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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12405-4

First edition
2018-07

Electrically propelled road vehicles —

Test specification for lithium-ion
traction battery packs and systems —
Part 4:
Performance testing
Véhicules routiers à propulsion électrique — Spécifications d'essai
pour packs et systèmes de batterie de traction aux ions lithium —
Partie 4: Essais de performance

Reference number
ISO 12405-4:2018(E)

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ISO 12405-4:2018(E)


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© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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Published in Switzerland

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ISO 12405-4:2018(E)


Contents Page

Foreword...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms............................................................................................................................................................ 4
4.1 Symbols.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.2 Abbreviated terms................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
5 General requirements...................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.1 General conditions................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
5.1.1 Prerequisites........................................................................................................................................................................ 6
5.1.2 Accuracy of measurement equipment and measured values.................................................... 6
5.2 Test sequence plan................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
5.3 Tests................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.4 Preparation of battery pack and system for bench testing................................................................................ 7
5.4.1 Preparation of battery pack.................................................................................................................................... 7
5.4.2 Preparation of battery system............................................................................................................................... 8
6 General tests.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
6.1 Preconditioning cycles...................................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.1.1 Purpose..................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.1.2 Test procedures................................................................................................................................................................. 8
6.2 Standard Cycle (SC).............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
6.2.1 Purpose..................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
6.2.2 Test procedures................................................................................................................................................................. 9
7 Performance tests.............................................................................................................................................................................................10
7.1 Energy and capacity at RT........................................................................................................................................................... 10
7.1.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
7.1.2 Test procedures.............................................................................................................................................................. 11
7.1.3 Determination of rated capacity....................................................................................................................... 12
7.2 Energy and capacity at different temperatures and discharge rates..................................................... 13
7.2.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
7.2.2 Test procedure................................................................................................................................................................. 13
7.2.3 Requirements................................................................................................................................................................... 20
7.3 Power and internal resistance................................................................................................................................................. 20
7.3.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
7.3.2 Pulse power characterization profile........................................................................................................... 20
7.3.3 Test procedure................................................................................................................................................................. 27
7.3.4 Requirements................................................................................................................................................................... 31
7.4 No load SOC loss.................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
7.4.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
7.4.2 Test procedure................................................................................................................................................................. 32
7.4.3 Test sequence.................................................................................................................................................................... 33
7.4.4 Requirement...................................................................................................................................................................... 35
7.5 SOC loss at storage............................................................................................................................................................................. 35
7.5.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................................................................................. 35
7.5.2 Test procedure................................................................................................................................................................. 36
7.5.3 Test sequence.................................................................................................................................................................... 36
7.5.4 Requirement...................................................................................................................................................................... 36
7.6 Cranking power at low temperature.................................................................................................................................. 37
7.6.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................................................................................. 37
7.6.2 Test procedure................................................................................................................................................................. 37
7.6.3 Requirement...................................................................................................................................................................... 38

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ISO 12405-4:2018(E)


7.7 Cranking power at high temperature................................................................................................................................ 38

7.7.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................................................................................. 38
7.7.2 Test procedure................................................................................................................................................................. 38
7.7.3 Requirement...................................................................................................................................................................... 39
7.8 Energy efficiency................................................................................................................................................................................. 40
7.8.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................................................................................. 40
7.8.2 Test description.............................................................................................................................................................. 40
7.8.3 Test procedure................................................................................................................................................................. 40
7.8.4 Requirement...................................................................................................................................................................... 42
7.8.5 Calculation example for energy efficiency test.................................................................................... 42
7.9 Energy efficiency at fast charging......................................................................................................................................... 42
7.9.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................................................................................. 42
7.9.2 Test procedure................................................................................................................................................................. 42
7.9.3 Requirement...................................................................................................................................................................... 44
7.10 Cycle life...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
7.10.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................................................................................. 44
7.10.2 Test procedure................................................................................................................................................................. 45
7.10.3 Requirement...................................................................................................................................................................... 60
7.10.4 Calculation example for cycle life test for high-power battery system........................... 61
Annex A (informative) Battery pack and system and overview on tests.......................................................................62
Annex B (informative) Examples of data sheets for battery pack and system testing....................................67
Annex C (informative) Example of test conditions...............................................................................................................................71
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72

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ISO 12405-4:2018(E)


Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www​.iso​.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www​.iso​.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the WTO
principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary
information
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 37,
Electrically propelled vehicles.
This document cancels and replaces ISO 12405-1:2011 and ISO 12405-2:2012 by summarizing the test
specifications.

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ISO 12405-4:2018(E)


Introduction
Lithium-ion-based battery systems are an efficient alternative energy storage system for electrically
propelled vehicles. The requirements for lithium-ion based battery systems for use as a power source
for the propulsion of electric road vehicles are significantly different from those batteries used for
consumer electronics or stationary usage.
This document provides specific test procedures for lithium-ion battery packs and systems specially
developed for propulsion of road vehicles. This document specifies such tests and related requirements
to ensure that a battery pack or system is able to meet the specific needs of the automobile industry.
It enables vehicle manufactures to choose test procedures to evaluate the characteristics of a battery
pack or system for their specific requirements.
ISO 12405 specifies test procedures for lithium-ion battery packs and systems which are connected to
the electric propulsion system of electrically propelled vehicles.
The objective of ISO 12405 is to specify standard test procedures for the basic characteristics of
performance, reliability and electrical functionality of lithium-ion battery packs and systems and to
assist the user in comparing the test results achieved for different battery packs or systems.
NOTE 1 The general safety relevant tests and requirements are given in ISO 6469-11).

NOTE 2 Environmental conditions and testing will be given in the future ISO 19453-62).

For specifications for battery cells, see IEC 62660-1 to 3.

1) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/DIS 6469-1.

2) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/CD 19453-6.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12405-4:2018(E)

Electrically propelled road vehicles — Test specification

for lithium-ion traction battery packs and systems —
Part 4:
Performance testing

1 Scope
This document specifies test procedures for the basic characteristics of performance, reliability
and electrical functionality for the battery packs and systems for either high-power or high-energy
application. Unless otherwise stated, the test applies to both applications.
NOTE 1 Typical applications for high-power battery packs and systems are hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and
some type of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs).

NOTE 2 Typical applications for high-energy battery packs and systems are battery electric vehicles (BEVs),
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and some type of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs).

NOTE 3 Testing on cell level is specified in IEC 62660 series.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6469-13), Electrically propelled road vehicles — Safety specifications — Part 1: On-board rechargeable
energy storage system (RESS)
ISO 6469-34), Electrically propelled road vehicles — Safety specifications — Part 3: Protection of persons
against electric shock

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:​//www​.electropedia​.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:​//www​.iso​.org/obp
3.1
battery control unit
BCU
electronic device that controls, manages, detects or calculates electric and thermal functions of the
battery system (3.3) and that provides communication between the battery system and other vehicle
controllers
Note 1 to entry: See A.3.1 for further explanations.

3) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/DIS 6469-1.

4) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/DIS 6469-3.

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ISO 12405-4:2018(E)


3.2
battery pack
energy storage device that includes cells or cell assemblies normally connected with cell electronics
(3.5), power supply circuits and overcurrent shut-off device, including electrical interconnections,
interfaces for external systems
Note 1 to entry: See A.2 for further explanations.

Note  2  to entry:  Examples of external systems are cooling, voltage class  B, auxiliary voltage class  A and
communication.

3.3
battery system
energy storage device that includes cells or cell assemblies or battery pack(s) (3.2) as well as electrical
circuits and electronics
Note 1 to entry: See A.3.2 and A.3.3 for further explanations. Battery system components can also be distributed
in different devices within the vehicle.

Note 2 to entry: Examples of electronics are the BCU and contactors.

3.4
capacity
total number of ampere hours that can be withdrawn from a fully charged battery pack (3.2) under
specified conditions
3.5
cell electronics
electronic device that collects and possibly monitors thermal or electric data of cells or cell assemblies
and contains electronics for cell balancing, if necessary
Note  1  to  entry:  The cell electronics can include a cell controller. The functionality of cell balancing can be
controlled by the cell electronics or by the BCU.

3.6
customer
party that is interested in using the battery pack or system and therefore orders or performs the test
EXAMPLE A vehicle manufacturer.

3.7
device under test
DUT
battery pack or battery system
3.8
electric drive
combination of a traction motor, power electronics and their associated controls for the conversion of
electric to mechanical power and vice versa
3.9
electrically propelled vehicle
vehicle with one or more electric drive(s) (3.8) for vehicle propulsion
3.10
energy density
amount of stored energy related to the battery pack (3.2) or system (3.3) volume
Note  1  to entry:  The battery pack or system includes the cooling system, if any, to the point of a reversible
attachment of the coolant lines or air ducts, respectively.

Note 2 to entry: Energy density is expressed in watt hours per litre (Wh/l).

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ISO 12405-4:2018(E)


3.11
energy round trip efficiency
ratio of the net d.c. energy delivered by a DUT during a discharge test to the total d.c. energy required to
restore the initial SOC by a standard charge
Note  1  to  entry:  The net d.c. energy is expressed as watt hours (Wh) discharge and the total d.c. energy is
expressed as watt hours (Wh) charge.

3.12
high-energy battery pack and system
battery pack (3.2) and system (3.3) using cells, which have the numerical ratio between maximum
allowed electric power output and electric energy output at a 1C discharge rate at RT lower than 10
Note 1 to entry: Typically high-energy battery packs and systems are designed for applications in BEVs and PHEVs.

Note 2 to entry: The allowed electric power output is expressed as power in watts (W) and the electric energy
output is expressed as energy in watt hours (Wh).

3.13
high-power battery pack and system
battery pack (3.2) and system (3.3) using cells, for which the numerical ratio between maximum allowed
electric power output and electric energy output at a 1C discharge rate at RT equal to or higher than 10
Note 1 to entry: Typically high-power battery packs and systems are designed for applications in HEVs and FCVs.

Note 2 to entry: The allowed electric power output is expressed as power in watts (W) and the electric energy
output is expressed as energy in watt hours (Wh).

3.14
maximum working voltage
highest value of a.c. voltage (rms) or of d.c. voltage which may occur in an electric system under any
normal operating conditions according to the supplier's specifications, disregarding transients
3.15
overcurrent protection
protection intended to operate when the current is in excess of a predetermined value
3.16
rated capacity
supplier's specification of the total number of ampere hours that can be withdrawn from a fully charged
battery pack or system for a specified set of test conditions such as discharge rate, temperature and
discharge cut-off voltage
3.17
room temperature
RT
temperature of (25 ± 2) °C
3.18
sign of battery current
discharge current is specified as positive and the charge current as negative
3.19
specific energy
amount of stored energy related to the battery pack (3.2) or system (3.3) mass
Note 1 to entry: The mass of battery pack or system includes the mass of the temperature conditioning system if
any up to the point of a reversible attachment of the coolant lines or air ducts and the coolant mass.

Note 2 to entry: Specific energy is expressed in watt hours per kilogram (Wh/kg).

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ISO 12405-4:2018(E)


3.20
state of charge
SOC
available capacity in a battery pack or system expressed as a percentage of rated capacity (3.15)
3.21
top off charge
additional charge which eliminates possible SOC reduction after SCH at RT followed by thermal
equilibration at a different temperature
3.22
supplier
party that provides battery systems and packs
EXAMPLE A battery manufacturer.

3.23
voltage class A
classification of an electric component or circuit with a maximum working voltage (3.14) of ≤30 V a.c.
(rms) or ≤60 V d.c., respectively
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 6469-3.

3.24
voltage class B
classification of an electric component or circuit with a maximum working voltage (3.14) of (>30 and
≤1 000) V a.c. (rms) or (>60 and ≤1 500) V d.c., respectively
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 6469-3.

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms

4.1 Symbols

Cfade Capacity fade

Crt,t0 Rated 1 C capacity at BOL

Ic,max maximum continuous charge current specified by the supplier for energy efficiency at
fast charging testing

Id,max maximum continuous discharge current specified by the supplier for energy and ca-
pacity testing

Idp,max maximum discharge pulse current specified by the supplier for power, internal resistance
and energy efficiency testing

Tmax maximum temperature

Tmin minimum temperature

T Time

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4.2 Abbreviated terms

a.c. alternating current

BCU battery control unit

BEV battery electric vehicle

BOL beginning of life

C capacity, expressed in ampere hours (Ah)

nC current rate equal to n times the one hour discharge capacity expressed in ampere (e.g.
3C is equal to three times the 1 h current discharge rate, expressed in ampere)

d.c. direct current

DUT device under test

EODV End-of-discharge-voltage

EUCAR European Council for Automotive Research

FCV fuel cell vehicle

HEV hybrid electric vehicle

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

ISO International Organization for Standardization

Li lithium

Li-ion lithium-ion

OCV Open Circuit Voltage

PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

PSD power spectral density

RESS rechargeable energy storage system

rms root mean square

RT room temperature (25 ± 2) °C

SC standard cycle

SCH standard charge

SDCH standard discharge

SOC state of charge

USABC United States Advanced Battery Consortium

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