Problem 6.

1 [Difficulty: 2]

6.1 Consider the flow field with velocity given by


V =  A ( y 2 − x 2 ) − Bx  i + [ 2 Axy + By ] j ;
 

A = 3.28 m −1 ⋅ s −1 , B = 3.28 m −1 ⋅ s −1; the coordinates are

measured in meters. The density is 1,030 kg/m3, and gravity acts
in the negative y direction. Calculate the acceleration of a fluid
particle and the pressure gradient at point (x, y) = (0.3, 0.3).

Given: Velocity field

Find: Acceleration of particle and pressure gradient at (0.3, 0.3)
Solution:
NOTE: Units of B are s−1 not m−1s−1









 DV ∂V ∂V ∂V dV DV

Basic equations a p = =u +v +w + ρ = ρ g − ∇p
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t Dt
total   local
acceleration convective acceleration
of a particle acceleration

For this flow

u ( x,y ) = A ⋅ ( y 2 − x 2 ) − B ⋅ x v ( x,y ) = 2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y + B ⋅ y
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
ax = u ⋅ u + v ⋅ u =  A ⋅ ( y 2 − x 2 ) − B ⋅ x  ⋅  A ⋅ ( y 2 − x 2 ) − B ⋅ x  + ( 2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y + B ⋅ y ) ⋅  A ⋅ ( y 2 − x 2 ) − B ⋅ x 
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
a x = ( B + 2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ) ⋅ ( A ⋅ x 2 + B ⋅ x + A ⋅ y2 )
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
ay = u ⋅ v + v ⋅ v =  A ⋅ ( y 2 − x 2 ) − B ⋅ x  ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y + B ⋅ y ) + ( 2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y + B ⋅ y ) ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y + B ⋅ y )
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x
a y = ( B + 2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ) ⋅ ( B ⋅ y + 2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y ) − 2 ⋅ A ⋅ y ⋅  B ⋅ x + A ⋅ ( x 2 − y 2 ) 

1 m
Hence at (0.3, 0.3) a x = (3.28 + 2 × 3.28 × 0.3) ⋅ × (3.28 × (0.3)2 + 3.28 × (0.3) + 3.28 × (0.3) 2 )
s s
m
a x = 2.8
s2
 1
a y = (⋅28 + 2 × 3.28 × 0.3) ⋅ × (3.28 × 0.3 + 2 × 3.28 × 0.3 × 0.3) m s
s
1
−2 × 3.28 × 0.3 ⋅ × [3.28 × 0.3 + 3.28 × (0.32 − 0.32 )]m s
s
m
a y = 6.3
s2

a 
a = a 2x + a 2y θ = a tan  y  a = 6.9 m s 2 θ = 66 ⋅ deg
 ax 

For the pressure gradient

N
2
∂ kg m N ⋅s ∂ 2 Pa
p = ρ ⋅ g x − ρ ⋅ a x = −1, 030 3 × 2.8 2 × p = − 2884 m = −2884
∂x m s kg ⋅ m ∂x m m

N
2
∂ kg m N ⋅s ∂ 2 Pa
p = ρ ⋅ g y − ρ ⋅ a y = −1030 3 × (−9.81 − 6.3) 2 × p = − 16593 m = −16593
∂y m s kg ⋅ m ∂y m m
 Problem 6.2

Given: Velocity field

To find: Acceleration of particle and pressure gradient at (4, 6)

Solution:

DV V V V V
ap  u v w 
Dt x y z t
Total Convective Local
acceleration acceleration acceleratio
of a particle n

DV
   g  p
Dt
given data
A  2s 1 B  5s 1
x  4m y  6m
kg
  999
m3

For this flow

 u  x, y   A  x  B  y
v  x, y   B  x  A  y
  
ax  u u  v u   A x  B  y  A x  B  y 
x y x

B  x  A y  A x  B  y
y
a x   A2  B 2  x
  
ay  u v  v v   A x  B  y B  x  A y 
x y x

B  x  A y B  x  A y
y
a y   A2  B 2  y
Hence at  4, 6 
1
ax   4  25   4m
s
m
ax  116 2
s
1
a y   4  25   6m
s
m
a y  174 2
s
m
a  ax 2  a y 2 a  209.12
s2
 ay 
  a tan  
 ax 
  5.5 deg

For the pressure gradient

 kg m N  s2
p    g x    ax   999 3   9.81  116  2 
x m s kg  m
 Pa KPa
p   106083.9  106.09
x m m
 kg m N  s2
p    g y    a y  999 3   9.81  174  2 
y m s kg  m
 Pa KPa
p   183626.2  183.63
y m m
 Problem 6.3 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Velocity field

Find: Acceleration of particle and pressure gradient at (1,2)

Solution:

Basic equations

1 m kg
Given data A = 1⋅ B = 2⋅ x = 1⋅ m y = 2⋅ m t = 5⋅ s ρ = 999 ⋅
s 2 3
s m
u ( x , y , t) = −A⋅ x + B⋅ t v ( x , y , t) = A⋅ y + B⋅ t

The acceleration components and values are

∂ m
axt( x , y , t) = u ( x , y , t) = B axt( x , y , t) = B axt( x , y , t) = 2
∂t 2
s

∂ ∂ 2 m
axc( x , y , t) = u ( x , y , t) ⋅ u ( x , y , t) + v ( x , y , t) ⋅ u ( x , y , t) axc( x , y , t) = A ⋅ x − A⋅ B⋅ t axc( x , y , t) = −9
∂x ∂y s
2

∂ m
ayt( x , y , t) = v ( x , y , t) ayt( x , y , t) = B ayt( x , y , t) = 2
∂t 2
s

∂ ∂ 2 m
ayc( x , y , t) = u ( x , y , t) ⋅ v ( x , y , t) + v ( x , y , t) ⋅ v( x , y , t) ayc( x , y , t) = y ⋅ A + B⋅ t⋅ A ayc( x , y , t) = 12
∂x ∂y 2
s

2 m
ax ( x , y , t) = axt( x , y , t) + axc( x , y , t) ax ( x , y , t ) = x ⋅ A − B ⋅ t ⋅ A + B ax ( x , y , t) = −7
2
s

2 m
ay ( x , y , t) = ayt( x , y , t) + ayc( x , y , t) ay ( x , y , t ) = y ⋅ A + B ⋅ t ⋅ A + B ay ( x , y , t) = 14
2
s
For overall acceleration

(x⋅A2 − B⋅t⋅A + B) + (y⋅A2 + B⋅t⋅A + B)

2 2
2 2 m
a( x , y , t ) = ax ( x , y , t ) + ay ( x , y , t ) a( x , y , t ) = a( x , y , t) = 15.7
2
s
⎛ ay ( x , y , t ) ⎞
θ = atan⎜ θ = −63.4⋅ deg
ax ( x , y , t )
⎝ ⎠
kPa kPa kPa
For the pressure gradient we need −ρ⋅ ax ( x , y , t) = 6.99⋅ −ρ⋅ ay ( x , y , t) = −13.99 ⋅ −ρ⋅ g = −9.80⋅
m m m

Hence for the pressure gradient

2
∂ kg m N⋅ s ∂ Pa kPa
p = ρ⋅ g x − ρ⋅ ax = 999 ⋅ × 7⋅ × p = 6990⋅ = 6.99⋅
∂x 3 2 kg⋅ m ∂x m m
m s

2
∂ kg m N⋅ s ∂ Pa kPa
p = −ρ⋅ g y − ρ⋅ ay = 999 ⋅ × ( −9.81 − 14) ⋅ × p = −23800 ⋅ = −23.8⋅
∂y 3 2 kg ⋅m ∂y m m
m s
 Problem 6. [Difficulty: 2]

6.5

 Consider the flow field with velocity given by
(
V = [A x − y
2 2
)  
− 3 Bx ]i − [2 Axy − 3 By ] j , where A = 3.28 m–1 ⋅ s−1,
−1
B = 1 s , and the coordinates are measured in feet. The density is
1,030 kg/m3 and gravity acts in the negative y direction. Determine the
acceleration of a fluid particle and the pressure gradient at point
(x, y) = (1, 1).

Given: Velocity field

Find: Acceleration of particle and pressure gradient at (1,1)
Solution:









 DV ∂V ∂V ∂V dV DV

Basic equations a p = =u +v +w + ρ = ρ g − ∇p
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t Dt
total   local
acceleration convective acceleration
of a particle acceleration

For this flow u ( x, y ) = A ⋅ ( x 2 − y 2 ) − 3 ⋅ B ⋅ x v ( x, y ) = −2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y + 3 ⋅ B ⋅ y

∂ ∂ ∂
ax = u ⋅ u + v ⋅ u =  A ⋅ ( x 2 − y 2 ) − 3 ⋅ B ⋅ x  ⋅  A ⋅ ( x 2 − y 2 ) − 3 ⋅ B ⋅ x 
∂x ∂y ∂x
∂
+ ( −2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y + 3 ⋅ B ⋅ y ) ⋅  A ⋅ ( x 2 − y 2 ) − 3 ⋅ B ⋅ x 
∂y
a x = ( 2 ⋅ A ⋅ x − 3 ⋅ B) ⋅ ( A ⋅ x 2 − 3 ⋅ B ⋅ x + A ⋅ y2 )

∂ ∂ ∂
ay = u ⋅ v + v ⋅ v =  A ⋅ ( x 2 − y 2 ) − 3 ⋅ B ⋅ x  ⋅ ( −2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y + 3 ⋅ B ⋅ y )
∂x ∂y ∂x
∂
+ ( −2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y + 3 ⋅ B ⋅ y ) ⋅ ( −2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y + 3 ⋅ B ⋅ y )
∂y
a y = (3 ⋅ B ⋅ y − 2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y) ⋅ (3 ⋅ B − 2 ⋅ A ⋅ x) − 2 ⋅ A ⋅ y ⋅  A ⋅ ( x 2 − y 2 ) − 3 ⋅ B ⋅ x 

1 m
Hence at (1, 1) a x = ( 2 × 3.28 × 1 − 3 × 1) ⋅ × ( 3.28 × 12 − 3 × 1× 1 + 3.28 × 12 ) ⋅
s s
m
a x = 12.7 2
s
1 m 1 m
a y = ( 3 × 1× 1 − 2 × 3.28 × 1× 1) ⋅ × ( 3 × 1 − 2 × 3.28 × 1) ⋅ − 2 × 3.28 × 1 ⋅ × 3.28 (12 − 12 ) − 3 ×1× 1 ⋅
s s s s
m
a y = 32.4 2
s
 a  m
a = a x 2 + a y2 θ = a tan  y  a = 34.8
 ax  s2
θ = 68.6 deg
For the pressure gradient

kN
2
∂ kg m N ⋅s ∂ 2 kPa
p = ρ ⋅ g x − ρ ⋅ a x = −1, 030 3 × 12.7 2 × p = −13 ⋅1 m = −13 ⋅1
∂x m s kg ⋅ m ∂x m m

∂ kg m N ⋅ s2
p = ρ ⋅ g y − ρ ⋅ a y = 1, 030 3 × (−9 ⋅ 81 − 32 ⋅ 4) ⋅ 2 ×
∂y m s kg ⋅m
kN
∂ 2 kPa
p = −43.5 m = −43 ⋅ 5
∂y m m
 Problem 6.5 [Difficulty: 2]

6.5 Consider the flow field with velocity given by


(
V = [A x − y
2 2
)  
− 3 Bx ]i − [2 Axy − 3 By ] j , where A = 3.28 m–1 ⋅ s−1,
−1
B = 1 s , and the coordinates are measured in feet. The density is
1,030 kg/m3 and gravity acts in the negative y direction. Determine the
acceleration of a fluid particle and the pressure gradient at point
(x, y) = (1, 1).

Given: Velocity field

Find: Acceleration of particle and pressure gradient at (1,1)
Solution:









 DV ∂V ∂V ∂V dV DV

Basic equations a p = =u +v +w + ρ = ρ g − ∇p
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t Dt
total   local
acceleration convective acceleration
of a particle acceleration

For this flow u ( x, y ) = A ⋅ ( x 2 − y 2 ) − 3 ⋅ B ⋅ x v ( x, y ) = −2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y + 3 ⋅ B ⋅ y

∂ ∂ ∂
ax = u ⋅ u + v ⋅ u =  A ⋅ ( x 2 − y 2 ) − 3 ⋅ B ⋅ x  ⋅  A ⋅ ( x 2 − y 2 ) − 3 ⋅ B ⋅ x 
∂x ∂y ∂x
∂
+ ( −2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y + 3 ⋅ B ⋅ y ) ⋅  A ⋅ ( x 2 − y 2 ) − 3 ⋅ B ⋅ x 
∂y
a x = ( 2 ⋅ A ⋅ x − 3 ⋅ B) ⋅ ( A ⋅ x 2 − 3 ⋅ B ⋅ x + A ⋅ y2 )

∂ ∂ ∂
ay = u ⋅ v + v ⋅ v =  A ⋅ ( x 2 − y 2 ) − 3 ⋅ B ⋅ x  ⋅ ( −2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y + 3 ⋅ B ⋅ y )
∂x ∂y ∂x
∂
+ ( −2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y + 3 ⋅ B ⋅ y ) ⋅ ( −2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y + 3 ⋅ B ⋅ y )
∂y
a y = (3 ⋅ B ⋅ y − 2 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ y) ⋅ (3 ⋅ B − 2 ⋅ A ⋅ x) − 2 ⋅ A ⋅ y ⋅  A ⋅ ( x 2 − y 2 ) − 3 ⋅ B ⋅ x 

1 m
Hence at (1, 1) a x = ( 2 × 3.28 × 1 − 3 × 1) ⋅ × ( 3.28 × 12 − 3 × 1× 1 + 3.28 × 12 ) ⋅
s s
m
a x = 12.7 2
s
1 m 1 m
a y = ( 3 × 1× 1 − 2 × 3.28 × 1× 1) ⋅ × ( 3 × 1 − 2 × 3.28 × 1) ⋅ − 2 × 3.28 × 1 ⋅ × 3.28 (12 − 12 ) − 3 ×1× 1 ⋅
s s s s
m
a y = 32.4 2
s
 a  m
a = a x 2 + a y2 θ = a tan  y  a = 34.8
 ax  s2
θ = 68.6 deg
For the pressure gradient

kN
2
∂ kg m N ⋅s ∂ 2 kPa
p = ρ ⋅ g x − ρ ⋅ a x = −1, 030 3 × 12.7 2 × p = −13 ⋅1 m = −13 ⋅1
∂x m s kg ⋅ m ∂x m m

∂ kg m N ⋅ s2
p = ρ ⋅ g y − ρ ⋅ a y = 1, 030 3 × (−9 ⋅ 81 − 32 ⋅ 4) ⋅ 2 ×
∂y m s kg ⋅m
kN
∂ 2 kPa
p = −43.5 m = −43 ⋅ 5
∂y m m
 Problem 6.5

Given: Velocity field

To find: Simplest y component of velocity; Acceleration of particle and pressure gradient

at (3, 2); pressure on x axis.

Solution:

Basic equations:

u v DV V V V V
 0 ap  u v w 
x y Dt x y z t

Total Convective Local

acceleration acceleration acceleratio
of a particle n

DV
   g  p
Dt

For this flow

  
u  x, y   A  x u v0 so,
x y

v  x, y     udy    Ady   A  y  c
x
Hence,
v  x, y    A  y is the simplest y component of velocity

for acceleration
   
ax  u u  v u  A  x  A  x     A  y   A  x 
x y x y
a x  A2  x
   
ay  u v  v v  A x  A y   A y   A y 
x y x y
a y  A2  y
Hence at  3, 2 
2
3
ax     3m
s
m
ax  27 2
s
2
3 m
a y     2m  18 2
s s
a  ax 2  a y 2
2 2
m m
a  27  2   182  2 
2

s  s 
m
a  32.45 2
s

For the pressure gradient

  kg m Ns 2
p    g x   ax  1.80 3  27 2 
x m s kg  m
 Pa
p   48.6
x m
 kg m Ns 2
p    g y   a y  1.80 3  18 2 
y m s kg  m
 Pa
p   32.4
y m
 kg m Ns 2
p    g z   az   1.80 3  9.81 2 
z m s kg  m
 Pa
p  17.66
z m

For the pressure on the x axis


d  p
x
p  p      g x    ax  dx       A2  x  dx 
x x 1
 A2 x 2
0 0 2
1
p  x   p   A2 x 2
2
kg  3  N  s 2
2
1
p  x   200KPa  1.80 3      x2
2 m  s  kg  m
8.1 2
p  x   200  x  p in KPa, x in m 
1000
 Problem 6.6 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Velocity field

Find: Expressions for local, convective and total acceleration; evaluate at several points; evaluate pressure gradient

Solution:
1 1 kg
The given data is A = 2⋅ ω = 1⋅ ρ = 2⋅ u = A⋅ x ⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t) v = −A⋅ y ⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t)
s s 3
m
∂ ∂
Check for incompressible flow u + v =0
∂x ∂y

∂ ∂
Hence u + v = A⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t) − A⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t) = 0 Incompressible flow
∂x ∂y

The governing equation for acceleration is

∂
The local acceleration is then x - component u = 2 ⋅ π⋅ A⋅ ω⋅ x ⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t)
∂t

∂
y - component v = −2 ⋅ π⋅ A⋅ ω⋅ y ⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t)
∂t

For the present steady, 2D flow, the convective acceleration is

∂ ∂ 2 2
x - component u⋅ u + v⋅ u = A⋅ x ⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t) ⋅ ( A⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t) ) + ( −A⋅ y ⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t) ) ⋅ 0 = A ⋅ x ⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t)
∂x ∂y

∂ ∂ 2 2
y - component u⋅ v + v⋅ v = A⋅ x ⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t) ⋅ 0 + ( −A⋅ y ⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t) ) ⋅ ( −A⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t) ) = A ⋅ y ⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t)
∂x ∂y

∂ ∂ ∂ 2 2
The total acceleration is then x - component u + u⋅ u + v⋅ u = 2 ⋅ π⋅ A⋅ ω⋅ x ⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t) + A ⋅ x ⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t)
∂t ∂x ∂y

∂ ∂ ∂ 2 2
y - component v + u⋅ v + v⋅ v = −2 ⋅ π⋅ A⋅ ω⋅ y ⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t) + A ⋅ y ⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t)
∂t ∂x ∂y
Evaluating at point (1,1) at

m m m m
t = 0⋅ s Local 12.6⋅ and −12.6⋅ Convective 0⋅ and 0⋅
2 2 2 2
s s s s

m m
Total 12.6⋅ and −12.6⋅
2 2
s s

m m m m
t = 0.5⋅ s Local −12.6⋅ and 12.6⋅ Convective 0⋅ and 0⋅
2 2 2 2
s s s s

m m
Total −12.6⋅ and 12.6⋅
2 2
s s

m m m m
t = 1⋅ s Local 12.6⋅ and −12.6⋅ Convective 0⋅ and 0⋅
2 2 2 2
s s s s

m m
Total 12.6⋅ and −12.6⋅
2 2
s s

The governing equation (assuming inviscid flow) for computing the pressure gradient is

Hence, the components of pressure gradient (neglecting gravity) are

∂
p = −ρ⋅
Du ∂ ( 2
p = −ρ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ A⋅ ω⋅ x ⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t) + A ⋅ x ⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t) )
2
∂x Dt ∂x

∂
p = −ρ⋅
Dv ∂ ( 2
p = −ρ⋅ −2 ⋅ π⋅ A⋅ ω⋅ y ⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t) + A ⋅ y ⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π⋅ ω⋅ t)
2 )
∂y Dt ∂x

Pa Pa
Evaluated at (1,1) and time t = 0⋅ s x comp. −25.1⋅ y comp. 25.1⋅
m m
Pa Pa
t = 0.5⋅ s x comp. 25.1⋅ y comp. −25.1⋅
m m
Pa Pa
t = 1⋅ s x comp. −25.1⋅ y comp. 25.1⋅
m m
Problem 6.7 [Difficulty: 2]
 Problem 6.8

Given: Velocity field

To find: Expression for the pressure field; evaluate at 1,1

Solution:

Basic equations:

DV V V V V
ap  u v w 
Dt x y z t
Here,
DV
is total acceleration of a particle,
Dt
V V V
u v w is convective acceleration
x y z
V
is local acceleration
t
DV
   g  P
Dt

Given Data:
1 1
A  6 , B  3 ; x  1 m; y  1 m
s s
  1600 kg/m3 ; P0  400 kPa

For this flow,

u  x, y   Ax  By
v  x, y   Bx  Ay

Note that,
  
u  x, y   v  x, y   0
x y
 
v  x, y   u  x, y   0
x y

Then,
 
a x  x, y   u  x, y  u  x, y   v  x , y  u  x , y 
x y
 x  A2  B 2  (1)
 
a y  x, y   u  x, y  v  x, y   v  x , y  v  x , y 
x y
 y  A2  B 2  (2)

Substitute corresponding values in equation (1) and (3)

ax  x, y   1 62  32 
 45 m/s 2
a y  x, y   1 62  32 
 45 m/s 2

The momentum equation becomes

P
    ax
x
P
   ay
y
And
 
P  dx  P  dy P
x y

On integrating
P  x, y   P0    ax  x, y     a y  x, y dy
x y

0 0

A  B 2 2
y   A2  B 2 
P  x, y   P0  2
 x2  3
2 2

Substitute corresponding values in equation (3)

 1600   62  32 12 1600   62  32 12
P  x, y    400 10  Pa 
3

2 2
  400 10    36000    36000 
3

 328 kPa

Hence, the pressure field at point  x, y   1,1 is 328 kPa .

 Problem 6.9 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Velocity field

Find: Expression for pressure gradient; plot; evaluate pressure at outlet

Solution:

Basic equations

m kg
Given data U = 15⋅ L = 5⋅ m p in = 100 ⋅ kPa ρ = 1250⋅
s 3
m

u ( x ) = U⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 −
x⎞ m m
Here u ( 0 ) = 15 u ( L) = 0
⎝ L⎠ s s

d d
The x momentum becomes ρ⋅ u ⋅ u = ρ⋅ aa = − p
dx dx
U ⋅ ⎛⎜ − 1⎞
2 x

Hence ax ( x ) = u ( x ) ⋅
∂
u( x) ax ( x ) =
⎝L ⎠
∂x L

2
⋅ ⎛⎜ − 1⎞
dp U x
The pressure gradient is then = −ρ⋅
dx L ⎝L ⎠
x 2
⌠ U ⋅ ρ⋅ x ⋅ ( x − 2 ⋅ L)
Integrating momentum p ( x ) = p in − ρ⋅ ⎮ ax ( x ) dx p ( x ) = p in −
⌡ 2⋅ L
2
0
2
ρ⋅ U
Hence p ( L) = + p in p ( L) = 241 ⋅ kPa
2

60
dp/dx (kPa/m)

40

20

0 1 2 3 4 5

x (m)
Problem 6.10 [Difficulty: 2]
 Problem 6.11

6.11 The x component of velocity in an incompressible flow

field is given by u = x2y2 + 2xy. .Find the velocity field and
also the acceleration at point (x, y) = (2,2)

Given: Velocity field of an incompressible flow field

To find: The velocity field and acceleration at point (2, 2)

Solution:

u v
The flow is two dimensional, thus the continuity equation becomes:  0
x y

u
The partial derivative of u is  2 xy 2  2 y (1)
x

Substituting equation (1) into the continuity equation, we can get,

v
  2 xy 2  2 y (2)
y

Integrating the equation (2), we get,

2
v   xy 3  y 2  f  x 
3

And applying the boundary condition at y = 0, v = 0,  f ( x)  0

2 
 
Now, V  x 2 y 2  2 xy iˆ   xy 3  y 2  ˆj
3 

Acceleration is given by using equation:

DV V V
Acceleration (total) 
Dt

t
 
 V  V , in which
t
 0 because of steady flow.


Then, total acceleration can be written as  V  V  (3)
Computing the dot product of equation (3) and substituting x and y coordinates (2,2) of the point
we get: Acceleration = 186.66iˆ  165.33 ˆj

Thus, the acceleration at coordinates (2, 2) is 186.66iˆ  165.33 ˆj

Problem 6.12 [Difficulty: 3]
 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 6.13

6.13 An incompressible liquid with negligible viscosity and density

ρ ≡ 850 kg/m flows steadily through a horizontal pipe. The pipe
cross-section area linearly varies from 100 cm2 to 25 cm2 over a
length of 2 m. Develop an expression for and plot the pressure
gradient and pressure versus position along the pipe, if the inlet
centerline velocity is 1 m/s and inlet pressure is 250 kPa. What is
the exit pressure? Hint: Use relation

∂u 1 ∂ 2
u =
∂x 2 ∂x
(u )

Given: Flow in a pipe with variable area.

Find: Expression for pressure gradient and pressure; Plot them; exit pressure.

Solution:

Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Flow profile remains unchanged so centerline velocity can represent
average velocity







 DV ∂V ∂V ∂V dV DV

Basic equations Q = V⋅A ap = =u +v +w + ρ = ρ g − ∇p
Dt ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t Dt
total   local
acceleration convective acceleration
of a particle acceleration

kg m
Given data ρ = 850 pi = 250 kPa Ai = 100 cm2 A e = 25 cm 2 L = 25 m ui = 1
m3 s

For this 1 D flow Q = u i ⋅ Ai = u ⋅ A

( Ai - A e ) ⋅ x Ai Ai
A = Ai − so u ( x ) = ui ⋅ = ui ⋅
L A  ( A - Ae ) 
Ai −  i ⋅ x
 L 

 
 
 = Ai ⋅ L ⋅ ui ⋅ ( Ae - Ai )
2 2 2
∂ ∂ Ai ∂ Ai
a x = u ⋅ u + v ⋅ u = ui ⋅ ⋅ ui ⋅
∂x ∂y  ( A - A e )  ∂x   ( A i - A e )   ( A i ⋅ L + A e ⋅ x - A i ⋅ x )3
Ai -  i ⋅ x  Ai -  ⋅ x 
 L    L  

∂ ρ ⋅ Ai 2 ⋅ L2 ⋅ u i 2 ⋅ (A e − Ai )
For the pressure p = -ρ ⋅ a x − ρ ⋅ g x = −
∂x (A i ⋅ L + A e ⋅ x - A i ⋅ x)3

∂ x ∂ x ρ ⋅ A i 2 ⋅ L2 .u i 2 ⋅ ( A e - Ai )
and dp = p ⋅ dx p - pi = ∫ p dx = ∫ − 3
dx
∂x 0 ∂x 0
( Ai ⋅ L + A e ⋅ x - Ai ⋅ x )
 ∂ ∂ 1 ∂
This is a tricky integral, so instead consider the following:
∂x
p = -ρ ⋅ ax = − ρ ⋅ u ⋅ u = − ⋅ρ ⋅ ⋅ u2
∂x 2 ∂x
( )
∂ ρ x ∂ 2 ρ
( )
x
Hence p - pi = ∫
0 ∂x
p dx = - ⋅ ∫
2 0 ∂x
( ) 2
u dx = ⋅ u ( x = 0) − u ( x )
2
2

ρ
p ( x ) = pi + ⋅ u i 2 − u ( x )
2
2
( ) which we recognize as the Bernoulli equation!

   
2

   
Hence ρ ⋅ ui2   Ai  
p ( x ) = pi + ⋅ 1 −
  
  A i −  ( A i − A e ) ⋅ x   
2
   L   


At the exit p(L) = 243.625 kPa

The following plots can be done in Excel

Pressure Gradient (kPa/m)

30

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x (m)

250
Pressure (kPa)

248
246
244
242
240
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x (m)
 Problem 6.14 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Flow in a pipe with variable area

Find: Expression for pressure gradient and pressure; Plot them

Solution:
Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Flow profile remains unchanged so centerline velocity can represent average velocity

Basic equations Q = V⋅ A

kg 2 m
Given data ρ = 1250⋅ A0 = 0.25⋅ m a = 1.5⋅ m L = 5⋅ m u 0 = 10⋅ p 0 = 300 ⋅ kPa
3 s
m
⎛ −
x
−
x ⎞
⎜ a 2⋅ a
For this 1D flow Q = u 0 ⋅ A0 = u ⋅ A A( x ) = A0 ⋅ ⎝ 1 + e −e ⎠

A0 u0
so u( x) = u0⋅ =
A ⎛ −
x
−
x ⎞
⎜ a 2⋅ a
⎝1 + e −e ⎠
−
x⎛ − x ⎞
2 2⋅ a ⎜ 2⋅ a
u0 ⎡ u0 ⎤ u0 ⋅ e ⋅ ⎝ 2⋅ e − 1⎠
∂ ∂ ⎢ ∂ ⎥=
ax = u ⋅ u + v⋅ u = ⋅
∂x ∂y ⎛ x x ⎞ ∂x ⎢ ⎛ x x ⎞⎥ 3
⎜ − −
⎜ − − ⎛ − x x ⎞
⎢ 2⋅ a ⎥ −
⎠ ⎦ 2 ⋅ a⋅ ⎜⎝ e
a 2⋅ a a
⎝ +
1 e −e ⎠ ⎣⎝1 + e −e a
−e
2⋅ a
+ 1⎠

− ⎛ −
x x ⎞
2 2⋅ a ⎜ 2⋅ a
ρ⋅ u 0 ⋅ e ⋅ ⎝ 2⋅ e − 1⎠
∂
For the pressure p = −ρ⋅ ax − ρ⋅ g x = −
∂x 3
⎛ − x
−
x ⎞
⎜ a 2⋅ a
2 ⋅ a⋅ ⎝ e −e + 1⎠
 x
⌠
⎮ −
x ⎛ − x ⎞
⌠
x ⎮ 2 2⋅ a ⎜ 2⋅ a
⎮ ρ⋅ u ⋅ e ⋅ ⎝ 2⋅ e − 1⎠
∂ ∂
p − pi = ⎮
0
and dp = p ⋅ dx p dx = ⎮ − dx
∂x ⎮ ∂x 3
⌡ ⎮ ⎛ − x x ⎞
−
0 ⎮ ⎜ a 2⋅ a
⎮ 2 ⋅ a⋅ ⎝ e −e + 1⎠
⌡
0

This is a tricky integral, so instead consider the following: ∂

p = −ρ⋅ ax = −ρ⋅ u ⋅
∂ 1 ∂
u = − ⋅ ρ⋅ u
2 ( )
∂x ∂x 2 ∂x

x x
⌠ ⌠
Hence p − pi = ⎮ ∂
⎮ ∂x
ρ ⎮ ∂
p dx = − ⋅
⎮
2 ρ 2 ( )
u dx = ⋅ u ( x = 0 ) − u ( x )
2 ( )
2 ∂x 2
⌡ ⌡
0 0

p(x) = p0 + ⋅ ⎛ u0 − u(x) ⎞
ρ 2 2
which we recognise as the Bernoulli equation!
2 ⎝ ⎠

2
ρ⋅ u 0 ⎡ 2⎤
p( x) = p0 + ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎡⎢ 1 ⎤⎥ ⎥
2 ⎢ ⎢⎛ −
x
−
x ⎞⎥ ⎥
⎢ ⎜
⎢⎣ ⎝ 1 + e a − e 2⋅ a ⎥ ⎥
⎣ ⎠⎦ ⎦
The following plots can be done in Excel

0.26

0.24
Area (m2)

0.22

0.2

0.18
0 1 2 3 4 5

x (m)
 Pressure Gradient (kPa/m) 20

0 1 2 3 4 5

− 20

− 40

− 60

x (m)

300

290
Pressure (kPa)

280

270

260

250
0 1 2 3 4 5

x (m)
 Problem 6.15 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Diffuser geometry

Find: Acceleration of a fluid particle; plot it; plot pressure gradient; find L such that pressure gradient is less than
25 kPa/m
Solution:
m kg
The given data is Di = 0.25⋅ m Do = 0.75⋅ m L = 1⋅ m Vi = 5⋅ ρ = 1000⋅
s 3
m
Do − Di
For a linear increase in diameter D( x) = Di + ⋅x
L
3
π 2 π 2 m
From continuity Q = V⋅ A = V⋅ ⋅ D = Vi⋅ ⋅ Di Q = 0.245
4 4 s

π 2 4⋅ Q Vi
Hence V( x) ⋅ ⋅ D( x) = Q V( x) = or V( x) =
4 2 2
⎛ Do − Di ⎞ ⎛ Do − Di ⎞
π⋅ ⎜ Di + ⋅x ⎜1 + ⋅x
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ L⋅ Di
⎠
The governing equation for this flow is

Vi Vi
d d
or, for steady 1D flow, in the notation of the problem ax = V⋅ V= ⋅
dx 2 dx 2
⎛ Do − Di ⎞ ⎛ Do − Di ⎞
⎜1 + ⋅x ⎜1 + ⋅x
L⋅ Di L⋅ Di
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2
(
2 ⋅ Vi ⋅ Do − Di )
Hence ax ( x ) = −
⎡ ( Do − Di) ⎤
5
Di⋅ L⋅ ⎢1 + ⋅ x⎥
Di⋅ L
⎣ ⎦
This can be plotted in Excel (see below)

∂ ∂
2
(
2 ⋅ ρ⋅ Vi ⋅ Do − Di )
From Eq. 6.2a, pressure gradient is p = −ρ⋅ ax p =
∂x ∂x
⎡ ( Do − Di) ⎤
5
Di⋅ L⋅ ⎢1 + ⋅ x⎥
Di⋅ L
⎣ ⎦
This can also plotted in Excel. Note that the pressure gradient is adverse: separation is likely to occur in the diffuser, and occur
near the entrance

∂ kPa ∂ Pa
At the inlet p = 100 ⋅ At the p = 412 ⋅
∂x m exit ∂x m

To find the length L for which the pressure gradient is no more than 25 kPa/m, we need to solve

∂ kPa
2
(
2 ⋅ ρ⋅ Vi ⋅ Do − Di )
p ≤ 25⋅ =
∂x
⎡ ( Do − Di) ⎤
m 5
Di⋅ L⋅ ⎢1 + ⋅ x⎥
Di⋅ L
⎣ ⎦
with x = 0 m (the largest pressure gradient is at the inlet)

2
(
2 ⋅ ρ⋅ Vi ⋅ Do − Di )
Hence L≥ L ≥ 4⋅ m
∂
Di⋅ p
∂x

This result is also obtained using Goal Seek in Excel.

In Excel:

Di = 0.25 m
Do = 0.75 m
L = 1 m
Vi = 5 m/s
( = 1000 kg/m 3

x (m) a (m/s 2) dp /dx (kPa/m)

0.00 -100 100
0.05 -62.1 62.1
0.10 -40.2 40.2 For the length L required
0.15 -26.9 26.93 for the pressure gradient
0.20 -18.59 18.59 to be less than 25 kPa/m
0.25 -13.17 13.17 use Goal Seek
0.30 -9.54 9.54
0.40 -5.29 5.29 L = 4.00 m
0.50 -3.125 3.125
0.60 -1.940 1.940 x (m) dp /dx (kPa/m)
0.70 -1.256 1.256 0.0 25.0
0.80 -0.842 0.842
0.90 -0.581 0.581
1.00 -0.412 0.412
 Acceleration Through a Diffuser

0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
-20
a (m/s )
2

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120

x (m)

Pressure Gradient Along A Diffuser

120
dp /dx (kPa/m)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

x (m)
Problem 6.16 [Difficulty: 4]
 Problem 6.17 [Difficulty: 4]

Given: Rectangular chip flow

Find: Velocity field; acceleration; pressure gradient; net force; required flow rate; plot pressure

Solution:

∑ V⋅A) = 0
(
→→ ∂ ∂
Basic equations u + v =0
∂x ∂y
CS

kg kg
The given data is ρ = 1.23⋅ p atm = 101 ⋅ kPa h = 0.5⋅ mm b = 40⋅ mm M length = 0.005 ⋅
3 m
m

Assuming a CV that is from the centerline to any point x, and noting that q is inflow per unit area, continuity leads to
x
q ⋅ x ⋅ L = U⋅ h ⋅ L or u ( x ) = U( x ) = q ⋅
h

For acceleration we will need the vertical velocity v; we can use

= − ⎛⎜ q ⋅ ⎞ = −
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ du d x q
u + v =0 or v =− u =−
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x dx d x ⎝ ⎠h h
y
⌠ q y
Hence v ( y = y ) − v ( y = 0 ) = −⎮ dy = −q ⋅
⎮ h h
⌡
0
v ( y ) = q ⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 −
y⎞
But v( y = 0) = q so
⎝ h⎠
2
ax = q ⋅ ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ + q ⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 − ⎞ ⋅ ( 0 )
∂ ∂ x q y q
For the x acceleration ax = u ⋅ u + v⋅ u ax = ⋅x
∂x ∂y h ⎝h⎠ ⎝ h⎠ 2
h
 2
ay = q ⋅ ⋅ ( 0 ) + q ⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 − ⎞ ⋅ ⎛⎜ − ⎞ ⋅ ⎛⎜ − 1⎞
∂ ∂ x y q q y
For the y acceleration ay = u ⋅ v + v⋅ v ax =
∂x ∂y h ⎝ h⎠ ⎝ h⎠ h ⎝h ⎠

Du ⎛ ∂ ∂ ⎞ ∂
For the pressure gradient we use x and y momentum (Euler equation) ρ⋅ = ρ⋅ ⎜ u ⋅ u + v ⋅ u = ρ⋅ ax = − p
Dx ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ∂x
2
∂ q
Hence p = −ρ⋅ ⋅x
∂x h
2

2
⎛ ∂ ∂ ⎞
⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 −
Dv ∂ ∂ q y⎞
Also ρ⋅ = ρ⋅ ⎜ u ⋅ v + v ⋅ v = ρ⋅ ay = − p p = ρ⋅
Dx ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ∂y ∂y h ⎝ h⎠

For the pressure distribution, integrating from the outside edge (x = b/2) to any point x

x
⌠
x ⌠
⎮ 2 2 2
p ( x = x ) − p ⎛⎜ x =
b⎞ ⎮ ∂ q q 2 q 2
= p ( x ) − p atm = p dx = ⎮ −ρ⋅ ⋅ x dx = −ρ⋅ ⋅ x + ρ⋅ ⋅b
⎝ 2⎠ ⎮ ∂x
⎮ ⎮ h
2
2⋅ h
2
8⋅ h
2
⌡b ⎮b
⌡
2 2

q ⋅b
2 2 ⎡ 2⎤
⋅ ⎢1 − 4 ⋅ ⎛⎜
x⎞
p ( x ) = p atm + ρ⋅ ⎥
8⋅ h ⎣ ⎝b⎠ ⎦
2

For the net force we need to integrate this ... actually the gage pressure, as this pressure is opposed on the outer surface by p atm

ρ⋅ q ⋅ b
2 2 ⎡ 2⎤
⋅ ⎢1 − 4 ⋅ ⎛⎜
x⎞
pg( x) = ⎥
8⋅ h
2 ⎣ ⎝b⎠ ⎦

b b
⌠2 ⌠2
⎮ ⎮ ρ⋅ q 2⋅ b 2 ⎡ x ⎤
2 2 2
ρ⋅ q ⋅ b ⋅ L ⎛ b
2 3
ρ⋅ q ⋅ b ⋅ L
⋅ ⎢1 − 4 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ ⎥ dx = ⋅⎜ − ⋅ ⎞
1 b
Fnet = 2 ⋅ L⋅ ⎮ p g ( x ) dx = 2 ⋅ L⋅ ⎮ Fnet =
⌡ 2 ⎣ ⎝b⎠ ⎦ 2 ⎝2 3 2⎠ 2
0 ⎮ 8⋅ h 4⋅ h 12⋅ h
⌡
0
2 3 2 3
ρ⋅ q ⋅ b ⋅ L ρ⋅ q ⋅ b
The weight of the chip must balance this force M ⋅ g = M length ⋅ L⋅ g = Fnet = or M length ⋅ g =
2 2
12⋅ h 12⋅ h
3
m
2
12⋅ h ⋅ g ⋅ M length s
Solving for q for the given mass/length q = q = 0.0432⋅
3 2
ρ⋅ b m

b
b⋅ q
Umax = u ⎛⎜ x = ⎞ = q ⋅
b 2 m
The maximum speed Umax = Umax = 1.73
⎝ 2 ⎠ h 2⋅ h s

ρ⋅ q ⋅ b
2 2 ⎡ 2⎤
⋅ ⎢1 − 4 ⋅ ⎛⎜
x⎞
The following plot can be done in Excel pg( x) = ⎥
8⋅ h
2 ⎣ ⎝b⎠ ⎦
 2

1.5
Pressure (Pa)

0.5

− 0.02 − 0.01 0 0.01 0.02

x (m)

The net force is such that the chip is floating on air due to a Bernoulli effect: the speed is maximum at the edges and zero at the
center; pressure has the opposite trend - pressure is minimum (patm) at the edges and maximum at the center.
 Problem 6.18 [Difficulty: 4]

Given: Velocity field

Find: Constant B for incompressible flow; Acceleration of particle at (2,1); acceleration normal to velocity at (2,1)

Solution:
Basic equations

3 2 3 2
For this flow u ( x , y ) = A⋅ x + B⋅ x ⋅ y v ( x , y ) = A⋅ y + B⋅ x ⋅ y

∂
u( x , y) +
∂
v( x , y) =
∂ (A⋅x3 + B⋅x⋅y2) + ∂ (A⋅y3 + B⋅x2⋅y) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

∂
u( x , y) +
∂ (2
v ( x , y ) = ( 3 ⋅ A + B) ⋅ x + y
2 )=0 Hence B = −3 ⋅ A B = −0.6
1
∂x ∂y 2
m ⋅s

3 2 3 2
We can write u ( x , y ) = A⋅ x − 3 ⋅ A⋅ x ⋅ y v ( x , y ) = A⋅ y − 3 ⋅ A⋅ x ⋅ y

Hence for ax ax = u ⋅
∂
u + v⋅
∂ ( 3
u = A⋅ x − 3 ⋅ A⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ ) (A⋅x3 − 3⋅A⋅x⋅y2) + (A⋅y3 − 3⋅A⋅x2⋅y)⋅∂ (A⋅x3 − 3⋅A⋅x⋅y2)
2 ∂
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

(2 )
2
2 2
ax = 3 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ x + y

For ay ay = u ⋅
∂
v + v⋅
∂ ( 3
v = A⋅ x − 3 ⋅ A⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ ) (A⋅y3 − 3⋅A⋅x2⋅y) + (A⋅y3 − 3⋅A⋅x2⋅y)⋅∂ (A⋅y3 − 3⋅A⋅x2⋅y)
2 ∂
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

(2 )
2
2 2
ay = 3 ⋅ A ⋅ y ⋅ x + y

2 2
ax = 3 ⋅ ⎛ ⎞ × 2⋅ m × ⎡( 2⋅ m) 2 + ( 1 ⋅ m) 2⎤
0.2 m
Hence at (2,1)
⎜ 2 ⎣ ⎦ ax = 6.00⋅
2
⎝ m ⋅ s ⎠ s

2 2
ay = 3 ⋅ ⎛
0.2 ⎞
× 1 ⋅ m × ⎡⎣( 2 ⋅ m) + ( 1 ⋅ m) ⎤⎦
2 2 m
ay = 3.00⋅
⎜ 2 2
⎝ m ⋅s ⎠ s

2 2 m
a = ax + ay a = 6.71
2
s
We need to find the component of acceleration normal to the velocity vector

r
⎛ A⋅ y 3 − 3⋅ A⋅ x2⋅ y ⎞
θvel = atan⎛⎜ ⎞ = atan⎜
At (2,1) the velocity vector is at angle
v V
⎝u⎠ ⎜ ⋅ 3 − 3⋅ A⋅ x⋅ y 2
⎝Ax ⎠ r
a
⎛ 1 − 3⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 ⎞
3 2 ∆θ
θvel = atan⎜ θvel = −79.7⋅ deg
⎜ 3 − 3⋅ 2⋅ 12
⎝2 ⎠

⎛ ay ⎞
θaccel = atan⎛⎜ ⎞
1
At (1,2) the acceleration vector is at angle θaccel = atan⎜ θaccel = 26.6⋅ deg
⎝ ax ⎠ ⎝2⎠

Hence the angle between the acceleration and velocity vectors is ∆θ = θaccel − θvel ∆θ = 106 ⋅ deg

m m
The component of acceleration normal to the velocity is then an = a⋅ sin( ∆θ) = 6.71⋅ ⋅ sin( 106 ⋅ deg) an = 6.45⋅
2 2
s s
 Problem 6.19 [Difficulty: 5]

Given: Velocity field

Find: Constant B for incompressible flow; Equation for streamline through (1,2); Acceleration of particle; streamline
curvature
Solution:
Basic equations

For this flow (4

u ( x, y ) = A ⋅ x − 6⋅ x ⋅ y + y
2 2 4 ) (3
v ( x, y ) = B⋅ x ⋅ y − x⋅ y
3 )
∂
u ( x, y ) +
∂
v ( x, y ) =
∂ ( ) (
⎡⎣A ⋅ x4 − 6⋅ x2⋅ y2 + y 4 ⎤⎦ + ∂ ⎡⎣B⋅ x3⋅ y − x⋅ y 3 ⎤⎦ = 0 )
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

∂
u( x , y) +
∂ (3
v ( x , y) = B⋅ x − 3⋅ x ⋅ y ) + A⋅(4⋅x3 − 12⋅x⋅y2) = (4⋅A + B)⋅x⋅(x2 − 3⋅y2) = 0
2
∂x ∂y

1
Hence B = −4 ⋅ A B = −8
3
m ⋅s
Hence for ax

ax = u ⋅
∂
u + v⋅
∂ (4
u = A⋅ x − 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y + y ⋅
2 2 )
4 ∂ ( ) ( ) (
⎡⎣A⋅ x 4 − 6⋅ x 2⋅ y2 + y 4 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣−4 ⋅ A⋅ x3⋅ y − x⋅ y 3 ⎤⎦ ⋅ ∂ ⎡⎣A⋅ x 4 − 6⋅ x 2⋅ y2 + y 4 ⎤⎦ )
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

(2 )
3
2 2
ax = 4 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ x + y

For ay

ay = u ⋅
∂
v + v⋅
∂ (4
v = A⋅ x − 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y + y ⋅
2 2 )
4 ∂ ( ) ( )
⎡⎣−4⋅ A⋅ x 3⋅ y − x ⋅ y3 ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣−4⋅ A⋅ x 3⋅ y − x ⋅ y3 ⎤⎦ ⋅ ∂ ⎡⎣−4 ⋅ A⋅ x3⋅ y − x⋅ y 3 ⎤⎦ ( )
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

(2 )
3
2 2
ay = 4 ⋅ A ⋅ y ⋅ x + y

For a streamline
dy
=
v
so
dy
=
(3
−4 ⋅ A⋅ x ⋅ y − x ⋅ y )
3
=−
(3
4⋅ x ⋅ y − x⋅ y
3 )
dx u dx (4
A⋅ x − 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y + y
2 2 4) (x4 − 6⋅x2⋅y2 + y4)
d ⎛⎜
y⎞
d ⎛⎜
1⎞

Let u=
y du
=
⎝ x ⎠ = 1 ⋅ dy + y⋅ ⎝ x ⎠ = 1 ⋅ dy − y so
dy
= x⋅
du
+u
x dx dx x dx dx x dx 2 dx dx
x
Hence
dy
= x⋅
du
+u=−
(3
4⋅ x ⋅ y − x⋅ y
3 ) =−
(
4⋅ 1 − u )u +
2 (
4⋅ 1 − u )
2

dx dx (x4 − 6⋅x2⋅y2 + y4) ⎛ 1 − 6⋅ u + u3⎞

⎜u
⎛ 1 − 6⋅ u + u3⎞
⎜u
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

x⋅
du
=−u+
⎡⎢ (
4⋅ 1 − u ⎤⎥
=−
24 ) 2
u ⋅ u − 10⋅ u + 5 ( )
dx ⎢ ⎛ 1 − 6⋅ u + u3⎞ ⎥ 4 2
⎢⎣ ⎜u ⎥ u − 6⋅ u + 1
⎝ ⎠⎦

( )
4 2
dx u − 6⋅ u + 1 1 5 3
Separating variables =− ⋅ du ln( x ) = − ⋅ ln u − 10⋅ u + 5 ⋅ u + C
u⋅ (u + 5)
x 4 2 5
− 10⋅ u

(u5 − 10⋅u3 + 5⋅u)⋅x5 = c 5 3 2

y − 10⋅ y ⋅ x + 5 ⋅ y ⋅ x = const
4

5 3 2 4
For the streamline through (1,2) y − 10⋅ y ⋅ x + 5 ⋅ y ⋅ x = −38

Note that it would be MUCH easier to use the stream function method here!
2 2
V V
To find the radius of curvature we use an = − or R =
R an

We need to find the component of acceleration normal to the velocity vector r

V

At (1,2) the velocity vector is at angle

⎡
θvel = atan⎛⎜ ⎞ = atan⎢−
v (3 ⎤
4⋅ x ⋅ y − x⋅ y
⎥ )
3
r
( )
a
⎝u⎠ ⎢ 4 2 2 4 ⎥
⎣ x − 6⋅ x ⋅ y + y ⎦ ∆θ

4⋅ ( 2 − 8) ⎤
θvel = atan⎡⎢− ⎥ θvel = −73.7⋅ deg
⎣ 1 − 24 + 16⎦
At (1,2) the acceleration vector is at angle

⎡ 2
( ) ⎤⎥ = atan⎛ y ⎞
3
⎛ ay ⎞ ⎢ 4⋅ A ⋅ y⋅ x2 + y2
θaccel = atan⎛⎜ ⎞
2
θaccel = atan⎜ = atan⎢ ⎥ ⎜x θaccel = 63.4⋅ deg
⎝ ax ⎠ ( )⎦ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝1⎠
3
⎢ 4 ⋅ A2⋅ x ⋅ x 2 + y2 ⎥
⎣

Hence the angle between the acceleration and velocity vectors is ∆θ = θaccel − θvel ∆θ = 137 ⋅ deg

2 2
The component of acceleration normal to the velocity is then an = a⋅ sin( ∆θ) where a= ax + ay

(2 ) (2 )
3 2 3
At (1,2)
2
ax = 4 ⋅ A ⋅ x ⋅ x + y
2 7 2
= 500 ⋅ m × A = 500 ⋅ m ×
7 ⎛ 2 ⎞ = 2000⋅ m 2
ay = 4 ⋅ A ⋅ y ⋅ x + y
2
= 4000⋅
m
⎜ 3 2 2
⎝ m ⋅s ⎠ s s

2 2 m m m
a = 2000 + 4000 ⋅ a = 4472 an = a⋅ sin( ∆θ) an = 3040
2 2 2
s s s

(4 2 2
u = A⋅ x − 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y + y
4) = −14⋅ ms (3
v = B⋅ x ⋅ y − x ⋅ y
3) = 48⋅ ms V=
2
u + v = 50⋅
2 m
s

2 2 2
R = ⎛⎜ 50⋅
V m⎞ 1 s
Then R = × ⋅ R = 0.822 m
an ⎝ s ⎠ 3040 m
 Problem 6.20 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Velocity field for doublet

Find: Expression for pressure gradient

Solution:
Basic equations

Λ Λ
For this flow Vr( r , θ) = − ⋅ cos( θ) Vθ( r , θ) = − ⋅ sin( θ) Vz = 0
2 2
r r
⎛⎜ Vθ Vθ ⎞
2
∂ ∂ ∂
Hence for r momentum ρ⋅ g r − p = ρ⋅ ⎜ Vr⋅ Vr + ⋅ V −
∂r ⎝ ∂r r ∂θ r r ⎠

Ignoring gravity

⎡⎢ 2⎤
⎥
⎛ − Λ ⋅ sin( θ) ⎞ ⎛ − Λ ⋅ sin( θ) ⎞
⎢ ⎜ 2 ⎜ 2 ⎥ 2
∂
p = −ρ⋅ ⎢⎛ − ⋅ cos( θ) ⎞ ⋅ ⎛ − ⋅ cos( θ) ⎞ +
Λ ∂ Λ ⎝ r ⎠ ⋅ ∂ ⎛ − Λ ⋅ cos( θ) ⎞ − ⎝ r ⎠ ⎥ ∂
p =
2⋅ Λ ⋅ ρ
∂r ⎜
⎢⎣⎝ r2 ∂ ⎜ 2 r ∂θ ⎜ r2 r ⎥⎦ ∂r 5
⎠ r⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ r

1 ∂ ⎛ ∂ Vθ
∂
Vr⋅ Vθ ⎞
For θ momentum ρ⋅ g θ − ⋅ p = ρ⋅ ⎜ Vr⋅ Vθ + ⋅ Vθ +
r ∂θ ⎝ ∂r r ∂θ r ⎠

Ignoring gravity

⎡ ⎛ − Λ ⋅ sin( θ) ⎞ ⎛ − Λ ⋅ sin( θ) ⎞ ⋅ ⎛ − Λ ⋅ cos( θ) ⎞ ⎤

⎢ ⎜ 2 ⎜ 2 ⎜ 2 ⎥
∂ ⎢ Λ
p = −r⋅ ρ⋅ ⎛ − ⋅ cos( θ) ⎞ ⋅ ⎛ − ⋅ sin( θ) ⎞ +
∂ Λ ⎝ r ⎠ ⋅ ∂ ⎛ − Λ ⋅ sin( θ) ⎞ + ⎝ r ⎠⎝ r ⎠⎥ ∂
p =0
∂θ ⎢⎜ 2 ∂ ⎜ 2 r ∂θ ⎜ r2 r ⎥ ∂θ
⎣⎝ r ⎠ r⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦

The pressure gradient is purely radial

 Problem 6.21 [Diffculty: 4]

Given: Velocity field for flow over a cylinder

Find: Expression for pressure gradient; pressure variation; minimum pressure; plot velocity

Solution:
Basic equations

kg m
Given data ρ = 1.23⋅ a = 150 ⋅ mm U = 75⋅
3 s
m

⎡ a ⎤ 2 ⎡ a ⎤ 2
For this flow Vr = U⋅ ⎢⎛⎜ ⎞ − 1⎥ ⋅ cos( θ) Vθ = U⋅ ⎢⎛⎜ ⎞ + 1⎥ ⋅ sin( θ)
⎣⎝ ⎠
r ⎦ r ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦

On the surface r = a Vr = 0 Vθ = 2 ⋅ U⋅ sin( θ)

Hence on the surface:

⎛⎜ Vθ Vθ ⎞
2 ⎛⎜ V 2 ⎞ Vθ
2
∂ ∂ θ ∂ ∂ 2 2
For r momentum ρ⋅ ⎜ Vr⋅ Vr + ⋅ Vr − = ρ⋅ ⎜ − =− p p = ρ⋅ = ρ⋅ 4 ⋅ U ⋅ sin( θ)
⎝ ∂r r ∂θ r ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠ ∂r ∂r a

⎛ ∂ Vθ
∂
Vr⋅ Vθ ⎞ ⎛ Vθ ∂ ⎞ 2 ⋅ U⋅ sin( θ) 1 ∂
For θ momentum ρ⋅ ⎜ Vr⋅ Vθ + ⋅ Vθ + = ρ⋅ ⎜ ⋅ Vθ = ρ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ U⋅ cos( θ) = − ⋅ p
⎝ ∂r r ∂θ r ⎠ ⎝ a ∂θ ⎠ a r ∂θ

2 2
∂ 4 ⋅ ρ⋅ U 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ U
p =− ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ cos( θ) = − ⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ θ)
∂θ a a

For the pressure distribution we integrate from θ = 0 to θ = θ, assuming p(0) = p atm (a stagnation point)

θ
⌠
θ ⌠
⎮ 4 ⋅ ρ⋅ U
2
∂
p ( θ) − p atm = ⎮ p dθ = ⎮ − ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ cos( θ) dθ
⎮ ∂θ ⎮ a
⌡ ⌡
0 0
 θ
2⌠
p ⎛⎜
2 2 π⎞
p ( θ) = −4 ⋅ ρ⋅ U ⎮ sin( θ) ⋅ cos( θ) dθ p ( θ) = −2 ⋅ U ⋅ ρ⋅ sin( θ) Minimum p: = −13.8⋅ kPa
⌡
0 ⎝2⎠

0 50 100 150
Pressure (kPa)

−5

− 10

− 15

x (m)

⎡ a ⎤ 2
For the velocity as a function of radial position at θ = π/2 Vr = 0 so V = Vθ Vθ( r) = U⋅ ⎢⎛⎜ ⎞ + 1⎥
r⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦

4
r/a

1
75 100 125 150

V(r) (m/s)

The velocity falls off to V = U as directly above the cylinder we have uniform horizontal as the effect of the cylinder decreases

m
Vθ( 100 ⋅ a) = 75
s
 Problem 6.22 [Difficulty: 2]

6.22 Air at 138 kPa(abs) and 38 C flows around a smooth corner at the inlet to a
diffuser. The air speed is 46 m/s, and the radius of curvature of the streamlines is
75 mm. Determine the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration experienced by a
fluid particle rounding the corner. Express your answer in gs. Evaluate the
pressure gradient, ∂p/∂r .

Solution:


 DV
Basic equations: ρg − ∇p = ρ (1)
Dt
V

 R
DV 
= ap (2) P = ρRT (3)
Dt
Assumptions: (1) ρ = constant
(2) frictionless flow

(3) g = −gr
Writing the r component of equation (1)
0 0 0 0 0
1 ∂P ∂V ∂V V ∂Vr ∂V V 2
gr 0 − = a r = r + Vr r + 0 + Vz r − θ
ρ ∂r ∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r
V2 ar V2 m2 1 1000 mm s2
ar = − θ = − θ = − (46)2 2 × × ×
r g rg s 75 mm m 9.81 m
r a
ar g
= − 2876 g 's ← 
g
∂P V2
Also =ρ θ
∂r r
P N kg ⋅ k 1
Where ρ = = 1 ⋅ 38 × 103 2 × ×
RT m 286 ⋅ 9 J 311 K
kg
ρ = 1.55 3
m
∂P V2 kg m2 1 1000 mm N ⋅ s 2
= ρ θ = 1.55 3 × (46)2 2 × × ×
∂r r m s 75 mm m kg ⋅ m
∂P ∂P
= 43731 Pa m
∂r ∂r
 Problem 6.23 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Velocity field for free vortex flow in elbow

Find: Similar solution to Example 6.1; find k (above)

Solution:
2
∂ ρ⋅ V c
Basic equation p = with V = Vθ =
∂r r r

Assumptions: 1) Frictionless 2) Incompressible 3) free vortex

2 2
∂ d ρ⋅ V ρ⋅ c
For this flow p ≠ p ( θ) so p = p = =
∂r dr r
r
3
r
⌠ 2 2⎛ 2 2⎞
1 ⎞ ρ⋅ c ⋅ ⎝ r2 − r1 ⎠
2 2
⎮ ρ⋅ c ρ⋅ c ⎛ 1
Hence ∆p = p 2 − p 1 = ⎮ dr = ⋅⎜ − = (1)
3 2 ⎜ 2 2 2 2
⎮ 2⋅ r1 ⋅ r2
⌡r
r
⎝ r1 r2
⎠
1
Next we obtain c in terms of Q
r r
⌠ →→ ⌠2 ⌠ 2 w⋅ c ⎛ r2 ⎞
⎮
Q = ⎮ V dA = ⎮ V⋅ w dr = ⎮ dr = w⋅ c⋅ ln⎜
⌡ ⌡r ⎮ r
⎝ r1 ⎠
1 ⌡r
1
Q
Hence c=
⎛ r2 ⎞
w⋅ ln⎜
⎝ r1 ⎠
ρ⋅ c ⋅ ⎛ r2 − r1
2⎞
ρ⋅ Q ⋅ ⎛ r2 − r1
2 2 2 2 2⎞
Using this in Eq 1 ∆p = p 2 − p 1 =
⎝ ⎠ = ⎝ ⎠
2 2 2
2 ⋅ r1 ⋅ r2 2 ⎛ r2 ⎞ 2 2
2 ⋅ w ⋅ ln⎜ ⋅ r1 ⋅ r2
⎝ r1 ⎠
2 2 2 2
⎛ r2 ⎞ 2 ⋅ r1 ⋅ r2 ⎛ r2 ⎞ 2 ⋅ r1 ⋅ r2
Solving for Q Q = w⋅ ln⎜ ⋅ ⋅ ∆p k = w⋅ ln⎜ ⋅
⎝ r1 ⎠ ρ⋅ ⎛⎝ r2 2 − r12⎞⎠ ⎝ r1 ⎠ ρ⋅ ⎛⎝ r2 2 − r12⎞⎠
Problem 6.24 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
[Difficulty: 4] Part 2/2
 Problem 6.25 [Difficulty: 4]

6.25 The x component of velocity in a two-dimensional,

incompressible flow field is given by u = Ax 2 ; the
−1 −1
coordinates are measured in meter and A = 3.28 m ⋅ s .
There is no velocity component or variation in the Z
direction. Calculate the acceleration of a fluid particle at
point (x, y) = (0.3, 0.6). Estimate the radius of curvature of
the streamline passing through this point. Plot the streamline
and show both the velocity vector and the acceleration vector
on the plot. (Assume the simplest from of the y component of
velocity.)

Solution:
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
For 2-D incompressible flow + = 0, so =−
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
∂v ∂v
v =∫ dy + f(x) = ∫ − dy + f(x) = − ∫ 2Ax dy + f(x) = − 2Axy + f(x)
∂y ∂x
Choose the simplest solution, f(x) = 0, so V = − 2 Axy. Hence


ˆ A  x 2 ˆi − 2xyjˆ 
V = Ax 2 ˆi − 2Axyj=  
The acceleration of a fluid-particle is



 ∂V ∂V
ap = u
∂x
+v
∂y ( )
= Ax 2  A 2xiˆ − 2yjˆ  − 2Axy  −2Axjˆ 
  

a p = 2A 2 x 3ˆi + 2A 2 x 2 yjˆ = 2A 2 x 2  xiˆ + yjˆ 
At the point (0.3, 0.6)
 (3.28)2  
ap = 2 × × (0.3) 2
M 2  + 0.6M j] = 0.6i + 1.2j m s 2
[0.3Mi a (1, 2)
m 2s 2

 3 ⋅ 28
V= [(0.3)2 M 2 i − 2(0.3M)(0.6M)ˆj] = 0.3i − 1.2ˆj m/s
m ⋅s
The unit vector tangent to the streamline is


V 0.3iˆ − 1.2ˆj
ê t =
 = 1
= 0.243iˆ − 0.970ˆj
|V| (0.3) 2 + ( −1.2)2 2

The unit vector normal to the streamline is

eˆ n = eˆ t × kˆ = (0.243iˆ − 0.970ˆj) × kˆ = −0.970iˆ − 0.243jˆ

The normal component of acceleration is
−V2 
an = = a ⋅ eˆ n = (0.6iˆ +1.2j)
ˆ ⋅ ( −0.970iˆ − 0.243j)
ˆ
R
−V2
= −0.87 m/s 2
R
V 2 1.53 m 2 /s 2 R
R= = = 1.76 m ←
0.87 0.87 m/s 2
The slope of the streamline is given by

 dy  v −2Axy −2y
  = = =
 dx s.ρ u Ax 2 x
dy 2dx
Thus + = 0 and ln y +ln x 2 = ln c or x2y = c
y x
2
The equation of the streamline through (0.3, 0.6) is x y = 0.05

4
Distance, y (m)

2
ap

V
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Distance, x (m)
 Problem 6.26 [Difficulty: 4]

Given: x component of velocity field

Find: y component of velocity field; acceleration at several points; estimate radius of curvature; plot streamlines

Solution:
The given data is Λ = 2⋅
m
3
u=−
(2
Λ⋅ x − y
2 )
(x2 + y2)
s 2

∂ ∂
The basic equation (continuity) is u + v =0
∂x ∂y

The basic equation for acceleration is

Hence
⌠
v = −⎮
du
⌠
⎮
dy = −⎮
(2
2⋅ Λ⋅ x⋅ x − 3⋅ y
2 ) dy
⎮ ⎮
(x2 + y2)
dx 3
⌡ ⎮
⌡
2⋅ Λ⋅ x⋅ y
Integrating (using an integrating factor) v=−
(x2 + y2)
2

Alternatively, we could check that the given velocities u and v satisfy continuity

u=−
Λ⋅ x − y(2 )
2
∂
u =
(2
2⋅ Λ⋅ x⋅ x − 3⋅ y
2 ) v=−
2⋅ Λ⋅ x⋅ y ∂
v =−
(2
2⋅ Λ⋅ x ⋅ x − 3⋅ y
2 )
(x2 + y2) ∂x
(x2 + y2) (x2 + y2) ∂y
(x2 + y2)
2 3 2 3

∂ ∂
so u + v =0
∂x ∂y
For steady, 2D flow the acceleration components reduce to (after considerable math!):

∂ ∂
x - component ax = u ⋅ u + v⋅ u
∂x ∂y

ax = ⎢−
(⎥ ⋅⎢
) (
⎡ Λ⋅ x 2 − y2 ⎤ ⎡ 2⋅ Λ⋅ x⋅ x 2 − 3⋅ y2 )⎤⎥ + ⎡− (
2⋅ Λ⋅ x⋅ y ⎤ ⎡ 2⋅ Λ⋅ y⋅ 3 ⋅ x − y ⎤
⋅⎢
2 2 ) 2
⎥ax = − 2 ⋅ Λ ⋅ x
⎢ ⎥
(
⎢ 2 2 2⎥ ⎢
) ( ) ⎥
(
⎢ 2 2 2⎥ ⎢ ) ( ) ⎥
( )
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
⎣ x +y ⎦⎣ x +y ⎦ ⎣ x +y ⎦⎣ x +y ⎦ x +y

∂ ∂
y - component ay = u ⋅ v + v⋅ v
∂x ∂y

ay = ⎢−
(⎥ ⋅⎢
) (
⎡ Λ⋅ x 2 − y2 ⎤ ⎡ 2⋅ Λ⋅ y⋅ 3 ⋅ x2 − y 2 )⎤⎥ + ⎡− (
2⋅ Λ⋅ x⋅ y ⎤ ⎡ 2⋅ Λ⋅ y⋅ 3 ⋅ y − x ⎤
⋅⎢
2 2 ) 2
⎥ay = − 2 ⋅ Λ ⋅ y
⎢ ⎥
(
⎢ 2 2 2⎥ ⎢
) ( ) ⎥
(
⎢ 2 + y2 2⎥ ⎢) ( ) ⎥
( )
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
⎣ x +y ⎦⎣ x +y ⎦ ⎣ x ⎦⎣ x +y ⎦ x +y

m m m m
Evaluating at point (0,1) u = 2⋅ v = 0⋅ ax = 0 ⋅ ay = −8 ⋅
s s 2 2
s s

m m m m
Evaluating at point (0,2) u = 0.5⋅ v = 0⋅ ax = 0 ⋅ ay = −0.25⋅
s s 2 2
s s

m m m m
Evaluating at point (0,3) u = 0.222 ⋅ v = 0⋅ ax = 0 ⋅ ay = −0.0333⋅
s s 2 2
s s

2 2
u u
The instantaneous radius of curvature is obtained from aradial = −ay = − or r= −
r ay

2
⎛ 2⋅ m ⎞
⎜
For the three points y = 1m r =
⎝ s⎠ r = 0.5 m
m
8⋅
2
s

2
⎛ 0.5⋅ m ⎞
⎜
y = 2m r =
⎝ s⎠
r = 1m
m
0.25⋅
2
s

2
⎛ 0.2222⋅ m ⎞
⎜
y = 3m r =
⎝ s⎠
r = 1.5⋅ m
m
0.03333 ⋅
2
s

The radius of curvature in each case is 1/2 of the vertical distance from the origin. The streamlines form circles tangent to the x axis
 2⋅ Λ⋅ x⋅ y
−
(x2 + y2) = 2⋅x⋅y
2
dy v
The streamlines are given by = =
Λ⋅ (x − y ) (x2 − y2)
dx u 2 2
−
(x2 + y2)
2

so (2
−2 ⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ dx + x − y ⋅ dy = 0
2 )
This is an inexact integral, so an integrating factor is needed

First we try R=
1
⋅⎢ x − y −
−2 ⋅ x ⋅ y ⎣dx
(
⎡d 2 2 d ( −2⋅ x ⋅ y)⎤ = − 2
⎥ )
dy ⎦ y

⌠
⎮ 2
⎮ − dy
⎮ y
⌡ 1
Then the integrating factor is F=e =
2
y

The equation becomes an exact integral

x
−2 ⋅ ⋅ dx +
x −y (2 2 ) ⋅dy = 0
y 2
y

So
⌠
x
u = ⎮ −2 ⋅ dx = −
x
2
+ f ( y) and
⌠
⎮
u=⎮
(x2 − y2) dy = − x2 − y + g(x)
⎮ y y 2 y
⌡ ⎮ y
⌡
2
x 2 2
Comparing solutions ψ= +y (1) or x + y = ψ⋅ y = const ⋅ y
y

These form circles that are tangential to the x axis, as can be shown in Excel:

The stream function can be evaluated using Eq 1

y values
0.10 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00
2.50 62.6 25.3 13.0 9.08 7.25 6.25 5.67 5.32 5.13 5.03 5.00 5.02 5.08 5.17 5.29 5.42 5.56 5.72 5.89 6.07 6.25
2.25 50.7 20.5 10.6 7.50 6.06 5.30 4.88 4.64 4.53 4.50 4.53 4.59 4.69 4.81 4.95 5.10 5.27 5.44 5.63 5.82 6.01
2.00 40.1 16.3 8.50 6.08 5.00 4.45 4.17 4.04 4.00 4.03 4.10 4.20 4.33 4.48 4.64 4.82 5.00 5.19 5.39 5.59 5.80
1.75 30.7 12.5 6.63 4.83 4.06 3.70 3.54 3.50 3.53 3.61 3.73 3.86 4.02 4.19 4.38 4.57 4.77 4.97 5.18 5.39 5.61
x values

1.50 22.6 9.25 5.00 3.75 3.25 3.05 3.00 3.04 3.13 3.25 3.40 3.57 3.75 3.94 4.14 4.35 4.56 4.78 5.00 5.22 5.45
1.25 15.7 6.50 3.63 2.83 2.56 2.50 2.54 2.64 2.78 2.94 3.13 3.32 3.52 3.73 3.95 4.17 4.39 4.62 4.85 5.08 5.31
1.00 10.1 4.25 2.50 2.08 2.00 2.05 2.17 2.32 2.50 2.69 2.90 3.11 3.33 3.56 3.79 4.02 4.25 4.49 4.72 4.96 5.20
0.75 5.73 2.50 1.63 1.50 1.56 1.70 1.88 2.07 2.28 2.50 2.73 2.95 3.19 3.42 3.66 3.90 4.14 4.38 4.63 4.87 5.11
0.50 2.60 1.25 1.00 1.08 1.25 1.45 1.67 1.89 2.13 2.36 2.60 2.84 3.08 3.33 3.57 3.82 4.06 4.31 4.56 4.80 5.05
0.25 0.73 0.50 0.63 0.83 1.06 1.30 1.54 1.79 2.03 2.28 2.53 2.77 3.02 3.27 3.52 3.77 4.02 4.26 4.51 4.76 5.01
0.00 0.10 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75 5.00

See next page for plot:

Problem 6.27 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
[Difficulty: 4 ] Part 2/2
 Problem 6.28 [Difficulty: 1]

6.28 Water flows at a speed of 3 m/s. Calculate the

dynamic pressure of this flow. Express your answer in
inches of mercury.

Given: Water at speed 3 m/s

Find: Dynamic pressure in mm Hg

Solution:

Basic equations pdynamic = 1 ⋅ ρ ⋅ V 2 p = ρ Hg ⋅ g ⋅ ∆h = SG Hg ⋅ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ ∆h

2

Hence
ρ ⋅ V2 V2
∆h = =
2 ⋅ SG Hg ⋅ ρ ⋅ g 2 ⋅ SG Hg ⋅ g

2
1 m 1 s2 103 mm
∆h = × 3 ⋅ × × × ∆h = 34 mm
2 s 13.6 9.81 m 1⋅ m
 Problem 6.29 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Air speed of 100 km/hr

Find: Dynamic pressure in mm water

Solution:
1 2
Basic equations p dynamic = ⋅ ρair⋅ V p = ρw⋅ g ⋅ ∆h
2

ρair V2
Hence ∆h = ⋅
ρw 2 ⋅ g

kg
1.23⋅
3 2 2 2 2
m 1
× ⎛⎜ 100 ⋅
km ⎞ ⎛ 1000⋅ m ⎞ × ⎛ 1 ⋅ hr ⎞ × s
∆h = × × ⎜ 1⋅ km ⎜ ∆h = 48.4⋅ mm
999 ⋅
kg 2 ⎝ hr ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 3600⋅ s ⎠ 9.81⋅ m
3
m
 Problem 6.30 [Difficulty: 2]

6.30 You present your open hand out of the window of an automobile
perpendicular to the airflow. Assuming for simplicity that the air
pressure on the entire front surface is stagnation pressure (with respect
to automobile coordinates), with atmospheric pressure on the rear
surface, estimate the net force on your hand when driving at
(a) 48 km/hr and (b) 96 km/hr. Do these results roughly correspond with
your experience? Do the simplifications tend to make the calculate force
an over- or underestimate?

Given: Velocity of automobile

Find: Estimates of aerodynamic force on hand

Solution:

1
The basic equation is the Bernoulli equation (in coordinates attached to the vehicle) p atm + ⋅ ρ ⋅ V 2 = p stag
2
Where V is the free stream velocity

kg
For air ρ = 1.23
m3
We need an estimate of the area of a typical hand. Personal inspection indicates that a good approximation is a
square of sides 9 cm and 17 cm

A = 9 ⋅ cm × 17 ⋅ cm A = 153 ⋅ cm 2
Hence, for pstag on the front side of the hand, and patm on the rear, by assumption,

1
F = (pstag − p atm ) ⋅ A = ⋅ ρ ⋅ V2 ⋅ A
2

(a) V = 48 km/hr

2
  2
1 2 1 kg  km 0.28 m s  2  1m 
F = ⋅ ρ ⋅ V ⋅ A = × 1.25 3 ×  48 ⋅  × 153 ⋅ cm ×   F = 1.70 N
2 2 m  hr 1 ⋅ km   100 cm 
 hr 

(b) V = 96 km/hr
 2 2
1 1 kg km 0.28 m/s 1m
F = ⋅ ρ ⋅ V 2 ⋅ A = × 123 2 × 96 ⋅ 2
× 153 ⋅ cm × F = 6.80 N
2 2 m hr 1⋅ km/hr 100 cm

These values pretty much agree with experience. However, they overestimate a bit as the entire front of the hand is
not at stagnation pressure – there is flow around the had – so the pressure is less than stagnation over most of the
surface.
 Problem 6.30 [Difficulty: 2]

6.30 You present your open hand out of the window of an automobile
perpendicular to the airflow. Assuming for simplicity that the air
pressure on the entire front surface is stagnation pressure (with respect
to automobile coordinates), with atmospheric pressure on the rear
surface, estimate the net force on your hand when driving at
(a) 48 km/hr and (b) 96 km/hr. Do these results roughly correspond with
your experience? Do the simplifications tend to make the calculate force
an over- or underestimate?

Given: Velocity of automobile

Find: Estimates of aerodynamic force on hand

Solution:

1
The basic equation is the Bernoulli equation (in coordinates attached to the vehicle) p atm + ⋅ ρ ⋅ V 2 = p stag
2
Where V is the free stream velocity

kg
For air ρ = 1.23
m3
We need an estimate of the area of a typical hand. Personal inspection indicates that a good approximation is a
square of sides 9 cm and 17 cm

A = 9 ⋅ cm × 17 ⋅ cm A = 153 ⋅ cm 2
Hence, for pstag on the front side of the hand, and patm on the rear, by assumption,

1
F = (pstag − p atm ) ⋅ A = ⋅ ρ ⋅ V2 ⋅ A
2

(a) V = 48 km/hr

2
  2
1 2 1 kg  km 0.28 m s  2  1m 
F = ⋅ ρ ⋅ V ⋅ A = × 1.25 3 ×  48 ⋅  × 153 ⋅ cm ×   F = 1.70 N
2 2 m  hr 1 ⋅ km   100 cm 
 hr 

(b) V = 96 km/hr
 2 2
1 1 kg km 0.28 m/s 1m
F = ⋅ ρ ⋅ V 2 ⋅ A = × 123 2 × 96 ⋅ 2
× 153 ⋅ cm × F = 6.80 N
2 2 m hr 1⋅ km/hr 100 cm

These values pretty much agree with experience. However, they overestimate a bit as the entire front of the hand is
not at stagnation pressure – there is flow around the had – so the pressure is less than stagnation over most of the
surface.
 Problem 6.31

Given: Air jet hitting wall generating pressures

To find: Speed of air at two locations

Solution:

Basic equation:

p V2
  g  z  const
air 2
p
air  p   Hg  g  h  SGHg g h
Rair  T

Assumptions:

1) Incompressible flow
2) Inviscid
3) Steady
4) Along a streamline

Available Data:

J kg
R  287 T   12C   999
kg  K m3
p  220 kPa SGHg  13.6

For the air

p kg
air  air  2.94
R T m3

Hence, applying Bernoulli between the jet and where in hits the wall directly
 patm Vj2 pwall
 
air 2 air
air V j 2
pwall   working in gage pressure 
2
Hence,
airV j 2
pwall  SGHg  g h  so
2
2 SGHg  g h
Vj 
air
since, h  27mm, hence
kg 1 m3 m 1m
V j  2 13.6  999 3   9.81 2  27mm 
m 2.94 kg s 1000mm
m
V j  49.5
s

Repeating the analysis for the second point

h  8mm
patm Vj2 pwall V2
  
air 2 air 2
2 pwall 2 SGHg  g h
V  Vj2   Vj2 
air air
Hence,
2
 m kg 1 m3 m 1m
V   49.5   2 13.6  999 3   9.81 2  8mm 
 s  m 2.94 kg s 1000mm
m
V  41.53
s
Problem 6.32 [Difficulty: 2]
 Problem 6.33

Given: Wind tunnel with inlet section

To find: Dynamic and static pressures on centreline; compare with speed of air at two
locations

Solution:

1
pdyn  airU 2 pο  ps  pdyn
2
p
air  p   w  g  h
RairT

Assumptions:

1) Incompressible flow
2) Inviscid
3) Steady
4) Along a streamlining

Available data:

T   7C  266K
m
U  70
s
J
R  287 patm  101kPa
kg  K
kg
hο   12mm air  999 3
m

For air,
 patm kg
air  air  1.32 3
R T m
1
pdyn  air  U 2
2
1 kg 2 m
2
N  s2
  1.32 3   70  2 
2 m s kg  m
pdyn  3.23kPa

Also

pο   w  g  hο pο   117.6Pa  gage 
and,
pο  ps  pdyn so ps  po  pdyn
ps   0.117kPa  3.23kPa
ps   3.35kPa  gage 
ps
hs  hs   341mm
w  g

Streamlines in the test section are straight so,


p  0 and  w  centerline
n
In the curved section
 V2
p  air so  w  centerline
n R
Problem 6.34 [Difficulty: 2]
 Problem 6.35

Given: Basic equations

P V2
  g  constant
 2

Solution:

Assumptions:
(1) Steady flow
(2) Incompressible flow
(3) Friction flow
(4) Flow along a streamline
(5) Air behaves as an ideal gas
(6) Stagnation pressure  Patm

Calculation:

From the Bernoulli Equation

P0 P1 V12
 
  2
1
P0  P1  Patm  P1  V12
2
1
 2  Patm  P1   2
V1   
  
From the manometer reading
Patm  P1  H2O gh
Then,
1
 2  H2O gh  2
V1   
  

From the ideal gas equation of state

P

RT
Substitute corresponding values in the above expression
 N kg  K 1 
  120 103 2   
 m 287 N  m 303 K 
 1.38 kg / m3
1
 2  H 2O  2
V1   gh 
  

Substitute corresponding values in the above equation

1
 999 m 2
V1   2   9.81 2  0.055 m 
 1.38 s 
 27.95 m/s

Hence, the air speed in the wind-tunnel test section is 27.95 m/s .
 Problem 6.36 [Difficulty: 2]

6.36 Water flows steadily up the vertical 0.1 m.–diameter

pipe and out the nozzle, which is 0.05 m. in diameter,
discharging to atmospheric pressure. The stream velocity at V2
the nozzle exit must be 20 m/s. Calculate the minimum
①
gage pressure required at section . If the device were
2

inverted, what would be the required minimum pressure at 4m

section ① to maintain the nozzle exit velocity at 20 m/s?

Flow
1

Given: Flow in pipe/nozzle device.

Find: Gage pressure needed for flow rate; repeat for inverted.
Solution:
p V2
Basic equations Q = V·A + +g.z = const
ρ 2
Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Inviscid 3) Steady 4) Along a streamline

Available data D1 = 0.1 m D2 = 0.5 m V2 = 20 m/s z2 = 4 m ρ = 999 kg/m 3

2
From continuity Q = V1 ⋅ A1 = V2 ⋅ A 2 A2 or D  m
V1 = V2 ⋅ V1 = V2 ⋅  2  V1 = 5
A1  D1  s
Hence, applying Bernoulli between locations 1 and 2
p1 V12 p V2 V2
+ + 0 = 2 + 2 + g ⋅ z 2 = 0 + 2 + g ⋅ z 2 working in gage pressures
ρ 2 ρ 2 2
 v 2 - v12 
Solving for p1 (gage) p1 = ρ ⋅  2 + g ⋅ z 2  p1 = 227 kPa (gage)
 2 
When it is inverted Z2 = 4 m
 V 2 − V12 
p2 = ρ ⋅  2 + g ⋅ z 2  p 2 = 148 kPa (gage)
 2 
Problem 6.37 [Difficulty: 2]
 Problem 6.38 [Difficulty: 2]

6.38 You are on a date. Your date runs out of gas unexpectedly.
You come to your own rescue by siphoning gas from another car.
The height difference for the siphon is about 150 mm. The hose
diameter is 25 mm. What is your gasoline flow rate?

Given: Siphoning of gasoline

Find: Flow rate

Solution:

p V2
Basic equation + + g ⋅ z = const
ρ gas 2

Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Inviscid 3) Steady 4) Along a streamline

Hence, applying Bernoulli between the gas tank free surface and the siphon exit

p atm p atm V 2
= + −g⋅h Where we assume the tank free surface is slowly
ρ gas ρ gas 2
changing so Vtank<<, and h is the difference in levels

Hence V= 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h

π ⋅ D2
The flow rate is then Q = V⋅A = ⋅ 2⋅g ⋅ h
4

π 1 m2 m m3 Lit
Q= × (25 mm) 2 × 6 2
× 9 ⋅ 81 2 × (0.15 m) Q = 8.42 × 10 −4 Q = 50.52
4 10 mm s s min
 Problem 6.39 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Siphoning of wort

Find: Flow rate; plot; height for a flow of 2 L/min

Solution:
2
p V
Basic equation + + g ⋅ z = const
ρwort 2

Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Inviscid 3) Steady 4) Along a streamline

Hence, applying Bernoulli between the open surface of the full tank and tube exit to atmosphere

p atm p atm 2
V
= + − g⋅ h where we assume the tank free surface is slowly changing so V tank <<,
ρgas ρgas 2 and h is the difference in levels

Hence V= 2⋅ g⋅ h
2
π⋅ D
The flow rate is then Q = V⋅ A = ⋅ 2⋅ g⋅ h
4

For D = 5 ⋅ mm

3
Q (L/min)

0 50 100 150 200 250

h (mm)

3 2
L −5m 8⋅ Q
For a flow rate of Q = 2⋅ Q = 3.33 × 10 solving for h h = h = 147 ⋅ mm
min s 2 4
π ⋅D ⋅g
 Problem 6.40

Given: Ruptured Pipe

To find: Height benzene rises from tank.

Solution:

Basic equation
P V2
  g  z  constant
ben 2
Assumption:
1) Incompressible flow
2) Steady
3) Inviscid
4) Along
5) Streamline

Available data
kg
  999 , Pben  70 kPa  gage 
m3
From table A, SGben  0.879

Hence, applying Bernoulli between the pipe and the rise height of the benzene
Pben Patm
  g h
ben ben

Hence, we assume Vpipe , and ‘h’ is the rise height.

Here,
Pben
h (1)
SGben  g
Here,
Pben is now the gage pressure.

Substitute corresponding values in equation (1)

 70 103 Pa
h
 0.879   999 kg/m3  9.81 m/s2 
 8.13 m

Hence, the height at which the benzene will rise is 8.13 m .

 Problem 6.41 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Ruptured Coke can

Find: Pressure in can

Solution:
2
p V
Basic equation + + g ⋅ z = const
ρCoke 2

Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Inviscid 3) Steady 4) Along a streamline

kg
Available data ρw = 999 ⋅ h = 0.5⋅ m From a web search SG DietCoke = 1 SG RegularCoke = 1.11
3
m

Hence, applying Bernoulli between the coke can and the rise height of the coke

p can p atm
= + g⋅ h where we assume VCoke <<, and h is the rise height
ρCoke ρCoke

Hence p Coke = ρCoke ⋅ g ⋅ h = SG Coke ⋅ ρw⋅ g ⋅ h where p Coke is now the gage pressure

p Diet = SG DietCoke⋅ ρw⋅ g ⋅ h p Diet = 4.90⋅ kPa (gage)

Hence

and p Regular = SGRegularCoke ⋅ ρw⋅ g ⋅ h p Regular = 5.44⋅ kPa (gage)

 Problem 6.42

Given: Flow rate through siphon

To find: Maximum height h to avoid cavitation.

Solution:

Calculation:
P V2
  g.z  constant,
 2
Q V  A

Assumption:
1) Incompressible flow
2) Inviscid
3) Steady
4) Along a streamline

Available data:
Q  6 L/s
Q  6 103 m3 /s
D  30 mm
  999 kg/m3
Patm  101 kPa
From continuity;
Q 4Q
V 
A  D2

Substitute corresponding values in the above equation

 2
4  1 
V   0.006 m /s 
3

  0.030 m 
 8.49 m/s

Hence, applying Bernoulli between the free surface and point A

Patm PA V2
  gh 
  2
Hence, we assume Vsurface 
Hence,
V2
PA  Patm   gh  
2
From the steam tables, at 25C the vapour pressure is
PV  3.17 kPa

This is the lowest permissible value of PA

Hence,
V2
PA  Patm   gh   or
2
P P V2
h  atm V 
g 2g

Substitute corresponding values in the above expression

kg  m 1 
2
N  1  m3 s2 m s2
h  101  3.17  103
      8.49  
m 2  999  kg 9.81 m N  s 2 2  s  9.81 m
 9.982 m  3.674 m
 6.308 m

Hence, the maximum height ‘h’ to avoid cavitation is 6.308 m .

Problem 6.43 [Difficulty: 2]
 Problem 6.44

Given: Flow through tank-pipe system.

To find: Velocity in pipe; rate of discharge.

Solution:

Basic Equations
P V2
  gz  Constant,
 2
P   g h,
Q  VA

Assumption:
1) Incompressible flow
2) Inviscid
3) Steady
4) Along a streamline

Hence, applying Bernoulli between the free surface and the manometer location
Patm P V2
  gH 
  2
Here,
We assume Vsurface  and H  5 m
Hence,
V2
P  Patm   gH  
2

For the manometer,

P  Patm  SGHg    g  h2    g  h1
Note that we have water on one side and mercury on the other of the manometer.
Combining Equation
V2
  g h    SGHg    g  h2    g  h1 or
2
V  2 g  H  SGHg  h2  h2  1

Substitute corresponding values in equation (1)

m
V  2  9.81 2   5  13.6  0.20  0.85  m
s
 7.84 m/s

Hence, the velocity in pipe is 7.84 m/s

Equation of flow rate  Q  is

 D2
Q V  (2)
4

Substitute values in equation (2)


Q  7.84 m/s  0.06 m 
2

4
 0.0221 m3 /s

Hence, the rate of discharge is 0.0221 m3 /s .

Problem 6.45 [Difficulty: 2]
 Problem 6.46

Given: Air flow over a wing

To find: Air speed relative to wing at a point; absolute air speed

Solution:

Basic equations required:

p V2
  g  z  const
 2
p   RT

Assumptions:

1) Incompressible flow
2) Invicid
3) Steady
4) Along a streamline

Available Data:

T   13C  260K p1  78kPa p2  75kPa

km Nm
V1  250 R  286.9
hr Kg.K

For air,

p1

R T
N kg×K 1
  78  103 2
× ×
m 286.9Nm 260K
kg
  1.05
m3

Hence, applying Bernoulli between the upstream point (1) and the point on the wing (2)
 p1 V12 p2 V2 2
  where we ignore gravity effects
 2  2
Hence,

V2  V12  2
 p1  p2 

Then,
2 2 2
 km   1000   1hr  m3 kg×m
V2   250 
  
    2    78  75   103
 hr   1km   3600s  1.05kg Ns 2
m
V2  102.7
s

NOTE: At this speed, significant density changes will occur, so this result is not very realistic.

The absolute velocity is

V2abs  V2  V1
m m
V2abs  102.7  69.44
s s
m
V2 abs  33.26
s
 Problem 6.47 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Water flow over a hydrofoil

Find: Stagnation pressure; water speed relative to airfoil at a point; absolute value

Solution:
2
p V
Basic equations + + g ⋅ z = const ∆p = ρ⋅ g ⋅ h
ρ 2

Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Inviscid 3) Steady 4) Along a streamline

m kg
Available data V1 = 20⋅ ρ = 999 ⋅ h = 3⋅ m p 2 = −75⋅ kPa (gage)
s 3
m

Using coordinates fixed to the hydrofoil, the pressure at depth h is p 1 = ρ⋅ g ⋅ h p 1 = 29.4⋅ kPa

Applying Bernoulli between the upstream (1) and the stagnation point (at the front of the hydrofoil)

2
p1 V1 p0 1 2
+ = or p 0 = p 1 + ⋅ ρ⋅ V1 p 0 = 229 ⋅ kPa
ρ 2 ρ 2

Applying Bernoulli between the upstream point (1) and the point on the hydrofoil (2)
2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2
+ = +
ρ 2 ρ 2

2 (p1 − p2) m
Hence V2 = V1 + 2 ⋅ V2 = 24.7
ρ s

m
This is the speed of the water relative to the hydrofoil; in absolute coordinates V2abs = V2 + V1 V2abs = 44.7
s
 Problem 6.48 [Difficulty: 2]

6.48 A fire nozzle is coupled to the end of a hose with inside

diameter D = 75 mm. The nozzle is contoured smoothly and has
outlet diameter d =25 mm. The design inlet pressure for the
nozzle is p 1 = 690 kPa (gage). Evaluate the maximum flow rate
the nozzle could deliver.

Given: Flow through fire nozzle

Find: Maximum flow rate
Solution:
p v2
Basic equation + + g ⋅ z = const Q = V.A
ρ 2

Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Inviscid 3) Steady 4) Along a streamline

Hence, applying Bernoulli between the inlet (1) and exit (2)

2
p1 v12 p 2 v 2
+ = + where we ignore gravity effects
ρ 2 ρ 2

2 2
But we have π ⋅ D2 π⋅d so d
Q = V1 ⋅ A1 = V1 ⋅ = V2 ⋅ A 2 = V1 = V2 ⋅  
4 4 D

2 ⋅ ( p 2 − p1 )
4
d
V2 2 - V2 2 . =
D ρ

2.(p1 − p 2 )
V2 =
Hence   d 4 
ρ. 1 −   
  D  

Then m3 N 1 kg ⋅ m m
V2 = 2 × × (690 − 0) ⋅103 2 × × V2 = 37 ⋅ 4
3 4
N ⋅ s2 s
10 kg m  25 
1−  
 74 

π ⋅ d2 π m 25
2
m3 KL
Q = V2 ⋅ Q= × 374 × ⋅m Q = 0.0184 Q = 1 ⋅1
4 4 s 103 s min
 Problem 6.49 [Difficulty: 2]

6.49 A racing car travels at 98.3 m/s along a straightaway. The team engineer
wishes to locate an air inlet on the body of the car to obtain cooling air for the
driver’s suit. The plan is to place the inlet at a location where the air speed is 25.5
m/s along the surface of the car. Calculate the static pressure at the proposed inlet
location. Express the pressure rise above ambient as a fraction of the freestream
dynamic pressure.

Given: Race car on straightaway

Find: Air inlet where speed is 25.5 m/s; static pressure; pressure rise
Solution:

p v2
Basic equation + + g.z = const
ρ 2

Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Inviscid 3) Steady 4) Along a streamline 5) Standard atmosphere

Available date p atm = 101 kPa ρ = 1.23 kg/m3 V1 = 98 ⋅ 3 m/s V2 = 25 ⋅ 5 m/s

Between location 1 (the upstream flow at 98.3 m/s with respect to the car), and point 2 (on the car where V = 25.5
m/s), Bernoulli becomes

p1 V12 patm V12 p2 V2 2

+ = + = +
ρ 2 ρ 2 ρ 2

1   V 2 
Hence p 2 = patm + ⋅ ρ ⋅ V12 ⋅ 1 −  2   p2 = 106.543 kPa
2   V1  

1   V 2 
Note that the pressure rise is ∆p = ⋅ ρ ⋅ V12 ⋅ 1 −  2   ∆p = 5.543 kPa
2   V1  

The freestream dynamic pressure is 1

q= ⋅ ρ ⋅ V12 q = 5.942 kPa
2

Then ∆p
= 93.3%
q

Note that at this speed the flow is borderline compressible!

Problem 6.50 [Difficulty: 2]
 Problem 6.51 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Velocity field for plane doublet

Find: Pressure distribution along x axis; plot distribution

Solution:
p 1 2 2 2
The governing equation is the Bernoulli equation + ⋅ V + g ⋅ z = const where V= u +v
ρ 2
3
m kg
The given data is Λ = 3⋅ ρ = 1000⋅ p 0 = 100 ⋅ kPa
s 3
m
Λ Λ
From Table 6.1 Vr = − ⋅ cos( θ) Vθ = − ⋅ sin( θ)
2 2
r r
where Vr and Vθ are the velocity components in cylindrical coordinates (r,θ). For points along the x axis, r = x, θ = 0, Vr = u and Vθ
=v=0
Λ
u=− v = 0
2
x

p 1 2
so (neglecting gravity) + ⋅ u = const
ρ 2

Apply this to point arbitrary point (x,0) on the x axis and at infinity
Λ
At x →0 u→0 p → p0 At point (x,0) u=−
2
x
p0 2 2
p Λ ρ⋅ Λ
Hence the Bernoulli equation becomes = + or p(x) = p0 −
ρ ρ 4 4
2⋅ x 2⋅ x

The plot of pressure can be done in Excel:

x (m) p (Pa)
0.5 99.892 Pressure Distribution Along x axis
0.6 99.948 100.0
0.7 99.972
0.8 99.984
0.9 99.990 100.0
p (kPa)

1.0 99.993
1.1 99.995
1.2 99.997 99.9
1.3 99.998
1.4 99.998
1.5 99.999 99.9
1.6 99.999
1.7 99.999
99.8
1.8 99.999
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
1.9 99.999
x (m)
2.0 100.000
 Problem 6.52

6.52 The flow rate of air at standard conditions in a flat duct is to

be calculated by installing pressure taps across a bend. The
duct is 0.5 m deep and 0.2 m wide. The inner radius of the
bend is 0.25 m. If the measured pressure difference between
the taps is 60 mm of water, calculate the approximate flow
rate.

Given: From the problem the given data is: p2  p1   H2O g h

Here, h  60 mm H 2O . Air is at STP.

To find: Volume flow rate, Q .

Solution:

Apply Euler’s n component equation across flow streamlines.

Required Equation:
p V 2

r r

Assumptions: Frictionless flow, Incompressible Flow, Uniform Flow at measurement section.

For the flow, p  p  r  , so

p dp V 2
 
r dr r
Or
dr
dp  V 2
r
Integrate above expression
P2  P1  V 2  ln r2
r
1

r2
 V 2 ln
r1
And hence,
1
 2
 
 p2  p1 
V
  r 
  ln  2  
  r1  
But p  p2  p1  H2O h ,
 1
  2

  g h 
V  2 
H O

  r 
  ln  2  
  r1  

Substituting corresponding values in the above expression:

1
 2
 
 m3 
V   999 kg/m3  9.81 m/s 2   0.06 m   
1 
 
  1.23 kg  ln  0.35 m  
  
  0.25 m  
 12.69 m/s

From uniform Flow:

Q  VA

Substitute corresponding values in the above equation

Q  12.69 m/s    0.2 m    0.5 m 
 1.269 m3 /s

Hence, the approximate flow rate is 1.269 m3 /s .

 Problem 6.53 [Difficulty: 3]

c
d

Rx

Given: Flow through fire nozzle

Find: Maximum flow rate

Solution:
2
p V
Basic equation + + g ⋅ z = const Q = V⋅ A
ρ 2

Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Inviscid 3) Steady 4) Along a streamline

Hence, applying Bernoulli between the inlet (1) and exit (2)
2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2
+ = + where we ignore gravity effects
ρ 2 ρ 2

2 2 2
π⋅ D π⋅ d
V1 = V2 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞
d
But we have Q = V1 ⋅ A1 = V1 ⋅ = V2 ⋅ so
4 4 D ⎝ ⎠
4 2⋅ p2 − p1 ( ) (
2⋅ p1 − p2 )
V2 − V2 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ =
2 2 d
Hence in Bernoulli or V2 =
⎝ D⎠ ρ ⎡ 4⎤
ρ⋅ ⎢1 − ⎛d⎞ ⎥
⎜
⎣ ⎝ D⎠ ⎦
3
m 3 N 1 kg⋅ m m
V2 = 2× × ( 700 − 0 ) × 10 ⋅ × × V2 = 37.6
1000⋅ kg 2 4 2 s
m ⎛ 25 ⎞ N⋅ s
1− ⎜
⎝ 75 ⎠
2 3
π⋅ d π m 2 m L
Then Q = V2 ⋅ Q = × 37.6⋅ × ( 0.025 ⋅ m) Q = 0.0185⋅ Q = 18.5⋅
4 4 s s s

From x momentum (
Rx + p 1 ⋅ A1 = u 1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + u 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 ) ( ) using gage pressures

π⋅ D
2
π⋅ D ⎡ 2 2⎤
⎛d⎞ ⎥
Hence Rx = −p 1 ⋅
4
+ ρ⋅ Q⋅ V2 − V1 = −p 1 ⋅
4
(
+ ρ⋅ Q⋅ V2 ⋅ ⎢1 −
⎣
) ⎜D
⎝ ⎠⎦

⎡ ⎛ 25 ⎞ ⎤⎥ × N⋅ s
3 3 2
3 N π kg m m
× ⎢1 −
2
Rx = −700 × 10 ⋅ × ⋅ ( 0.075 ⋅ m) + 1000⋅ × 0.0185⋅ × 37.6⋅ ⎜ 75 Rx = −2423 N
m
2 4
m
3 s s ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦ kg⋅ m

This is the force of the nozzle on the fluid; hence the force of the fluid on the nozzle is 2400 N to the right; the nozzle is in tension
 Problem 6.54 [Difficulty: 3]

6.54 Water flows steadily through a 82 mm diameter pipe and

discharges through a 32 mm diameter nozzle to atmospheric
pressure. The flow rate is 93 L/min. Calculate the minimum
static pressure required in the pipe to produce this flow rate.
Evaluate the axial force of the nozzle assembly on the pipe

Solution:

(a ) Apply the Bernoulli equation along the central streamline between sections ① and ②.
CV
p1 V12 p V2 y
+ + gz1 = 2 + 2 + gz 2
ρ 2 ρ 2 x

Rx
1 2

Assumptions: (1) steady flow

(2) incompressible flow
(3) frictionless flow
(4) flow along a streamline
(5) bz = 0
(6) uniform flow at each section

V2   V  
2
Then ρ 2
p1 = −p 2 +
2
( V2 − V12 ) = p2 + ρ 2 1 −  1  
2   V2  
 
P2 = patm and from continuity, A2V2 = A1V1

ρ 2   A2   V22   D 2  
2 4

∴ p1g = V2 1 −    = ρ  1 −   
  1  
2 A 2   D1  
 
3
Q 4Q 4 L m min 1 mm 2
V2 = = 2 = × 93 × 3 × × 2 2
× 106
A πd π min 10 L 60 s (32) mm m2
V2 = 1.93 m/s and

m 2 N ⋅ s 2   32  
4
1 kg p1
p1g = ×103 3 × (1.93) 2 2 ×     =1.8 kPa (gage)
1 −
2 m s kg ⋅ m   82  

(b) Apply the x momentum equation to the CV

0 0
∂


FAx + FBx =
∂t ∫cv
uρdV + ∫ upv ⋅ dA
cs

R x + p1g A1 = u1 {−m  } + u 2 {m } = −V1m

 + V2 m

 V 
 ( V2 − V1 ) = − p1g A1 + ρQV2 1 − 1 
R x = − p1g A1 + m
 V2 
2
N π  82  2 kg L m3 min   32   N ⋅ s2
= −1.8 ×103 2
×  3  m + 103 3 × 93 × 3 × ×1.93 1 −   
m 4  10  m min 10 L 60 s   82   kg ⋅ m
R x = 9.506 + 1.824 = −7.7 N

Force of nozzle on flange K x = − R x = 7.7 N Kx

 Problem 6.55 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Flow through reducing elbow

Find: Gage pressure at location 1; x component of force

Solution:
2
p V
Basic equations: + + g ⋅ z = const Q = V⋅ A
ρ 2

Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Inviscid 3) Steady 4) Along a streamline 5) Ignore elevation change 6) p 2 = p atm

3
L −3m kg
Available data: Q = 2.5⋅ Q = 2.5 × 10 D = 45⋅ mm d = 25⋅ mm ρ = 999 ⋅
s s 3
m

Q m Q m
From contnuity V1 = V1 = 1.57 V2 = V2 = 5.09
⎛ π⋅ D2 ⎞ s ⎛ π⋅ d 2 ⎞ s
⎜ ⎜
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠

2 2
Hence, applying Bernoulli between the inlet (1) and exit (2) p1 V1 p2 V2
+ = +
ρ 2 ρ 2

⋅ ⎛ V2 − V1
ρ 2 2⎞
or, in gage pressures p 1g = p 1g = 11.7⋅ kPa
2 ⎝ ⎠

From x-momentum ( ) ( )
Rx + p 1g⋅ A1 = u 1 ⋅ −mrate + u 2 ⋅ mrate = −mrate⋅ V1 = −ρ⋅ Q⋅ V1 because u 1 = V1 u2 = 0

2
π⋅ D
Rx = −p 1g⋅ − ρ⋅ Q⋅ V1 Rx = −22.6 N
4

The force on the supply pipe is then Kx = −Rx Kx = 22.6 N on the pipe to the right
 Problem 6.56 [Difficulty: 4]

Given: Flow through branching blood vessel

Find: Blood pressure in each branch; force at branch

Solution:
2

∑ Q= 0
p V
Basic equations + + g ⋅ z = const Q = V⋅ A ∆p = ρ⋅ g ⋅ ∆h
ρ 2
CV

Assumptions: 1) Incompressible flow 2) Inviscid 3) Steady 4) Along a streamline

L L
Given data Q1 = 4.5⋅ Q2 = 2 ⋅ D1 = 10⋅ mm D2 = 5 ⋅ mm D3 = 3 ⋅ mm
min min

kg kg
SG Hg = 13.6 ρ = 999 ⋅ ρb = 1060⋅ h 1 = 140 ⋅ mm (pressure in in. Hg)
3 3
m m

∑ Q = −Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0
L
For Q 3 we have so Q3 = Q1 − Q2 Q3 = 2.50⋅
min
CV
Q1 4 ⋅ Q1 m
We will need each velocity V1 = V1 = V1 = 0.955
A1 2 s
π⋅ D1

4 ⋅ Q2 m 4 ⋅ Q3 m
Similarly V2 = V2 = 1.70 V3 = V3 = 5.89
2 s 2 s
π⋅ D2 π⋅ D3

Hence, applying Bernoulli between the inlet (1) and exit (2)

2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2
+ = + where we ignore gravity effects
ρ 2 ρ 2
 p 2 = p 1 + ⋅ ⎛ V1 − V2 ⎞
ρ 2 2
and p 1 = SGHg⋅ ρ⋅ g ⋅ h 1 p 1 = 18.7⋅ kPa
2 ⎝ ⎠

ρb
⋅ ⎛ V − V2 ⎞
2 2
Hence p2 = p1 + p 2 = 17.6⋅ kPa
2 ⎝ 1 ⎠

p2
In mm Hg h2 = h 2 = 132 ⋅ mm
SGHg⋅ ρ⋅ g

p 3 = p 1 + ⋅ ⎛ V1 − V3 ⎞
ρ 2 2
Similarly for exit (3) p 3 = 1.75⋅ kPa
2 ⎝ ⎠

p3
In mm Hg h3 = h 3 = 13.2⋅ mm
SGHg⋅ ρ⋅ g

Note that all pressures are gage.

For x momentum (
Rx + p 3 ⋅ A3 ⋅ cos( 60⋅ deg) − p 2 ⋅ A2 ⋅ cos( 45⋅ deg) = u 3 ⋅ ρ⋅ Q3 + u 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ Q2 ) ( )
(
Rx = p 2 ⋅ A2 ⋅ cos( 45⋅ deg) − p 3 ⋅ A3 ⋅ cos( 60⋅ deg) + ρ⋅ Q2 ⋅ V2 ⋅ cos( 45⋅ deg) − Q3 ⋅ V3 ⋅ cos( 60⋅ deg) )
2 2
π⋅ D2 π⋅ D3
Rx = p2 ⋅
4
⋅ cos( 45⋅ deg) − p 3 ⋅
4
(
⋅ cos( 60⋅ deg) + ρ⋅ Q2 ⋅ V2 ⋅ cos( 45⋅ deg) − Q3 ⋅ V3 ⋅ cos( 60⋅ deg) ) Rx = 0.156 N

For y momentum Ry − p 3 ⋅ A3 ⋅ sin( 60⋅ deg) − p 2 ⋅ A2 ⋅ sin( 45⋅ deg) + p 1 ⋅ A1 = v 3 ⋅ ρ⋅ Q3 + v 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ Q2 ( ) ( )

(
Ry = p 2 ⋅ A2 ⋅ sin( 45⋅ deg) + p 3 ⋅ A3 ⋅ sin( 60⋅ deg) − p 1 ⋅ A1 + ρ⋅ Q2 ⋅ V2 ⋅ sin( 45⋅ deg) + Q3 ⋅ V3 ⋅ sin( 60⋅ deg) )
2 2 2
π⋅ D2 π⋅ D3 π⋅ D1
Ry = p2 ⋅
4
⋅ sin( 45⋅ deg) + p 3 ⋅
4
⋅ sin( 60⋅ deg) − p 1 ⋅
4
(
+ ρ⋅ Q2 ⋅ V2 ⋅ sin( 45⋅ deg) + Q3 ⋅ V3 ⋅ sin( 60⋅ deg) )

Ry = −0.957 N
 Problem 6.57 [Difficulty: 3] Part 1/2

6.57 An object, with a flat horizontal lower surface, moves

downward into the jet of the spray system of Problem 4.81
with speed U = 1.5 m/s. Determine the minimum supply
pressure needed to produce the jet leaving the spray system at
V = 4.6 m/s. Calculate the maximum pressure exerted by the
liquid jet on the flat object at the instant when the object is h
= 0.46 m above the jet exit. Estimate the force of the water jet
on the flat object.

Solution:
(a) The minimum pressure occurs when friction is neglected, and so we apply the Bernoulli equation

Observer for part (b)

p1 V12 (5) p V2 (5)
+ + gz 1 = 2 + 2 + gz 2
ρ 2 ρ 2
Assume: (1) steady flow U = 1.5 m/s
3
(2) incompressible flow h = 0.46 m
(3) no friction
(4) flow along a streamline
z V = 4.6 m/s
(5) neglect z2 z1 a = 650 mm2
(6) p2 = patm 2

(7) uniform flow at ① .② M = 0.09 kg

V = 196 cm3
ρv   v  
2
2
Then ρ
p1g = p1 − p atm = ( V2 2 − V12 ) = 2 1 −  1  
2 2   v2  
  .
1

A = 1900 mm2

V1 A2 a
From continuity, 1 1 = A2V2 , and
AV = = . Then,
V2 A1 A
ρv 2 2   a 2  1 3 kg 2 m
2 
 650   N ⋅ s
2 2
p1g
p1g =    
1 − = × 10 3
× (4.6) 2 
1 −   × = 9.34 kPa (gage)
2   A   2 m s   1900   kg ⋅ m

Frictional effects would cause this value to be higher.

(b) The maximum pressure of the jet on the object is the stagnation pressure p = p + 1 ρv 2
0 r
2
where V is the velocity of the impinging jet relative to the object. At Z= 0.46 m, the jet velocity, V4, in the absence
of the object can be calculated from
p 2 V2 2 p V2
+ + gz 2 = 4 + 4 + gz 4
ρ z ρ z
1/ 2
1/ 2  m2 m 
V4 =  V2 2 − 2g (z 4 − z 2 )  =  (4.6) 2 2 − 2 × 9.81 2 (0.46) m  = 3.48 m/s
 s s 
 [Difficulty: 3] Part 1/2
Then
Vr4 = V4 − ( − U) = (3.48 + 1.5) m/s = 4.98 m/s
and
1 2 1 kg 2 N ⋅ s2 p0g
p0 − p atm = p og = qr = × 103 3 × (4.98) 2 m 2 s × = 12.4 kN
2 2 m kg ⋅ m

(c) To determine the force of the water on the object, we apply the z component of the momentum equation to
the CV shown

F1 z

x
5
4 z0 ( 9)
∂
z0 (8 )


Fsz + Fbz =
∂t ∫CV
w xyz ρdV
CS
(
+ ∫ w xyz ρV xyz ⋅ d A ) bz

Assumptions: (8) neglect ∂

∂t ∫CV
(9) neglect body forces
(10) uniform radial flow at ⑤
(11) uniform vertical flow at ④
with z 4 = 0.46 m
Then − F1 = − W4xyz | ρV4xyz A 4 |

Where F1 is applied force necessary to maintain motion of plate at constant speed U

V4xyz = V4 − ( − U) = V4 + U

W4xyz = V4xyz = V4 + U

F1 = ρ (V4 + U) 2 A 4
Form continuity A 2 V2 = A 4 V4

and A = V2 A = 4.6 × 650 mm 2 = 859 mm 2

4 2
V4 3.48
Then
m2 m2 N ⋅ s2
F1 = ρ (V4 +U)2 A 4 = 103 kg/m 3 (3.48 + 1.5) 2 2
× 859 mm 2 × 6 2
×
s 10 mm kg ⋅ m
F1 = 21.3 N (in the direction slown)
Since the plate is moving at constant speed, then

F1

FH O  
2
∑F plate
= Ma = 0 and
neglecting the weight of the plate then

FH 2 O = F1 = 21.3 N

FH2O = 21.3 kN
Problem 6.58 [Difficulty: 3]
 Problem 6.59 [Difficulty: 4]

Open-Ended Problem Statement: An old magic trick uses an empty thread spool and a
playing card. The playing card is placed against the bottom of the spool. Contrary to
intuition, when one blows downward through the central hole in the spool, the card is not
blown away. Instead it is ‘‘sucked’’ up against the spool. Explain.

Discussion: The secret to this “parlor trick” lies in the velocity distribution, and hence
the pressure distribution, that exists between the spool and the playing cards.

Neglect viscous effects for the purposes of discussion. Consider the space between the
end of the spool and the playing card as a pair of parallel disks. Air from the hole in the
spool enters the annular space surrounding the hole, and then flows radially outward
between the parallel disks. For a given flow rate of air the edge of the hole is the cross-
section of minimum flow area and therefore the location of maximum air speed.

After entering the space between the parallel disks, air flows radially outward. The flow
area becomes larger as the radius increases. Thus the air slows and its pressure increases.
The largest flow area, slowest air speed, and highest pressure between the disks occur at
the outer periphery of the spool where the air is discharged from an annular area.

The air leaving the annular space between the disk and card must be at atmospheric
pressure. This is the location of the highest pressure in the space between the parallel
disks. Therefore pressure at smaller radii between the disks must be lower, and hence the
pressure between the disks is sub-atmospheric. Pressure above the card is less than
atmospheric pressure; pressure beneath the card is atmospheric. Each portion of the card
experiences a pressure difference acting upward. This causes a net pressure force to act
upward on the whole card. The upward pressure force acting on the card tends to keep it
from blowing off the spool when air is introduced through the central hole in the spool.

Viscous effects are present in the narrow space between the disk and card. However, they
only reduce the pressure rise as the air flows outward, they do not dominate the flow
behavior.
 Problem 6.60 [Difficulty: 4]

CS
6.60 A horizontal axisymmetric jet of air with 10 mm
diameter strikes a stationary vertical disk of 190 mm
diameter. The jet speed is 69 m/s at the nozzle exit. A
manometer is connected to the center of the disk.
Calculate (a) the deflection, if the manometer liquid has 1

SG = 1.75, (b) the force exerted by the jet on the disk,

V = 69 m/s h SG = 1.75
and (c) the force exerted on the disk, if it is assumed
that the stagnation pressure acts on the entire forward
surface of the disk. Sketch the streamline pattern and
plot the distribution of pressure on the face of the disk.
2

Given: Air jet striking disk

Solution: Manometer deflection; Force to hold disk; Force assuming p0 on entire disk; plot pressure
distribution

Solution:
Basic equations: Hydrostatic pressure, Bernoulli, and momentum flux in x direction

p V2 ∂


∆p = SG ⋅ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ ∆h + + g ⋅ z = constant Fx = FS x + FBx = CV uρd V + uρ V ⋅ d A
ρ 2 ∂t CS

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction 4) Flow along streamline 5) Uniform flow
6) Horizontal flow (gx = 0)

Applying Bernoulli between jet exit and stagnation point

p atm V 2 p 0 1
+ = +0 p 0 − p atm = ⋅ ρ air ⋅ V 2
ρ air 2 ρ air 2

1
⋅ ρair ⋅ V 2 ρ air ⋅ V 2
But from hydrostatics p 0 − p atm = SG ⋅ ρ ⋅ g ⋅ ∆h ∆h = 2 =
SG ⋅ ρ ⋅ g 2 ⋅ SG ⋅ ρ ⋅ g

2
kg  m  1 m3 s2 ∆h = 0.17 m ∆h = 170 mm
∆h = 1.23 3
×  69  × × 3 ×
m  s  2 × 1.75 10 kg 9.81

For x momentum π ⋅ d2
R x = V ⋅ ( −ρ air ⋅ A ⋅ V) = −ρ air ⋅ V 2 ⋅
4

2
 10 
π⋅ 3 ⋅m
2
kg  m   10  N ⋅ s2 R x = −0.46 N
R x = 1.23 3 ×  69  × ×
m  s 4 Kg ⋅ m

The force of the jet on the plate is then F = −Rx F = 0.46 N

The stagnation pressure is 1
p 0 = p atm + ⋅ ρ air ⋅ V 2
2

The force on the plate, assuming stagnation pressure on the front face, is

1 π ⋅ D2
F = (p 0 − p) ⋅ A = ⋅ ρ air ⋅ V 2 ⋅
2 4

2 2
π kg  m   190  N ⋅ s 2
F= × 1.23 3 ×  69  ×  3 m  × F = 83 N
8 m  s   10  kg ⋅ m

Obviously this is a huge overestimate!

For the pressure distribution on the disk, we use Bernoulli between the disk outside edge any radius r for radial flow

patm 1 p 1 2
+ ⋅ vedge 2 = + ⋅v
ρair 2 ρair 2

We need to obtain the speed v as a function of radius. If we assume the flow remains constant thickness h, then

π ⋅ d2 d2
Q = v⋅2⋅ π ⋅r ⋅ h = V⋅ v(r) = V ⋅
4 8⋅ h ⋅ r

We need an estimate for h. As an approximation, we assume that h = d (this assumption will change the scale of p(r)
but not the basic shape)

Hence
d
v(r) = V ⋅
8⋅r

2 2
Using this in Bernoulli 1 ρ ⋅ v ⋅d  4 1 
p(r) = patm + ⋅ ρ air ⋅ ( vedge 2 − v(r) 2 ) = p atm + air ⋅ 2 − 2 
2 128 D r 

Expressed as a gage pressure ρair ⋅ v 2 ⋅ d 2  4 1 

p(r) = ⋅ 2 − 2 
128 D r 

x (mm)
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84

220

240
ρ, (Pa)

260

280

2120

2140
Problem 6.61 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
Problem 6.77 [Difficulty: 4] Part 2/2
Problem 6.62 [Difficulty: 4]
 Problem 6.63 [Difficulty: 3]

6.63 Many recreation facilities use inflatable “bubble” structures. A p − p∞

tennis bubble to enclose four courts is shaped roughly as a circular = 1 − 4 sin 2 θ
semicylinder with a diameter of 30 m and a length of 70 m. The 1
ρV∞2
blowers used to inflate the structure can maintain the air pressure 2
inside the bubble at 10 mm. of water above ambient pressure. The
bubble is subjected to a wind that blows at 60 km/hr in a direction where p is the pressure at the surface, p∞ the atmospheric
perpendicular to the axis of the semicylindrical shape. Using polar pressure, and Vw the wind speed. Determine the net vertical
coordinates, with angle θ measured from the ground on the upwind force exerted on the structure.
side of the structure, the resulting pressure distribution may be
expressed as

Given: Air flow over “bubble” structure

Find: Net vertical force

Solution: ∫



The net force is given by F = pdA also ∆p = p ⋅ g ⋅ ∆h

kg
Available data L = 70 m R = 15 m V = 60 km/hr ∆h = 10mm ρ = 999
kg
ρ air = 1.23
m3 m3

The internal pressure is ∆p = ρ ⋅ g ⋅ ∆h ∆p = 187 Pa

π
Through symmetry only the vertical component of force is no-zero FV = ∫ ( pi − p ) ⋅ sin(θ) ⋅ R ⋅ Ldθ
0

where pi is the internal pressure and p the external 1

pi = patm + ∆p p = p atm − ⋅ ρ air ⋅ V 2 ⋅ (1 − 4.sin(θ) 2 )
2

π 1 2
Hence FV = ∫  ∆p − ⋅ ρ air ⋅ V 2 ⋅ (1 − 4 ⋅ sin(θ) )  ⋅ sin(θ) ⋅ R ⋅ Ldθ
0
 2 

π 1 π
FV = R⋅ L ⋅ ∆p ⋅
0
sin(θ)dθ − R ⋅ L ⋅ ⋅ ρ air ⋅ V 2 ⋅
2 0
(1 − 4 ⋅ sin(θ) ) ⋅ sin(θ)dθ
2

But  1  so 10
∫ ( sin(θ) − 4 ⋅ sin(θ) )dθ = − cos(θ) + 4 ⋅  cos(θ) − 3 ⋅ cos(θ)
π
∫ ( sin(θ) − 4 ⋅ sin(θ) ) dθ = − 3
3 3 3

 0

∫ sin(θ)dθ = − cos(θ)
π
so
∫0
sin(θ)dθ = 2

Combining results F = R ⋅ L ⋅ 2 ⋅ ∆p + 5 ⋅ ρ ⋅ V 2 FV = 804 kN

V air
3
Problem 6.64 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
[Difficulty: 4] Part 2/2
 Problem 6.65 [Difficulty: 4]

6.65 Water flows at low speed through a circular tube with

inside diameter of 50 mm. A smoothly contoured body of
V2
38 mm diameter is held in the end of the tube where the
V1 = 6 m/s
water discharges to atmosphere. Neglect frictional effects F

and assume uniform velocity profiles at each section. V2

Determine the pressure measured by the gage and the force
required to hold the body.

Given: Water flow out of tube.

Find: Pressure indicated by gage; force to hold body in place.

Solution:
Basic equations: Bernoulli, and momentum flux in x direction
∂
∫ u ρd V + ∫ u ρ V ⋅ d A



p V2 Q= V⋅A Fx = Fsx + FBx =
+ + g ⋅ z = constant
ρ 2 ∂t CV CS

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction 4) Flow along streamline 5) Uniform flow
6) Horizontal flow (gx = 0)

Applying Bernoulli between jet exit and stagnation point

p1 V12 p 2 V2 2 V2 2 where we work in gage pressure

+ = + =
ρ 2 ρ 2 2

ρ
p1 = ⋅ ( V2 2 − V12 )
2

But from continuity Q = V1 ⋅ A1 = V2 ⋅ A 2 A1 D2 where D = 50 mm and d = 38 mm

V2 = V1 ⋅ = V1 ⋅ 2
A2 D − d2
m  502  m
V2 = 6 ⋅  V2 = 14.2
s  502 − 382  s

2
 m  N ⋅s
2
Hence 1 kg kN p1 = 82.8 kPa (gage)
p1 = ×103 3 × (14.22 − 6 2 ) ⋅   × p1 = 82.8
2 m  s  kg ⋅ m m2

The x momentum is −F+p1.A1 − p 2 ⋅ A 2 = u1 ⋅ ( −ρ.V1 ⋅ A1 ) + u 2 ⋅ ( ρ ⋅ V2 ⋅ A 2 )

(
F = p1 ⋅ A1 + ρ ⋅ V12 ⋅ A1 − V2 2 ⋅ A 2 ) using gage pressures
  50  2  38 2  
  3 m  −  3 m   
kg  m  π  50      10   10    N ⋅ s 2
2 2 2
N π(50 mm) 2 1 m2 m
F = 82.8 ×103 2 × × 6 2
+ 103 3 ×  6  × ×  3 m   −  14.2  × π    × kg ⋅ m
m 4 10 mm m  s  4  10    s  4
 
 
 
F = 66 N in the direction shown
Problem 6.66 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
[Difficulty: 4] Part 2/2
 Problem 6.67 [Difficulty: 5]

Open-Ended Problem Statement: Imagine a garden hose with a stream of water

flowing out through a nozzle. Explain why the end of the hose may be unstable when
held a half meter or so from the nozzle end.

Discussion: Water flowing out of the nozzle tends to exert a thrust force on the end of the
hose. The thrust force is aligned with the flow from the nozzle and is directed toward the
hose.

Any misalignment of the hose will lead to a tendency for the thrust force to bend the hose
further. This will quickly become unstable, with the result that the free end of the hose
will “flail” about, spraying water from the nozzle in all directions.

This instability phenomenon can be demonstrated easily in the backyard. However, it will
tend to do least damage when the person demonstrating it is wearing a bathing suit!
Problem 6.68 [Difficulty: 5]
 Problem 6.69 [Difficulty: 3]

6.69 Compressed air is used to accelerate water

from a tube. Neglect the velocity in the reservoir p

and assume the flow in the tube is uniform at any

section. At a particular instant, it is known that V h = 1.4 m Water L = 10.7 m
2
= 1.86 m/s and dV/dt = 2.3 m / s . The cross-
sectional area of the tube is A = 20,645 mm2.
Determine the pressure in the tank at this instant.

Given: Unsteady water flow out of tube.

Find: Pressure in the tank.

Solution:

p1 V12 p V2 2 ∂V
Basic equation: Unsteady Bernoulli + + gz1 = 2 + 2 + gz2 + ∫ ds
ρ 2 ρ 2 1 ∂t

Assumptions: 1) Unsteady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction 4) Flow along streamline 5) Uniform flow (6)
Horizontal flow (g x = 0)

Applying unsteady Bernoulli between reservoir and tube exit

p V2 2 ∂ V 2 dV 2
+∫
dt ∫1
+ g⋅h = V ds = + ⋅ 1ds where we work in gage pressure
ρ 2 1 ∂t 2

Hence  V2 dV 
p = ρ⋅ − g⋅h + ⋅L
 2 dt 

2
Hence kg  1.82   m  N ⋅ s2 N
p = 103 3
× − 9 ⋅ 81× 1⋅ 4 + 2 ⋅ 3 ×10.7    × , p = 12496 2 , p = 12.5 kPa (gage)
m  2   s  kg ⋅ m m
 Problem 6.70 [Difficulty: 2]

6.70 If the water in the pipe in Problem 6.89 is initially at rest

p
and the air pressure is 21 kPa (gage), what will be the initial
acceleration of the water in the pipe? h = 1.4 m Water L = 10.7 m

Given: Unsteady water flow out of tube.

Find: Initial acceleration.

Solution:

p1 V12 p V2 2 ∂V
Basic equation: Unsteady Bernoulli + + gz1 = 2 + 2 gz2 + ∫ ds
ρ 2 ρ 2 1 ∂t

Assumptions: 1) Unsteady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction 4) Flow along streamline 5) Uniform

flow 6) Horizontal flow ( gx = 0)

Applying unsteady Bernoulli between reservoir and tube exit

p 2 ∂ dV 2
+ g⋅h = ∫
dt ∫1
Vds = ⋅ 1 ds = a x ⋅ L where we work in gage pressure
ρ 1 ∂t

Hence 1 p 
ax = ⋅ + g ⋅ h 
L ρ 

Hence 1 N m3 kg ⋅ m m m
ax = × 21×103 2 × 3 × 2
+ 9.81 2 × 1.4 m, a x = 3.25 2
10.7 m m 10 kg N ⋅ s s s

Note that we obtain the same result if we treat the water in the pipe as a single body at rest with gage pressure p +
ρgh at the left end!
Problem 6.71 [Difficulty: 4]
 Problem 6.72 [Difficulty: 4]
6.72 If the water in the pipe of Problem 6.89 is initially
at rest, and the air pressure is maintained at 10.3 kPa p
(gage), derive a differential equation for the velocity V
in the pipe as a function of time, integrate, and plot V h = 1.4 m Water L = 10.7 m

versus t for t = 0 to 5s.

Given: Unsteady water flow out of tube

Find: Differential equation for velocity; Integrate; Plot v versus time

Solution:
p1 V12 p V2 2 ∂V
Basic equation: Unsteady Bernoulli + + gz1 = 2 + 2 + gz2 + ds
p 2 p 2 1 ∂t
Assumptions: 1) Unsteady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction 4) Flow along streamline 5) Uniform flow
6) Horizontal flow ( g x = 0)
Applying unsteady Bernoulli between reservoir and tube exit
p V2 2 ∂ V 2 dV 2 V 2 dV
+g⋅h = +∫ Vds = + ⋅ ∫ 1ds = + ⋅L where we work in gage pressure
ρ 2 1 ∂t 2 dt 1 2 dt
Hence dV v 2 1 p  is the differential equation for the flow
+ = ⋅ +g⋅h
dt 2 ⋅ L L  ρ 
Separating variable: L ⋅ dv
= dt
p v2
+ g⋅h −
p 2
Integrating and using limits V(0) = 0 and V(t) = V
p
+ g⋅h
p ρ
V(t) = 2 ⋅ + g ⋅ h ⋅ tan h ⋅t
ρ 2 L2

This graph is suitable for plotting in Excel

For large times p  m
V = 2⋅ + g ⋅ h  V = 6 ⋅ 93
 ρ  s

6
V (ft/s)

0 1 2 3 4 5
t (s)
Problem 6.73 [Difficulty: 5] Part 1/2
 3

4.48 .04
 Problem 6.74 [Difficulty: 2]

(a) Note that the effect of friction would be that the EGL would tend to drop:
suddenly at the contraction, gradually in the large pipe, more steeply in the
small pipe. The HGL would then “hang” below the HGL in a manner similar
to that shown.

EGL

Turbine
HGL
(b) Note that the effect of friction would be that the EGL would tend to drop:
suddenly at the contraction, gradually in the large pipe, more steeply in the
small pipe. The HGL would then “hang” below the HGL in a manner similar
to that shown.

EGL

Turbine
HGL
Problem 6.75 [Difficulty: 2]
 Problem 6.76 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Stream function

Find: If the flow is irrotational; Pressure difference between points (1,4) and (2,1)

Solution:
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Basic equations: Incompressibility because ψ exists u= ψ v=− ψ Irrotationality v − u =0
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
2
ψ( x , y ) = A⋅ x ⋅ y

u( x , y) =
∂
ψ( x , y ) =
∂ (A⋅x2⋅y) u ( x , y ) = A⋅ x
2
∂y ∂y

∂ ∂ 2
v ( x , y ) = − ψ( x , y ) = − A⋅ x ⋅ y ( ) v ( x , y ) = −2 ⋅ A⋅ x ⋅ y
∂x ∂x

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Hence v( x , y) − u ( x , y ) = −2 ⋅ A⋅ y v − u ≠0 so flow is NOT IRROTATIONAL
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

Since flow is rotational, we must be on same streamline to be able to use Bernoulli

At point (1,4) ψ( 1 , 4 ) = 4 A and at point (2,1) ψ( 2 , 1 ) = 4 A

2 2
Hence these points are on same streamline so Bernoulli can be used. The velocity at a point is V( x , y ) = u( x , y) + v( x , y)

2 2
⎡ 2.5 × ( 1 ⋅ m) 2⎤ + ⎛ −2 × 2.5 × 1⋅ m × 4⋅ m⎞ m
Hence at (1,4) V1 = ⎢ m⋅ s ⎥ ⎜ V1 = 20.2
⎣ ⎦ ⎝ m⋅ s ⎠ s

2 2
V2 = ⎡⎢ × ( 2 ⋅ m) ⎤⎥ + ⎛⎜ −2 × × 2 ⋅ m × 1 ⋅ m⎞
2.5 2 2.5 m
Hence at (2,1) V2 = 14.1
⎣ m⋅ s ⎦ ⎝ m⋅ s ⎠ s

p1 p2
⋅ ⎛ V − V1
1 2 1 2 ρ 2 2⎞
Using Bernoulli + ⋅ V1 = + ⋅ V2 ∆p =
ρ 2 ρ 2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠

( )
2 2
N⋅ s
× 14.1 − 20.2 ⋅ ⎛⎜
1 kg 2 2 m⎞
∆p = × 1200⋅ × ∆p = −126 ⋅ kPa
2
m
3 ⎝s⎠ kg⋅ m
 Problem 6.77 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data from Table 6.2

Find: Stream function and velocity potential for a source in a corner; plot; velocity along one plane

Solution:

q q
From Table 6.2, for a source at the origin ψ( r , θ) = ⋅θ ϕ( r , θ) = − ⋅ ln( r)
2⋅ π 2⋅ π

Expressed in Cartesian coordinates ψ( x , y ) =

q
⋅ atan⎛⎜
y⎞
ϕ( x , y ) = −
q
(2
⋅ ln x + y
2 )
2⋅ π ⎝x⎠ 4⋅ π

To build flow in a corner, we need image sources at three locations so that there is symmetry about both axes. We need sources at
(h,h), (h,- h), (- h,h), and (- h,- h)

Hence the composite stream function and velocity potential are

y − h⎞ y + h⎞ y + h⎞ y − h ⎞⎞
⋅ ⎛⎜ atan⎛⎜ + atan⎛⎜ + atan⎛⎜ + atan⎛⎜
q
ψ( x , y ) =
2⋅ π ⎝ ⎝x − h⎠ ⎝x − h⎠ ⎝x + h⎠ ⎝ x + h ⎠⎠

⋅ ln⎡⎣⎡⎣( x − h ) + ( y − h ) ⎤⎦ ⋅ ⎡⎣( x − h ) + ( y + h )
2⎤⎤
⋅ ⎡⎣( x + h ) + ( y + h ) ⎤⎦ ⋅ ⎡⎣( x + h ) + ( y − h )
q 2 2 2 q 2 2 2 2⎤
ϕ( x , y ) = − ⎦⎦ − ⎦
4⋅ π 4⋅ π

By a similar reasoning the horizontal velocity is given by

q⋅ ( x − h) q⋅ ( x − h) q⋅ ( x + h) q⋅ ( x + h)
u= + + +
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x − h ) + ( y − h )
2⎤
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x − h ) + ( y + h )
2⎤
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x + h ) + ( y + h )
2⎤
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x + h ) + ( y + h )
2 2 2 2 2⎤
⎦ ⎦ ⎦ ⎦

Along the horizontal wall (y = 0)

q⋅ ( x − h) q⋅ ( x − h) q⋅ ( x + h) q⋅ ( x + h)
u= + + +
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x − h ) + h
2⎤
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x − h ) + h
2⎤
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x + h ) + h
2⎤
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x + h ) + h
2 2 2 2 2⎤
⎦ ⎦ ⎦ ⎦

x−h x+h
⋅⎡ ⎤
q
or u(x) = +
π ⎢ 2 2 2 2⎥
⎣ ( x − h) + h ( x + h) + h ⎦
The results in Excel are:
Velocity Potential

x
Stream Function

x
 Problem 6.78 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data from Table 6.2

Find: Stream function and velocity potential for a vortex in a corner; plot; velocity along one plane

Solution:
K K
From Table 6.2, for a vortex at the origin ϕ( r , θ) = ⋅θ ψ( r , θ) = − ⋅ ln( r)
2⋅ π 2⋅ π

Expressed in Cartesian coordinates ϕ( x , y ) =

q
⋅ atan⎛⎜
y⎞
ψ( x , y ) = −
q
(2
⋅ ln x + y
2 )
2⋅ π ⎝x⎠ 4⋅ π

To build flow in a corner, we need image vortices at three locations so that there is symmetry about both axes. We need vortices
at (h,h), (h,- h), (- h,h), and (- h,- h). Note that some of them must have strengths of - K!

Hence the composite velocity potential and stream function are

y − h⎞ y + h⎞ y + h⎞ y − h ⎞⎞
⋅ ⎛⎜ atan⎛⎜ − atan⎛⎜ + atan⎛⎜ − atan⎛⎜
K
ϕ( x , y ) =
2⋅ π ⎝ ⎝x − h⎠ ⎝x − h⎠ ⎝x + h⎠ ⎝ x + h ⎠⎠

⎡ ( x − h) 2 + ( y − h) 2 ( x + h) 2 + ( y + h) 2⎤
⋅ ln⎢ ⎥
K
ψ( x , y ) = − ⋅
4⋅ π ⎢ 2 2 2 2⎥
⎣ ( x − h) + ( y + h) ( x + h) + ( y − h) ⎦

By a similar reasoning the horizontal velocity is given by

K⋅ ( y − h ) K⋅ ( y + h ) K⋅ ( y + h ) K⋅ ( y − h )
u=− + − +
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x − h ) + ( y − h )
2⎤
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x − h ) + ( y + h )
2⎤
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x + h ) + ( y + h )
2⎤
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x + h ) + ( y − h )
2 2 2 2 2⎤
⎦ ⎦ ⎦ ⎦

Along the horizontal wall (y = 0)

K⋅ h K⋅ h K⋅ h K⋅ h
u= + − −
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x − h ) + h
2⎤
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x − h ) + h
2⎤
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x + h ) + h
2⎤
2 ⋅ π⎡⎣( x + h ) + h
2 2 2 2 2⎤
⎦ ⎦ ⎦ ⎦

K⋅ h
⋅⎡ ⎤
1 1
or u(x) = −
π ⎢ 2 2 2 2⎥
⎣ ( x − h) + h ( x + h) + h ⎦
In Excel:

y
Stream Function

Velocity Potential
y

x
 Problem 6.79 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Stream function

Find: Velocity field; Show flow is irrotational; Velocity potential

Solution:
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Basic equations: Incompressibility because ψ exists u= ψ v=− ψ u=− φ v=− φ
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂ ∂
Irrotationality v − u =0
∂x ∂y

5 3 2 4
ψ( x , y ) = x − 10⋅ x ⋅ y + 5 ⋅ x ⋅ y

∂ 3 3
u( x , y) = ψ( x , y ) u ( x , y ) = 20⋅ x ⋅ y − 20⋅ x ⋅ y
∂y

∂ 2 2 4 4
v ( x , y ) = − ψ( x , y ) v ( x , y ) = 30⋅ x ⋅ y − 5 ⋅ x − 5 ⋅ y
∂x

∂ ∂
v( x , y) − u( x , y) = 0 Hence flow is IRROTATIONAL
∂x ∂y

∂ ⌠ 4 2 3
Hence u=− φ so φ( x , y ) = −⎮ u ( x , y ) dx + f ( y ) = 5 ⋅ x ⋅ y − 10⋅ x ⋅ y + f ( y )
∂x ⌡

∂ ⌠ 4 2 3 5
v=− φ so φ( x , y ) = −⎮ v ( x , y ) dy + g ( x ) = 5 ⋅ x ⋅ y − 10⋅ x ⋅ y + y + g ( x )
∂y ⌡

4 2 3 5
Comparing, the simplest velocity potential is then φ( x , y ) = 5 ⋅ x ⋅ y − 10⋅ x ⋅ y + y
 Problem 6.80 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Stream function

Find: Find A vs B if flow is irrotational; Velocity potential

Solution:
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Basic equations: Incompressibility because ψ exists u= ψ v=− ψ u=− φ v=− φ
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂ ∂
Irrotationality v − u =0
∂x ∂y

We have
3 (
ψ( x , y ) = A⋅ x + B⋅ x ⋅ y + x − y
2 2 2 )
∂
u( x , y) = ψ( x , y ) u ( x , y ) = −B⋅ ( 2 ⋅ y − 2 ⋅ x ⋅ y )
∂y

∂
v ( x , y ) = − ψ( x , y )
2 (2
v ( x , y ) = −3 ⋅ A⋅ x − B⋅ y + 2 ⋅ x )
∂x

∂ ∂
v( x , y) − u ( x , y ) = −2 ⋅ x ⋅ ( 3 ⋅ A + B) Hence flow is IRROTATIONAL if B = −3 ⋅ A
∂x ∂y

∂ ⌠ 2
Hence u=− φ so φ( x , y ) = −⎮ u ( x , y ) dx + f ( y ) = 2 ⋅ B⋅ y ⋅ x − B⋅ y ⋅ x + f ( y )
∂x ⌡

⌠ 3
∂ 2 B⋅ y
v=− φ so φ( x , y ) = −⎮ v ( x , y ) dy + g ( x ) = 3 ⋅ A⋅ x ⋅ y + 2 ⋅ B⋅ x ⋅ y + + g( x)
∂y ⌡ 3

3
2 y
Comparing, the simplest velocity potential is then φ( x , y ) = 2 ⋅ B⋅ y ⋅ x − B⋅ y ⋅ x + B⋅
3
 Problem 6.81 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Stream function

Find: Velocity field; Show flow is irrotational; Velocity potential

Solution:
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Basic equations: Incompressibility because ψ exists u= ψ v=− ψ u=− φ v=− φ
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂ ∂
Irrotationality v − u =0
∂x ∂y

6 4 2 2 4 6
We have ψ( x , y ) = x − 15⋅ x ⋅ y + 15⋅ x ⋅ y − y

∂ 2 3 4 5
u( x , y) = ψ( x , y ) u ( x , y ) = 60⋅ x ⋅ y − 30⋅ x ⋅ y − 6 ⋅ y
∂y

∂ 3 2 5 4
v ( x , y ) = − ψ( x , y ) v ( x , y ) = 60⋅ x ⋅ y − 6 ⋅ x − 30⋅ x ⋅ y
∂x

∂ ∂
v( x , y) − u( x , y) = 0 Hence flow is IRROTATIONAL
∂x ∂y

∂ ⌠ 5 3 3 5
Hence u=− φ so φ( x , y ) = −⎮ u ( x , y ) dx + f ( y ) = 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y − 20⋅ x ⋅ y + 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y + f ( y )
∂x ⌡

∂ ⌠ 5 3 3 5
v=− φ so φ( x , y ) = −⎮ v ( x , y ) dy + g ( x ) = 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y − 20⋅ x ⋅ y + 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y + g ( x )
∂y ⌡

5 3 3 5
Comparing, the simplest velocity potential is then φ( x , y ) = 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y − 20⋅ x ⋅ y + 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y
 Problem 6.82 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Velocity potential

Find: Show flow is incompressible; Stream function

Solution:
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Basic equations: Irrotationality because φ exists u= ψ v=− ψ u=− φ v=− φ
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂ ∂
Incompressibility u + v =0
∂x ∂y

2 2
We have φ( x , y ) = A⋅ x + B⋅ x ⋅ y − A⋅ y

∂
u ( x , y ) = − φ( x , y ) u ( x , y ) = −2 ⋅ A⋅ x − B⋅ y
∂x

∂
v ( x , y ) = − φ( x , y ) v ( x , y ) = 2 ⋅ A⋅ y − B⋅ x
∂y

∂ ∂
Hence u( x , y) + v( x , y) = 0 Hence flow is INCOMPRESSIBLE
∂x ∂y

∂ ⌠ 1 2
Hence u= ψ so ψ( x , y ) = ⎮ u ( x , y ) dy + f ( x ) = −2 ⋅ A⋅ x ⋅ y − ⋅ B⋅ y + f ( x )
∂y ⌡ 2

∂ ⌠ 1 2
v=− ψ so ψ( x , y ) = −⎮ v ( x , y ) dx + g ( y ) = −2 ⋅ A⋅ x ⋅ y + ⋅ B⋅ x + g ( y )
∂x ⌡ 2

1 2 1 2
Comparing, the simplest stream function is then ψ( x , y ) = −2 ⋅ A⋅ x ⋅ y + ⋅ B⋅ x − ⋅ B⋅ y
2 2
 Problem 6.83 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Velocity potential

Find: Show flow is incompressible; Stream function

Solution:
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Basic equations: Irrotationality because φ exists u= ψ v=− ψ u=− φ v=− φ
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂ ∂
Incompressibility u + v =0
∂x ∂y

6 4 2 2 4 6
φ( x, y ) = x − 15⋅ x ⋅ y + 15⋅ x ⋅ y − y

∂ 3 2 5 4
u ( x , y ) = − φ( x , y ) u ( x, y ) = 60⋅ x ⋅ y − 6⋅ x − 30⋅ x⋅ y
∂x

∂ 4 2 3 5
v ( x , y ) = − φ( x , y ) v ( x, y ) = 30⋅ x ⋅ y − 60⋅ x ⋅ y + 6⋅ y
∂y

∂ ∂
Hence u ( x, y ) + v ( x, y ) = 0 Hence flow is INCOMPRESSIBLE
∂x ∂y

∂ ⌠ 3 3 5 5
Hence u= ψ so ψ( x , y ) = ⎮ u ( x , y ) dy + f ( x ) = 20⋅ x ⋅ y − 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y − 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y + f ( x )
∂y ⌡

∂ ⌠ 3 3 5 5
v=− ψ so ψ( x , y ) = −⎮ v ( x , y ) dx + g ( y ) = 20⋅ x ⋅ y − 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y − 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y + g ( y )
∂x ⌡

3 3 5 5
Comparing, the simplest stream function is then ψ( x , y ) = 20⋅ x ⋅ y − 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y − 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y
 Problem 6.84 [Difficulty: 4]

Given: Complex function

Find: Show it leads to velocity potential and stream function of irrotational incompressible flow; Show that df/dz leads
to u and v
Solution:
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Basic equations: Irrotationality because φ exists u= ψ v=− ψ u=− φ v=− φ
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
Incompressibility u + v =0 Irrotationality v − u =0
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

6
f ( z) = z = ( x + i ⋅ y )
6
Expanding
6 4 2 2 4 6 ( 5
f ( z) = x − 15⋅ x ⋅ y + 15⋅ x ⋅ y − y + i⋅ 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y + 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y − 20⋅ x ⋅ y
5 3 3 )
We are thus to check the following
6 4 2
φ( x , y ) = x − 15⋅ x ⋅ y + 15⋅ x ⋅ y − y
2 4 6 ( 5 5
ψ( x , y ) = − 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y + 6 ⋅ x ⋅ y − 20⋅ x ⋅ y
3 3 )
∂ 3 2 5 4
u ( x , y ) = − φ( x , y ) so u ( x , y ) = 60⋅ x ⋅ y − 6 ⋅ x − 30⋅ x ⋅ y
∂x

∂ 4 2 3 5
v ( x , y ) = − φ( x , y ) so v ( x , y ) = 30⋅ x ⋅ y − 60⋅ x ⋅ y + 6 ⋅ y
∂y
An alternative derivation of u and v is

∂ 3 2 5 4
u( x , y) = ψ( x , y ) u ( x , y ) = 60⋅ x ⋅ y − 6 ⋅ x − 30⋅ x ⋅ y
∂y

∂ 4 2 3 5
v ( x , y ) = − ψ( x , y ) v ( x , y ) = 30⋅ x ⋅ y − 60⋅ x ⋅ y + 6 ⋅ y
∂x

∂ ∂
Hence v( x , y) − u( x , y) = 0 Hence flow is IRROTATIONAL
∂x ∂y

∂ ∂
Hence u( x , y) + v( x , y) = 0 Hence flow is INCOMPRESSIBLE
∂x ∂y

Next we find
df
=
d z( 6) = 6⋅z5 = 6⋅(x + i⋅y)5 = (6⋅x5 − 60⋅x3⋅y2 + 30⋅x⋅y4) + i⋅(30⋅x4⋅y + 6⋅y5 − 60⋅x2⋅y3)
dz dz

u = −Re⎛⎜ ⎞ v = Im⎛⎜ ⎞
df df df
Hence we see = −u + i ⋅ v Hence the results are verified; and
dz ⎝ dz ⎠ ⎝ dz ⎠

These interesting results are explained in Problem 6.113!

 Problem 6.85 [Difficulty: 4]

Given: Complex function

Find: Show it leads to velocity potential and stream function of irrotational incompressible flow; Show that df/dz
leads to u and v
Solution:

Basic equations: u = ∂ ψ ∂
v=− ψ
∂
u=− φ
∂
v=− φ
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y

∂ ∂ d d d ∂ ∂ d d d
First consider f = z⋅f = 1⋅ f = f (1) and also f = z⋅f = i⋅ f = i⋅ f (2)
∂x ∂x dz dz dz ∂y ∂y dz dz dz

∂
2
∂ ⎛ ∂ ⎞ d ⎛ d ⎞ d2 ∂
2
∂ ⎛∂ ⎞ d ⎛ d ⎞ d
2
Hence f = ⎜ f = ⎜ f = 2f and f = ⎜ f = i⋅ ⎜ i⋅ f = − 2 f
∂x
2 ∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ dz ⎝ dz ⎠ dz ∂y
2 ∂y ⎝ ∂y ⎠ dz ⎝ dz ⎠ dz

2 2 2 2
∂ ∂ d d
Combining f + f = f − f =0 Any differentiable function f(z) automatically satisfies the Laplace
2 2 2 2
∂x ∂y dz dz Equation; so do its real and imaginary parts!

We demonstrate derivation of velocities u and v

d ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
From Eq 1 f = f = ( φ − i⋅ ψ) = φ − i⋅ ψ = −u + i ⋅ v
dz ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x

d 1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂ ∂
From Eq 2 f = ⋅ f = ⋅ ( φ − i⋅ ψ) = −i⋅ φ − ψ = i⋅ v − u
dz i ∂y i ∂y ∂y ∂y

df
Hence we have demonstrated that = −u + i⋅ v
dz
Problem 6.86 [Difficulty: 2] Part 1/2
[Difficulty: 2] Part 2/2
Problem 6.87 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 6.88 [Difficulty: 3]
 Problem 6.89 [Difficulty: 3]

Open-Ended Problem Statement: Consider flow around a circular cylinder with

freestream velocity from right to left and a counterclockwise free vortex. Show that the
lift force on the cylinder can be expressed as FL = −ρUΓ, as illustrated in Example 6.12.

Discussion: The only change in this flow from the flow of Example 6.12 is that the
directions of the freestream velocity and the vortex are changed. This changes the sign of
the freestream velocity from U to −U and the sign of the vortex strength from K to −K.
Consequently the signs of both terms in the equation for lift are changed. Therefore the
direction of the lift force remains unchanged.

The analysis of Example 6.12 shows that only the term involving the vortex strength
contributes to the lift force. Therefore the expression for lift obtained with the changed
freestream velocity and vortex strength is identical to that derived in Example 6.12. Thus
the general solution of Example 6.12 holds for any orientation of the freestream and
vortex velocities. For the present case, FL = −ρUΓ, as shown for the general case in
Example 6.12.
Problem 6.90 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 6.91 [Difficulty: 3]
Problem 6.92 [Difficulty: 3] Part 1/2
[Difficulty: 3] Part 2/2
Problem 6.93 [Difficulty: 4]
Problem 6.94 [Difficulty: 4] Part 1/2
[Difficulty: 4] Part 2/2