Agriculture

Gurpreet, Madho and Tina were walking through

the village where they saw a farmer tilling land. The
farmer told them that he was growing wheat and had
just added manure to the soil to make it more fertile.
He told the children that the wheat would fetch a
good price in the mandi from where it would be taken
to factories to make bread and biscuits from flour.
This transformation from a plant to a finished
product involves three types of economic activities.
These are primary, secondary and tertiary activities.
Primary activities include all those connected
with extraction and production of natural resources.
Agriculture, fishing and gathering are good examples.
Secondary activities are concerned with the processing
of these resources. Manufacturing of steel, baking of
Word Origin bread and weaving of cloth are examples of this activity.
The word Tertiary activities provide support to the primary and
agriculture is secondary sectors through services. Transport, trade,
derived from Latin banking, insurance and advertising are examples of
words ager or agri tertiary activities.
meaning soil and
Agriculture is a primary activity. It includes growing
culture meaning,
crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock.
cultivation.
In the world, 50 per cent of persons are engaged in
agricultural activity. Two-thirds of India’s population is
still dependent on agriculture.
Favourable topography of soil and climate are vital
for agricultural activity. The land on which the crops
are grown is known as arable land (Fig. 4.1). In the map
you can see that agricultural activity is concentrated in
those regions of the world where suitable factors for the
growing of crops exist.

2022-23
 Fig. 4.1: World Distribution of Arable Land

Do you know?
Agriculture
The science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising
crops and rearing livestock. It is also called farming.
Agri
Sericulture
Seri Commercial rearing of silk worms. It may supplement the
income of the farmer.
Pisci + Culture
Pisciculture
Breeding of fish in specially constructed tanks and ponds.
Viti
Viticulture
Horti Cultivation of grapes.

Horticulture
Growing vegetables, flowers and fruits for commercial use.

Farm System
Agriculture or farming can be looked at as a system. The
important inputs are seeds, fertilisers, machinery and
Agriculture 39

2022-23
 Inputs Processes Outputs Physical Inputs
Sunshine Rainfall

Temperature
Soil
Human
Machinery Inputs Slope

Storage

Seeds Crops Labour

Machinery
Ploughing
Sowing
Chemicals Chemicals
Spraying

Fig 4.2: The farm system of an arable farm Fig 4.3: Physical and human farm inputs
labour. Some of the operations involved are ploughing,
sowing, irrigation, weeding and harvesting. The outputs
from the system include crops, wool, dairy and poultry
products.

Types Of Farming
Farming is practised in various ways across the world.
Depending upon the geographical conditions, demand
Interesting Fact of produce, labour and level of technology, farming can
Organic Farming be classified into two main types. These are subsistence
In this type of
farming and commercial farming.
farming, organic
manure and
natural pesticides Subsistence Farming
are used instead This type of farming is practised to meet the needs of the
of chemicals. farmer’s family. Traditionally, low levels of technology
No genetic
and household labour are used to produce on small
modification is
done to increase
output. Subsistence farming can be further classified
the yield of the as intensive subsistence and primitive subsistence
crop. farming.
In intensive subsistence agriculture the farmer
cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and
more labour. Climate with large number of days with
sunshine and fertile soils permit growing of more than
one crop annually on the same plot. Rice is the main
crop. Other crops include wheat, maize, pulses and
oilseeds. Intensive subsistence agriculture is prevalent
in the thickly populated areas of the monsoon regions
of south, southeast and east Asia.

40 Resources and Development

2022-23
 Primitive subsistence agriculture includes shifting
cultivation and nomadic herding. Do you know?
Shifting cultivation is practised in the thickly Shifting cultivation
forested areas of Amazon basin, tropical Africa, parts of is known by
different names in
southeast Asia and Northeast India. These are the areas
different parts of
of heavy rainfall and quick regeneration of vegetation. the world
A plot of land is cleared by felling the trees and burning Jhumming -
them. The ashes are then mixed with the soil and crops North-East India
like maize, yam, potatoes and cassava are grown. After Milpa -Mexico
the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the Roca - Brazil.
cultivator moves to a new plot. Shifting cultivation is Ladang - Malaysia
also known as ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.
Nomadic herding is practised in the semi-arid
and arid regions of Sahara, Central Asia and some
parts of India, like Rajasthan and Jammu and
Kashmir. In this type of farming, herdsmen
move from place to place with their animals for
fodder and water, along defined routes. This
type of movement arises in response to climatic
constraints and terrain. Sheep, camel, yak and
goats are most commonly reared. They provide
milk, meat, wool, hides and other products to
the herders and their families. Fig 4.4: Nomadic Herders with
their camels
Commercial Farming
In commercial farming crops are grown and
animals are reared for sale in market. The area
cultivated and the amount of capital used is
large. Most of the work is done by machines.
Commercial farming includes commercial
grain farming, mixed farming and plantation
agriculture (Fig 4.5).
In commercial grain farming crops are grown
for commercial purpose. Wheat and maize are
common commercially grown grains. Major
areas where commercial grain farming is Fig 4.5: A Sugarcane
pracised are temperate grasslands of North America, plantation
Europe and Asia. These areas are sparsely populated
with large farms spreading over hundreds of hectares.
Severe winters restrict the growing season and only a
single crop can be grown.
In mixed farming the land is used for growing
food and fodder crops and rearing livestock.
Agriculture 41

2022-23
 It is practised in Europe, eastern USA, Argentina,
southeast Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.
Plantations are a type of commercial farming
where single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew,
rubber, banana or cotton are grown. Large amount
of labour and capital are required. The produce may
be processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories.
The development of a transport network is thus
essential for such farming.
Major plantations are found in the tropical
regions of the world. Rubber in Malaysia, coffee
in Brazil, tea in India and Sri Lanka are some
examples.

Fig 4.6 : A Banana Plantation

Major Crops
A large variety of crops are grown to meet the
requirement of the growing population. Crops also
supply raw materials for agro based industries.
Major food crops are wheat, rice, maize and
millets. Jute and cotton are fibre crops. Important
beverage crops are tea and coffee.

Rice: Rice is the major food crop of the world. It

is the staple diet of the tropical and sub-tropical
Fig 4.7: Rice Cultivation regions. Rice needs high temperature, high
humidity and rainfall. It grows best in alluvial
clayey soil, which can retain water. China leads in
the production of rice followed by India, Japan, Sri
Lanka and Egypt. In favourable climatic conditions
as in West Bengal and Bangladesh two to three
crops are grown in a year.

Fig 4.8: Wheat Harvesting Wheat: Wheat requires moderate temperature and
rainfall during growing season and bright sunshine
at the time of harvest. It thrives best in well drained
loamy soil. Wheat is grown extensively in USA,
Canada, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, Australia
and India. In India it is grown in winter.

Millets: They are also known as coarse grains and

can be grown on less fertile and sandy soils. It is
Fig 4.9: Bajra Cultivation a hardy crop that needs low rainfall and high to

42 Resources and Development

2022-23
moderate temperature and adequate rainfall. Jowar,
bajra and ragi are grown in India. Other countries are Do you know?
Nigeria, China and Niger. Maize is also know
as corn. Various
Maize: Maize requires colourful varieties
of maize are found
moderate temperature,
across the world.
rainfall and lots of
sunshine. It needs
well-drained fertile soils.
Maize is grown in North
America, Brazil, China,
Fig 4.10: Maize Cultivation Russia, Canada, India,
and Mexico.

Cotton: Cotton requires

high temperature, light
rainfall, two hundred
and ten frost-free days
and bright sunshine for
its growth. It grows best Interesting Fact
on black and alluvial Who discovered
Fig 4.11: Cotton Cultivation
soils. China, USA, India, the Coffee Plant?
Pakistan, Brazil and Egypt are the leading producers of There are different
cotton. It is one of the main raw materials for the cotton versions about
the discovery of
textile industry.
coffee. In about
AD 850, Kaldi, an
Jute: Jute was also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’. It grows Arab goat-herder,
well on alluvial soil and requires high temperature, who was puzzled
heavy rainfall and humid climate. This crop is grown in by the queer antics
the tropical areas. India and of his flock, tasted
Bangladesh are the leading the berries of the
producers of jute. evergreen bush on
which the goats
were feeding.
Coffee: Coffee requires warm On experiencing
and wet climate and well- a sense of
drained loamy soil. Hill slopes exhilaration, he
are more suitable for growth proclaimed his
discovery to the
of this crop. Brazil is the
world.
leading producer followed by
Fig 4.12: Coffee Plantation Columbia and India.

Tea: Tea is a beverage crop grown on plantations. This

requires cool climate and well distributed high rainfall
throughout the year for the growth of its tender leaves.
Agriculture 43

2022-23
 It needs well-drained loamy soils and gentle
slopes. Labour in large number is required to
pick the leaves. Kenya, India, China, Sri Lanka
produce the best quality tea in the world.

Agricultural Development
Agricultural Development refers to efforts
made to increase farm production in order
to meet the growing demand of increasing
Fig 4.13: Tea Plantation
population. This can be achieved in many ways such as
increasing the cropped area, the number of crops grown,
improving irrigation facilities, use of fertilisers and high
yielding variety of seeds. Mechanisation of agriculture
is also another aspect of agricultural development. The
ultimate aim of agricultural development is to increase
food security.
Do you know?
Agriculture has developed at different places in different
Food security
parts of the world. Developing countries with large
exists when all
people, at all populations usually practise intensive agriculture where
times, have access crops are grown on small holdings mostly for subsistence.
to sufficient, safe Larger holdings are more suitable for commercial agriculture
and nutritious as in USA, Canada and Australia. With the help of two case
food to meet their studies of farms — one from India and the other from the
dietary needs and USA, let us understand about agriculture in the developing
food preferences
and a developed country.
for an active and
healthy life.
A Farm in India
There is a small village Adilabad in Ghazipur district of
Uttar Pradesh. Munna Lal is a small farmer in this village
who has farmland of about 1.5 hectares. His house is in
the main village. He purchases high yielding varieties of
seeds from the market every alternate year. The
land is fertile and he grows atleast two crops
in a year which are normally wheat or rice and
pulses. The farmer takes advice of his friends
and elders as well as government agricultural
officers regarding farming practices. He takes
a tractor on rent for ploughing his field, though
some of his friends still use traditional method
of using bullocks for ploughing. There is a
tubewell in the nearby field which he takes on
Fig 4.14: Farmers ploughing rent to irrigate his field.
a field
44 Resources and Development

2022-23
 Munna Lal also has two buffaloes and few hens. He
sells milk in the cooperative store located in the nearby
town. He is a member of the co-operative society which
also advises him on the type of fodder for his animals,
safety measures to protect the health of the livestock
and artificial insemination.
All the members of the family help him
in various farm activities. Sometimes, he
takes credit from a bank or the agricultural
co-operative society to buy HYV seeds and
implements.
He sells his produce in the mandi located
in the nearby town. Since majority of the
farmers do not have lack storage facilities,
they are forced to sell the produce even
when the market is not favourable to them. Fig 4.15: An Agricultural Field in India
In recent years, the government has taken
some steps to develop storage facilites.

A Farm in the USA

The average size of a farm in the USA is much
larger than that of an Indian farm. A typical
farm size in the USA is about 250 hectares.
The farmer generally resides in the farm.
Some of the major crops grown are corn,
soyabean, wheat, cotton and sugarbeet.
Joe Horan, a farmer in the Midwest USA, in
Iowa State owns about 300 hectares of land.
He grows corn on his field after making sure
Fig 4.16: A Farm in the USA
that soil and water resources meet the needs
of this crop. Adequate measures are taken to control
pests that can damage the crop. From time to time
he sends the soil samples to a soil testing laboratory
to check whether the
nutrients are sufficient or
not. The results help Joe
Horan to plan a scientific
fertiliser programme. His
computer is linked to the
satellite which gives him
a precise picture of his
field. This helps him to
Fig 4.17: Spray of Pesticides use chemical fertilisers
Agriculture 45

2022-23
 and pesticides wherever they are required.
He uses tractors, seed drills, leveller,
combined harvester and thresher to perform
various agricultural operations. A grains are
stored in the automated grain storage or
despatched to market agencies. The farmer
in USA works like a businessman and not
like a peasant farmer.
Fig 4.18: Mechanised Harvesting in the USA

Exercises
1. Answer the following questions.
(i) What is agriculture?
(ii) Name the factors influencing agriculture?
(iii) What is shifting cultivation? What are its disadvantages?
(iv) What is plantation agriculture?
(v) Name the fibre crops and name the climatic conditions required for their
growth.
2. Tick the correct answer.
(i) Horticulture means
(a) growing of fruits and vegetables (b) primitive farming
(c) growing of wheat
(ii) Golden fibre refers to
(a) tea (b) cotton (c) jute
(iii) Leading producers of coffee
(a) Brazil (b) India (c) Russia
3. Give reasons.
(i) In India agriculture is a primary activity.
(ii) Different crops are grown in different regions.
4. Distinguish between the followings.
(i) Primary activites and tertiary activities
(ii) Subsistence farming and intenstive farming.
5. Activity
(i) Collect seeds of wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, ragi, maize, oilseeds and pulses
available in the market. Bring them to the class and find out in which type
of soil they grow.
(ii) Find out the difference between the life style of farmers in the USA and
India on the basis of pictures collected from magazines, books, newspapers
and the internet.

46 Resources and Development

2022-23
 6. For Fun
1
Solve the crossword puzzle with
the help of given clues.
2

5 6

7 8

10

11

12 13

14

Across Down
1. Crop that needs well drained fertile 1. Coarse grains are also called (7)
soils, moderate temperatures and 3. Cultivation involving slash and
lots of sunshine (5) burn (8)
2. Increasing production through use 5. Growing of crops, fruits and
of HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers vegetables (11)
and pesticides (5,10)
6. Tea, coffee, sugarcane and rubber
4. USA, Canada, Russia, Australia are are grown in (11)
major producers of this crop (5)
7. Requires 210 frost-free days for
10. Type of farming to meet family growth (6)
needs (11)
8. Growing of flowers (12)
13. Rearing of animals for sale (9)
9. Also called ‘Golden Fibre’ (4)
14. Growing grapes for wines (11)
11. Also known as paddy (4)
12. Activity concerned with extraction
of natural resources (7)

Agriculture 47

2022-23