Karthik and Team FAST DC

FAST DC-TYPE ELECTRIC VEHICLE BASED ON A QUASI-DIRECT BOOST-BUCK RECTIFIER
1. INTRODUCTION
1.0 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
• These days Electric vehicle charging market is very high.

• Most of the companies involved in research and development of this areas
and work to reduce the charging time of EV’s.
• Today most of the EV’s can be charged at 50KW and 400V following
the fast-charging standards and are designed to with stand higher charging
power.
• It is a two-stage power conversion system.
• Converts three phase AC to DC pulse DC to DC.
• The front-end circuit consist of three phase two level voltage source
rectifier which has low complexity, low cost and proper voltage
conversion rate.
• PWM will cancels out the high frequency harmonics in both voltage
and current.
The front-end back-end circuits are connected through a DC link
employing capacitor with low energy storage capability this makes the
operation of both circuits highly coupled to each other. .
1.1.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• The Objective of the project is to reduce the charging time of

electric vehicle and are designed to withstand higher charging
power.
• To analyze the Pulse width modulator with 240 degrees stop

switching interval in the two-level voltage source rectifier.
1.2.SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 1

• The scope of the paper is to present the initial steps in the

implementation of a fast DC-type electric vehicle charger, based on
Quasi-direct boost- buck rectifier.
• It is to endorse the demand and sales of electric vehicles by

providing affordable and easily accessible charging infrastructure.
• Based on fact, the average charge time by EV batteries is nearly
5- 8 hours.
.
1.3. ORGANIZATION OF CHAPTERS
1.3.0 INTRODUCTION
The electric vehicle (EV) charging market is very dynamic. Companies and
institutes involved in the research and development of this area are devoted to
considerably reduce the EV charging times to be close to the ones spent by
users in gasstations filling the fuel of the internal combustion engines vehicles
(ICEVs). Today most EVs can be charged at 50 kW and 400 V following the
fast-charging standards “CCS - up to 80kW” and “CHAde MO – approx.
50kW”. In fact, there is a great potential for the use of photovoltaic (PV)
energy generation as available surfaces in the roofs of the EV charging station
and the nearby buildings can be greater than 1000 m2 . Both batteries and PV
systems can also be integrated into the charger itself as proposed.
A suitable bidirectional PEBB circuit is shown for a high power DC- type EV
charger with connection to a MV grid through a 50/60 Hz transformer.
Advantageously, the battery charger can be fully assembled with half-bridge
power modules, which has a large number of manufacturers with several
current ratings and blocking voltage available.
By close inspection of the circuit depicted in Fig. 1, one can identify a well-
known two-stage power conversion system, i.e. a three-phase AC-DC
converter + a DCDC circuit. The back-end circuit works as a three-channel
PWM interleaved DC-DC buck-type converter. Note that with proper voltage

conversion rate between the AC grid and EV battery the current stress across
the front- and back-end circuits can be similar, which will bring a
manufacturing advantage
. In this paper, the front- and back-end circuits are intentionally connected
through a DC link employing capacitors with low energy storage capability,
e.g., electrolytic capacitor less DC-link. This makes the operation of both
circuits highly coupled to each other. The DC-link or voltage across the
terminals p and n (or upon) in Fig. 1 will follow the rectified envelop of the AC
capacitors line-to-line voltages, similarly to what is achieved by a basic three-
phase diode-bridge rectifier.
Fig 1.3.1 EV charger concept with back-end power conversion based on the
PWM interleaved Buck- converter and front-end circuit based on the two-level
bidirectional six-switch voltage source rectifier. Note that the systems are
connected to each other .

This allows that the rectifier phase-legs operate with a unique

discontinuous PWM modulation (DPWM) where they can stop switching
during two-thirds of the grid period or 240o, while the AC currents are at their
highest values, i.e. only one phase-leg switch during every60o .
Table I : Main modulation functions for EV charger
This operation was previously reported and it yield to the best switching loss
reduction in converter ensures constant power operation. VIENNA-type and a
DELTA-SWITCH-type This paper is organized as follows. The explanation of
the structural characteristics of the presented DC-type EV charger, suitable
modulation strategy featuring low switching losses and feedback control
method, guaranteeing high-power-factor operation, are presented in Section II
and III.
In Section IV, the analytical equations for calculating the power
semiconductors and regarding the achievable efficiency when considering the
fast charging of a 30 kWh Nissan Leaf vehicle from state-of-charging (SoC) 0
% to 90 %.
1.3.1 HISTORY OF POWER ELECTRONICS
Power electronics is the application of solid-state electronics for the control

and conversion of electric power. It also refers to a subject of research in
electronic and electrical engineering which deals with design, control,
computation and integration of nonlinear, time varying energy processing
electronic systems with fast dynamics. .

(DC-to-DC converter), AC to AC (AC-to-AC converter)
History
Power electronics started with the development of the mercury arc rectifier.
Invented by Peter Cooper Hewittin 1902, it was used to convert alternating
current (AC) into direct current (DC).
Fig:1.3.2: Applications of Power devices
From the 1920s on, research continued on applying thyratron sand grid
controlled mercury arc valves to power transmission. Uno Lamm developed a
valve with grading electrodes making mercury valves usable for high voltage
direct current transmission. In 1933 selenium rectifiers were invented.
In 1957 the bipolar point-contact transistor was invented by Walter H. Brattain
and John Bardeen under the direction of William Shock ley at Bell Telephone
Laboratory. In 1958 Shockley's invention of the bipolar junction transistor
improved the stability and performance of transistors, and reduced costs. By
the 1950s,semiconductor became available and started replacing vacuum
tubes. In 1956 the Silicon Controlled Rectifier(SCR) was introduced by
General Electric, greatly increasing the range of power electronic application.
Power handling and dissipation of devices is also a critical factor in design.
Power electronic devices may have to dissipate tens or hundreds of watts of
waste heat, even switching as efficiently as possible between conducting and
non-conducting states. In the switching mode, the power controlled is much

larger than the power dissipated in the switch. carbide have an advantage over
straight silicon in this respect, and germanium, once the main-stay of solid-
state electronics is now little used due to its un favour able high temperature
properties.
Semiconductor devices exist with ratings up to a few kilovolts in a single
device. Where every high voltage must be controlled, multiple devices must
be used in series, with networks to equalize voltage across all devices. Again,
switching speed is a critical factor since the slowest -switching device will
have to withstand a disproportionate share of the overall voltage. Mercury
valves were once available with ratings to 100 kV in a single unit, simplifying
their application in HVDC systems.
A relatively new class of inverters, called multilevel inverters, has gained

widespread interest. Normal operation of CSIs and VSIs can be classified as
two-level inverters, due to the fact that power switches connect to either the
positive or to the negative DC bus. If more than two voltage levels were
available to the inverter output terminals, the AC output could better
approximate a sine wave. It is for this reason that multilevel inverters,
although more complex and costly, offer higher performance.
Each inverter type differs in the DC links used, and in whether or not
they require freewheeling diodes. Either can be made to operate in square-
wave or pulse width modulation (PWM) mode, depending on its intended
usage. Square-wave mode offers simplicity, while PWM can be implemented
several different ways and produces higher quality waveforms.
The desired quality of the current output waveform determines which
modulation technique needs to be selected for a given application
Without some sort of inductive filtering between the source and load, a
capacitive load will cause the load to receive a choppy current waveform,
with large and frequent current spikes.
Inverters can use several modulation techniques to control their
switching schemes. The carrier-based PWM technique compares the AC
output waveform, vc, to a carrier voltage signal, vΔ. When vc is greater than

vΔ, S+ is on, and when vc is less than vΔ, S- is on. When the AC output is at
frequency fc with its amplitude at vc, and the triangular carrier signal is at
frequency fΔ with its amplitude at vΔ, the PWM becomes a special sinusoidal
case of the carrier based PWM. This case is dubbed sinusoidal pulse width
modulation (SPWM).For this, the modulation index, or amplitude-modulation
ratio, is defined as ma = vc / v∆.
The normalized carrier frequency, or frequency-modulation ratio, is

calculated using the equation mf = f∆ / fc.
If the over-modulation region, ma, exceeds one, a higher fundamental

AC output voltage will be observed, but at the cost of saturation. For SPWM,
the harmonics of the output waveform are at well-defined frequencies and
amplitudes. This simplifies the design of the filtering components needed for
the low-order current harmonic injection from the operation of the inverter.
The maximum output amplitude in this mode of operation is half of the source
voltage. If the maximum output amplitude, ma, exceeds 3.25, the output
waveform of the inverter becomes a square wave.
Using selective harmonic elimination (SHE) as a modulation technique allows
the switching of the inverter to selectively eliminate intrinsic harmonics. The
fundamental component of the AC output voltage can also be adjusted within
a desirable range. Since the AC output voltage obtained from this modulation
technique has odd half and odd quarter wave symmetry, even harmonics do
not exist. Any undesirable odd (N-
DC Link Converters, also referred to as AC/DC/AC converters, convert an AC
input to an AC output with the use of a DC link in the middle. Meaning that
the power in the converter is converted to DC from AC with the use of a
rectifier, and then it is converted back to AC from DC with the use of an
inverter. The end result is an output with a lower voltage and variable (higher
or lower) frequency .Due to their wide area of application , the AC/DC/AC
converters are the most common contemporary solution.

Hybrid matrix converters are relatively new for AC/AC converters. These
converters combine the AC/DC/AC design with the matrix converter design.
Two sub- categories exist from the hybrid converters, named hybrid direct
matrix converter (HDMC) and hybrid indirect matrix converter (HIMC).
HDMC convert the voltage and current in one stage, while the HIMC utilizes
separate stages, like the AC/DC/AC converter, but without the use of an
intermediate storage element.
AC Voltage Controller: Lighting Control; Domestic and Industrial Heating;
Speed Control of Fan, Pump or Hoist Drives, Soft Starting of Induction
Motors, Static AC Switches (Temperature Control, Transformer Tap
Changing, etc.)
Matrix Converter: Currently the application of matrix converters are limited
due to non- availability of bilateral monolithic switches capable of operating
at high frequency, complex control law implementation, commutation and
other reasons. With these developments, matrix converters could replace cycle
converters in many areas. DC Link:.
Simulations of power electronic systems
Fig:1.3.1: Output voltage of a full-wave rectifier with controlled thyristors.
Power electronic circuits are simulated using computer simulation programs

such as PSIM and MATLAB/ Simulink. Circuits are simulated before they are
produced to test how the circuits respond under certain conditions. Also,
creating a simulation is both cheaper and faster than creating a prototype to
use for testing. .
For example:
DC/DC converters are used in most mobile devices (mobile phones, PDA etc.)
to maintain the voltage at a fixed value whatever the voltage level of the
battery is. These converters are also used for electronic isolation and power

factorcorrection.AC/DC converters (rectifiers) are used every time an

electronic device is connected to the mains (computer, television etc.). These
may simply change AC to DC or can also change the voltage level as part of
their operation.
AC/AC converters are used to change either the voltage level or the
frequency(international power adapters, light dimmer). In power distribution
networks AC/AC converters may be used to exchange power
betweenutilityfrequency50 Hz and 60 Hz power grid.
Motor drives are found in pumps, blowers, and mill drives for textile, paper,
cement and other such facilities. Drives may be used for power conversion
and for motion control Electrics use power electronic devices to obtain power,
as well as for vector control using pulse width modulation(PWM) rectifiers.
The trains obtain their power from power lines. Another new usage for power
electronics is in elevator systems.
In general, inverters are utilized in applications requiring direct conversion of

electrical energy from DC to AC or indirect conversion from AC to AC. Dc to
AC conversion is useful for many fields, including power conditioning,
harmonic compensation, motor drives, and renewable energy grid-integration.
This is fed back through an outer loop and subtracted from actual current
signals to create current signals for an inner loop to the inverter. These signals
then cause the inverter to generate output currents that compensate for the
harmonic content. This configuration requires no real power consumption, as
it is fully fed by the line; the DC link is simply a capacitor that is kept at a
constant voltage by the control system. In this configuration, output currents
are in phase with line voltages to produce a unity power factor. inverter is fed
through a low pass filter to the load. High power quality and independence
from disturbances is achieved.
Inverters are also vital to many renewable energy applications. In photovoltaic

purposes, the inverter, which is usually a PWM VSI, gets fed by the DC
electrical energy output of a photovoltaic module or array. The inverter then

converts this into an AC voltage to be interfaced with either a load or the

utility grid. Inverters may also be employed in other renewable systems, such
as wind turbines.
In these applications, the turbine speed usually varies causing changes in
voltage frequency and sometimes in the magnitude. In this case, the generated
voltage can be rectified and then inverted to stabilize frequency and
magnitude.
Power electronic devices are utilized in these systems to convert the generated
ac voltages into high -voltage direct current (HVDC). The HVDC power can
be more easily converted into three phase power that is coherent with the
power associated to the existing power grid. Through these devices, the power
systems optimum torque is obtained either through a gearbox or direct drive
technologies that can reduce the size of the power electronics device. Electric
power can be generated through photovoltaic cells by using power electronic
devices. The produced power is usually then transformed by inverters.
Inverters are divided into three different types: central, module- integrated and
string. Central converters can be connected either in parallel or in series on the
DC side of the system. Traditional electromechanical systems, such as
capacitor banks or voltage regulators at substations, can take minutes to adjust
voltage and can be distant from the solar installations where the problems
originate. If voltage on a neighbourhood circuit goes too high, it can endanger
utility crews and cause damage to both utility and customer equipment.
Further, spiking demand for grid power. Smart grid- based regulators are more
controllable than far more numerous consumer devices.
1.3.2PROPOSED VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER
The HVDC converter cannot feed power into a passive system. With some
other types of semiconductor device such as the insulated-gate bipolar
transistor(IGBT), both turn on and turn-off can be controlled, giving a second
degree of freedom. As a result, IGBTs can be used to make self- commutated

converters. In such converters, the polarity of DC voltage is usually fixed and

the DC voltage, being smoothed by a large capacitance, can be considered
constant. For this reason, an HVDC converter using IGBTs is usually referred
to as a voltage-source converter (or voltage- sourced converter).
The additional controllability gives many advantages, notably the

ability to switch the IGBTs on and off many times per cycle in order to
improve the harmonic performance, and the fact that (being self- commutated)
the converter no longer relies on synchronous machines in the AC system for
its operation. A voltage-sourced converter can therefore feed power to an AC
network consisting only of passive loads, something which is impossible with
LCC HVDC. Voltage-source converters are also considerably more compact
than line commutated converters (mainly because much less harmonic
filtering is needed) and are preferable to line- commutated converters in
locations where space is at a premium, for example on offshore platforms.
In contrast to line-commutated HVDC converters, voltage-source

converters maintain a constant polarity of DC voltage and power reversal is
achieved instead by reversing the direction of current. This makes voltage-
source converters much easier to connect into a Multi- terminal HVDC system
or “DC Grid”. HVDC systems based on voltage-source converters normally
use the six-pulse connection because the converter produces much less
harmonic distortion than a comparable LCC and the twelve-pulse connection
is unnecessary. This simplifies the construction of the converter transformer.
However, there are several different configurations of voltage- source
converter and research is continuing to take place into new alternatives.
Two-level converter

Fig 1.3.3: Three-phase, two-level Voltage-source converter
The simplest (and also, the highest-amplitude) waveform that can be

produced by a two level converter is a square wave; however this would
produce unacceptable levels of harmonic distortion, so some form of Pulse-
width modulation (PWM) is always used to higher switching losses. A typical
LCC HVDC converter station has power losses of around 0.7% at full load (per
end, excluding the HVDC line or cable) while with 2-level voltage-source
converters the equivalent figure is 2-3% per end. Another disadvantage of the
two-level converter is that, in order to achieve the very high operating voltages
required for an HVDC scheme, several hundred IGBTs have to be connected in
series and switched simultaneously in each valve This requires specialized
types of IGBT with sophisticated gate drive circuits, and can lead to very high
levels of electromagnetic interference. In an attempt to improve on the poor
harmonic performance of the two-level converter, some HVDC systems have
been built with three level converters.
To obtain a positive output voltage (+½ Ud) the top two IGBT valves are
turned on, to obtain a negative output voltage (-½ Ud) the bottom two
IGBT valves are turned on and to obtain zero output voltage the middle
two IGBT valves are turned on. In this latter state, the two clamping diode
valves complete the current path through the phase.
Another type of three-level converter, used in some adjustable-speed

drives but never in HVDC, replaces the clamping diode valves by a separate,
isolated, flying capacitor connected between the one-quarter and three-quarter
points.

But the complexity of the circuit increases disproportionately and such

circuits have not been considered practical for HVDC applications.
Like the two-level converter and the six-pulse line-commutated

converter, a MMC consists of six valves, each connecting one AC terminal to
one DC terminal. However, where each valve of the two-level converter is
effectively a high-voltage controlled switch consisting of a large number of
IGBTs connected in series, each valve of a MMC is a separate controllable
voltage source in its own right. Each MMC valve consists of a number of
independent converter sub modules,
Each containing its own storage capacitor. In the most common form
of the circuit, the half- bridge variant, each sub module contains two IGBTs
connected in series across the capacitor, with the midpoint connection and one
of the two capacitor terminals brought out as external connections.
Depending on which of the two IGBTs in each sub module is turned

on, the capacitors.
The direct current splits equally into the three phases and the alternating
current splits equally into the upper and lower valve of each phase. The
current in each valve is therefore related to the direct current I d and alternating
current Iac as follows:
Upper valve:
Lower valve:
A typical MMC for an HVDC application contains around 300 sub modules
connected in series in each valve and is therefore equivalent to a 301-level
converter. Finally, because direct series-connection of IGBTs is not necessary, the
IGBT gate drives do not need to be as sophisticated as those for a 2-level
converter.
The MMC has two principal disadvantages. Firstly, the control is much
more complex than that of a 2-level converter. Balancing the voltages of each

of the sub module capacitors is a significant challenge and requires

considerable computing power and high-speed communications between the
central control unit and the valve.
Secondly, the sub module capacitors themselves are large and bulky. A MMC
is considerably larger than a comparable-rated 2-level converter, although this
may be offset by the saving in space from not requiring filters.
As of 2012 the largest-capacity MMC HVDC system in operation is still the

400 MW Tran sBay Cable scheme but many larger schemes are under
construction, including an underground cable interconnection from France to
Spain consisting of two 1000 MW links in parallel at a voltage of ±320 kV.
A variant of the MMC, proposed by one manufacturer, involves connecting

multiple IGBTs in series in each of the two switches that make up the
submodule. This gives an output voltage waveform with fewer, larger, steps
than the conventional MMC arrangement. which is slightly inferior – although
still claimed to be good enough to avoid the need for filtering in most
instances. Another alternative replaces the half bridge MMC sub module
described above, with a full bridge sub module containing four IGBTs in an H
bridge arrangement, instead of two. The full- bridge variant of MMC allows
the sub module capacitor to be inserted into the circuit in polarity.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Dale Hall and Nic Lutsey (2017) have worked and explained on
“Emerging best practices for electric vehicle charging infrastructure”.
Electric vehicles offer great potential to dramatically reduce local air
pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and resulting climate change
impacts, and oil use from the transport sector. With electric vehicle
costs steadily falling, report provides a global assessment of charging
infrastructure deployment practices, challenges, and emerging best
practices in major electric vehicle markets, with an emphasis on public
charging facilities. Although most early adopters charge their vehicles
at home, public charging is an important part of the electric vehicle
ecosystem. We analyze public charging infrastructure in the top electric
vehicle markets globally, including a statistical analysis of the
relationship between public charging and electric vehicle uptake. Our
analysis is at the metropolitan-area level to better discern local
infrastructure variation, practices, and circumstances.
2. G. R. Chandra Mouli, M. Kefayati, R. Baldick, and P. Bauer(2018)

have elucidated on
“Integrated pv charging of ev fleet based on dynamic prices, v2g and
offer of reserves,” Workplace charging of electric vehicles (EVs) from
photovoltaic (PV) panels installed on an office building can provide
several benefits. This includes the local production and use of PV
energy for charging the EV and making use of dynamic tariffs from the
grid to schedule the energy exchange with the grid. Further, distribution
network constraints can be considered to limit the power and prevent
the overloading of the grid. A single mixed integer linear programming
(MILP) formulation that considers all the above applications has been
proposed in this paper for a charging a fleet of EVs from PV. The MILP
is implemented as a receding - horizon model predictive energy
management system. Numerical simulations based on market and PV
data in Austin, TX, USA, have shown 32% to 651% reduction in the
net cost of EV charging from PV when compared to immediate and
average rate charging policies.
3. M. Vasiladiotis and A. Rufer(2015) have worked and explained on “A

modular multiport power electronic transformer with integrated split

battery energy storage for versatile ultrafast ev charging stations,”. In

this a power converter architecture for the implementation of an
ultrafast charging station for electric vehicles (EVs). converter is
utilized. On the level of each sub module, integrated split battery
energy storage elements play the role of power buffers, reducing thus
the influence of the charging station on the distribution gridAll possible
charging station operating modes among with the designed necessary
control functions are analyzed. The state-of-charge self- balancing
mode of the delta-
connected CHB converter is also introduced. Finally, the development
of a downscaled laboratory prototype is described, and preliminary
experimental results are provided.
4. D. Menzi, D. Bortis, and J. W. Kolar(2018), have described on

“Three- phase twophaseclamped boost-buck unity power factor
rectifier employing novel variable dc link voltage input current
control,” Proc. of 2nd IEEE International Power Electronics and This
modulation concept with a minimum number of active half-bridges,
denoted as 1/3 rectifier, becomes possible if in contrast to other
modulation schemes the intermediate DC link voltage is varied in a
six-pulse voltage fashion, while still sinusoidal grid currents in phase
with their corresponding phase voltages and a constant battery output
voltage are obtained. In this paper, a detailed description of the novel
1/3 rectifier's operating principle and the corresponding control
structure are presented and the proper closed loop operation is verified
by means of a circuit simulation. Finally, the performance gain of the
1/3 rectifier control scheme compared to conventional modulation
schemes is evaluated by means of a virtual prototype system.
5. T. B. Soeiro, and P. Bauer(2019), have elucidated on “Three-phase

unidirectional quasising lestage delta-switch rectifier + dc-dc buck
converter,” in Proc. of 39th Ann. energy storage DC-link. The
characteristics of the presented power electronics, including the
principles of operation, modulation strategy, suitable PWM control
scheme, and dimensioning equations are described in this paper. The
presented circuit is benchmarked against other solutions for a 50 kW
power capability battery charger. The results show a superior power
efficiency of the proposed system.

6. L. K. Ries, T. B. Soeiro, M. S. Ortmann and M. L. Heldwein (2017)

have demonstrated on "Analysis of carrier-based pwm patterns for a
three- phase five-level bidirectional buck + boost-type rectifier”, This
paper analyzes three different carrier-based modulation patterns
applied to a three-phase high-power-factor-corrected (PFC) five-level
buck+boost- type. The power converter is constructed with two phase-shift-
modulated six-switch bucktype PFC converters, paralleled by interphase
transformers, and an inverting circuit. The system features: bidirectional
current carrying capability; relatively low parts count; high utilization of the
semiconductors; and low current and voltage ripple at its terminals. The
principle of operation, detailed description, analysis of the modulation
strategy, and dimensioning equations for three different power circuit
realizations are described in this paper assuming the analyzed modulation
patterns. The feasibility of the presented converter is demonstrated by means
of a constructed hardware prototype.
7. J. C. Spoelstra and J. Helmus(2016), have elaborated on “Public

charging infrastructure use in the Netherlands: a rollout-strategy
assessment,”. Over recent years numbers of public charging points in
the Netherlands have known a strong growth in order to facilitate
charging for electric vehicles of which the sales continue to increase as
well. These charging points were either installed following a request by
electrical drivers with the need for charging infrastructure in the
vicinity of their home, the demand-driven rollout, or by local and
regional governments with the need to facilitate electric vehicle
charging near public facilities and strategic locations, the strategic
rollout. show high peak loads during working days and especially
demand-driven charging points show a high share of nighttime
chargers. These results provide insights in the use of public EV
charging points which could contribute to the development of new
rollout-strategies.
8. A. Kuperman, U. Levy, J. Goren, A. Zafransky and A.
Savernin(2013) have discussed on “Battery charger for electric vehicle
traction battery switch station,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electr., 2013. This
paper presents the functionality of a commercialized fast charger for a
lithium-ion electric vehicle propulsion battery. The device is intended
to operate in a battery switch station, allowing an up-to 1-h recharge of
a 25-kWh depleted battery, removed from a vehicle. . The output stage
is formed by six interleaved groups of two parallel dc-dc converters,
fed by the uncontrolled dc bus and performing the battery charging
process. The charger is capable of operating in any of the three typical

charging modes: constant current, constant voltage, and constant

power. Extended simulation and experimental results are shown to
demonstrate the functionality of the device.
9. A. Kuperman, U. Levy, J. Goren, A. Zafransky and A.

Savernin(2013) have discussed on “Battery charger for electric vehicle
traction battery switch station,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electr., 2013. This
paper presents the functionality of a commercialized fast charger for a
lithium-ion electric vehicle propulsion battery. The device is intended
to operate in a battery switch station, allowing an up-to 1-h recharge of
a 25-kWh depleted battery, removed from a vehicle. The output stage is
formed by six interleaved groups of two parallel dc-dc converters, fed
by the uncontrolled dc bus and performing the battery charging
process. The charger is capable of operating in any of the three typical
charging modes: constant current, constant voltage, and constant
power. Extended simulation and experimental results are shown to
demonstrate the functionality of the device.
10. T. B. Soeiro, G. J. M. de Sousa, M. S. Ortmann and M. L.

Heldwein(2014), have worked and explained on “Three-phase
unidirectional buck-type third harmonic Injection Rectifier Concepts,”
in Proc. of 29th Ann. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. and Exp.
(APEC), 2014. his work introduces three-phase unidirectional buck-
type unity power factor rectifiers. The characteristics of the buck-type
converters, including their operation principle, appropriate modulation
strategy and control structure, are described. The proposed converters
are compared to state-of-the-art buck-type rectifiers. According to the
results, the proposed rectifiers can achieve the highest efficiency and
thus are the topology of choice for a 2.5 kW three-phase buck-type
PFC rectifier.
3. PROJECT DESIGN
3.0 OVERVIEW OF THE DESIGN
PEBB circuit is shown for a high power DC-type EV charger

with connection to a MV grid through a 50/60 Hz transformer.

Advantageously, the battery charger can be fully assembled with half-

bridge power modules, which has a large number of manufacturers
with several current ratings and blocking voltage available. By close
inspection of the circuit
This makes the operation of both circuits highly coupled to each

other. The DC-link or voltage across the terminals p and n (or upn) in
Fig. 1 will follow the rectified envelop of the AC capacitors line-to-line
voltages, similarly to what is achieved by a basic three-phase diode-
bridge rectifier.
Fig 3.1: EV charger concept with back-end power conversion based on the
PWM interleaved
Buck-converter and front-end circuit based on the two-level
bidirectional six-switch voltage source rectifier.

TABLE II. Electric Vehicle Fast DC-type charger specifications.
Fig 3.2: Proposed system circuit configuration

Fig 3.3: Proposed controller
TABLE III: Comparison of active and passive component stresses determined by

analytical calculations and digital simulations.
3.1 EQUIPMENT ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
Simulink is a software package for modeling, simulating, and
analyzing dynamical systems. Using scopes and other display
blocks, we can see the simulation results while the simulation
is running. In addition, we can change parameters and
immediately see what happens, for "what if" exploration.

Simulating a dynamic system is a two-step process with Simulink.

First, we create a graphical model of the system to be simulated, using
Simulink's model editor. The model depicts the time-dependent
mathematical relationships among the system’s inputs, states, and
outputs. Then, we use Simulink to simulate the behaviour of the
system over a specified time span. Simulink uses information that you
entered into the model to perform the simulation.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
A Simulink block diagram is a pictorial model of a dynamic

system. It consists of a set of symbols, called blocks, interconnected by
lines. Blocks represent elementary dynamic systems that Simulink
knows how to simulate. A block comprises one or more of the
following:
1) A set of inputs,
2) A set of states, and
3) A set of outputs.
A block's output is a function of time and the block's inputs and

states (if any). The specific function that relates a block's output to its
inputs, states, and time depends on the type of block of which the block
is an instance. Continuous Versus discrete Blocks Otherwise, the input
sample time is equal to the fundamental sample time of the inputs,
where the fundamental sample time of a set of sample times is defined
as the greatest integer divisor of the set of sample times.
Simulink can optionally colour code a block diagram to

indicate the sample times of the blocks it contains, e.g., black
(continuous), magenta (constant), yellow (hybrid), red (fastest
discrete), and so on. The block contains block name, icon, and block

library that contain the block, the purpose of the block SIMULINK
BLOCK LIBRARIES
Simulink organizes its blocks into block libraries according to their behaviour.
1) The Sources library contains blocks that generate signals.
2) The Sinks library contains blocks that display or write block output.
3) The Discrete library contains blocks that describe discrete-time components.
4) The Continuous library contains blocks that describe linear functions.
5) The Math library contains blocks that describe general mathematics functions.
6) The Functions & Tables library contains blocks that describe general
functions and table look-up operations.
7) The Nonlinear library contains blocks that describe nonlinear functions.

8) The Signal & Systems library contains blocks that allow multiplexing and
demulti plexing, implement external input/output, pass data to other parts of
the model, and perform other functions.
9) The Subsystems library contains blocks for creating various types of

subsystems.
10) The Block sets and Toolboxes library contains the Extras block library of
specialized blocks.
SUB SYSTEMS
Simulink allows to model a complex system as a set of
interconnected subsystems each of which is represented by a block
diagram. We can embed subsystems with subsystems to any depth to
create hierarchical models. We can create conditionally executed
subsystems that are executed only when a transition occurs on a
triggering or enabling input.
SOLVERS
Simulink simulates a dynamic system by computing its states at

successive time step solver a specified time span, using information

provided by the model. Accordingly, Simulink provides a set of

programs, known as solvers, that each embody a particular approach to
solving a model. The Simulation Parameters dialog box allows us to
choose the solver most suitable for our model.
Fixed-Step and Variable-Step Solvers

Fixed-step solvers solve the model at regular time intervals
from the beginning to the end of the simulation. The size of the
interval is known as the step-size. We can specify the step size or let
the solver choose the step size. Generally decreasing the step size
increases the accuracy of the results while increasing the time required
to simulate the system.
Continuous and Discrete Solvers
Continuous solvers use numerical integration to compute a

model's continuous states at the current time step from the states at
previous time steps and the state derivatives. Continuous solvers rely
on the model's blocks to compute the values of the model's discrete
states at each time step. The solver produces a result at each major
time step. It use results at the minor time steps to improve the
accuracy of the result at the major time step.
Simulink provides two discrete solvers, a fixed-step discrete

solver and a variable-step discrete solver. The fixed-step solver by
default chooses a step size and hence simulation rate fast enough to
track state changes in the fastest block in our model. The variable-step
solver adjusts the simulation step size to keep pace with the actual rate
of discrete state changes in our model. This can avoid unnecessary
steps and hence shorten simulation time for multi rate models.

MODEL EXECUTION PHASE
In the simulation model execution phase, Simulink successively

computes the states and the length of time between steps is called the
step size. The step size depends on the type of Simulink computes new
values for the system's inputs, states, and outputs and updates the
model to reflect the computed values. At the end of the simulation, the
model reflects the final values of the system's inputs, states, and
outputs. At each time step:
1) Simulink Updates the outputs of the models' blocks in sorted order.

Simulink computes a block's outputs by invoking the block's output
function. Simulink passes the current time and the block's inputs and
states to the output function as it may require these arguments to
compute the block's output. Simulink updates the output of a discrete
block only if the current step is an integral multiple of the block's
sample time.
2) Updates the states of the model's blocks in sorted order. Simulink

computes a block's discrete states by invoking its discrete state update
function. Simulink computes a block's continuous states by
numerically integrating the time derivatives of the continuous states. It
computes the time derivatives of the states by invoking the block's
continuous derivatives function.
3) Optionally checks for discontinuities in the continuous states of

blocks. Simulink uses a technique called zero crossing detection to
detect discontinuities in continuous states.
4) Computes the time for the next time step. Simulink repeats steps 1
through 4 until the simulation stop time is reached.
Block Sorting Rules
Simulink uses the following basic update rules to sort the blocks:

1) Each block must be updated before any of the direct-feed through

blocks that it drives. This rule ensures that the inputs to direct-feed
through blocks will be valid when they are updated.
2) Non direct-feed through blocks can be updated in any order as long

as they are updated before any direct-feed through blocks that they
drive. This rule can be met by putting all non direct-feed through
blocks at the head of the update list in any order. It thus allows
Simulink to ignore non direct-feed through blocks during the sorting
process.
3) The result of applying these rules is an update list in which non

direct- feed through blocks appear at the head of the list in no
particular order followed by direct-feed through blocks in the order
required to supply valid inputs to the blocks they drive. However, an
algebraic loop can represent a set of simultaneous algebraic
equations (hence the name) where the block's input and output are
the unknowns. algebraic equations and attempts to solve them each
time the block is updated during a simulation.
DETERMINING BLOCK UPDATE ORDER

During a simulation, Simulink updates the states and outputs of a
model's blocks once per time step. The order in which blocks are
stored in a model file is not necessarily the order in which they need to
be updated during a simulation. Consequently, Simulink sorts the
blocks into the correct order during the model initialization phase.
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It

integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-
use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in
familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include-
 Math and computation

 Algorithm development
 Data acquisition
 Model, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
3.2 DEFINE THE MODULES
MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an

array that does not require dimensioning. This allows solving many
technical computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector
formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program
in a scalar non-interactive language such as C or FORTRAN.
The MATLAB system consists of six main parts:
(a) Development Environment
This is the set of tools and facilities that help to use MATLAB
functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It
includes the MATLAB desktop and Command Window, a command
history, an editor and debugger, and browsers for viewing help, the
workspace, files and the search path.
(b) The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library
This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from

elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic,
to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix Eigen
values, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.
(c) The MATLAB Language

This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow

statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented
programming features. It allows both "programming in the small" to
rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and
"programming in the large" to create large and complex application
programs.
(d) Graphics
MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and
matrices as graphs, as well as annotating and printing these graphs. It
includes high-level functions for two dimensional and three-
dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and
presentation graphics. It also includes low-level functions that allow to
fully customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete
graphical user interfaces on MATLAB applications.
(e) The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)
This is a library that allows writing in C and FORTRAN programs
that interact with MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling routines
from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a
computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.
(f) MATLAB Documentation

MATLAB provides extensive documentation, in both printed and
online format, to help to learn about and use all of its features
MATLAB documentation is also available in printed form and in PDF
format.
3.3 MODULE FUNTIONALITIES

(1) Three phase source block

Fig 3.4: Three Phase Source Block

The Three-Phase Source block implements a balanced three-phase
voltage source with internal R-L impedance. The three voltage sources
are connected in Y with a neutral connection that can be internally
ground.
(2) VI measurement block
The Three-Phase V-I Measurement block is used to measure three-

phase voltages and currents in a circuit. When connected in series with
three-phase elements, it returns the three phase-to-ground or phase-to-
phase voltages and the three line currents
Fig 3.5: Three Phase V-I Measurement
(1) Scope
Display signals generated during a simulation. The Scope block
displays its input with respect to simulation time. The Scope block can
have multiple axes (one per port); all axes have a common time range
with independent y-axes. The Scope allows you to adjust the amount
of time and the range of input values displayed. You can move and
resize the Scope window and you can modify the Scope's parameter
values during the simulation
Fig 3.6: Scope
(2) Three-Phase Series RLC Load

The Three-Phase Series RLC Load block implements a three-phase

balanced load as a series combination of RLC elements. The active and
reactive powers absorbed by the load are proportional to the square of
the applied voltage.
Fig 3.7: Three-Phase Series RLC Load
(3) Three-Phase Breaker block
The Three-Phase Breaker block implements a three-phase circuit

breaker where the opening and closing times can be controlled either
from an external Simulink signal or from an internal control signal
Fig 3.8: Three-Phase Breaker Block
(4) Integrator
Library: Continuous
Fig 3.9: Integrator
The integrator block outputs the integral of its input at the current
time step. The following equation represents the output of the block y

as a function of its input u and an initial condition y0, where y and u

are vector functions of the current simulation time t.
(5) Breaker
Implement circuit breaker opening at current zero crossing.
Library: Elements
Fig 3.10: Circuit Breaker

Purpose: The Breaker block implements a circuit breaker where the
opening and closing times can be controlled either from an external
SIMULINK signal (external control mode), or from an internal control
timer (internal control mode).
(6) Three-Phase Programmable Voltage Source
Implement three-phase voltage source with programmable time variation of

amplitude, phase, frequency, and harmonics
Library: Electrical Sources
Fig 3.11: Three Phase Voltage Sources
Purpose: This block is used to generate a three-phase sinusoidal

voltage with time-varying parameters. It can be programmed with the
time variation for the amplitude, phase or frequency of the

fundamental component of the source. In addition, two harmonics can

be programmed and superimposed on the fundamental signal.
(7) Trigonometric Function
Specified trigonometric function on input
Library: Math Operations
Fig 3.12: Trigonometric Function
Purpose: The Trigonometric Function block performs common trigonometric

functions
(8) Three-Phase Transformer (Two Windings)
Implement three-phase transformer with configurable winding

connections Library: Elements
Fig 3.13: Three Phase Transformer
Purpose: The Three-Phase Transformer (Two Windings) block

implements a three phase transformer using three single-phase
transformers. If the fluxes are not specified, the initial values are
automatically adjusted so that the simulation starts in steady state.
(9) Three-Phase Transformer 12 Terminals

Implement three single-phase, two-winding transformers where all terminals
are accessible.

Fig 3.14: Two winding Transformer
Purpose: The Three-Phase Transformer 12 Terminals block

implements three single-phase, two-winding linear transformers where
all the twelve winding connectors are accessible. The block can be
used in place of the Three-Phase Transformer (Two Windings) block to
implement a three-phase transformer when primary and secondary are
not necessarily connected in Star or Delta.
(10) IGBT/Diode
Implements ideal IGBT, GTO, or MOSFET and anti parallel diode
Library: Power Electronics
Fig 3.15: IGBT
Purpose: The IGBT/Diode block is a simplified mode of an IGBT (or

GTO or MOSFET)/Diode pair where the forward voltages of the
forced-commutated device and diode are ignored.
3.4 RELATEDED DESIGNS/GRAPHS

Fig. 3.4.1: Grid sectors defined by the different relations of the

instantaneous values of the grid phase voltages ua,b,c.
Fig. 3.4.2: DPWM240 modulator main waveforms: a) input

voltage ua; b) calculated modulation function for front-end circuit ma
and interleaved Buck-converter mBuck; and c) the six reference AC
voltage sectors, S1-6.

Fig. 3.4.3: Main simulated waveforms: a) AC voltages ua,b,c;

DC-link voltage upn and output voltage uo; b) converter side currents
ia,c,b,c,c,c; and buck converter partial currents io1,o2,o3; c) Voltages
between phase a and n terminals, uan.

Fig. 3.4.4. Fast charging profile of a 30 kWh Nissan Leaf EV from 0% to

90% of state-of- charging.

Fig. 3.4.5. Suitable PWM modulation strategies for the grid-connected or

frontend power electronics of Fig. 1: a) SVPWM and b) DPWM120.
Fig. 3.4.6. Benchmark results of 50 kW fast chargers: Power

loss and efficiency results for a 30 kWh Nissan Leaf charging from 0%
to 90% SoC for SiC MOSFET- and Si IGBT/Diode- based solutions.

4. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
4.0 IMPLEMTATION STAGES
Fig 4.1: Proposed system circuit configuration
Fig 4.2: Proposed controller
4.1 RESULTS

Fig 4.1.1: Input voltage for proposed system
Fig 4.1.2: DC-link voltage for proposed system

Fig 4.1.3: Battery voltage
5. PROJECT TESTING
5.0 OVERVIEW OF TESTING METHODS

Simulink simulates a dynamic system by computing its states at
successive time step solver a specified time span, using information
provided by the model. Accordingly, Simulink provides a set of
programs, known as solvers, that each embody a particular approach to
solving a model. The Simulation Parameters dialog box allows us to
choose the solver most suitable for our model.
Fixed-Step and Variable-Step Solvers
Fixed-step solvers solve the model at regular time intervals
from the beginning to the end of the simulation. Generally decreasing
the step size increases the accuracy of the results while increasing the
time required to simulate the system.

Mathematicians have developed a wide variety of numerical

integration techniques for solving the ordinary differential equations
(ODEs) that represent the continuous states of dynamic systemsThe
solver produces a result at each major time step. It use results at the
minor time steps to improve the accuracy of the result at the major time
step.
MODEL EXECUTION PHASE
In the simulation model execution phase, Simulink

successively computes the states and outputs of the system at intervals
from the simulation start time to the finish time, using information
provided by the model.The step size depends on the type of solver
used to compute the system's continuous states, the system's
fundamental sample time, and whether the system's continuous states
have discontinuities (Zero Crossing Detection).
The result of applying these rules is an update list in which non
direct- feed through blocks appear at the head of the list in no
particular order followed by direct-feed through blocks in the order
required to supply valid inputs to the blocks they drive. Accordingly,
Simulink assumes that loops involving direct-feed through blocks do,
in fact, represent a solvable set of algebraic equations and attempts to
solve them each time the block is updated during a simulation.
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
The three-phase DC-type electric vehicle battery concept

employing a back-end power conversion based on the PWM
interleaved Buck-converter and front-end circuit based on the two-level
bidirectional six-switch voltage source rectifier has been studied. The
implementation of a unique DPWM modulation, was explained. This
ensures high power-factor operation while the phase-leg can stop

switching during two-thirds of the grid period or 240, reducing

considerably the semiconductor switching losses. The principle of
operation, the main designing expressions, suitable modulation scheme
and PWM control have been described in the project. The principle of
operation, the main designing expressions, suitable modulation scheme
and PWM controller have been described in the project. Based on fact,
the average charge time by EV batteries is nearly 5-8 hours. Thus, this
creates a need for an adequate number of charging ports and further
raise the demand for fast charging points. DC fast stations which
consist of these fast chargers, convert AC power to DC within the
station, delivering DC power directly to sources such as batteries This
also enables a much faster charge in a very less time.

REFERENCE
• Dale Hall and Nic Lutsey, “Emerging best practices for electric
vehicle charging infrastructure,” in Proc. of the international
council on clean transportation (ICCT), Oct. 2017.
• [2] IEA, “Global ev outlook 2017- two million and counting,”

2017.
• [3] NEA, “Electric transport in the Netherlands – 2016 highlights,”

2017.
• [4] Ministry of Economic Affairs, “Vision on the charging

infrastructure for electric transport – policy agenda looking ahead
to 2020 for smart and clean transport,” 2017.
• [5] J. C. Spoelstra and J. Helmus, “Public charging infrastructure

use in the
Netherlands: a rollout-strategy assessment,” in Proc. of European
Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Congress, Dec. 2016.
• [6] A. Kuperman, U. Levy, J. Goren, A. Zafransky and A. Savernin

“Battery charger for electic vehicle traction battery switch station,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electr., 2013.
• [7] G. R. Chandra Mouli, M. Kefayati, R. Baldick, and P. Bauer,

“Integrated pv charging of ev fleet based on dynamic prices, v2g
and offer of reserves,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grids, 2018.
• [8] M. Kesler, M. C. Kisacikoglu, and L. M. Tolbert, “Vehicle-to-

grid reactive power operation using plug-in electric vehicle
bidirectional offboard charger,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electr., 2014.
• [9] J. C. Gomez and M. M. Morcos, “Impact of ev battery chargers

on the power quality of distribution systems,” IEEE Power
Delivery, 2003.
• [10] S. Rahman and G. B. Shrestha, “An investigation into the

impact of electric vehicle load on the electric utility distribution
system,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 1993.
• [11] E. Sortomme and M. A. El-Sharkawi, “Optimal combined

bidding of vehicleto-grid ancillary services,” IEEE Trans. Smart
Grid, 2012.

• [12] C. C. Chan and K. T. Chau, “An overview of power electronics

in electric vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electr., 1997.
• [13] J. Sallan, J. L. Villa, A. Llombart and J. F. Sanz, “Optimal
design of icpt systems applied to electric vehicle battery charge,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electr., 2009.
• [14] M. Vasiladiotis and A. Rufer, “A modular multiport power

electronic transformer with integrated split battery energy storage
for versatile ultrafast ev charging stations,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electr., 2015.
• [15] S. Bai and S. M. Lukic, “Unified active filter and energy

storage system for an mv electric vehicle charging station,” IEEE
Trans. Power Electr., 2013.
• [16] C. Jiang, R. Torquato, D. Salles and W. Xu, “Method to assess

thepower quality impact of plug-in electric vehicles,” IEEE Trans.
Power Delivery, 2014.
• [17] D. Menzi, D. Bortis, and J. W. Kolar, “Three-phase two-

phaseclamped boost-buck unity power factor rectifier employing
novel variable dc link voltage input current control,” Proc. of 2nd
IEEE International Power Electronics and Application Conference
and Exposition (PEAC) Nov. 4-7, 2018.
• [18] J. A. Anderson, M. Haider, D. Bortis, J. W. Kolar, M. Kasper,

and
G. Deboy, “New Synergetic Control of a 20 kW Isolated Vienna Rectifie
Front-End
EV Battery Charger,” Proc. of 20th IEEE Workshop on Control and
Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL) June 17-20, 2019.
• [19] T. B. Soeiro, and P. Bauer, “Three-phase unidirectional quasi-

single stage delta switch rectifier + dc-dc buck converter,” in Proc.
of 39th Ann. Conf. of the Ind.Electr. Soc., (IECON), 2019.
• [20] Ahmet Masum Hava, “Carrier based pwm -vsi drives in the
over modulation region.” PhD thesis, 1998.










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FAST DC-TYPE ELECTRIC VEHICLE BASED ON A QUASI-DIRECT BOOST-BUCK RECTIFIER

1.0 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

• These days Electric vehicle charging market is very high.

1.1.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

• The Objective of the project is to reduce the charging time of

• To analyze the Pulse width modulator with 240 degrees stop

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 1

• The scope of the paper is to present the initial steps in the

• It is to endorse the demand and sales of electric vehicles by

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 2

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 3

This allows that the rectifier phase-legs operate with a unique

Table I : Main modulation functions for EV charger

1.3.1 HISTORY OF POWER ELECTRONICS

Power electronics is the application of solid-state electronics for the control

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 4

(DC-to-DC converter), AC to AC (AC-to-AC converter)

Fig:1.3.2: Applications of Power devices

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 5

A relatively new class of inverters, called multilevel inverters, has gained

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 6

The normalized carrier frequency, or frequency-modulation ratio, is

If the over-modulation region, ma, exceeds one, a higher fundamental

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 7

Fig:1.3.1: Output voltage of a full-wave rectifier with controlled thyristors.

Power electronic circuits are simulated using computer simulation programs

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 8

factorcorrection.AC/DC converters (rectifiers) are used every time an

In general, inverters are utilized in applications requiring direct conversion of

Inverters are also vital to many renewable energy applications. In photovoltaic

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 9

converts this into an AC voltage to be interfaced with either a load or the

1.3.2PROPOSED VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 10

converters. In such converters, the polarity of DC voltage is usually fixed and

The additional controllability gives many advantages, notably the

In contrast to line-commutated HVDC converters, voltage-source

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 11

Fig 1.3.3: Three-phase, two-level Voltage-source converter

The simplest (and also, the highest-amplitude) waveform that can be

Another type of three-level converter, used in some adjustable-speed

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 12

But the complexity of the circuit increases disproportionately and such

Like the two-level converter and the six-pulse line-commutated

Depending on which of the two IGBTs in each sub module is turned

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 13

of the sub module capacitors is a significant challenge and requires

As of 2012 the largest-capacity MMC HVDC system in operation is still the

A variant of the MMC, proposed by one manufacturer, involves connecting

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 14

2. G. R. Chandra Mouli, M. Kefayati, R. Baldick, and P. Bauer(2018)

3. M. Vasiladiotis and A. Rufer(2015) have worked and explained on “A

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 15

battery energy storage for versatile ultrafast ev charging stations,”. In

4. D. Menzi, D. Bortis, and J. W. Kolar(2018), have described on

5. T. B. Soeiro, and P. Bauer(2019), have elucidated on “Three-phase

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 16

6. L. K. Ries, T. B. Soeiro, M. S. Ortmann and M. L. Heldwein (2017)

7. J. C. Spoelstra and J. Helmus(2016), have elaborated on “Public

Diploma of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 17