 kj.

33. -200 j.
34. tvirTis horizontalurad gadaadgilebisas amwes amwevi Zala gadaadgilebis
mar­Tobulia, amitom gzis horizontalur ubanze amwevi Zala muSaobas ar as-
rulebs: Asr = mgh1 + 0 + (-mgh2 ) = 450 kj.
35. 720 kj.
36. 400 kj.
37. 260 kj.
38. 780 kj.
39. 60 m.
40. A = Fℓ = Psℓ = 24 kj.

Y
41. 1-l wertils.
42. me-4 wertils.

P
43. me-2 wertils.
44. 180 kj.

O
45. 40 j.
46. 32,4 kn.

C
§ 1.2

T
10. g.

’
11. d.

N
12. a) 1500 vt; b) 1 kj.
13. a) 10 wT; b) 20 wm.
14. a) 1,2 mgj; b) 7,2 mgj.

O
15. 15 gigaj.

D
16. 12,5 kvt.
17. 500 kvt.
18. 80 vt.
19. 60 kvt.
20. 5 m/wm.
21. 36 kn.
22. 20 kn.
23. 36 kn.
24. 0,2 wm.
25. 1 sT 40 wT.
26. 3,2 t.
27. 80 kn.
28. 75 %.
29. 25 %.
30. 1 wT 40 wm.
31. 8 kvt.
32. 2 t.
33. 10 kvt.
34. 24 m3.
35. 80 %.
36. ≈ 83,3 %.

205
Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebis, amocanebis pasuxebi

§ 1.4
4. Epot = 3 j; Ekin = 0.
5. 1240 kj.
6. 120 kn/m.
7. 30 j.
8. 8 mm.
9. 4 j.
10. 0,05 j.
12. 54 mgj; 0.
13. 2250 mgj.
14. 2,88 kj.
15. satvirTos, radgan misi masa metia da, Sesabamisad, misi kinetikuri energia ufro
meti iqneba, vidre imave siCqariT moZravi msubuqi avtomobilis.
16. a) 42 mgj; b) 294 mgj; g) 336 mgj.

Y
17. 10 m/wm.
a) -1,6 gigaj; b) 1,6 gigaj; Asim = - ∆ Epot.

P
18.
19. a) 600 j; b) - 600 j; Asim = - ∆ Epot.

O
20. 6 -jer Semcirdeba.
21. Ety > Emar , ≈ 5,1- jer.

C
§ 1.6
1. a) 50 j; b) 180 j; g) 100 j; d) 200 j.

’ T
2. a) 180 j; b) 150 j; g) 50 j; d) 0.
3. a) 6 m/wm; b) ≈ 7,8 m/wm. vaSlis masa aris zedmeti monacemi.

N
4. a) ≈ 19 m/wm; b) ≈ 17,3 m/wm; g) 10 m/wm; d) 0. masa aris zedmeti monacemi.
5. Esr = 4464 j.

O
6. 24,2 m.
7. 45 m.

D
8. 3 sm.
9. ≈ 12,6 m/wm.
10. 5 kn/m.
11. 6 m.
12. 10 m.
13. 108 km.
14. 64 j.
15. ≈ 32 mgj.

Tema II
§ 2.3
14. me-2 wertils.
15. me-4 wertils.
16. 1-l wertils.
17. a) mabrunebel moments qmnis: F2, F3, F7, F8; b) M2 > 0; M3 < 0; M7 < 0; M8 < 0.
18. sur.13.
a) mabrunebel moments qmnis: F1, F2, F4, F5;
b) M1 > 0; M2 < 0; M4 > 0; M5 < 0.
g) d1 = 1 m; d2 = 70 sm; d3 = 0; d4 = 50 sm; d5 = 1 m.

206
 Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebis, amocanebis pasuxebi

d) M1 = 20 nm; M2 = _ 10,5 nm; M3 = 0; M4 = 4 nm; M5 = _ 5 nm.

e) M = M1 + M2 +M3 + M4 + M5 = 8,5 nm ≠ 0 e.i. Rero ar aris wonasworobaSi.
sur.14.
a) mabrunebel moments qmnis: F2, Fsim , F3, F4.
b) M2 > 0; Msim < 0; M3 > 0; M4 < 0.
g) d1 = 0; d2 = 50 sm; dsim = 1 m; d3 = 125 sm; d4 = 1,5 m.
d) M1 = 0; M2 = 10 nm; Msim = _ 10 nm; M3 = 31,25 nm; M4 = _ 22,5 nm.
e) M = M1 + M2 +M3 + M4 + M5 = 8,75 nm ≠ 0 e.i. Rero ar aris wonasworobaSi.
sur.15.
a) mabrunebel moments qmnis: F2, Fsim , F3, F4.
b) M2 < 0; Msim > 0; M3 > 0; M4 < 0.

Y
g) d1 = 0; d2 = 50 sm; dsim = 1 m; d3 = 1,5 m; d4 = 2 m.
d) M1 = 0; M2 = -110 nm; Msim = 100 nm; M3 = 90 nm; M4 = _ 80 nm.

P
e) M = M1 + M2 +M3 + M4 + M5 = 0 e.i. Rero wonasworobaSia.
19. sur.16.

O
a) F1 = 85 n, F2 = 20 n, Fsim= 10 n, F4 = 50 n, F5 = 100 n.
b) M1 < 0; M2 > 0; Msim = 0; M4 < 0; M5 > 0.

C
g) d1 = 1 m; d2 = 50 sm; dsim = 0; d4 = 50 sm; d5 = 1 m.
d) M1 = _ 80 nm; M2 = 10 nm; Msim = 0; M4 = _ 25 nm; M5 = 100 nm.

T
e) M = M1 + M2 +Msim + M4 + M5 = 5 nm ≠ 0 e.i. Rero ar aris wonasworobaSi.

’
sur.17.
a) F1 = 20 n, Fsim= 10 n, F2 = 50 n, F3 = 50 n.

N
b) M1 < 0; Msim < 0; M2 < 0; M3 > 0.
g) d1 = 50 sm; dsim = 1 m; d2 = 1,5 m; d3 = 2 m.

O
d) M1 = _ 10 nm; Msim = _ 10 nm; M2 = _ 75 nm; M3 = 100 nm.
e) M = M1 + Msim + M2 + M3 = 5 nm ≠ 0 e.i. Rero ar aris wonasworobaSi.

D
20. marjvena boloze Reros marTobulad unda movdoT zeviT mimarTuli 47,5 n Zala.
21. Zelis gadagoreba ufro advilia b) SemTxvevaSi: am dros Zalis mabrunebeli momenti
ufro didia, vidre imave sididis Zalis momenti a) SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan b) SemTxvevaSi
Zelze moqmedi Zalis mxaria ufro didi.
24. saSinao cdis Sedegi da axsna. Tu joxs orive boloTi TiTebze davidebT, joxi
wonasworobaSi iqneba. Tu TiTebs joxis centrisken nel-nela vamoZravebT, TiTebi
erTdroulad ar imoZraveben. isini rigrigobiT imoZraveben da roca sabolood
erTmaneTs erT wertilSi `Sexvdebian~, joxi ar gadayiravdeba da SeinarCunebs
wonasworobas, anu joxis is wertili, romelSic TiTebi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen, aris
joxis simZimis centri.
ratom ar moZraoben TiTebi erTdroulad, roca vcdilobT, rom isini joxis
centrisken vamoZraoT?
centrisken moZraobisas im TiTze, romelic ufro axlos aRmoCndeba joxis
simZimis centrTan, ufro didi datvirTva modis, anu imoqmedebs ufro didi
wnevis Zala (misi mxari ufro naklebia), Sesabamisad am TiTze meti xaxunis Zala
imoqmedebs da amitom simZimis centrTan ufro axlos myofi TiTi ar isrialebs
joxze. isrialebs meore TiTi, romelic ufro Sors imyofeba simZimis centris-
gan. es TiTi miuaxlovdeba ra ufro da ufro simZimis centrs, masze moqmedi
xaxunis Zala gadaaWarbebs meore TiTze moqmed xaxunis Zalas da axla meore TiTi
gasrialdeba simZimis centrisken da a. S. TiTebi joxis centrisken rigrigobiT
gasrialdebian, sanam erTmaneTs simZimis centrSi ar `Sexvdebian~.

207
Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebis, amocanebis pasuxebi

§ 2.4
9. sasworis im mxris sigrZe, romelzedac asawoni sxeuli ikideba, unda icvlebodes
(anu SesaZlebeli unda iyos misi dagrZeleba an damokleba).
10. a) ar gvaZlevs mogebas; b) 2-jer; g) 5 -jer.
11. sur.23.
a) wonasworobaSia;
b) wonasworobaSia;
g) ar aris wonasworobaSi (marcxena bolo Camo­vardeba);
d) ar aris wonasworobaSi (marcxena bolo Camo­vardeba).
sur.24.
a) wonasworobaSia;
b) wonasworobaSia;
g) ar aris wonasworobaSi (marjvena bolo Camo­vardeba);
d) ar aris wonasworobaSi (marjvena bolo Camo­vardeba).

Y
§ 2.4

P
1. a) 9 kg; b) 150 n.

O
2. a) 8 kg; b) 120 n.
3. a) 30 n; b) 110 n.

C
4. 1,2 m.
5. 1 m.
6. 16 sm.

’ T
7. xaxunis Zalis daZleva xdeba xelis kunTis F1 ZaliT, romlis mxari ℓ1 = 25 sm-is,
xolo xaxunis F2 Zalis mxari ℓ2 = 5sm.

N
lursmnis amoZrobisas berketi wonasworobaSia: igi Tanabrad brunavs sayrdeni
O wertilis garSemo, amitom sur. 32-ze gamosaxuli berketisTvis SegviZlia

O
davweroT momentebis wesi: M1= M2 (1) sadac M1 kunTis Zalis mxaria, xolo M2 _
xaxunis Zalis mxari. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom M1= F1 ℓ1 da M2= F2 ℓ2 , maSin 1-li

D
toloba miiRebs saxes: F1 ℓ 1 = F2 ℓ2 (2)
me -(2) tolobidan xaxunis Zala tolia F2 = F1 ℓ1 / ℓ2 = 100 n . 0,25 m / 0,05 m = 500 n.
8. 8 n.
9. 48 n.
10. 562,5 n.
11. 50 n.
12. 250 g.
13. a) 50 n; b) 11 n.
14. a) 1,5 n; b) sakididan marjvniv ori danayofis daSorebiT; g) 200 g.
15. a) 11 n; b) 10 n.
16. sayrdeni mdebareobs 18 n Zalis modebis wertilidan 10 sm-ze.
17. berketis gamoyenebiT ZalaSi vigebT: F2/F1 = ℓ1/ℓ2= 5 ; F2 = 5 F1
hidravlikuri manqana gvaZlevs mogebas ZalaSi: F3 / F2= S3 / S2 = 400/2=200
F3 = 200F2 = 200 . 5 F1=1000 F1 , anu ZalaSi vigebT 1000 -jer.
18. 1 kg.

§ 2.6
6. a) 1,5-jer; b) 2-jer; g) 5-jer.
7. a) 3-jer; b) 4-jer; g) 4-jer.
8. a) 1,25-jer; b) 1,25-jer.
9. a) 1800 n; b) 2700 n; g) 1620 n; d) 1500 n.

208
 Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebis, amocanebis pasuxebi

10. a) 72 kg; b) 56 kg; g) 90 kg; d) 30 kg.

11. a) 10 m; b) 5 m.
12. a) 90 sm; b) 4 m.

§ 2.7
5. a) 50 n; b) 25 n.
6. a) 10 kg; b) 20 kg.
7. a) 40 sm-ze; b) 20 sm-ze.
8. a) 50 sm-ze; b) 100 sm-ze.
9. wonasworobaSia.
10. a) F = mg / n , sadac n yvela WoWonaqis raodenobaa.

Y
b) F = mg / 2n , sadac n moZravi WoWonaqebis raodenobaa.

P
§ 2.8
1. 98 %.

O
2. ≈ 56 %.
3. 60 kg.

C
4. 80%.
5. a) 80 sm; b) 32 sm.

T
6. 80%.

’
7. 62,5 %.
≈ 83,3 %.

N
8.
9. 80%.

O
Tema III

D
§ 3.1
6. gitaris simebis daWimva gamowveulia imiT, rom temperaturis Semcirebis dros
liToni da xe sxvadasxvanairad ikumSeba. ufro zustad, liToni metad ikumSeba,
vidre xe. Sesabamisad, temperaturis erTnairad momatebisas xe naklebad far-
Tovdeba, vidre foladi.
7. imisTvis, rom gaTbobisas gafarToebulma wyalma gaTbobis milebi ar daxeTqos,
sxvenSi avzs (1) amontaJeben. gafarToebuli wyali am avzSi gadadis, iqidan ki
(2) milis saSualebiT kvlav sistemaSi brundeba.
8. amis mizezia wyali, romelic zamTrobiT gayinvis Sedegad farTovdeba da Sedegad
kldeebze napralebi Cndeba. amis gamo ki zogjer kldeebi iSleba. es movlena ar
xdeba mTvareze wylis ararsebobis gamo.
10. Wiqas mduRare wyali gamoavle, gadmoayirave (fskeriT zeviT) da monetis gver-
diT dad. roca SigniT arsebuli haeri gacivdeba, is SeikumSeba da wyali WiqaSi
Seiwoveba.

§ 3.2
15. Tu airian rezervuars (1) cxel wyalSi CavuSvebT, airi gafarTovdeba da amis
Sedegad vercxliswylis done ziarWurWlis (2) marcxena muxlSi daiwevs, xolo
marjvenaSi aiwevs. awevisas doneebis sxvaoba ziarWurWelze mimagrebuli skaliT
aRiricxeba. Tu winaswar iqneba gaangariSebuli, ramdeni mm-iT gansxvavebas ga-
moiwvevs vercxliswylis doneebs Soris temperaturis 1° C-iT gazrda, SesaZloa
skala ise dagraduirdes, rom vercxliwylis simaRlis cvlileba Sesabamis tem-
peraturul cvlilebas gamosaxavdes. maSin skala Cveulebrivi TermometriviT
imoqmedebs.
209
Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebis, amocanebis pasuxebi

§ 3.3
11. Semcirdeba airis masis Semcirebis Sedegad.

§ 3.4
15. yinulis Tbogamtaroba naklebia, vidre oqrosi, Sesabamisad, yinulis Senoba
metad SeinarCunebs siTbos, vidre oqrosi.

§ 3.5
9. saqvabidan cxeli wyali gafarToebis Semdeg gadadis sxvenSi damontaJebul gama-
farToebel avzSi, saidanac sistemis milebsa da radiatorebs miewodeba. wyali
Tavis energias gadascems milebs, radiatorebs, SenobaSi haers, civdeba da isev
saqvabeSi brundeba. Semdeg procesi meordeba: wyali cxeldeba da kvlav zeviT
adis da a.S.
maRalsarTuliani saxlis gaTbobis sistemaSi ki damatebiT wyalsaqaC tumboebs

Y
amontaJeben, rom konveqcia ar gaZneldes wylis didi masis gamo.
12. fskerTan Tbili wylis simkvrive ufro metia, vidre zeda fenebSi ufro civi

P
wylis, Sesabamisad wyali ar cirkulirebs.

O
§ 3.7
10. cxeli uTos mier gacemuli siTbos raodenoba damokidebulia ara marto sawyis

C
temperaturaze, aramed masazec da aseve im drozec, ra drois ganmavlobaSic
uToa CarTuli. uTos masa naklebia, vidre radiatoris da amasTan, uTo Se-

’ T
darebiT mcire drois ganmavlobaSi gascems siTbos, radiatori ki _ didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi.

N
12. wylis kuTri didi siTbotevadobis gamo zafxulobiT wyalsatevebi didi rao-
denobiT siTbos STanTqaven da amitom maT maxloblad SedarebiT grila.

O
zamTrobiT ki wyali civdeba da siTbos gamoyofs. amitom zamTari naklebad
mkacria.

D
13. 750 j/kg0C.
14. 2500 j; gaizrdeba 2500 j-iT.
15. 400 j; Semcirdeba 400 j-iT.
16. 3 kg; gaizrdeba 6300 j-iT.
17. 20C-iT; gaizrdeba 16,8 kj-iT.
18. a) yinuli; b) mcenareuli zeTi.
19. m1 : m2 = 2 : 3.
20. c1 : c2 = 1 : 6.

§ 3.8
7. 289,8 kj.
8. 500 kj.
9. ≈ 0,0120C.
10. foladisgan.
11. 2320C.
12. 920C.
13. ≈ 22 mgj.
14. 66 mgj.
15. 50 gigaj.
16. 20C-iT.
17. A = 30 kj; N = 500 vt.

210
 Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebis, amocanebis pasuxebi

18. 60 j-iT gaizarda.

19. 800C.
20. 500C.
21. 2 l.
22. 290C.
23. 1,5 kg.
24. 336 j/kg0C.

§ 3.9
10. a) 13,4 kj; b) 5 kj.
11. a) 21 kj; b) 11,8 kj.

Y
13. a) 22,5%
b) marilis wyalxsnari mxolod 00C -ze dabal temperaturaze iyineba, sufTa

P
wyali ki 0 0C -ze.
g) mariliani wylis gayinvis temperatura dabla iwevs, is SesaZloa -100C -ic ki

O
gaxdes, amitom sanam temperatura ase dabla ar daecema, TovlSi marilis Serevis
Sedegad warmoqmnili xsnari ar gaiyineba.

C
d) mariliani Tovli dnobas iwyebs da energias STanTqavs. amitom fexs metad
gaacivebs.

’ T
§ 3.11

N
8. wylis duRilis temperatura maRalia, vidre spirtis. Sesabamisad, spirtiani
TermometriT mduRare wylis temperaturas ver gavzomavT.
9. 90 kj.

O
10. 690 kj.
12. ≈ 438 g.

D
13. ≈ 89 0C.

§ 3.12
6. 3 kg.
7. 0,5 kg.
8. 84 g.
9. 2700 kg.
10. ≈ 5,4 kg.

§ 3.14
1. 30 %.
2. 25 %.
3. ≈ 35,7 %.
4. ≈ 6 l.
5. ≈ 45,6 wT.
6. ≈ 0,260C.
7. v= (c (tduR - t1) + λ + r ) ≈ 4,4 km/wm.
8. mTx /m = [ v2 - 2 c ∆t ] / 2λ ≈ 0,5.
9. mTx /m = [ 0,3 (v12 - v22) - c∆t ] / λ ≈ 0,25.

211
 sxvadasxva fizikur sidideTa cxrilebi

simkvriveTa cxrili

myari sxeuli
nivTiereba ρ, kg/m3 ρ, g/sm3 nivTiereba ρ, kg/m3 ρ, g/sm3
yinuli 900 0.9 foladi, rkina 7800 7.8
aguri 1 800 1.8 spilenZi 8 900 8.9
alumini 2 700 2.7 vercxli 10 500 10.5
Tuji 7 000 7.0 tyvia 11300 11.3
TuTia 7 100 7.1 oqro 1900 19.3

siTxeebi
nivTiereba ρ, kg/m3 ρ, g/sm3 nivTiereba ρ, kg/m3 ρ, g/sm3

Y
benzini 710 0.71 zRvis wyali 1030 1.03
acetoni 790 0.79 rZe 1030 1.03

P
navTi 800 0.8 glicerini 1260 1.26
mzesumziris

O
900 0.9 Tafli 1350 1.35
zeTi
sufTa wyali 1000 1 vercxliswyali 13 600 13.6

C
airebi
nivTiereba ρ, kg/m3 ρ, g/sm3 nivTiereba ρ, kg/m3 ρ, g/sm3

T
wyalbadi 0,09 0.00009 bunebrivi airi 0,8 0.0008

’
heliumi 0.18 0.00018 haeri 1.29 0.00129
wylis orTqli 0.59 0.00059 Jangbadi 1.43 0.00143

O N
cxrili 1. zogierTi nivTierebis Tbogamtarobis koeficienti (200C-ze)

D
wylis orTqli azbesti/
0,04 foladi 75 spilenZi 656 0,24 wyali 1
(1000C) muyao

mSrali haeri 0,04 platina 117 vercxli 698 eboniti 0,27 mina 1,3

pleqsiglasi yinuli
heliumi 0,25 rkina 122 maudi 0,1 0,3 3,8
(00C)

wyalbadi 0,31 nikeli 150 mSrali miwa 0,2 mSrali xe 0,6-0,7 grafiti 8,2

vercxliswyali 11 alumini 340 navTi 0,2 aguri 0,8-1,3 almasi 222,5

tyvia 57 oqro 512 qaRaldi 0,23 betoni 0,18-3,9 vakuumi 0

cxrili 2. zogierTi nivTierebis kuTri siTbotevadoba j/kg . 0C

oqro 130 vercxli 250 foladi 500 alumini 920 navTi 2100
vercxliswy. 140 spilenZi 400 Tuji 540 haeri 1000 mSrali xe 2400
tyvia 140 TuTia 400 mina 840 mcen. zeTi 1700 spirti 2500
kala 230 rkina 460 aguri 880 yinuli (0 C)
0
2100 wyali 4200

212
 sxvadasxva fizikur sidideTa cxrilebi

cxrili 3. zogierTi nivTierebis dnobis (gamyarebis) temperatura, 0C

(normaluri atmosferuli wnevis dros)

heliumi -272 vercxliswy. -39 natriumi 98 alumini 660 foladi 1500

wyalbadi -259 yinuli 0 kala 232 vercxli 962 rkina 1539

Jangbadi -219 ceziumi 29 tyvia 327 oqro 1064 platina 1772

azoti -210 kaliumi 63 qarva 360 spilenZi 1085 osmiumi 3045

spirti -114 naftalini 80 TuTia 420 Tuji 1200 volframi 3400

cxrili 4. zogierTi nivTierebis dnobis kuTri siTbo, X105 j/kg

Y
( normaluri atmosferuli wnevis dros)

alumini 3.9 spilenZi 2.1 spirti 1.05 oqro 0.67 tyvia 0.25

P
yinuli 3.4 parafini 1.5 vercxli 0.87 wyalbadi 0.59 Jangbadi 0.14

O
rkina 2.7 platina 1.1 foladi 0.84 kala 0.59 vercxliswy. 0.12

C
cxrili 5. wylis duRilis temperatura sxvadasxva simaRleze
simaRle zRvis wylis duRilis simaRle zRvis wylis duRilis

’ T
donidan, m temperatura, 0C donidan, m temperatura, 0C

0 100 3000 90

N
500 98,3 3500 88,3
1000 96,7 4000 86,7

O
1500 95 4500 85,0
2000 93,3 5000 83,3

D
2500 91,7 6000 80

cxrili 6. zogierTi nivTierebis duRilis temperatura 0C (normaluri atmosferuli wnevis dros)

wyalbadi -253 rZe 100 spirti 78 tyvia 1740

Jangbadi -183 eTeri 35 wyali 100 spilenZi 2567

benzini 40-180 freoni 12 -29,8 vercxliswyali 357 rkina 2750

cxrili 7. zogierTi nivTierebis orTqlad qcevis kuTri siTbo x 106 j/kg

(duRilis temperaturaze da normaluri atmosferuli wnevis dros)
wyali 2.3 spirti 0.9 vercxliswyali 0.3

amiaki (Txevadi) 1.4 eTeri 0.4 haeri (Txevadi) 0.2

cxrili 8. zogierTi sawvavis wvis kuTri siTbo X 107 j/kg

denTi 0.38 qvanaxSiri 2.7 SeSis naxSiri 3.4 benzini 4.6

mSrali SeSa 1.0 spirti 2.7 bunebrivi airi 4.4 navTi 4.6

torfi 1.4 anTraciti 3.0 navTobi 4.4 wyalbadi 12

213
sxvadasxva fizikur sidideTa cxrilebi

danarTi
angariSi kvleviTi samuSaos mimdinareobisa da Sedegebis Sesaxeb

SeniSvna:
1. kvleviTi samuSaoebis angariSis forma damoukideblad unda Seqmna teqstur redaqtorSi da
Seavso kvlevis dasrulebis Semdeg;
2. kvlevis angariSis formas sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs. Sen SegiZlia, daaamato/moaklo kvle­
viTi samuSaos etapebSi sxva etapic;
3. Tu kvleviTi samuSao ramdenime eqsperiments moicavs, angariSi unda daiweros TiToeuli
eqspe­rimentis msvlelobisa da Sedegebis mixedviT.

moswavlis gvari , saxeli ........................................................

klasi ...............
TariRi ...............

Y
kvleviTi samuSao № ............
sakvlevi Tema ..................................................................

O P
kvlevis etapebi cda №

C
1. sakvlevi kiTxva
2. saWiro informacia

’ T
3. hipoTeza
4. cdis mokle aRwera

N
5. damoukidebeli cvladi _ sidide/piroba,

O
romelic icvleba cdis Catarebis procesSi da
iwvevs sxva sididis/pirobis cvlilebas

D
6. damokidebeli cvladi _ sidide/piroba,
romelic icvleba damoukidebeli cvladis
cvlilebis mixedviT
7. parametri _ mocemuli cdis ganmavlobaSi
mudmivi sidide/ucvleli piroba
8. aRricxuli monacemebi /gazomvis Sedegebi
9. monacemebis/ Sedegebis analizi, interpretacia
da gamotanili daskvnebi
10. pasuxi sakvlev kiTxvaze /saboloo daskvna
11. dadasturda Tu ara Seni hipoTeza? Tu ar
dadasturda, Camoayalibe axali hipoTeza

13. TviTSefaseba:

a) ra gamogivida yvelaze kargad kvlevisas ?

b) ra gamogivida warumateblad?

g) ras Secvlidi kvlevis procesSi, Tavidan rom

atarebde kvlevas?

214
 sxvadasxva fizikur sidideTa cxrilebi

P Y
C O
N ’ T
D O

215
sxvadasxva fizikur sidideTa cxrilebi

P Y
C O
N ’ T
D O

216