 Chapter three skeletal, muscular

integumentary system
 Define skeleton?
o Skeleton is the hard portion of organisms for protection of internal
organs.
 Define skeletal system?
o The framework of the body consisting of bones and other
connective tissues which protects and supports the body tissues
and internal organs?
 Name the common types of skeleton in organisms? And
differentiate them with examples?
o Exoskeleton and endoskeleton. Exoskeleton is the rigid hard
case that surrounds the body to protect the internal organs and
provide attachment sites of the muscles. Exoskeletons are
found in insects, lobsters and snails while endoskeleton is the
rigid internal skeleton that forms the body’s framework to
allow movement through contraction of muscles attached to the
skeleton. Endoskeletons are found in vertebrates.
 Name parts of human skeleton? And differentiate them with examples?
o Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Skull, vertebral
column, ribcage, and sternum forms axial skeleton while girdles
and limbs forms appendicular skeleton of the human body and
other mammalian organisms.
 Describe the skull? And classify skull bones?
o The skull is a bony structure which encases the brain and gives
form to the head and face. Skull consists of 8 Cranial and 14
facial bones.
 Define foramen Magnum? And mention the significance of foramen magnum?

Prepared by: teacher ismail abdi ali (Dr Eejey)

 o Large oval opening at the base of the skull is called foramen
magnum. It is the passage of the central nervous system through
the skull connecting the brain and the spinal cord.
 What is suture joint? Name the bones that are connected by a suture in the
skull?
o Suture is a fairly rigid Joint between two or more hard elements
of an organism with or without significant overlap of the
elements. Suture joins the parietal and temporal bone it also links
the frontal and sphenoid bone as well as it articulates the
sphenoid and parietal bone.
 The bones of the newborn’s skull are soft and slightly spaced,
how important is this for the child and the mother during birth?
o It helps the baby and mother to squeeze through birth canal.
 Describe the vertebral column? And state its function?
o It is the central axis of the skeleton in all vertebrates and also
called backbone, spinal column. It protects the spinal cord and
help to maintain an upright body portion.
 What is the function of Nasal bone and where it is located?
o The function of each Nasal bone is to bind together the cartilage
that forms individual nose contours and shapes. It’s located in the
upper middle area of the face between the maxillary (upper jaw)
bones.
 Where is lacrimal bone located and tell of its function?
o It is located at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. It
releases fluid which cleanses and protects the eye’s surface as it
lubricates and moistens it.
 Define sternum?
o It is a flat bone that can be felt just under the skin In the middle
of the front of the chest and also called breast bone.
 Explain the ribcage?
o The long, curved, flattened bones found middle trunk of the body

Prepared by: teacher ismail abdi ali (Dr Eejey)

 called ribs forms ribcage. The first seven pairs of ribs articulate
directly with the sternum are called true ribs while the other three
pairs that are indirectly articulate with sternum are called false
ribs.
 What is the function of coastal cartilages?
o Coastal cartilages attach the ribs to the sternum.
 What are floating ribs?
o The lowest two pairs of ribs are referred to as floating ribs.

 Differentiate between pectoral girdles and pelvic girdles?

o Pectoral girdle connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
while pelvic girdle connects lower limbs to axial skeleton.
 Define clavicle or collarbone?
o This is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder
blade and the sternum.
 Define scapula or the shoulder bone?
o This is the bone that connects the upper arm bone with the
clavicle (collar bone).
 The pelvis is broader in females than in males, deduce that?
o The women’s pelvis is adapted for child bearing, and is a wider
and flatter shape than the male pelvis.
 What are the types of bones based on their structure?
o Bones are classified as long, short, irregular, flat and sesamoid bones.
 Describe long bones, and give examples?
o The bones that have shaft and two extremities are called long
bones include femur, tibia and fibula.
 Give an example of short, irregular, flat and sesamoid bones?
o Short bones –carpals (wrist).

Prepared by: teacher ismail abdi ali (Dr Eejey)

 o Irregular bones – vertebrae and some skull bones.
o Flat bones -- sternum , ribs and most skull bones.
o Sesamoid bones –patella (knee cap)
 State the role of collagen to bones?
o Collagen is a very strong and gives the bone slight flexibility .
 Describe compact bone and tell its function?
o Compact bone is dense and strong part of the bone that consists
of units called Osteons or Haversian systems- Tube like
structures which run the length of compact bones.It provides
strength and protection.
 Define spongy bone?
o Spongy bone is less dense part of the bone that has many cavities
contain bone marrow.
 Differentiate between the two types of bone marrow?
o Red bone marrow is found in the humerus bone of the arm and
the femur bone of the leg. Yellow bone marrow is found in many
other bones and consists of stored fat.
 How do spongy and compact bones differ in location and function?
o According to function, the compact bone is the main structure
in the body for support, protection and movement while spongy
bone is used for more active functions of the bones including
blood cell production and ion exchange.
o Spongy bone is usually located at the end of the long bones
while the compact bone is found in the arrow space (medullary
cavity) of a bone.
 Define ossification, cartilage, and chondrocytes?
o The formation of bone from osteoblasts is called ossification.
o Cartilage is an elastic supportive tissue that can withstand
constant pressure and friction.

Prepared by: teacher ismail abdi ali (Dr Eejey)

 o The specialized cells that the cartilage consists of and produces
large amounts of chondrin and collagen protein are referred to
as chondrocytes.
 How are nutrients and oxygen transported to the chondrocytes?
And how are waste products removed?
o It gets oxygen, nutrients, and excretes the surrounding joint fluid
when joint is loaded; the pressure squeezes fluid through
diffusion.
 Define joints?
o The places where two bones meet is known as a joint.
 What are the three major kinds of joints?
o Fixed, semi-moveable and movable joints.
 Differentiate the functions of Fixed, semi-moveable and movable joints?
o Fixed joints prevent movement and found in the skull.
o Semi-moveable permit only limited movement .They are found
in the vertebral column and rib cage.
o Movable joints enable the body to perform a wide range of
movements and activities. They are found in all other joints
in the body.
 Give examples of movable joints and explain
their role? The following are examples of
movable joints and their role;
o Hinge joints are found in the elbows, knees and ankle allows only
bending and straightening.
 Ball-and-socket joint it is the shoulder joint which enables you to move
your arm up, down, forward, and backward.
 Pivot joint is the joint formed by the top two vertebrae of your spine
which allows you to turn your head from side to side.
 Saddle joint is found at the base of each thumb , allows you to
rotate your thumbs and helps you grasp objects with your hand .

Prepared by: teacher ismail abdi ali (Dr Eejey)

  Gliding joints allow bones to slide over one another .Examples are
the joints between the small bones of your foot which allow you
slightly movement.
 What is the function of synovial fluid?
o Synovial fluid helps and protect the ends of bones from damage by
friction.
 What are the functions of the skeletal system?
o Skeletal system contributes support, protection, formation
of blood cells, reservoir, and movement of the body.
 Differentiate types of bone fractures?
o Simple fracture: the bone breaks but does not come through the skin.
 Compound fracture = The bone protrudes through the skin.
 Stress fracture = Thin crack in the bone.
 Describe osteoporosis?
o Osteoporosis is a common bone disorder that causes bones to
become weak and brittle.
 What are the foods that are good for bone development?
o Milk, cheese , green leafy vegetables , fish , nuts and soya beans.
 For healthy bones, sun exposure is advised, justify that?
o To stimulate the production of vitamin D in the skin to
proper the bone development.
 Define Arthritis. And name two common arthritis?
o Arthritis is an inflammation of the joints e.g Osteoarthritis and
Rheumatoid arthritis.
 How many ways can be classified muscles according to their
structure and function?
o Structure: Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.
o Function: Voluntary and involuntary muscles.

Prepared by: teacher ismail abdi ali (Dr Eejey)

  Rigor mortis is a condition in which all of the body muscles become
rigid or stiff shortly after a person dies. Why does rigor mortis
develop?
o Rigor mortis is the result of death of cells in muscle fibers of
human body, which leads to chemical changes in those
fibers that cause shortening or stiffening of the muscles for
lack of ATP.
 What does skeletal muscle fiber and myofibrils contain?
o It contains bundles of threadlike structures called myofibrils.
o Myofibril is made up of two types of protein filaments thick ones
and thin ones. Thick filaments are made of the protein myosin,
and thin filaments are made of the protein actin.
 Differentiate between flexor and extensor with examples?
o Bicep muscle is an example of flexor muscle while
triceps muscle is an example of an extensor muscle.
 Define twitch?
o A muscle stimulated with a single electric shock quickly
contracts and relaxes in a response called twitch.
 How many ways can be classified skeletal muscle fibers on the basis of
their speed of contraction?
o Slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers.
 Name some of health complications of muscles?
o Muscle cramps, muscle fatigue, muscle strain, muscle tearing.
 What are the components of the integumentary system?
o Skin, hair and nails.
 What are the four types of tissues that are composed of by the skin?
o Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces.
 Connective tissue provides support and protection.

Prepared by: teacher ismail abdi ali (Dr Eejey)

  Muscle tissue involved in body movement.
 Nerve tissue forms the body’s communication network.
 What are the accessory glands containing the skin?
o Sweat glands and sebaceous glands.
 Name the two main layers of the skin? And define each of them?
o Epidermis and Dermis. Epidermis is the most superficial layer
and is composed of stratified keratinized squamous epithelium.
Dermis is the inner layer of the skin it is composed of living cells
and specialized structures.
 What are melanocytes?
o The cells that produce melanin that helps to protect the skin
from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays in sunlight.
 What are the functions of the skin?
o Protection of the body.
 Regulation of body temperature.
 Formation of vitamin D.
 Sensation and
 Excretion.
 Define sebum?
o Is a fatty substance secreted from the sebaceous glands .
 When does the skin disorder of acne result from?
o If the ducts of oil glands become clogged with excessive
amounts of sebum, dead cells and bacteria.
 Define the hair papilla or bulb?
o The base of follicle is a cluster of cells called papilla or bulb .
 What is genetically determined by hair color?
o Hair color is genetically determined by and depends on the
amount and type of melanin present.

Prepared by: teacher ismail abdi ali (Dr Eejey)

  Give two examples of skin disorders?
o Eczema and Acne.
 What is the Eczema?
o Eczema is an allergic reaction that manifests as dry, itchy
patches of skin that resemble rashes. disorders of the skin?
 Name some of common skin disorders?
o Seborrhea dermatitis (on the scalp), psoriasis, cold sores,
impetigo, scabies, and warts.

Prepared by: teacher ismail abdi ali (Dr Eejey)