Introduction To Agriculture in INDIA

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AGRICULTURE IS THE BACKBONE OF THE INDIAN

ECONOMY ???
IS THE GREEN REVOLUTION A FAILURE ???
PREVENTIONS……..
INPUTS
PROCESSES

LABOR
PLOWING ….. rice

CAPATIAL
SOWING
SEEDS wheat pulses
ADDITION OF
FERTILIZERS
ANIMALS
SPRAYING OF
PESTICIDES
OIL Animal
produce
FERTILIZERS

PESTICIDES HARVESTING
Primitive Intensive
Subsistence Farming
TYPES
OF
FARMING
Animal
Plantation Extensive Husbandry
Agriculture Farming

Commercial Farming
Subsistence Farming

Subsistence agriculture occurs when farmers grow crops to meet the needs of themselves and
their families on smallholdings. Subsistence agriculturalists target farm output for survival and for
mostly local requirements, with little or no surplus
Primitive subsistence agriculture is practised on small patches of
land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, Dao and digging
sticks, and family/community labour.

In this type of farming, a patch of land is cleared and then set on fire.
This patch of land is used to sow seeds and grow crops.
This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the
soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops
grown.
When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh
patch of land for cultivation. land productivity in this type of
agriculture is low as the farmer does not use fertilizers or other
modern
inputs.
The main crops are starchy foods such as tapioca, cassava or cassava,
yams, corn or maize, millet, mountain rice, beans and bananas.
This form of “migratory agriculture" still supports most indigenous
tribes in the rainforest
JHUMMING
In India, this primitive form of cultivation is called ‘Bewar’ or ‘Dahiya’ in Madhya Pradesh,
‘Podu’ or ‘Penda’ in Andhra Pradesh, ‘Pama Dabi’ or ‘Koman’ or Bringa’ in Odisha, ‘Kumari’
in Western Ghats, ‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’ in South-eastern Rajasthan, ‘Khil’ in the Himalayan belt,
‘Kuruwa’ in Jharkhand, and ‘Jhumming’ in the North-eastern region.

The practice of cutting down and burning the vegetation from an area of forest in order to
create farmable land.

The ash is used to fertilize the soil, which is then used for farming or cow grazing.

The region is left for several years after agriculture to allow it to regenerate, After that, the
farmers move on to another location and continue the procedure

Rice, corn (maize), millet, and wheat are among the chief crops grown by this method
Rinjha lived with her family in a small village on the outskirts of Diphu in Assam. She
enjoys watching her family members clearing, slashing and burning a patch of land for
cultivation. She often helps them in irrigating the fields with water running through a
bamboo canal from the nearby spring. She loves the surroundings and wants to stay here
as long as she can, but this little girl has no idea about the declining fertility of the soil and
her family’s search for fresh a patch of land in the next season.

1. Can you name the type of farming Rinjha’s family is engaged in?
2. Can you enlist some crops which are grown in such farming?
Intensive Subsistence Farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land. It is labor-
intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher
production.
farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labour. many latest technology and tools are not
used. This means lots of manual inputs are given. In this type of farming, the farmer has a lot more control over what
goes on in their fields and what happens with their crops from start to finish

Characteristics of Intensive Subsistence


Farming:
 Small Land Holdings:
 Pasture Intensification:
 More Manual Inputs:
 Rotational Gazing: animals are raised on pastures so
 More Dependency on Manure than Fertilisers that the land can recuperate
WHAT IS SUBSISTENCE FARMING?

A.Cultivating crops for exports


B.Cultivating crops for self-consumption
C.Cultivating crops for selling in the market
D.Cultivating crops for livestock

Primitive subsistence farming has a high dependance on


natural resources.
A.True
B.False
Which of the following is a feature of
primitive subsistence farming?
A.Crops are grown for commercial purposes
B.High-yielding variety seeds are used
C.Use of high quantities of fertilizers
D.Low land productivity

What is another name for primitive subsistence agriculture?


A.Commercial farming
B.Slash and burn farming
C.Intensive subsistence farming
D.Pastoral farming
Which of the following features are associated with Intensive
Subsistence Agriculture?
1. Large land holdings
2. Limited use of machinery
3. High labour productivity
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 2 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

According to sources, 'X' is a form of agriculture wherein a plot of land is


cleared and cultivated in a short period of time. The standing vegetation
is cut down and burnt to allow its ashes to enrich the soil. Identify 'X'?
Which among the following farming practices has led to the
deterioration of soil quality and damage to the natural environment?

A. Intensive subsistence farming


B. Primitive subsistence farming
Plantation agriculture is a commercial tropical agriculture system which is
essentially export-oriented.

CHARACTERISTICS
I. A single crop is grown over a large area
II. A well-developed network of transportation and communication, connecting plantation
areas, processing industries and markets together
III.Production is mainly for the market and not for the farmers’ self-consumption
IV.Involves modern inputs like chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides
V. Modern machinery is needed
VI.Labour-intensive
CROPPING
PATTERN
India has three cropping seasons — Rabi, Kharif and Zaid.

Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and


harvested in summer from April to June. Some of the important rabi
crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard

Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in different


parts of the country and these are harvested in September-October.
Important crops grown during this season are paddy, maize, jowar,
bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and
soyabean.

In between the rabi and the kharif seasons, there is a short


season during the summer months known as the Zaid
season. Some
of the crops produced during ‘zaid’ are watermelon, muskmelon,
cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops
Types Of Agricultural
Practices
1.Pastoral Farming
2.Arable Farming
3.Shifting Agriculture
4.Mixed Farming
5.Nomadic Agriculture
6.Sedentary Agriculture
7.Subsistence Farming
8.Commercial Agriculture
9.Intensive Farming
10.Extensive Farming
11.Crop Rotation
12.Plantation Agriculture
Pastoral Farming
Pastoral farming one of the most ancient types of farming practices

Pastoral farming (also known in some regions as ranching, livestock farming or


grazing) is aimed at producing livestock, rather than growing crops. Examples include
dairy farming, raising beef cattle, and raising sheep for wool.

Advantages of Pastoral
Farming
 Can be practised in dry regions
 Less burden on ground-water
 Animal manure is used as fertilizer

Disadvantages of Pastoral
Farming
 Need to sell animals for food
 Less finical insurance
 Land erosion due to overgrazing
 Pandemics can kill animals
Arable Farming
Arable farming only involves the cultivation of crops. It does not involve the rearing of animals.
A major purpose of arable farming is the cultivation of food crops to fulfil human needs. It can
be performed on small-scale, commercial, or on large agricultural farms.
This farming practice is mainly used to fulfil the rising
demand for food and a healthy lifestyle. It mainly involves
Advantages of Arable the cultivation of crops e.g., vegetables, grains, and
potatoes.
Farming
 More cultivated land
 Increased productivity
 Increase product diversity

Disadvantages of Arable
Farming
 Expensive mechanical cost
 Depletion of soil fertility
 High crop maintenance cost,
weed, and pest control.
Shifting Farming
Shifting agriculture involves the cultivation of crops on forest lands after clearing or
burning the forest in the tropics. Native people practice farming on forest land until the land
loses its fertility. It generally takes three to five years for the land to lose its fertility or
to grow overtaken by native flora. Once the land loses its fertility, farmers move to the next
forest and repeat the process in the coming years

Advantages of Shifting
Agriculture
 No need to apply fertilizer
 Best practice to regain fertility
 Reduce pest infestation
 Burning proves effective weed and
disease control

Disadvantages of Shifting
Agriculture
 Low yield
 Reduce forest area
 Shift land, again and again, which
makes it tedious.
 No land ownership
Crop
Rotation
Crop rotation is one of the types of agricultural practices that involves the rotation of
cultivational crops in the same land during different growing seasons. This practice assists the
soil in regaining its fertility and lost nutrients during an earlier crop harvest.

Advantages of Crop Rotation

 Improve soil fertility


 High yield
 Enhance soil nutrients
 Less soil erosion
 Reduce pest, weed, and disease infestation
 Improve soil structure
 Improve microbial activity

Disadvantages of Crop Rotation

 Diverse crop growing conditions


 More skillful
 Necessary crop diversification
 Low financial returns
EXAMPLE OF CROP ROTATION IS WHEAT – TURNIP – BARELY – CLOVER
Sedentary Agriculture
Sedentary agriculture is a commonly practiced method of farming repeatedly on the same piece of
land. Once the land loses its fertility, it is left uncultivated for some years to regain its
fertility.

Advantages of Sedentary Agriculture

 Low labor cost


 Low fuel cost
 Less soil erosion

Disadvantages of Sedentary Agriculture

 Land loses its fertility


 High risk of disease and pest resilience
MIXED FARMING
#EQUAL IMPORTANCE GIVEN TO CULTIVATION OF CROPS AND LIVESTOCK.
# PRACTISED IN USA / RUSSIA…
# FARMS MAY BE LARGE OR SMALL
# PROPORTION OF LAND DEVOTED FOR CROPS AND FOR REARING VARIES ACCORDING TO THE
LOCATION OF THE FARMS, SOIL FERTILITY, MARKET DEMAND, PRICES OF CROPS AND ANIMAL
PRODUCTS.

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