ABRA STATE

INSTITUTE OF
SCIENCES AND
TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering and Vocational and
Industrial Technology

Learner’s Material
Course Code: DRT 105
Course Title: Intro to Freehand Drawing and Lettering

Name of Student: __________________________________

Year & Section: ____________________________________
 ABRA STATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

VISION
A university that produces graduates who are academically competitive, locally
responsive and globally sustained.

MISSION
We are committed to be agents in the development of Abra through enhanced
instruction creative and innovative researches and projects for public and community
services towards globally competitive professionals who contribute to the realization of a
nation that enjoys strongly rooted comfortable and secure life.

GOALS
1. To produce quality graduates who are globally competitive.
2. To develop/generate new knowledge and verify client-oriented technologies and
other solutions to development problems.
3. To disseminate and showcase client-responsive technologies and other solutions to
development problems towards an improved welfare of local communities.
4. To engage in viable income generating projects (IGP) to augment the finance of the
college.
5. To transform ASIST as a dynamic and responsive, learning and performing,
organization efficiently and effectively managing its resources.

CORE VALUES
N obility -learned and educated
E ntrepreneurship -productivity and self-reliance
W isdom -love of God
A ction -performance-focused
S incerity -high commitment to duty
I ntegrity -personal transformation
S ervice -client-orientation
T eamwork -coordinated group work

ASIST QUALITY POLICY

The Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology, commits a continual
improvement of its system processes to ensure effective and efficient delivery of the
services towards sustained clientele satisfaction.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE DEPARTMENT

1. Provide/ Develop highly and globally competitive, technical/ technological
workers.
2. Expand the curricular offering and areas of specialization.
3. Create an atmosphere where students become responsive to their needs of the
times and totally committed to their work responsibly.
4. Provide the students sufficient knowledge, skills, work attitudes and values
necessary for entrepreneurship.
 Republic of the Philippines
ABRA STATE INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Bangued, Abra

APPROVAL SHEET

Hereto attached developed instructional material is hereby approved to its

utilization and reproduction:

Module Title: Freehand Drawing

Course Code: DRT 105

Course Title: Intro to Freehand Drawing and Lettering

College: College of Engineering and VIT

Department: Vocational Industrial Technology

Semester: Second Semester

School Year: S.Y. 2020 – 2021

Developed by:

ENGR. JAY RUTHER A. ARTIENDA MELJON R. NAVARRO

Instructor Instructor

Reviewed by the IMs Committee:

ENGR. JENERETH B. ALMIENDA JUDITH V. CASABAR

Faculty Expert in the Discipline Department Chairperson

MARIA REBECCA B. TALLEDO

CIMD Director

Recommending approval for Utilization:

ENGR. ORLANDO A. LOMBOY

College Dean

Approved:

NOEL B. BEGNALEN, Ph. D.

Vice President for Academic Affairs
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i

ASIST Vision, Mission, Goals, Core Values, & Quality Policy ------------------ ii
Approval Sheet ------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii
Table of Contents---------------------------------------------------------------------- iv

MODULE 1: Freehand Drawing

1
Duration: 6 hours -----------------------------------------------------------------
Overview--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
General Objectives--------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Lesson 1: PENCIL TECHNIQUES---------------------------------------------------- 3

Lesson 2: OUTLINE DRAWING------------------------------------------------------ 10

Lesson 3: SHADED DRAWING------------------------------------------------------- 15

Summary--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Post Assessment ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
Culminating Activities ---------------------------------------------------------------- 25

References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 27
 Module
1 Freehand Drawing
3 weeks

Overview
Dear Student,

Welcome to Module 1 of your subject Intro to Freehand Drawing and

Lettering. This module deals with two types of freehand drawing. One pertains
to artists’ drawings and the other two drawings done by technical men and
skilled industrial workers. Artists’ drawings are generally freehand drawings;
that is, drawings made without the use of drawing instruments or straightedges.
Such drawings are made in perspectives; that is pictorial drawings as seen by
artist’s eyes. As his art medium he uses either a lead pencil, charcoal or carbon
pencil, black ink, pastel, oil paint, water color, or crayon.

In this module, you will have the following lessons:

 PENCIL TECHNIQUES
 OUTLINE DRAWING
 SHADED DRAWING

This module comprises lessons on the general concepts of assessment,

test, measurement and evaluation. The same module utilizes outcome – based
education which applies the 3E model.

The first part of each lesson will start with the “Explore” part. In this part
introduces the topic with surfacing of your prior knowledge.

The second part, the “Explain”, processes your prior knowledge through
thorough discussion with concrete examples.

Third is the “Evaluate” part. It is where you are given various exercises
where you can apply the concepts with some exercises.
 At the end of the module, you are to accomplish the task which
culminates all concepts and skills acquired. A rubric will guide on how you are
going to do the task. This is called “Culminating Activity”.

The following general guidelines should be strictly considered in order to

for you to effectively learn the knowledge and skills in assessment which is one
of the primary tools for future teachers.
1. Activities. All answers under Explore shall be treated as your class
recitations. All outputs under Evaluate are entered as your written
works or performance task. Thus, never leave any activity
unanswered. And all outputs under “Post-assessment” shall be
treated as your performance tasks.
2. Grading System. Your performance shall be evaluated using the
following grading system:
Performances = 30%
Culminating Activity = 30%
Term Examination = 40 %
TOTAL = 100%
3. Output Submission. Submission can be done on a given schedule.
You can always contact me through my Messenger for clarifications
and questions.
Good luck and enjoy learning!

Objectives
 Establish an awareness and understanding in freehand
drawing and technical drawing.

 Demonstrate an understanding and awareness in the

representation of an object in outline form and in shaded form

 Demonstrate an understanding and awareness in shaded

drawings and sketching geometrical figure.

Lesson
1 Pencil Techniques
 Learning Outcomes

 Determine the techniques in drawing or sketching lines.

 Identify the different types of lines.

 Identify the various grades of drawing pencils.

EXPLORE
Time Duration: 5 minutes

Figure 1
Compare Artist’s Sketches and Technical Man’s Sketches. Write your
answer below.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

EXPLAIN
Time Duration: 45 mins.
Pencil Techniques
In both freehand drawing and technical sketching, the techniques in
drawing or sketching lines are the same. Horizontal lines, for instance, are
drawn from left to right. Horizontal lines are lines parallel to the lower edge of
the drawing paper. Vertical lines are sketched from the top downward, and
inclined lines are also generally sketched from left to right. Short lines are drawn
with finger movement while long lines are made with arm movement. Long lines,
however, may be drawn in segments with very small spaces or gaps between
segments. Those gaps are so small that the lines appear at arm's length as
single line. Figure 2 shows the direction of pencil strokes when sketching
straight lines.

Fig. 2. Pencil techniques in drawing straight lines

Perpendicular lines are lines which make an angle of 90 degrees with each
other. Horizontal and vertical lines can be drawn perpendicular to one another.
But not all perpendicular lines are vertical or horizontal, as shown in figure 3-b.
 Fig. 3. Perpendicular lines

Parallel lines are lines which never meet even if they are prolonged or
extended to any desired length. Parallel lines may be vertical, horizontal, or
inclined.
Lines may be drawn in various thicknesses or weights with a soft pencil.
This is done by varying the pressure of the pencil against the drawing paper. It
is this feeling of pressure exerted by the fingers on the pencil that must be
developed in order to acquire the "feel" of the pencil. These varying kinds of line
can also be drawn by using different grades of drawing pencil.
Curved lines, or curves, are regular or irregular. A regular curve is either a
circle, as are part of the circumference of a circle), or an ellipse. Irregular curves
are those which have no definite direction, like those shown in figure 4-b.

Fig. 4 Curved lines and forms

The techniques of drawing regular curves are shown in figure 5 and figure 6.
 Fig. 5. Techniques of sketching a circle

Fig. 6. Techniques of sketching an ellipse

In sketching circles, the radii and the two-stroke method are often used.
For an ellipse, the beginners should use the parallelogram method. The other
two methods of sketching an ellipse should be attempted only after one has
acquired the "feel" of the drawing pencil.

Drawing Pencils
Drawing pencils are available in various grades of hardness or softness.
Hard pencils range from grades H,2H,.to 9H (the hardest). Soft pencils range
from to 6B (the softest). Between Hand B pencils are the HB and F. All of these
pencils are available in the market. With HB, 2B, and H pencils, the student can
easily make variations in the lightness or darkness of his lines even if the
pressure of the pencil on the paper is the same for each grade pencil.
Pencil points may be sharpened into three different shapes: the conical,
the chisel, and the elliptical, as shown in figure 7. For sketching purposes, the
first two are recommended.
 Fig. 7. Shapes of pencil point

The conical pointed soft pencil can make different thicknesses of lines by
varying the pressure of the pencil against the paper surface. A hard pencil with
a similar point can make different thicknesses of lines by varying the shape of
its point. A dull point makes a broad line while a fine point makes a finer line.
This is why soft pencils preferred to hard pencils in sketching. The chisel point,
on the other hand, makes wide lines depending on the width of the point. It is
generally used in shading a penciled outline drawing.
Pencil points are usually sharpened on a sandpaper pad like that shown
in figure 8-b. The wooden part of the pencil is first cut off with a pocket knife or
razor or stripping blade, thus exposing the lead about one centimeter long, as
shown in figure 8-a. The pencil point is then shaped on the sandpaper pad by
rubbing the point while at the same time turning it.

Fig. 8. Shaping the pencil point on a sandpaper pad

 EVALUATE
Time Duration: 10 minutes

Direction: Sketch the line exercises shown below; use the next page

LINE EXCERCISES
Lesson
2 Outline Drawing
 Learning Outcomes

 Sketch accented outline drawings.

 Sketch and shade an outline drawing

 Make an outline drawing of an object

EXPLORE
Time Duration: 15 minutes
Direction: Answer what is being asked below. Place your answers in the space
given in each number.

1. What is your idea about Outline Drawing?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.

2. What is your idea about Shaded Drawing?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
 EXPLAIN
Time Duration: 2 hours

Accented Outline Drawing

An outline drawing is generally a perspective representation of an object in
outline form that is, without shading or coloring. The visible edges or outlines of
the best are shown by means of medium heavy lines. If these outlines as these
are often called, have varied thicknesses, they are said to be accented Heavy
accents are all indicated on outlines or edges near the observer's eyes. Light
accents are so edge near or outlines that recede from the eyes. Contrast the
outline drawings of simple objects in figure 9 with their accented outlines in
figure 10.

Fig. 9. Sample outline drawings

Fig. 10. Sample accented outline drawings

The Times in outline drawings are usually uniform in thickness. Accented

outlines are relatively more pleasing to the eyes.
Shaded Drawing
 Shading is not accenting. Shading is the process of making the visible
surfaces of an object, drawn in outline form, appear in a variety of tones or
values. Light values represent the surfaces receiving the greatest amount of
light, while dark values represent the surfaces receiving the least amount of
light. In shading, the light source is assumed to be coming from the upper left-
hand corner of the drawing paper and the rays of light are imagined to be
inclining at an angle of 45 degrees. Figure 11 shows the shaded representation
of the objects found in figures 9 and 10.

Fig. 11. Shaded drawings

A shadow is an image cast by an object on another surface. A shadow is darker

than a shade. If the shadow of an object falls on a curved surface, the shadow
tends to follow the curvature of that surface. Note the sample shaded drawings
in figure 12. Shading should be done with a soft pencil, either B or 2B.

Fig. 12. Shadows in shaded drawing

EVALUATE
Time Duration: 15 minutes
Activity 1.

Direction: Make an accented outline drawing of each of the following given below.
Use the space provided in each number.

A. A Tree (any tree)

B. A Nipa House

Activity 2.
Direction: Shade an outline drawing which you have drawn in Activity 1.

A. A Tree

B. A Nipa House

Lesson
3
Geometrical
(2.5 hours)
Figures
 Learning Outcomes

 Sketch and draw geometrical figures.

EXPLORE
Time Duration: 15 minutes
Direction: Draw at least four examples of geometrical figure. Use the boxes given
below.

EXPLAIN
Time Duration: 2 hours
Sketching Geometrical Figures
Geometrical figures include points, lines, and angles; planes (circle,
ellipse, rectangle, square, regular polygon, triangle, etc.); and solids (cone,
pyramid. cube, prism, sphere, cylinder, etc.). Strictly speaking, all geometrical
figures are imaginary or invisible. No one has ever seen a circle or a square. But
we have seen objects with these shapes or forms. For example, a dinner plate
may be circular in shape, a floor tile is usually square, a door sash or opening is
rectangular, a milk can is cylindrical, a ball is spherical, an aparador or
bookcase is a prism, and a lamp shade is the frustum of a cone.
Geometrically speaking, a line is the movement of a point and the latter
only indicates position. In art or in drafting, a pointed mark made by a pencil or
drawing pen is assumed to be a point, and an extension or prolongation of the
pencil or pen point as a line. A point on a drawing may therefore represent a
corner or the intersection of two edges of an object, while a line may represent
an edge or the intersection of two plane surfaces of the same object.
If a line meets end-to-end, it produces a form or shape. The following lines and
forms are shown in visible figures so that they can easily be understood or
interpreted.
Fig 13. Some common geometrical figures
 A quadrilateral is a plane figure with four sides. Some quadrilaterals are
the trapezoid square, rectangle and parallelogram. A parallelogram is a
quadrilateral with two opposite sides parallel and equal examples of which are
the square me bus, and the rectangle. A rectangle-has four right angles and two
of its opposite are equal and parallel. A rectangle is sometimes called oblong and
not an oval. An oval is egg shaped. A square also has four right angles, and all of
its side se equal and parallel. A rhombus has four equal sides, but its angle are
not right angles. A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with two opposite sides parallel.
Its other two sides are not parallel and are unequal in length. A trapezium is
also a quadrilateral but has no equal sides and angles.
Triangles are of four kinds: right triangle, equilateral triangles, isosceles
triangle and scalene tringle. The first has an angle 90 degrees. The second has
equal sides and angles, the third has two sides equal, and the fourth as it sides
equal. The sum of the angles in any triangle is 180 degrees
A circle is a plane figure bounded by a uniformly curved line. Any point on
this curve or circumference is equidistant from a common water. I more
with a common center are called concentric circles while those with a common
center are called eccentric circles. The major parts of a circle artisan are radius,
diameter, circumference chord, and sector each shown in figure 13-A

Fig 13-A. Parts of a circle and lines connecting them

An ellipse is also a plane figure bounded by a curved line without common
center. It has a major diameter and a minor diameter. The sum of distances
from any point on its curve to its two foci are equal. A circle seen below or above
the eye level appears as an ellipse.
A cone is a geometrical solid with a circular base and with side tapering to
a point, called the vertex. If a cone is cut parallel to its base, the bottom portion
is called a frustum of the cone and the upper part is a smaller cone. If the cutting
plane is oblique or inclined, the resulting cone is truncated.
A pyramid is a solid figure the base of which is either square, rectangular,
triangular, or polygonal in shape. Like the cone a pyramid can be cut to form a
frustum or truncated pyramid. A prism is also a solid figure with a base either
square, rectangular, or polygonal in shape. A prism with a square shaped base
is called a square prism. If the other five sides of a square prism are equal in
size with its base, the figure is called a cube.
A cylinder has a circular base, and its sides are either vertical or inclined.
A cylinder with a vertical side is called an upright cylinder, while one with an
inclined side is called an oblique cylinder. A cylinder may be truncated.
A sphere is a solid bounded by a uniformly curved surface any point on
which is equally distant from a common center within.
A regular polygon is a plane figure with five or more sides. All the sides
and angles of a regular polygon are equal. Some common polygons are the
pentagon (5-sided), hexagon (6-sided), octagon (8-sided), and decagon (10-sided).
Study the techniques of sketching regular polygons in figure 14 and the other
solid figures in figure 15.

Fig. 14. Steps in sketching regular polygon

Fig. 15. Steps in sketching the cone, pyramid, and prism

EVALUATE
Time Duration: 15 minutes
Direction: Sketch the following, place it inside the boxes provided below.

1. Cone 4. Pentagon
2. Pyramid 5. Octagon
3. Prism 6. Hexagon

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

Summary
 Pencil Techniques
o In both freehand drawing and technical sketching, the techniques in
drawing or sketching lines are the same.
o Perpendicular lines are lines which make an angle of 90 degrees with
each other.
o Parallel lines are lines which never meet even if they are prolonged
or extended to any desired length.
o Lines may be drawn in various thicknesses or weights with a soft
pencil.
o Curved lines, or curves, are regular or irregular. A regular curve is
either a circle, as are part of the circumference of a circle), or an
ellipse.
 Drawing Pencils
o Drawing pencils are available in various grades of hardness or
softness. Hard pencils range from grades H,2H,.to 9H (the hardest).
o The conical pointed soft pencil can make different thicknesses of
lines by varying the pressure of the pencil against the paper surface.

o Pencil points are usually sharpened on a sandpaper pad.

 Accented Outline Drawing
o An outline drawing is generally a perspective representation of an
object in outline form that is, without shading or coloring.
o The visible edges or outlines of the best are shown by means of
medium heavy lines.
o The Times in outline drawings are usually uniform in thickness.
Accented outlines are relatively more pleasing to the eyes.
 Shaded Drawing
o Shading is not accenting. Shading is the process of making the
visible surfaces of an object, drawn in outline form, appear in a
variety of tones or values.
o Light values represent the surfaces receiving the greatest amount of
light, while dark values represent the surfaces receiving the least
amount of light.
 Sketching Geometrical Figures
o Geometrical figures include points, lines, and angles; planes (circle,
ellipse, rectangle, square, regular polygon, triangle, etc.); and solids
(cone, pyramid. cube, prism, sphere, cylinder, etc.).
 A quadrilateral is a plane figure with four sides. Some
quadrilaterals are the trapezoid square, rectangle and
parallelogram.
  A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two opposite sides
parallel and equal examples of which are the square me bus,
and the rectangle.
 A rectangle-has four right angles and two of its opposite are
equal and parallel. A rectangle is sometimes called oblong and
not an oval.
 An oval is egg shaped. A square also has four right angles,
and all of its side se equal and parallel.
 A rhombus has four equal sides, but its angle are not right
angles.
 A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with two opposite sides parallel.
Its other two sides are not parallel and are unequal in length.
 A trapezium is also a quadrilateral but has no equal sides and
angles.
 Triangles are of four kinds: right triangle, equilateral triangles,
isosceles triangle and scalene tringle.
 A circle is a plane figure bounded by a uniformly curved line.
 An ellipse is also a plane figure bounded by a curved line
without common center.
 A cone is a geometrical solid with a circular base and with
side tapering to a point, called the vertex.
 A pyramid is a solid figure the base of which is either square,
rectangular, triangular, or polygonal in shape.
 A prism is also a solid figure with a base either square,
rectangular, or polygonal in shape.
 A prism with a square shaped base is called a square prism. If
the other five sides of a square prism are equal in size with its
base, the figure is called a cube.
 A cylinder has a circular base, and its sides are either vertical
or inclined.
 A sphere is a solid bounded by a uniformly curved surface any
point on which is equally distant from a common center
within.
 A regular polygon is a plane figure with five or more sides.

Post- Assessment
Time Duration: 1 hour
I. Identification:

Direction: Identify what is being described on each number. Write your answer on
the space provided.
______________1. It is a line which make an angle of 90 degrees with each other.
______________2. A line which never meet even if they are prolonged or extended
to any desired length.
______________3. A pencil that can make different thicknesses of lines by varying
the pressure of the pencil against the paper surface.
______________4. A perspective representation of an object in outline form that is,
without shading or coloring.
______________5. It is the process of making the visible surfaces of an object,
drawn in outline form, appear in a variety of tones or values.
______________6. It represents the surfaces receiving the greatest amount of
light, while dark values represent the surfaces receiving the least amount of
light.
______________7. It includes points, lines, and angles; planes (circle, ellipse,
rectangle, square, regular polygon, triangle, etc.).
______________8. A quadrilateral with two opposite sides parallel and equal
examples of which are the square me bus, and the rectangle.
______________9. It has four equal sides, but its angle are not right angles.
______________10. A quadrilateral with two opposite sides parallel. Its other two
sides are not parallel and are unequal in length.
______________11. It is also a quadrilateral but has no equal sides and angles.
______________12. A geometrical solid with a circular base and with side tapering
to a point, called the vertex.
______________13. It is also a solid figure with a base either square, rectangular,
or polygonal in shape.
______________14. It has a circular base, and its sides are either vertical or
inclined.
______________15. A solid bounded by a uniformly curved surface any point on
which is equally distant from a common center within.

Culminating Activity
Time Duration: 1 hour
Direction: Sketch the following on the space provided

A. Make an outline drawing of an animal (any animal) and add shadow.

A. Make an outline drawing of human hand and add shadow.

Reference
 BOOKS:

 DRAFTING VOLUME 1 – German M. Manaois, M.A., Phoenix

Publishing House, Inc., 937 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City

 TECHNICAL DRAWING 10th Edition – Frederick E. Giesecke/ Alva

Mitchell/ Henry Cecil Spencer/ Ivan Leroy Hill/ John Thomas Dygdon/
James E. Novak with Shawna Lockhart.

 WEBSITES:

 https://www.klc.co.uk/courses/interior-design/short-courses-and-
workshops/drawing-and-rendering/introduction-to-freehand-drawing/

 http://www.geocities.ws/ivemh_skchan/CAD/2.10free_hand.pdf

 http://www.artgraphica.net/free-art-lessons/freehand-drawing/freehand-
drawing.html

END OF THIS MODULE