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    2016fitzer HeineCarbonFibersvs01

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    This document summarizes a chapter on carbon fibers from a book. It provides background on the history and development of carbon fibers, starting with early experimentation in the 1960s to stabilize polyacrylonitrile fibers. It describes the three main production processes for carbon fibers using rayon, pitch, or polyacrylonitrile precursors. The majority of modern high performance carbon fibers are produced using polyacrylonitrile. It outlines the properties and applications of carbon fibers, which are very strong and stiff, for uses like automotive, aerospace, wind energy, and sports equipment.

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    2016fitzer HeineCarbonFibersvs01

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    This document summarizes a chapter on carbon fibers from a book. It provides background on the history and development of carbon fibers, starting with early experimentation in the 1960s to stabilize polyacrylonitrile fibers. It describes the three main production processes for carbon fibers using rayon, pitch, or polyacrylonitrile precursors. The majority of modern high performance carbon fibers are produced using polyacrylonitrile. It outlines the properties and applications of carbon fibers, which are very strong and stiff, for uses like automotive, aerospace, wind energy, and sports equipment.

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    This document summarizes a chapter on carbon fibers from a book. It provides background on the history and development of carbon fibers, starting with early experimentation in the 1960s to stabilize polyacrylonitrile fibers. It describes the three main production processes for carbon fibers using rayon, pitch, or polyacrylonitrile precursors. The majority of modern high performance carbon fibers are produced using polyacrylonitrile. It outlines the properties and applications of carbon fibers, which are very strong and stiff, for uses like automotive, aerospace, wind energy, and sports equipment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views6 pages

    2016fitzer HeineCarbonFibersvs01

    Uploaded by

    warekar
    This document summarizes a chapter on carbon fibers from a book. It provides background on the history and development of carbon fibers, starting with early experimentation in the 1960s to stabilize polyacrylonitrile fibers. It describes the three main production processes for carbon fibers using rayon, pitch, or polyacrylonitrile precursors. The majority of modern high performance carbon fibers are produced using polyacrylonitrile. It outlines the properties and applications of carbon fibers, which are very strong and stiff, for uses like automotive, aerospace, wind energy, and sports equipment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Carbon Fibers

    Chapter · December 2018

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    Michael Heine
    Universität Augsburg
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    Fibers, 15. Carbon Fibers

    Erich Fitzer 1,2 (1921-1997✝)


    Michael Heine2,3,5
    1
    Formerly SIGRI Elektrographit GmbH, Meitingen, Germany
    2
    Formerly Universität Karlsruhe (TU), Institut für Chemische Technik (ICT), Karlsruhe,
    Germany
    3
    Formerly SGL Carbon GmbH, Meitingen, Germany
    4
    SGL Carbon GmbH, Meitingen, Germany
    5
    Universität Augsburg, Institut für Materials Resource Management (MRM), Lehrstuhl
    Materials Engineering, Augsburg, Germany

    The article contains sections titled:


    1. Introduction
    1.1 History
    1,2 Fundamentals
    1.3. Nomenclature
    2. Raw Materials (Precursor Fibers)
    3. Production
    3.1. Carbon Fiber Production Process (Rayon-based)
    3.2. Carbon Fiber Production Process (Pitch-based)
    3.3. Carbon Fiber Production Process (PAN-based)
    3.3.1. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Polymer and Fiber
    3.3.2. Stabilization of PAN Fiber
    3.3.3. Carbonization of stabilized PAN Fiber
    3.3.4. Graphitization of PAN-based Carbon Fibers
    3.4. Chemical Composition
    4. Properties
    4.1. Mechanical Properties
    4.2. Structure
    4.3. Physical and Chemical Properties
    5. Uses
    5.1. Stabilized PAN Fiber for Textile Applications
    5.2. Carbonized Fibers for Electrical Conductivity and
    Reinforcement Applications
    5.2.1 Automotive
    5.2.2 Wind Energy
    5.2.3 Aerospace
    5.2.4 Sports Industry
    5.2.5 Mechanical Engineering
    5.2.6 Civil Engineering
    6. Economic Aspects
    6.1. Recycling (Secondary Carbon fibers)
    6.2. Life-Cycle Assessment

    Introduction
    Carbon fibers are one of the strongest known materials today. In the early 1960s they were
    highlighted as a "Rider of a New Industrial Revolution" and as an initiator of a new “Carbon
    Age”. In Europe, the SIGRI Elektrographit GmbH, Meitingen/Germany started in the late 60s
    one of the first industrial pilot plants in the world.

    History

    rom historical viewpoint, the development of carbon fibers with sufficient mechanical
    properties started after noticing an unwanted color changes / yellowing of polyacrylonitrile
    (PFAN) textiles at elevated temperatures.
    Polyacrylonitrile was one of the polymers like polystyrol (PS), polyoxymethylen (POM),
    polymethylenmetacrylate (PMMA), Nylon/polyamide (PA6, PA66), polyethylene (LDPE),
    polyurethane (PU) and others which were developed in the polymer hype period from 1925-
    1950.

    STAUDINGER in 1922 [0-1] initiated this development of polymers with the postulates that
    there might exist an endless variety of macromolecules based on hydrocarbons. DuPont
    developed polyacrylonitrile in 1950 [0-2] for textile applications. With the intention to reduce
    the unwanted yellowing effect of polyacrylonitrile, researchers placed copolymers in the
    polymer chain, resulting in a contrary effect of increasing the yellowing effect that finally
    leads to the conversion reactions into carbon fibers.

    In this context, we have to mention the work of SHINDO [26, 26-1] who primarily realized
    the conversion of polyacrylonitrile fibers into carbon fibers. In his patent from 1959, he
    claimed that the properties of the carbon fibers are dependent on the polyacrylonitrile
    structure. These first research results from Shindo in the context with other researchers in the
    60s W.WATT tried to summarize 1985 by W. WATT in the Handbook of Carbon Composites
    / Strong Fibers [0-3].

    In principle, carbon fibers are available from any carbon containing material. The only basic
    requirement is a high carbon yield and the formation of graphitic carbon layers with a low
    defect level in the structure. Historically the first carbon filaments have been available by
    Thomas EDISON [4] who converted cellulosic fibers based on cotton or bamboo into carbon
    filament used as incandescent lamp filaments.

    Since the late 60s the commercial production of carbon fibers becomes more and more visible
    starting in Germany with the first carbon fiber production (Figure 0). The technical and
    commercial breakthrough for high performance carbon fibers started when optimizing the
    PAN process. This process turned out to be the most important one due to a high carbon
    yields in combination with an economical process (Figure 0-1) compared with carbon fibers
    based on precursor materials like mesophase pitch, lignin and cellulose.
    PAN based carbon fibers have superior mechanical and physical properties compared i.e. to
    rayon based ones. Today they are the most important and promising precursor for
    manufacture of high strength carbon fibers. Carbon fibers based on mesophase pitch turned
    out as more expansive following a complicated and complex process of conversion of cheap
    pitches into mesophase forming modifications.
    Figure 0 The history of commercial carbon fibers

    Figure 0-1 Market share of carbon fibers depending on precursor type

    Following the rules of market penetration, the increasing volume in large-scale markets
    influences global availability of commercial carbon fibers with decreasing prices. Actually, it
    is becomes visible that the carbon fiber price comes down to a level which will not be
    undercut in the near future.
    Figure 0-2 The market penetration and price development of carbon fibers

    Fundamentals

    Independent of the precursor type carbon fibers are black in color and have diameters
    typically smaller than 10 μm. The outstanding mechanical properties results in an ordered
    structure of carbon hexagons where the carbon atom is sp2-hybridized as consequence of
    pyrolytic processes.
    The strong carbon-carbon atomic bond allows the realization of a high tensile strength in
    combination with a high flexural modulus. The formation of graphitic layers of carbon are the
    key for highest mechanical properties (Figure 0-3).
    The industrial process steps have to consider this fact and they must ensure a good orientation
    of the carbon-carbon bonds in the longitudinal direction of the resulting carbon fiber.
    From theoretical viewpoint, the mechanical properties of carbon structures (see also chapter
    4.1) are calculated with a strength of 100.000 MPa and a Young’s Modulus of 1060 GPa
    (Figure 0-4). Remarkable is the situation that the carbon fiber type with the highest tensile
    strength (Torayca, T 1000) are known since 1986 with a record value of 7500 MPa that is up
    to now not overcome.
    That means that carbon fibers reach less than 1/10 of the theoretical value since more than 30
    years.
    It is obvious that since that time any further outstanding developments in mechanical
    performance seems to stagnate.

    …………….. Book in Print

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