Jwarp 2022062116351401
Jwarp 2022062116351401
Jwarp 2022062116351401
https://www.scirp.org/journal/jwarp
ISSN Online: 1945-3108
ISSN Print: 1945-3094
Keywords
Salinity, Terminal Continental, Salt Wedge, Pollution, Solutions
1. Introduction
The management of a water resource whether surface or underground is more
than necessary for the sustainable satisfaction of the water needs of a population.
Indeed, a water resource is neither inexhaustible nor insensitive to environmen-
tal attacks [1].
DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2022.146022 Jun. 22, 2022 419 Journal of Water Resource and Protection
S. Ndao et al.
The island of Mar is located in the extreme southwestern part of the Munici-
pality of Fimela, Department of Fatick, more precisely to the north of the Sa-
loum estuary. It has more than 10,000 inhabitants [10] and brings together four
(4) villages: Mar Fafaco, Mar Lodj, Mar Soulou and Mar Wandié.
The island of Mar is one of the largest islands in Senegal at 27 km long and 11
km wide. It covers an area of approximately 297 km2.
3.1.1. Temperature
Temperature is one of the most determining factors in water chemistry. Indeed,
a high temperature promotes the development of microorganisms. In addition,
it can increase the taste, odor and color of water and worsen corrosion problems.
These organoleptic factors, although not causing significant health risks, at a
certain level, should be considered in chemical analyzes. The temperature mea-
surements of the sampled water vary from 23˚C to 32˚C (Table 1). Indeed, these
temperatures are close to room temperature. This highlights the open character
of the aquifer, and therefore its greater or lesser vulnerability to pollution from
the surface.
Table 1. Results of the physical analyzes of the waters of the island of Mar.
3.1.3. Conductivity
According to WHO, the quality limit for water intended for human consumption is
EC between 200 and 1100 µS/cm. Figure 4 shows the conductivities of the
Figure 3. Variation of pH values in the water sampled from the study area
sampled points varying from 316 to 5319.7 µS/cm. Indeed, the variations of the
EC are related to the modifications of the global mineralization. At Mar Lodj
and Mar Fafaco, the EC values of some wells are generally low and range be-
tween 316 and 871.9 µS/cm. These low EC values may be related to dilution by
infiltration of rainwater, resulting in the presence of fresh water. However, in the
drilling’s water and in certain sampled wells a strong high electrical conductivity
is noted which exceeds the limit 1100 µS/cm. This would be due to local conta-
mination by salt water [12].
3.2.5. Nitrate ( NO 3− )
The nitrate levels in groundwater vary from 1.6 to 63.9 mg/l (Figure 9). The
lowest values are located at the level of the borehole and part of Mar Fafaco while
in Mar Lodj, Mar Soulou and the other part of Mar Fafaco, the concentration is
high varying from 50.1 to 63.9 mg/l and exceeding the value recommended by the
WHO (50 mg/l). This high content could be due to the siting of wells near the sep-
tic tanks. In fact, the transformation of nitrates in the human body gives rise to ni-
trites which in turn are transformed into nitroamines which can be carcinogenic,
especially fatal for children [7] [12] [14] [16] [18] [19].
4. Conclusions
The aim of this article is to study the salinity of the groundwater of the island of
Mar. The study is allowed to characterize the hydraulic system from the hydro-
chemical point of view of the aquifer. For a better characterization of groundwa-
ter, we needed detailed, reliable and well-organized information on the state of
the hydrogeological environment. With this in mind, this article has enabled us
to reproduce a series of spatial themes of maps. The Geographic Information
System (GIS), Geophysical methods are used as tools and methods well suited to
this mapping.
The geophysical profiles carried out in the drilling area have identified a high
conductivity of the aquifer according to geophysical surveys with the EM31 elec-
tromagnetic method. The sainity map produced using the Surfer software
showed that the conductivity exhibits an increasing gradient towards the South
and towards the West. We therefore have an increase in conductivities as we
progress towards the inlets.
With the hydrochemical study, we were able to carry out a physicochemical
characterization of the water and highlight the chemical facies and the various
processes which are at the origin of the mineralization of the water. The results
obtained after processing the data showed that the dominant waters in the study
area are sodium hyperchloride, sulphated chloride. The study on the quality of
the water sampled revealed that it did not comply with the quality benchmarks
for the majority of the structures. Water that is of poor quality for consumption
could be used for irrigation.
The study of the physicochemical parameters has shown that the groundwater
is slightly acidic to neutral with temperatures that reflect that of the ambient en-
vironment at the time of the measurements. This proves the proximity of the
water table, and therefore its vulnerability to pollution. Most of the water has
high conductivities which exceed the value allowed (1100 µS/cm) by the WHO.
Therefore, it must be remembered that the groundwater of the island of MAR
cannot be considered drinkable. And since the populations need good quality
water to survive, we suggest as an alternative to treat the water before any con-
sumption or to transfer water from areas where the water is deemed suitable by
the standards set by WHO. Doing such a study could be the subject of another
article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this pa-
per.
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