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    Unit 3

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    samson
    The document provides an overview of the human muscular and skeletal systems and human dentition. It discusses the main parts of the skeletal system including the axial and appendicular skeleton. It also describes the three types of muscles and their functions. Finally, it details the four types of human teeth, their functions, and the human dental formula.

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    Unit 3

    Uploaded by

    samson
    79 views7 pages
    The document provides an overview of the human muscular and skeletal systems and human dentition. It discusses the main parts of the skeletal system including the axial and appendicular skeleton. It also describes the three types of muscles and their functions. Finally, it details the four types of human teeth, their functions, and the human dental formula.

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    Unit 3

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    The document provides an overview of the human muscular and skeletal systems and human dentition. It discusses the main parts of the skeletal system including the axial and appendicular skeleton. It also describes the three types of muscles and their functions. Finally, it details the four types of human teeth, their functions, and the human dental formula.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    79 views7 pages

    Unit 3

    Uploaded by

    samson
    The document provides an overview of the human muscular and skeletal systems and human dentition. It discusses the main parts of the skeletal system including the axial and appendicular skeleton. It also describes the three types of muscles and their functions. Finally, it details the four types of human teeth, their functions, and the human dental formula.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    Grade 7 Biology

    Lecture Note

    Unit 3. Human Biology and Health

    Main Contents:
    3.1 The Muscular and Skeletal Systems
    3.2 Human Dentition
    Unit Summary
    Review Exercise for Unit 3
    Unit Outcomes:
    ˆ describe the structure and functions of human skeleton and divide it into axial and appendicular
    skeleton;
    ˆ list types of hones and joints, state their functions, give examples for each and demonstrate by using
    models;
    ˆ list types of muscles, explain their structures and functions and demonstrate how they work using
    models;
    ˆ describe how muscles and the skeleton work together;
    ˆ describe the importance of physical exercise and proper diet for health of hones, m uscles and joints;
    ˆ name the different types of hum an teeth and relate them with their functions;
    ˆ define dental formula;
    ˆ show the dental formula of humans and compare it with that of some other animals.

    M. Behailu F.
    Lycee G/Mariam
    HUMAN BIOLOGY AND HEALTH LECTURE NOTE

    3 Human Biology and Health


    3.1 The Muscular and Skeletal Systems
    ˆ In this unit, we have first taken a brief look at the skeletal and muscular systems of the human body.

    ˆ Each of these systems is important to the functioning of our complex bodies.

    3.1.1 The skeleton system


    ˆ The skeleton is the entire collection of bones inside our body.

    ˆ The bones of the skeleton can be categorized into two: the axial and appendicular skeleton.

    1. The axial skeleton


    ˆ The part of the skeleton along the axis of the body is the axial skeleton.

    ˆ The axial skeleton consists of Skull, Sternum, Ribs and Vertebral column

    – Skull
    * The skull is a bony outline of the head formed from cranial and facial bones.
    * The cranium protects the brain. However the facial bones provide structure for the upper and lower jaws,
    cheeks and nose.
    – Sternum
    * The sternum is the breast bone found in the middle of the rib cage attached to it by cartilage.
    – Ribs
    * The Ribs are 12 pairs of thin and flat bones.
    * They are slightly curved and connected to sternum in the middle of the chest.
    * The ribs form a protective cage around the internal organs in the upper body.
    – Vertebral column
    * The vertebral column also referred to as the back-bone or spine vertebral column is extending from the end
    of skull to the pelvis (hip).
    * The vertebral column serves to connect all other bones of the skeleton and support the body.
    * The vertebral column with its continuous hollow tube keeps the spinal cord in and protects it.

    2. The appendicular skeleton


    ˆ The appendicular comprises the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), limbs (fore and hind) and pelvic girdle (hip)
    bones. It is composed of all the bones of shoulder, hip and limbs or appendages.

    ˆ The shoulder bones (Pectoral girdle)

    – The shoulder bones are composed of clavicle and scapula.


    – The clavicle or collar bone is connected to the sternum in front while the scapula bone is at the back.

    ˆ The hip girdle (Pelvic girdle)

    – The hip bones are also known as hip girdle and composed of two hip bones.

    ˆ Limbs or Appendages

    – The fore limbs


    * The fore limbs are the front limbs that refer to the Carpals arms, the forearms and the hands.
    * These bones are: Humerus (upper arms), Radius (inner lower arm), Ulna (outer lower arm), Car pals
    (wrists), Metacarpals (hands) and Phalanges (fingers).
    – The hind limbs
    * The hind limbs are the back limbs or appendages and consist of different bones.
    * These bones include: Femur (upper leg or thigh), Tibia and Fibula (lower legs or shin), Patella (kneecap)
    Tar sals (ankles), Metatarsals (feet), and Phalanges (toes).

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    HUMAN BIOLOGY AND HEALTH LECTURE NOTE

    ˆ The skeletal system carries out five important functions.

    ˆ It provides:

    – structure and framework for the entire body


    – allows movement
    – protects vital tissues and organs inside the body
    – stores some substances needed in body activity, and
    – produces new blood cells

    ˆ The skeletal system is structurally composed of bones, cartilage, joints, tendons and ligaments.

    ˆ Bones:

    – Bones are living organs made up of cells surrounded by hard minerals of calcium phosphate.
    – Bones can be long, short and flat.

    ˆ Joints:

    – Joints are junction of bones which can be movable or immovable (fixed).


    – immovable (fixed) types of joints are found in the skull.
    – Movable joints can be hinge, ball and socket, gliding, and pivot.

    3.1.2 The muscular system


    ˆ The muscular system makes movement possible by working with the skeletal system.

    ˆ There are three types of muscles. They are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

    – Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles attached to skeleton for movement.


    – Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles that are found in internal organs (lung, intestine) and blood vessels.
    – Cardiac muscle are muscles which are found in the heart to pump blood.

    ˆ Skeletal muscles are found in pairs and work in antagonistic manner: when one contracts the other relaxes.

    ˆ Programmed Physical training and proper diet with good rest are needed for the health of the skeletal and muscular
    system.

    3.2 Human Dentition


    ˆ Dentition is the development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth.

    ˆ Teeth of humans and other animals are hard structures that grow from jaw bone.

    ˆ These teeth are used to bite and chew food.

    ˆ Each tooth consists of crown, neck and root.

    – A crown:
    * is the part above the gum level.
    * Crown is the white part of a tooth seen above the gum.
    * The crown is a surface for biting food and composed of outer layer enamel.
    * Enamel is the hardest outer covering of the crown.
    – A neck:
    * is the part surrounded by gum; and
    – A root:
    * is the part embedded in jaw bone.
    * Root is the part of the tooth that is inserted into the jaw.
    * Both root and inner part of the root contain a living substance called dentine.

    ˆ Dentine is the living tissue of a tooth.

    2
    HUMAN BIOLOGY AND HEALTH LECTURE NOTE

    ˆ A tooth is also composed of a central region called pulp cavity that contains nerves and blood vessels.

    ˆ Pulp cavity is the inner part of a tooth, with blood vessels and nerves.

    ˆ Humans grow two sets of teeth in their lives.

    – The first set has 20 teeth called milk teeth. Milk teeth loosen and fall out when a child is about 6 years old.
    – The second set has 28 teeth that replace the milk teeth and are called permanent teeth. When a person is
    around 20 - 25, four additional back teeth grow called wisdom teeth.

    3.2.1 Types of Human Teeth and Function


    ˆ Humans have four types of teeth.

    ˆ The four types of teeth in human dentition are Incisors, Canines, Premolars and Molars.

    ˆ The four types of teeth vary in their shape and are suitable for their functions.

    – Incisors:
    * are front teeth.
    * are chisel-shaped.
    * are used for biting, cutting and gnawing food.
    * function as scissors.
    – Canines:
    * are side teeth beside incisors.
    * are sharp pointed.
    * are used for tearing and piercing food.
    * function as pincers.
    – Premolars:
    * are side teeth behind the canines.
    * have fairly flat ridges.
    * are used for grinding.
    – Molars:
    * are far back side teeth.
    * have wider and stronger ridges.
    * are used for crushing and grinding foods.

    ˆ Both molars and premolars function as grinders.

    3.2.2 Dental Formula


    ˆ Dental formula represents the number and type of teeth in one half of the upper and lower jaws.

    ˆ The dental formula of an adult human is: incisors (I) are the first, canines (C) the second, premolars (P) the third and
    molars (M).

    2 1 2 3
    Incisors (I) = 2
    , Canines (C) = 1
    , Premolars (P) = 2
    , Molars (M) = 3

    2123
    2123

    ˆ The total number of teeth in a given mammal can be calculated as:

    – First add the number of teeth in upper and lower jaws, (2 + 1 + 2 + 3 = 8 each), and then
    – Multiply each jaw by two (2 × 8 = 16 each).
    – Finally, sum up the product (16 + 16 = 32).

    ˆ The total number of teeth in adult human is 32.

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    HUMAN BIOLOGY AND HEALTH LECTURE NOTE

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    HUMAN BIOLOGY AND HEALTH LECTURE NOTE

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    HUMAN BIOLOGY AND HEALTH LECTURE NOTE

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