Biota Neotropica 16(4): e20160224, 2016

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ISSN 1676-0611 (online edition)

Inventory

Ichthyofauna of the upper Juruena river on Chapada dos Parecis, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Willian Massaharu Ohara* & Marina Vianna Loeb

Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

*Corresponding author: Willian Massaharu Ohara, e-mail: [email protected]

OHARA, W.M., LOEB, M.V. Ichthyofauna of the upper Juruena river on Chapada dos Parecis, Mato Grosso,
Brazil. Biota Neotropica. 16(4): e20160224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2016-0224

Abstract: The fishes herein included were collected in four small streams of the upper rio Tapajós basin. Through
fieldwork carried out in 2011, 2013 and 2014 during the low water season 1.728 specimens belonging to 22 species
distributed in 11 families, and five orders were captured. Characidae was the most representative family both in number
of species and specimens captured. The most abundant species were Hyphessobrycon melanostichos, H. hexastichos,
and H. notidanos. Five species are recognized as new, and four as endemic to the upper rio Tapajós basin. This study
represents the first fish inventory for the region and will provide valuable information for the conservation of the poorly
known diversity of fishes of the Chapada dos Parecis, in the headwaters of the upper rio Tapajós basin.
Keywords: South America, Neotropical fish, Amazon, endemism.

Ictiofauna do alto rio Juruena na Chapada dos Parecis, Mato Grosso, Brasil

Resumo: Os peixes registrados aqui foram coletados em quatro igarapés da bacia do alto rio Tapajós. Expedições realizadas
em 2011, 2013 e 2014 durante a estação de seca resultaram na coleta de 1.728 indivíduos pertencendo à 22 espécies
distribuídas em 11 famílias e cinco ordens. Characidae foi a família com o maior número de espécies e espécimes
capturados. As espécies com maior abundância foram Hyphessobrycon melanostichos, H. hexastichos e H. notidanos.
Cinco espécies são reconhecidas como novas e quatro como endêmicas da bacia do alto rio Tapajós. Este trabalho
representa o primeiro inventário sobre os peixes da região e fornecerá informações valiosas para a conservação da
diversidade pouco conhecida de peixes da Chapada dos Parecis, nas cabeceiras da bacia do alto rio Tapajós.
Palavras-chave: América do Sul, peixe Neotropical, Amazônia, endemismo.

Introduction the fish species of the upper rio Tapajós basin and will certainly provide
valuable information for future studies especially on conservation of the
The Neotropical region, that includes the South and part of Central poorly known diversity of fishes of the rio Tapajós basin.
America, harbours the most diverse freshwater fish fauna in the world
including 5.400 registered species (Reis 2013), with estimates of a final
Material and Methods
number between 8.000 – 9.000 species (Schaefer 1998, Reis et al. 2016).
Most of this ichthyofaunal diversity is located in the Amazon basin
(Amazon, Orinoco and Guiana basins), in which 2.354 (Albert et al. Study Area
2011) or 2.411 (Reis et al. 2016) valid fish species are included. Most The rio Tapajós is formed by the confluence of the Teles Pires and
of the major tributaries of the Amazon river basin, still lack an inventory Juruena rivers. The rio Juruena is about 1.240 Km long and is formed by
of their fish species, including the rio Tapajós. several tributaries draining from the Chapada dos Parecis, an important
Located in the Brazilian Shield the 1.784 km long, rio Tapajós is watershed between three river systems (Madeira, Paraguai and Tapajós
one of the largest tributaries of rio Amazonas (Costa 2007). Its upper river basins) with moderate altitude (750 m), located at the western border
portion was until recently virtually unknown by ichthyologist (Britski & of the Brazilian Shield. The rivers in Chapada dos Parecis, tributaries of
Lima 2008). However, on the last decades, the collecting activity largely the rio Juruena (i.e. Mutum, 12 de Outubro, Primavera, Camararezinho,
increased in the area, 97 of the 109 species presently known from the Sacre, Formiga, Juína, Sangue), where samples were obtained for this
rio Tapajós basin having been described in the past 30 years. Currently, study, are generally rectilinear, embedded and deep, characterized by
approximately 300 fishes are registered from the rio Tapajós basin turbulent waters and presence of many waterfalls. The studied area is
(Ferreira et al. 1998, Camargo et al. 2005, Silva-Oliveira et al. 2016), about 500 to 510 meters a.s.l., and is located between Comodoro and
but collecting efforts have mostly concentrated on the lower and middle Vilhena towns, near BR 364 (Figure 1) on the Chapada dos Parecis and
portions of the basin, so that a catalogue of fishes of the upper rio Tapajós are considered headwater streams entering the upper rio Juruena, rio
basin is still lacking. This contribution represents the first attempt to survey Tapajós basin.

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Ohara, W.M. & Loeb, M.V.

Figure 1. Map of the study area showing the four stations sampled (indicated by number) from the upper rio Juruena, rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Station 1 (13°05’08”S, 59°53’32”W) - igarapé Mutum located near Sampling

BR 364, 3-6 m wide and 0.5-2.5 m deep, preserved riparian vegetation,
swift current, and sand, pebbles and dead leaves on the bottom (Fig. 2a). Samples were taken in November 2011, July and August 2013,
September and November 2014 in four stations. Sampling took one hour
Station 2 (13°13’23”S, 59°54’42”W) - Headwater of igarapé Mutum
long, and four were undertaken during the day and one during the nocturnal
in flooded portions of the stream due to damming caused by road, 6-8 m
period. The following gears were used: trapezoid hand-nets with area of
wide and 0.5-1.5 m deep, lentic environment, mud and decomposed organic
1 m2 and internode distance of 0.1 cm, seine-nets 3-5 m wide, 1.5-2.5 m
matter on the bottom. deep and internode distance of 1 cm and casting-nets 2.5 m deep, 22 m
Station 3 (12°58’41”S, 60°00’34”W) - igarapé 12 de Outubro located of circumference and internode distance of 1.5 cm. Photographs were
near BR 364, 2-4 m wide and 0.5-2 m deep, few preserved riparian taken in three stations that were was georeferenced with a GPS device.
vegetation, swift current, and sand and dead leaves on the bottom (Fig. 2b). Abiotic data such as depth, water transparency and soil were observed
Station 4 (12°57’50”S, 60°01’40”W) - Tributary of 12 de Outubro in situ. No sazonal differences were detected in the abiotic data. Collection
located near BR 364, 1-2 m wide and 0.5-1.7 m deep, preserved riparian permit was granted by Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos
vegetation, swift current, subaquatic vegetation and sand on the bottom Recursos Naturais Renováveis (registration number IBAMA 83/2012,
(Fig. 2c). May 2012-September 2013).

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Biota Neotrop., 16(4): e20160224, 2016 3

Ichthyofauna of the upper rio Tapajós basin

Figure 2. Habitats of three stations sampled from the upper rio Juruena, rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. (a) igarapé Mutum; (b) headwaters of igarapé Mutum;
(c) igarapé 12 de Outubro; (d) tributary of 12 de Outubro.

The sampled fishes were anesthetized with clove-oil (1ml/liter), put predominant group, followed by Siluriformes (28%, 6 species), Gymnotiformes
in plastic bags, fixed in 10% formalin for 48 hours and transferred to (9%, 2 species), Labriformes (4%, 1 species) and Cyprinidontiformes
70% ethanol. The material was then counted and identified to the lowest (4%, 1 species) in number of recorded species (Figure 5).
possible level using revisionary studies by Bertaco & Malabarba (2007), The most representative families considering number of species
Bertaco & Carvalho (2005 a, b), Carvalho & Bertaco (2006), Costa (2001), collected were Characidae (seven species), and Heptapteridae (five
Queiroz et al. (2013), Reis et al. (2005), and comparisons with identified species). In terms of captured specimens Characiformes prevailed again
material deposited in the fish collections whenever needed. The classification (1.498 specimens collected = 86%), followed by Siluriformes (129 specimens
adopted follows Reis et al. (2003), Wiley & Jonson (2010), and Van Der collected = 7%), Gymnotiformes and Labriformes (49 specimens each = 3%)
Laan et al. (2014), with genera listed in alphabetical order within each and Cyprinodontiformes (3 specimens = 1%) (Figure  6). Characidae
family. Voucher specimens were deposited in the fish collections of the includes the three most abundant species recorded from the upper rio
Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) and the Tapajós basin: Hyphessobrycon melanostichos Carvalho & Bertaco, 2005,
Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Ictiologia (UFRO-I). Species and
Hyphessobrycon hexastichos Bertaco & Carvalho, 2005, and Hasemania
specimens were counted for each registered species with data organized
nambiquara Bertaco & Malabarba, 2007, with 610, 305 and 205 captured
in Table 1 and Figures 3 and 4.
specimens respectively, representing 65% of the total captured specimens.
On the other hand one single specimen of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus
Results and Pimelodella sp. were recorded. Moenkhausia sp. and Melanorivulus
The species recorded from the upper rio Tapajós basin are listed in modestus (Costa, 2001) also presented low abundance, with two and three
Table 1 and the corresponding photos are provided in Figures 3 and 4. captured specimens, respectively.
A total of 1.728 specimens representing 22 species distributed in 11 families, A total of 1.104 specimens belonging to 20 species were recorded
and five orders were collected in four stations in both the igarapé Mutum from the igarapé Mutum (Stations 1 and 2). The fish fauna is composed
and the igarapé 12 de Outubro. Characiformes (55%, 12 species) was the by Characiformes (12 species, 913 specimens), Siluriformes (6 species,

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Ohara, W.M. & Loeb, M.V.

Figure 3. Characiformes registered from the upper rio Juruena, rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

118 specimens), Gymnotiformes (1 species, 40 specimens) and Labriformes Twenty species (90%) with 1.068 captured specimens (62%) were
(1 species, 33 specimens). No Cyprinodontiformes species was captured in registered in the Station 1. A low number of species and specimens were
the igarapé Mutum. The most representative families in number of species registered in all the other three stations. The Station 2, the headwater of
and specimens were Characidae (seven species), and Heptapteridae (five igarapé Mutum, was represented by eight species (38%) and 36 captured
species). Characidae includes the three most abundant species registered in specimens (2%), the lowest values of captured species and specimens herein
the igarapé Mutum, Hyphessobrycon hexastichos, Hasemania nambiquara, recorded. Stations 3 and 4 are located in the igarapé 12 de Outubro basin.
and Hyphessobrycon melanostichos, with 358, 205 and 189 captured A total of 624 specimens belonging to 11 species were collected. The fish
specimens respectively. fauna is composed by Characiformes (6 species, 585 specimens), Siluriformes

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Ichthyofauna of the upper rio Tapajós basin

Table 1. List of species registered in four stations from the upper rio Juruena, rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
Sampling Stations
Ordem Family Species N Vouchers
1 2 3 4
Characiformes Characidae Hasemania nambiquara 198 7 0 0 205 UFRO-I 12346, 12392, 22736
Hemigrammus skolioplatus 1 0 0 11 12 MZUSP 115497
Hyphessobrycon hexastichos 356 2 0 0 358 UFRO-I 12297, 12318, 12681
Hyphessobrycon melanostichos 180 9 404 17 610 UFRO-I 12281, 12657, 22884
Hyphessobrycon notidianos 5 0 2 97 104 MZUSP 115505, 115501
Knodus sp. 11 9 9 1 30 UFRO-I 12305, 22844, 22905
Moenkhausia sp. 2 0 0 0 2 UFRO-I 22881
Erythrinidae Erythrinus erythrinus 1 1 1 4 7 UFRO-I 22738, 22846
Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus 1 0 0 0 1 UFRO-I 22846
Anostomidae Leporinus aff. granti 11 0 0 0 11 UFRO-I 12300, 22717
Crenuchidae Melanocharacidium cf. dispilomma 113 0 0 0 113 UFRO-I 12656, 22734,
Lebiasinidae Pyrrhulina aff. marilynae 1 5 37 2 45 UFRO-I 22718
Callichthyidae Megalechis thoracata 11 2 3 2 18 UFRO-I 12684, 22732, 22847
Siluriformes
Heptapteridae Cetopsorhamdia sp.1 81 0 0 0 81 UFRO-I 12343, 12682, 22733
Cetopsorhamdia sp.2 11 0 0 0 11 UFRO-I 22716
Cetopsorhamdia sp.3 4 0 0 6 10 MZUSP 115498, 115478
Pimelodella sp. 1 0 0 0 1 UFRO-I 22885
Phenacorhamdia sp. 8 0 0 0 8 UFRO-I 22887
Labriformes Cichlidae Aequidens cf. rondoni 32 1 4 12 49 UFRO-I 12277, 12673, 22843
Gymnotiformes Hypopomidae Brachyhypopomus sp.n. 0 0 0 9 9 MZUSP 115496
Sternopygidae Eigenmannia sp.n. 40 0 0 0 40 UFRO-I 12275, 12683, 22737
Cyprinodontiformes Cynolebiidae Melanorivulus modestus 0 0 3 0 3 MZUSP 115507
Total number of specimens 1068 36 463 161 1728
Total number of species 20 8 8 10 22
N = number of registered specimens.

Figure 4. Cyprinodontiformes, Gymnotiformes Siluriformes, and Labriformes registered from the upper rio Juruena, rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

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(2 species, 11 specimens), Gymnotiformes (1 species, 9  specimens), Hyphessobrycon melanostichos and H. notidanos, with 421 and 99 captured
Labriformes (1 species, 16 specimens) and Cyprinodontiformes (1 species, specimens respectively.
3 specimens). The most representative family in number of species and Nine captured species (43%) were identified as “sp.”, including two
specimens was Characidae, with four recorded species, including the two Characiformes, five (all) Heptapteridae and two (all) Gymnotiformes. Three
most abundant species registered in the igarapé 12 de Outubro basin: of the Heptapteridae species, and the two Gymnotiformes species were
herein recognized as undescribed species, however more undescribed species
herein registered could be recognized in the future with additional research.
Moreover, Cetopsorhamdia sp.1, Cetopsorhamdia sp.2 (Heptapteridae),
Brachyhypopomus sp.n. and Eigenmannia sp.n. (Gymnotiformes) are
currently under taxonomic revisions and preliminary examination indicates
that they could represent new species endemic for the rio Juruena (Bockmann
pers. communication for Heptapteridae and Ohara. personal observation
for Gymnotiformes). Other four species (19%) were tentatively identified
indicating that more taxonomic studies on the neotropical ichthyofauna
are needed.
No threatened species were found, however four endemic species to
the upper rio Tapajós basin were recorded. Melanorivulus modestus, and
H. nambiquara are only known from the igarapé Mutum and Hyphessobrycon
notidanos is only known from the igarapé 12 de Outubro. Even though
Hemigrammus skolioplatus is known from both the igarapé Mutum and
the igarapé 12 de Outubro, it occurs only in a small restricted area.

Discussion
Available literature records about the ichthyofauna of the rio Tapajós
basin are primarily concerned with the description of new species (Bertaco
& Malabarba 2007, Bertaco & Carvalho 2005a, b, Bertaco & Garutti 2007,
Birindelli et al. 2008, Birindelli & Britski 2013, Birindelli et al. 2013,
Britski & Garavello 1980, 1993, 2005, 2007, Britski & Lima 2008, Caires
& Figueiredo 2011, Caires 2013, Calegari et al. 2013, Carvalho & Bertaco
2006, Castro 1993, Carvalho & Datovo 2012, Campos-da-Paz 2002, Costa
Figure 5. Relative diversity of species among the five orders registered from the 1991, 1994, 2007, Dagosta & Pastana 2014, Dagosta & Netto-Ferreira
upper rio Tapajós basin.
2015, Dagosta et al. 2016, Eigenmann 1908, 1917, de Oliveira et al. 2010,
2016, Dutra et al. 2012, Espíndola et al. 2014, Fink 1979, Feitosa et al.
2011, Ferreira & Netto-Ferreira 2010, Fichberg et al. 2014, Fink 1979,
Fisch-Muller et al. 2005a, b, Géry 1980, Hollanda-Carvalho & Weber 2005,
Isbrücker & Nijessen 1989, Kullander 1988, Kullander 1990, Kullander
& Ferreira 2006, Langeani 1999, Lima et al. 2007, 2009, 2014, Lima &
Flausino 2016, Loeb 2012, Lucena 2003, Lujan et al. 2010, Lundberg &
Mago-Leccia 1986, Marinho & Langeani 2010, Marinho & Lima 2009,
Marinho et al. 2016a, b, Mendonça  et  al. 2016, Menezes 1987, 2006,
Miranda-Ribeiro 1918, 1920, 1937, Moreira et al. 2002, Netto-Ferreira et al.
2009, Netto-Ferreira & Marinho 2013, Netto-Ferreira, Marinho & Vari
2011, Netto-Ferreira et al. 2014, Nijssen & Isbrücker 1976, 1987, Nijssen
1972, Oyakawa & Mattox 2009, Oliveira & Marinho 2016, Pastana &
Dagosta 2014, Pereira & Castro 2014, Roberts 2013, Römer et al. 2010,
Sabaj-Pérez & Birindelli 2013, Sarmento-Soares et al. 2013, Silva et al.
2014, Silva et al. 2015, Sousa et al. 2010, Scharcansky & Lucena 2007,
Teixeira et al. 2014, 2016, Toledo-Piza et al. 1999, Varella et al. 2012,
Vari 1989, Vari & Calegari 2014, Vari 1992, Vari et al. 2005, 2012, Vari
& Goulding 1985, Weitzman et al. 2005, Weitzman 1978, Zanata 1997,
Zanata et al. 2010, Zawadzki et al. 2015). However, a recent unpublished
survey of the fishes from the lower and middle rio Teles Pires basin, recorded
355 species (Ohara & Lima pers. obs.). According to the authors, based
on the available literature and the analyses of fish specimens deposited in
museums at least 620 species may occur in the rio Tapajós basin, 12% of
which are probably endemic.
A comparison of the species herein recorded and the fish assemblage
from the lower portion of the rio Tapajós basin was performed based on
the available literature (Ferreira et al. 1998, Camargo et al. 2005, Silva-
Figure 6. Relative abundance of number of species and number of individuals Oliveira et al. 2016) and no common species between two portions was
registered in each sample station in the four stations sampled, upper rio Tapajós basin. observed. The headwater streams seem to harbor a unique species assemblage

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Ichthyofauna of the upper rio Tapajós basin

due to observed differences in abiotic factors such as temperature, light, References

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Vieira, Ariana Cella-Ribeiro (UNIR), Fernando Dagosta (MZUSP) and with description of one new species. Zootaxa 3036:39-57.
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Osvaldo Oyakawa, Michel Gianeti (MZUSP), Mariluce Messias, Ângela from the Tapajós basin, Brazil (Gobioidei: Eleotrididae [sic]). Ichthyological
Araujo and Maria Cunha (UFRO) for curatorial assistance and loan of Exploration of Freshwaters 23(2):155-160.
specimens. Manoela Marinho (MZUSP) for Fig. 1 and Bruno Barros for
CAIRES, R.A. & FIGUEIREDO, J.L. 2011. The northernmost record of Bassanago
images (Pimelodella sp., Moenkhausia sp., and Phenacorhamdia sp.). albescens and comments on the occurrence of Rhynchoconger guppyi (Teleostei:
Thanks are also due to the editor and both anonymous reviewers. WMO Anguilliformes: Congridae) along the Brazilian coast. Journal of Fish Biology
is supported by FAPESP (Process 2013/22473-8) and ML was funded by 78:366-372.
FAPESP (Process 2011/06830-0). CALEGARI, B.B., REIS, R.E. & VARI, R.P. 2013. Miniature catfishes of the genus
Gelanoglanis (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae): monophyly and the description of
Author Contributions a new species from the upper rio Tapajós basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology
12(4):699-706.
Substantial contribution in the concept and design of the study: WMO CAMARGO, M., GIARIZZO, T. & CARVALHO Jr., J. 2005. Levantamento ecológico
Contribution to data collection: WMO rápido da fauna ictica de tributários do Médio-baixo Tapajós e Curuá. Boletim
do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi 1(2):213-231.
Contribution to data analysis and interpretation: ML
CAMPOS-DA-PAZ, R. 2002. Gymnotus diamantinensis, a new species of electric
Contribution to manuscript preparation: WMO; ML knifefish from upper rio Arinos basin, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Gymnotidae).
Contribution to critical revision, adding intelectual content: WMO; ML Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 13(2):185-192.

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from the Brazilian states of Pará and Amazonas (Teleostei: Lebiasinidae). Revised: 25/08/2016
Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 263:1-14. Accepted: 28/09/2016

http://www.scielo.br/bn http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2016-0224