Fertilizer Panchagavya (PDFDrive)

EFFECT OF FERTILIZER AND PANCHAGAVYA ON YIELD
AND QUALITY OF SUMMER GREENGRAM (Vigna

radiata L.) UNDER MIDDLE GUJARAT CONDITIONS
A
THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE
ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL FULFILENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF
Master of Science
(AGRICULTURE)
IN
AGRONOMY
BY
PATEL VIPULBHAI YOGESHBHAI
B.Sc. (Hons.) Agri.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
B. A. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
ANAND - 388 110 (GUJARAT, INDIA)
2016
Reg. No.: 04 - 2395 - 2014

Dedicated To
My Grandparents,
Parents
and
Respected Guide
Abstract
Effect of fertilizer and panchagavya on yield and quality of summer
greengram (Vigna radiata L.) under middle Gujarat conditions
Name of Student Major Advisor

Patel Vipulbhai Yogeshbhai Dr. K. M. Gediya
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
B. A. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
ANAND – 388 110, GUJARAT
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was carried out on loamy sand soil at Bidi Tobacco
Research Station Farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat to study
the “Effect of fertilizer and panchagavya on yield and quality of summer
greengram (Vigna radiata L.) under middle Gujarat conditions” during
summer season of the year 2015. The soil of the experimental field was loamy
sand in texture. The soil was low in organic carbon, medium in available nitrogen
and phosphorus and high in available potassium. Sixteen treatments combinations
comprising of four levels of fertilizers viz., F0 (0% RDF), F1 (50% RDF), F2
(75% RDF) and F3 (100% RDF) and four levels of panchagavya viz., P0 (Water
spray at flowering), P1 (Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) at first irrigation), P2
(Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering) and P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at
flowering) were tried under RBD with factorial concept with three replications.
The result revealed that different levels of fertilizer failed to reflect their
significant effect on plant population of greengram at initial and harvest.
i
Abstract
The growth and yield attributes viz., plant height (at 30, 45 DAS and at
harvest), weight of dry root nodules plant-1, number of branches plant-1, number of
pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, pod length and test weight were significantly
affected due to different treatments. Application of 100 % RDF
(20-40-00 NPK kg ha-1) recorded significantly higher values of all the growth and
yield attributes.
Application of 100 % RDF (20-40-00 NPK kg ha-1) recorded significantly
higher seed and stover yields over 50% RDF and control. However, harvest index
was non significantly affected due to different fertilizer levels.
Significantly higher protein content (%) was recorded under treatment F3
(100 % RDF) but it was remained at par with 75 % RDF (F2). While, significantly
lower protein content was observed under F0 (0 % RDF) treatment.
Treatment F3 (100 % RDF) recorded significantly higher N, P and K
content and uptake by seed and stover as well as available N, P and K status of
soil after harvest of crop.
Maximum value of net realization of 37083 ha-1 along with CBR value
of 1:2.17 was recorded under treatment F3 (100% RDF). On the contrary,
treatment F0 (0% RDF) recorded the minimum value of net realization of
23355 ha-1 with CBR value of 1:1.63.
Treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) recorded
significantly higher values of all the growth attributes viz., plant height
(at 45 DAS and at harvest), weight of dry root nodules plant-1and number of
branches plant-1. While, treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering) recorded lower
values of all the growth attributes.
With respect to improvement in yield attributes viz., number of pods
plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, pod length and test weight an application of
ii
Abstract
panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering (P3) being at par with treatment P2
(Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering) was emerged out as the best treatment.
Significantly higher seed and stover yields were recorded under
Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering (P3) which was remained at par with
treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering). However, harvest index
was non significantly affected due to different panchagavya levels.
Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering (P3) recorded significantly higher
protein content (%). On the contrary, treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering) had
lower values of protein content (%).
With regard to N, P and K uptake by seed and stover as well as available
these nutrients after harvest of the crop was recorded significantly higher under
panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering (P3) treatment, it was comparable with
treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering).
Maximum net realization of 38498 ha-1 was recorded under treatment
P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) followed by treatment P2
(Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering) and maximum CBR value of 1:2.43 was
registered under treatment P2, while the minimum net realization of
11291 ha-1 along with CBR value of 1:1.25 were recorded under treatment P1
(Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) at first irrigation).
In view of results obtained from the present invastigation, it could be
concluded that for higher yield and net profit/realization or return from summer
greengram Cv."Meha". The crop should be fertilized with 20 kg N ha-1 (43.5 kg
urea) and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 (250 kg Single Super Phosphate) as basal application
with spraying of "panchagavya"@ 6% at flowering stage under middle Gujarat
conditions.
iii
Dr. K. M. Gediya
Associate Research Scientist (Agron),
Bidi Tobacco Research Station,
Anand Agricultural University,
Anand- 388 110, Gujarat
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of fertilizer
and panchagavya on yield and quality of summer greengram
(Vigna radiata L.) under middle Gujarat conditions” submitted
by Patel Vipulbhai Yogeshbhai. Reg. No. 04-2395-2014 in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) in AGRONOMY of the
Anand Agricultural University, Gujarat is a record of bonafide
research work carried out by him under my personal guidance and
supervision. The thesis has not previously formed the basis for
award of any degree, diploma or other similar title.
Place: Anand (K. M. GEDIYA)
Date: /09/2016 Major Guide

DECLARATION
This is to certify that whole of the research work reported in the
thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master
of Science (Agriculture) in the subject of Agronomy is the result of investigation
done by undersigned under the direct guidance and supervision of Dr. K. M. Gediya,
Associate Research Scientist (Agron.), Bidi Tobacco Research Station, Anand
Agricultural University, Anand-388110 and no part of the research work has been
submitted for any other degree so far.
Place: Anand
Date: /09/2016 (Vipul Y. Patel)
Counter signed by
(K. M. Gediya)
Associate Research Scientist (Agron.),
Bidi Tobacco Research Station,
Anand Agricultural University,
Anand-388 110
Gujarat
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Towards the end of my endeavour, it’s the right moment to prie-dieu to extol my
profound etiquette to all those who have directly or indirectly helped me to accomplish this job
because research work and their documentation cannot be a single person’s job, it needs
assistance from all quarters of scientific community to keep oneself updated. It is difficult to
mention all who were helpful to me and therefore, I start with expressing my indebtedness for
everyone who generously imparted their help without any faltering.
As an amateur investigator, it is a matter of great pride and pleasure to present this
thesis which is the climax of my dedication, devotion and ardor to my field of interest.
Sometimes words are not enough to express one’s emotions and expressions. At this
point of time, I am unable to express my gratitude and reverberated reverence to my guide
Dr. K. M. Gediya, Associate Research Scientist (Agronomy), Bidi Tobacco Research Station,
AAU, Anand. I am immensely self-satisfied to mention that he accorded all his intellectuality
and expertise towards his field which enabled me to design a painstaking plan and moving
forward to materialize that. All types of shortcomings proved too much short as compared to the
help and guidance provided by him. Hence, sincerely my first and foremost thank to him.
At this auspicious juncture, I am wordless to thank my advisory committee
members, Dr. G. J. Mistry, Assistant Research Scientist, Micronutrient Project (ICAR), AAU,
Anand, Dr. G. J. Patel, Research Scientist (Agronomy), T. R. C. T. C. Devgadh Baria and
Dr. V. B. Darji, Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Statistics, B. A. College of
Agriculture, AAU, Anand who have taken great care of mine in all ups and downs in my
research work.
I acknowledge with thanks for the facilities provided by Dr. H. R. Patel, Head of
Bidi Tobacco Research Station, AAU, Anand.
I owe my profoundest sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to Dr. K. P. Patel,
Principal, B. A. College of Agriculture, AAU, Anand, Dr. M. V. Patel, Professor and Head
(Department of Agronomy), Dr. V. R. Bhatt, Professor and Head (Department of Agricultural
Chemistry and Soil Science), Dr. M. R. Patel, Dr. B. D. Patel, Dr. A. C. Shadhu, Dr. A. S.
Bhanvadiya, Dr. S. N. Shah, Dr. P. M. Patel, Dr. M. B. Viradiya and other staff members for
Acknowledgement
their ever willing co-operation. I express my sincere thanks to Dr. J. C. Chavda, Research
Scientist (Physiology).
I am thankful to Jalpa Panchal, Chunibhai, Rambhai, Hajabhai, Harmanbhai and
other field staff of Bidi Tobacco Research Station Farm for providing me all necessary facilities
and kind co-operation during the period of investigation.
I cannot resist myself to homologate my enthusiastic senior Sagar Kadu, Gaurav
Karad, Aniket Umale, Manoj Dohat, Ravindra Prajapati and Bharat Chaudhary who were
with me throughout the course of my study and research work.
In this hour of affluence, I overwhelm with ardour to talk about my admirable,
good natured and good humoured pals Jayesh, Vaibhav, Siddharth, Shiddhav, Margesh, Anand,
Janak, Shakti, Kirthana, Mitresh, Jaymin, Velji, Pragnesh, Arjun, Sonaka, Nilesh, Nikhil and
Dilip because caring friends like them add so much ecstasy and exultation in day-to-day living. I
just wanted to let them know how grateful I am, for their moral encouragement and arousal in
many an area of life, has paved the way meanest shattering hurdles to materialize my notion.
I extend my special thanks to Pranav nayee, Nirav Vyas, Rahul Kharadi and
Mahendra Chaudhary.
I owe a deep and endless sense of reverence towards my Grandparents Late. Shri
Govindbhai, Late. Smt. Laliben my father Shri Yogeshbhai, mother Shardaben, my uncle
Kanubhai whose love, constant encouragement, their blessing and moral support and inspirational
guidance helped me immensely in realizing my goal.
I am overwhelmed with the love, care and affection showered on me by my sister
Anju, Janki and Kinjal,brothers Dharmesh, Jay, Raju, Rashmin, Harsh and Ayush, my bhabhi
Bhoomiben and Uravshiben, my cute newphew Priyansh who had done a lot to bring me to this
level are inexpressible in words.
Lastly, I am thankful to the “GOD” and “GOODNESS” and all who so ever have
helped in making this mission for the study a success.
Date: / 09/2016 (Vipul Y. Patel)

Place: Anand
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
NO. TITLE
NO.
I INTRODUCTION 1-4
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5-35
III MATERIALS AND METHODS 36-53
IV EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 54-83
V DISCUSSION 84-95
VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 96-100
REFERENCES I-XI
APPENDIX I-VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Title
No. No.
Meteorological data recorded during crop season for the year
3.1 38
2015-16 (Weekly mean)
3.2 Physico-chemical properties of the experimental field 39
3.3 Cropping history of the experimental site 39
3.4 Characteristics of greengram variety (Meha) 40
3.5 Details of treatment combinations 42
Calendar of important field operations and cultural operations
3.6 44
carried out during the course of investigation
3.7 Parameters studied during the field investigation 49
3.8 Plant chemical analysis 51
Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on plant population of
4.1 55
summer greengram
Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on periodic plant height
4.2 57
of summer greengram
Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on weight of dry root
4.3 nodules plant-1 and number of branches plant-1 of summer 60
greengram
Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on number of pods
4.4 62
plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1 of summer greengram
Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on pod length and test
4.5 65
weight of summer greengram
Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on yield and harvest
4.6 68
index of summer greengram
Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on protein content of
4.7 70
summer greengram
Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on nutrient content in
4.8 73
seed and stover of summer greengram
4.9 Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on nutrient uptake by
75
seed and stover of summer greengram
4.10 Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on available nutrient
79
status of soil after harvest of summer greengram
4.11 Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on economic of summer
83
greengram
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure After
Title
No. page No.
Meteorological data recorded during crop season for the
3.1 38
year 2015-16 (Weekly mean)
3.2 Layout plan of field experiment 43
4.1 Periodical plant height of summer greengram as influenced 57

by different treatments
4.2 Weight of dry root nodules plant-1 of summer greengram as 60
influenced by different treatments
4.3 Number of branches plant-1 of summer greengram as 60
4.4 Yield attributes of summer greengram as influenced by 65

different treatments
4.5 Seed yield and stover yield of summer greengram as 68
4.6 Protein content of summer greengram as influenced by 70
4.7 N, P and K contents in seed and stover of summer 73
greengram as influenced by different treatments
4.8 N, P and K Uptake by seed and stover of summer 75
4.9 Available N, P and K status of soil after harvest of summer 79
4.10 Net realization of summer greengram as influenced by 83
LIST OF PLATES
After Page
Plate No. Title
No.
1 General view of the experimental field 43
Performance of summer greengram under control
2 68
condition
Performance of summer greengram under 75% 68
3
RDF + Panchagavya spray @ 6% at Flowering
4
5
LIST OF APPENDIX
Page
Sr. No. Title
No.
I Cost of cultivation of summer greengram and economics I-II
Analysis of variance for growth and yield attributes, quality
II parameter of summer greengram and chemical parameters of III-VI
plant and soil
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
/ Per
% Per cent
@ At the rate
0
C Degree Celsius
AAU Anand Agricultural University
Anon. Anonymous
BCR Benefit Cost Ratio
B. T. R. S. Bidi Tobacco Research Station
C. D. Critical Difference
C. V. Co-efficient of Variance
CV Cultivation
cm Centimeter
cm2 Square Centimeter
DAS Days After Sowing
dS m-1 Decisiemens per meter
EC Emulsifiable concentration
EC Enriched compost
EC Electrical conductivity
EMO’s Effective Micro-organisms
et al. Et allii; and co-workers
etc. Etcetera and rest, so on
Fig. Figure
G Gram
GA Gibberellic Acid
GLM Glyricidia Leaf Manure
Ha Hectare
hr. day-1 Hour per day
IAA Indole Acetic Acid
IIPR Indian Institute of Pulses Research
i
INM Integrated Nutrient Management
K Potash
km Kilometer
Km hr.-1 Kilometer Per hour
i. e. That is
K2 O Potassium oxide
Kg Kilogram
kg ha-1 Kilogram per hectare
L Liter
M Million
Max. Maximum
Min. Minimum
M Meter
Mg Milligram
Mm Millimeter
m2 Square meter
N Nitrogen
N North
No. Number
NS Non Significant
O.C. Organic Carbon
P Phosphorus
P = 0.05 Probability at 0.05 %
P2O5 Phosphorus pentaoxide
PB Pair of Bullock
PGPR Plant Growth Promoting Substances
pH Potential of hydrogen ion
Ppm Parts per million
PSB Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria
q ha-1 Quintal per hectare
ii
R.H. Relative humidity
RDF Recommended Dose of Fertilizer
Rupees
S. Em. Standard Error of mean
Sig. Significant
Spp. Species
SSP Single Super Phosphate
Sr. No. Serial number
Std. Met. week Standard Meteorological week
t Tone
viz. Namely
iii
Introduction
I. INTRODUCTION
Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) commonly known as “mung” or “mung bean”
is one of the most important and extensively cultivated pulse crop of the Indian sub-
continent. Pulses are important food crops occupying a unique position in every
known system of farming as main, catch, cover, green manure, intercrop and mix
crop. Its inclusion in the rotation keeps the soil alive and productive. Pulse crops
enrich the soil fertility adding organic matter and nitrogen through biological fixation
mediated by root nodule Rhizobium bacteria.
Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the important pulse crop and
cultivated in the India, since ancient times. Greengram is a native of India and central
Asia and grown in these regions since prehistoric times. It is widely cultivated
throughout the Asia, including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand,
Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia and South China. The cultivation of greengram
is mainly confined to the states viz. Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Orissa covering 4.40, 2.30,
5.28, 6.71, 0.72, 10.60, 1.71 and 2.55 lakh hectares, respectively (Anon., 2014).
In Gujarat, greengram is mainly grown in the districts of Kutch,
Banaskantha, Mehsana and Panchmahal in kharif season under inadequate and erratic
rainfall. However, it is grown on large area during summer season in Kheda, Baroda
and Panchmahal districts. With the availability of irrigation water through Narmada
project, area under greengram increased in the middle and north Gujarat. Greengram
matures in 65 to 70 days and due to photo and thermo insensitivity, it can be grown
1
……………………………………………………………….…………………Introduction
during kharif, rabi and summer seasons. The yield level of summer greengram is
higher as compared to kharif crop because of minimum biotic and abiotic stresses
(Anon., 2004). Because of short duration of the crop and adjustability under different
cropping systems or situations, greengram has enormous potential for the future,
which needs to be capitalized.
Despite of significant importance of this crop, the yield is very low in india
as well as in Gujarat probably due to the fact that, its cultivation is mainly confined
under rainfed conditions and in poor fertility soils. To meet the increasing demand of
pulses, a time has come to give a serious thought for increasing either area or yield
per hectare of this crop.
Greengram is rich in protein as it contains about 24 per cent protein which is
almost three times that of cereals. Legume crops are not only used as human diet but
also for improving soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation. Its seed is more
palatable, nutritive, digestible and non-flatulent than other pulses grown in the
country. Greengram is primarily consumed in the form of dal. Green pods are also
used as vegetable and haulms as green fodder. Its seeds contain 24% protein, 1.2%
fat and 62% carbohydrates. The lysine, methionine and cystine (mg g-1) are 436, 75
and 55, respectively. It is rich in vitamin A (Reddy, 2013)
Among the various factors affecting crop production, fertilizer plays a vital
role in increasing the greengram production. Optimum fertilizer application either in
the form of organic or inorganic is one of the best established techniques for
increasing crop production. Among the major nutrients, nitrogen plays key role for
plant growth. It imparts green colour to leaves/stem and enable to them for efficient
2
……………………………………………………………….…………………Introduction
photosynthesis. Nitrogen also plays vital role in symbiosis of chlorophyll as well as
amino acids which contribute to the building unit of protein and thus, growth of
plant. Greengram is a pulse crop, so required less amount of nitrogen and it can be
compensated by nitrogen fixing bacteria. Phosphorus promotes growth and enhances
the yield, it imparts hardiness to suit, improves grain quality, regulates the
photosynthesis, governs physico-chemical process and also helps in root
development/root nodulation and thereby, increasing nitrogen fixation.
Majority of Indian farmers who are mostly marginal and small are using
indigenous organic manures as sources of nutrients. Organic plays a major role in
maintaining soil health due to build-up of soil organic matter, beneficial microbes,
enzymes, besides improving soil physical and chemical properties. To achieve soil
fertility and productivity in a sustainable manner, the role of organic manures and
other nutrient management practices like use of fermented liquid organic nutrient
viz., panchagavya, jeevamrut, beejamrut, vermiwash etc. are very important. In
addition to nutrients, these fermented liquid organics have microbial load/count and
plant growth promoting substances (PGPR) which help in sustaining the plant
growth, yield, metabolic activity and resistance to pest and diseases. Presence of IAA
and GA besides beneficial soil micro-organisms viz., Rhizobium, Azotobacter,
Azospirillum and PSB in panchagavya could have created stimuli in the plant system
and increased the production of growth regulators in cell system and the action of
growth regulators in plant system stimulated the growth and development of crop
(Chaudhari et al. 2013).
Panchagavya, an organic product is the potential source to play the role for
3
……………………………………………………………….…………………Introduction
promoting growth and providing immunity in the plant system. Presence of naturally
occurring, beneficial, effective micro-organisms (EMO‟s) in panchagavya
predominantly, lactic acid bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, photosynthetic bacteria and
certain fungi besides, beneficial and proven microorganisms such as Azotobacter,
Azospirillum and Phosphobacterium were detected which have the beneficial effect
especially in improving soil quality, growth and yield of crops (Xu and Xu, 2000).
Conventional agriculture has made an adverse impact on the health of soil
and plant. This eventually has led to high demand for organic farming to protect soil
and plant health. In India, organic farming was well developed and systemized
agricultural practice during the past such as „Vedas‟ which has specified the use of
„panchagavya‟ in agriculture. In Sanskrit, panchagavya means the blend of five
products obtained from cow viz., dung, urine, milk, curd and ghee (Sugha, 2005).
Keeping the above facts in view, the present experiment entitled “Effect of
fertilizer and panchagavya on yield and quality of summer greengram (Vigna
radiata L.) under middle Gujarat conditions” was under taken during summer
2015 at Bidi Tobacco Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand,
Gujarat, With the following objectives.
Objective:
1. To find out the effect of fertilizer and panchagavya on growth, yield and
quality of summer greengram.
2. To determine nutrient uptake (N, P and K) by greengram.
3. To find out the interaction effect between fertilizer and panchagavya on
growth, yield and quality parameters of summer greengram.
4
Review
of
Literature
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Fertilizer recommendation integrating organic, inorganic and bio-
fertilizers ensure sustainability of yield, maintenance of soil health and conservation
of natural resources. Keeping this in view the present study was planned to find out
the effect of recommended dose of fertilizer and panchagavya on yield of summer
greengram. The efforts are, therefore, being made here to review the research work
done so far on relevant aspects at different locations. The literature compiled is
narrated on the following major heads
2.1 EFFECT OF FERTILIZER
2.2 EFFECT OF PANCHAGAVYA
2.3 INTERACTION EFFECT OF FERTILIZER AND PANCHAGAVYA
Chemical fertilizers have played a key role in ushering the green revolution.
It has been established that there is a positive correlation between fertilizer usage and
agriculture productivity. Among all the nutrients, nitrogen has vital importance for
the highest production and good start of the crop growth and production.
It is fact that phosphorus promotes growth, root development and nodulation,
thereby increases the productivity of greengram crop. The results available on this
aspect are reported briefly as under.
2.1.1 Effect on growth attributes
Sarkar and Banik (1991) conducted an experiment during summer season of
the year 1991 at Experimental Farm, Culcutta University, Baruipur (West Bengal).
5
……………………………………………………………….…………Review of literature
The results revealed that increasing levels of P 2 O 5 from 0 to 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1
increased number of root nodules of greengram.
A field experiment was conducted by Patel et al. (1992) during kharif season
of the year 1989 at Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat), to
study the response of greengram to sulphur fertilization under different levels of
nitrogen and phosphorus. They found that application of nitrogen @ 20 kg N ha-1 and
phosphorus @ 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased number of branches plant-1
over control.
Ardeshna et al. (1993) conducted a field experiment during kharif season of
the year 1990 at Junagadh (Gujarat), to study the response of nitrogen and
phosphorus on growth and yield of green gram. The results revealed that significantly
higher plant height and branches plant-1 were obtained at 30 N kg ha-1 along with 60
P2O5 kg ha-1 over remaining treatments.
A field experiment was conducted on clay loam soil during kharif season of
the year 1991 at Dharwad (Karnataka) on pigeonpea Cv. DT-7. Chittarpur et al.
(1994) recorded higher plant height, number of branches plant-1 and leaves plant-1 by
application of 50 kg N and 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 over control.
An experiment was conducted by Sharma and Singh (1997) during summer
seasons of the year 1989 and 1990 at Instructional Farm of university, Faizabad (U.P)
to find out the response of greengram to phosphorus levels. They observed that
application of phosphorus @ 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly enhanced the plant height
and branches plant-1.
Bhadoria et al. (1997) conducted an experiment on cluster bean during kharif
seasons of the year 1992 and 1993 at Gwalior (U.P), with four levels of phosphorus
6
(0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1). The results indicated that plant height and number of
branches plant-1 were increased significantly with application of phosphorus over
control. Application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 registered maximum values for plant height
and number of branches plant-1.
Akter et al. (1998) conducted an experiment to study the effect of nitrogen
(0, 20 and 40 kg ha-1) on cowpea at Regional Research Station, Gwalior, Madhya
Pradesh during the year 1989 and 1990 and they reported that application of 40 N
ha-1 increased nodulation and dry matter production.
Ram and Dixit (2000) carried out an experiment at Faizabad (U.P.) on silt
loam soil having pH 8.2 to evaluate the response of summer greengram to
phosphorus during summer season of the year 1987. They observed that application
of phosphorus @ 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased dry matter as compared to
control.
A field experiment on pigeonpea was conducted by Shivran and Ahlawat
(2000) at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during kharif seasons of
the year 1997-98 and 1998-99, to study the effect of fertilizer on sandy loam soil.
They reported that application of 75% of the recommended dose of fertilizer i.e.
13.5:34.5:15:15 kg N:P2O5:K2O:S ha-1 significantly enhanced the growth attributes
viz., plant height, number of branches plant-1 and leaf area index of pigeon pea.
Baboo and Mishra (2001) carried out a field experiment on sandy loam soil
at Agriculture Research Farm, A. S. College, Lakhoti (UP) on greengram during
spring season of the year1996-97. They found that each successive increase in
phosphorus level up to 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased plant height and
number of branches plant-1.

7
A field experiment was carried out by Rudreshappa and Halikatti (2002)
during rabi season of the year 1995-96 at University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad (Karnataka) to study the response of nitrogen (0, 12.5 and 25 kg ha-1) and
phosphorus (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg ha-1) levels on green gram. The results indicated that
significantly higher total dry matter and leaf area index were realized with
application of 12.5 kg N ha-1 and 25 kg P ha-1 over the control.
A field experiment was conducted by Srinivas and Mohammad (2002) during
kharif season of the year 1999 on sandy loam soil at the Student's Farm, College of
Agriculture, Rajendranagar (A.P) to find out the response of phosphorus levels on
greengram. They found that application of 25 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased
plant height, branches plant-1 and leaves plant-1 over control.
Mishra (2003) conducted an experiment on cowpea during summer season of
the year 2003 at Agriculture Research Farm, Lakhoti (UP) and reported that
application of 20 kg N ha-1 increased the nodules plant-1, root length and dry weight
of root.
An investigation was carried out on effect of sources and levels of
phosphorus on greengram during kharif seasons of the year 1995 and 1996 at Central
Agricultural University, Imphal (Assam). The results revealed that plant height,
number of branches plant-1 and dry matter production were recorded maximum with
60 kg P2O5 ha-1 over control (Luikham et al., 2005).
Yadav and Malik (2005) conducted an experiment on cowpea during kharif
season of the year 1999 at Hisar (Haryana). They reported that application of 20 kg N
ha-1 in the form of Urea at the time of sowing produced the tallest plants.
8
A field experiment on cowpea was conducted by Singh et al. (2007) at
Faizabad during kharif season of 2003-04. They observed that an application of 30 kg
nitrogen ha-1 recorded significantly higher plant height, number of nodules plant-1 and
dry weight of nodules plant-1 over control.
Sasode (2008) conducted a field experiment during kharif seasons of the year
1998 and 1999 at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Gwalior (U.P) on
greengram and found that application of 37.5 N: 90 P2O5 :5.0 Zn kg ha-1 increased
plant height, number of branches plant-1 and dry matter production.
A field experiment was conducted by Choudhary et al. (2011) during kharif
season of the year 2009 at Agronomy farm, College of Agriculture, Jobner
(Rajasthan) to study the effect of organic sources and chemical fertilizers on kharif
greengram (RMG 268). The results revealed that an application of 0.7 t
vermicompost + 50% RDF ha-1 (10:20 kg NP ha-1) produced significantly higher dry
matter accumulation and number of branches plant-1.
Ahlawat et al. (2012) conducted an experiment in kharif season of the year
2004 and 2005 at Hisar (Haryana) and reported that 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 (RDF)
significantly increased leaf area, number of branches plant-1 and dry matter
accumulation by greengram (Cv. Asha).
Application of 100 RDF (20:40 hg NP ha-1) to summer greengram on heavy
textured soil of Practical Crop Production Farm of Navsari Agricultural University,
Navsari (Gujarat) recorded significantly higher plant height, dry matter
accumulation, number of branches plant-1 and nodules plant-1 and nodule weight
plant-1 as compared to lower levels of RDF (Jat et al., 2012).
9
A field experiment was conducted by Mir et al. (2013) at Allahabad
Agricultural Institute- Deemed University, Allahabad (U.P) for two consecutive
years (2004and 2005) with blackgram to study the effect of levels of phosphorus on
growth, yield and nutrient content of blackgram. They reported that an application of
60 kg P2O5 ha-1 gave significantly higher plant height and number of leaves plant-1
over control.
Parvez et al. (2013) conducted a field experiment during October to January
of the year 2011 to find out the effect of different levels of phosphorus
(0, 20, 40, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) on yield of mungbean at Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
They concluded that application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded significantly higher
plant height and number of branches plant-1 over control.
Tomar et al. (2013) conducted field experiment during summer seasons of
the year 2007 and 2008 to find out the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on black
gram at Baraut (UP). They recorded significantly higher plant height, number of
branches plant -1, number of leaves plant-1 and dry matter under an application of
20 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 over control.
Manoj et al. (2014) conducted field experiment during summer season of the
year 2011 to evaluate the effect of irrigation and nitrogen applications on growth,
yield and quality of green gram (Vigna radiata L.). They found that application of
20 kg N ha-1 as basal and 20 kg N ha-1 as split + one irrigation at flower initiation
gave maximum number of plant m-2, plant height, number of branches plant-1 and
number of trifoliate leaves plant-1 over control.
An experiment was conducted by Medhi et al. (2014) during summer season
of the year 2011 to find out the effect of phosphorus on yield of green gram at
10
Kalyani (WB). The results revealed that an application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 gave
significantly higher plant height and number of branches plant-1 over rest of the levels
of phosphorus.
Murade et al. (2014) conducted an experiment during kharif season of the
year 2011-12 to study the effect of spacing and fertilizer levels on growth and yield
of urdbean at Akola (Maharashtra). They observed that an application of 30:60 kg NP
ha-1 gave significantly higher plant height, number of branches plant-1 and total dry
matter plant-1 over control.
An experiment was conducted during kharif season of the year 2013 at
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (U.P), to evaluate the
growth, yield and nutrient content of mungbean in response to INM in Eastern Uttar
Pradesh. The results revealed that significant improvement in LAI, number of
trifoliate, SPAD value of green leaf chlorophyll and dry matter accumulation of
mungbean were recorded due to application of 75% RDF + 2.5 t ha-1 vermicompost
(VC) + Rhizobium (Rh)+ phosphorus solublizing bacteria (PSB), followed by 100%
RDF + 2.5 t ha-1 VC and 100% RDF + Rh + PSB (Dhakal et al., 2015).
A field experiment was conducted by Saini et al. (2015) during summer
season of the year 2013 at Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat), to find out the effect of
integrated nitrogen management on growth, yield and quality of greengram [Vigna
radiata (L) Wilczek] in north Gujarat. They observed that integrated application of
recommended dose of nitrogen (20 kg N ha-1) through organic and inorganic sources
of nitrogen like, 25% RDN from FYM +75% RDN from urea significantly enhanced
plant growth and growth attributes like, plant height, dry matter accumulation and
number of branches plant-1 over rest of the treatment.

11
The foregoing review on the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth of
greengram clearly indicated that application of nitrogen (20-30 kg ha-1) and
phosphorus (40-60 kg ha-1) significantly increased the plant height, number of
branches plant-1, dry matter production, number of root nodule plant-1 and number of
leaf plant-1 over control.
2.1.2 Effect on yield and yield attributes
From the result of field experiment, Subramanian et al. (1978) reported that
Cajanus cajan, Cv. Co-2 out yielded with an application of 12.5 kg N and 25 kg
P2O5 ha-1 as compared to no chemical fertilizer.
Patel et al. (1984) reported that application of 30 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 ha-1
produced significantly higher seed and stalk yields of arhar crop over 20 kg N + 40
kg P2O5 and 10 kg N + 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 at Navsari (Gujarat) during kharif season of
the year 1980.
A field experiment was conducted by Pal and Jana (1991) during summer
seasons of the year 1982 and 1984 at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Mohanpur (West Bengal). They found that significant increase in number of pods
plant-1, stover yield and test weight up to 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 whereas, number of seeds
pod-1 and seed yield of greengram were significantly increased up to 30 kg P2O5 ha-1
on clay loam soil.
Sarkar and Banik (1991) conducted an experiment during summer season of the
year 1991 at Experimental Farm, Calcutta University, Baruipur (West Bengal). The results
revealed that increasing levels of P 2 O 5 from 0 to 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 brought successive
increase in seed and stover yield, pods plant-1, pod length, number of seeds pod-1 and test
weight of greengram.
12
Rajkhowa et al. (1992) conducted an experiment during summer seasons of
the year 1989 and 1990 at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat (Assam) to assess
the effect of sources and levels of phosphorus on summer greengram. They observed
that seed yield, pods plant-1 and 1000 seed weight were increased significantly upto
20 kg P2O5 ha-1.
Ardeshna et al. (1993) conducted a field experiment during kharif season of
the year 1990 at Junagadh (Gujarat) to study the response of nitrogen and phosphorus
on growth and yield of green gram. The results indicated that significantly higher
pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, test weight and seed yield were obtained at 30 kg N ha-1
along with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 over remaining treatments.
An experiment was conducted by Chovatia et al. (1993) during summer
season of the year 1989 at Navsari to ascertain the effect of phosphorus on summer
greengram. The yield attributes viz., number of pods plant-1, pod length, test weight,
seed and stover yields were significantly higher with 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 as compared to
0 and 20 kg P2O5 ha-1.
A field experiment was carried out on sandy loam soil at Dholi (Bihar)
during summer 1991 on greengram and blackgram. The different treatments were
seed inoculated and not inoculated by rhizobium associated with the treatments of 20
kg N ha-1, 20 kg N ha-1 + 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 20 kg N ha-1+ 40 kg P2O5 ha-1+40 kg
K2O ha-1. Inoculation increased seed yield and N and P uptake. The maximum
number of pods plant-1, pod length, test weight, seed and stover yields were
obtained under the treatment 20 kg N ha-1 + 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 40 kg K2O ha-1
(Singh et al., 1993).
13
Chittarpur et al. (1994) conducted an experiment on clay loam soil during
kharif season of the year 1991 at Dharwad (Karnataka) on pigeonpea Cv. DT-7. The
results revealed that application of 50 kg ha-1 each of N and P2O5 gave maximum
number of pods plant-1, seed weight plant-1, test weight, seed and stalk yield as
compared to rest of the treatments.
Patel and Patel (1994) tried a field experiment at Navsari (Gujarat) during
summer seasons of the year 1990 and 1991. They concluded that the basal
application of 20 kg N ha-1+ 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 to greengram gave the highest seed yield
and found statistically equal to foliar spray of urea @ 1.5 %+ diammonium
phosphate @ 0.5 % twice at 30 and 40 days after sowing. Foliar applications of urea
and diammonium phosphate also increased the number of pods plant-1, seeds pod-1
and length of pod and ultimately, resulted in higher seed yield than the control.
Patil and Jadhav (1994) found out the response of phosphorus and Rhizobium
on greengram at Raigarh (Maharashtra) during summer seasons of the year 1986 and
1987. They concluded that application of 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased the
seed yield over 0 and 25 kg P2O5 ha-1 on medium black soils.
Bhalu et al. (1995) conducted an experiment during kharif season of the year
1990 at Junagadh (Gujarat) to study the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield of
blackgram. They observed significantly higher stover yield and seed yield at
30 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 along with Rhizobium inoculation over the
remaining treatments.
A field experiment was conducted by Saxena et al. (1996) during kharif
seasons of the year 1988 and 1989 at Kanpur (U.P) to study the effect of phosphorous
14
and potassium on greengram. They observed that Phosphorous @ 60 kg ha-1 and
20 kg K ha-1 gave higher seed yield.
An experiment was conducted by Sharma and Singh (1997) during summer
seasons of the year 1989 and 1990 at Instructional Farm of university, Faizabad (U.P)
to find out the response of greengram to phosphorus levels. They found that seed and
stover yields were significantly enhanced due to application of phosphorus @ 50 kg
P2O5 ha-1.
An experiment was conducted at Lakhoti (UP) during summer seasons of the
year 1992 and 1993 by Mishra and Baboo (1999) to study the effect of nitrogen on
cowpea. They reported that application of 20 kg nitrogen ha-1 significantly improved
the seed yield of cowpea over control.
An experiment was conducted during summer seasons of the year 1994 and
1995 on greengram to study the effect of phosphorous levels (0, 20 and 40 kg P2O5
ha-1). The results revealed that an application of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 was significantly
superior to 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 and control in respect of seed yield (Soni and Gupta,
1999).
Ram and Dixit (2000) carried out an experiment on silt loam soil to study the
response of summer greengram to phosphorus during summer season of 1987. They
observed that application of phosphorus @ 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased
seed yield as compared to control.
Singha and Sharma (2001) carried out an experiment during summer season
of the year 2001 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Diphu (Assam). The soil
was sandy clay loam with pH 6.1. They observed that application of 45 kg P 2O5 ha-1
significantly increased seed and stover yields of blackgram.

15
An experiment was carried out during summer season of the year 1999 and
2000 on sandy loam soil of Hisar (Haryana) by Rajendrakumar et al. (2002). The
treatments comprised two genotypes (MH-85-111 and T-44) of mung bean and four
levels of nitrogen (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg ha-1) as main plot treatment and four levels of
phosphorus (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1) as sub plot treatments in split plot design with
three replications. The interaction between N and P was found significant in pooled
analysis with all the levels of nitrogen; the seed yield was significantly increased up
to 40 kg P2O5 in response to their lower dose.
significantly higher number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pods-1, test weight, grain
yield and haulm yield were realized with application of 12.5 kg N ha-1 and 25 kg
P2O5 ha-1 over control.
Yakadri et al. (2002) conducted a field experiment on greengram at
Hyderabad during kharif season of the year 1999. They reported that application of
20 kg nitrogen ha-1 significantly increased leaf area ratio, number of pods plant-1 and
seed yield.
A field experiment was carried out by Patel and Thakur (2003) during kharif
seasons of the year 1997 to 1998. They observed significant increase in yield
attributes of greengram viz., length of pods, number of pods plant-1 and 100 seed
weight due to application of phosphorus @ 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 over control.
16
An experiment was conducted by Patel et al. (2003) during kharif seasons of
the year 2000 to 2002 at Main Pulses Research Station, Gujarat Agricultural
University, Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat). The scientists reported that application of 25
kg N ha-1 gave significantly higher seed and stover yields of cowpea being at par with
20 kg N ha-1.
Malik et al. (2003) conducted an experiment during the year 2001 at
Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Pakistan) to
determine the effect of different levels of nitrogen (0, 25 and 50 kg ha-1) and
phosphorus (0, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1) on yield and quality of mungbean. The results
revealed that fertilizer combination of 25-75 kg NP ha-1 gave significantly higher
seed yield, test weight, number of seeds pod-1 and number of pod plant-1 over control.
Singh et al. (2003) carried out an experiment during kharif seasons of the
year 1999 and 2000 on sandy loam soil having pH 8.3 to find out the effect of
phosphorus levels on greengram at Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri, Agra
(U.P). The levels of phosphorus showed significant increase in seed yield over
control. The seed yield was increased by 12.5, 52.3 and 51.2 %, respectively with 30,
60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 over control.
An experiment was conducted by Shivakumar and Sidramappa (2004) at
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. They observed that application of
30 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 resulted in to significantly higher seed yield of greengram
compared to no phosphorus application. The combination of broad bed and furrows
with phosphorus fertilization was found to be ideal for achieving higher productivity.
Luikham et al. (2005) investigated the effect of sources and levels of
phosphorus on greengram during kharif seasons of the year 1995 and 1996 at Central
17
Agricultural University, Imphal (Assam). The results revealed that pods plant-1, pod
length, seeds pod-1 and seed yield were recorded maximum with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 over
control.
An experiment was carried out by Anjum et al. (2006) during spring season
of the year 2004 at Department of Agronomy, University of Arid Agriculture,
Rawalpindi (Pakistan) to study the effect of Rhizobium inoculation and nitrogen
fertilizer (15, 30, 45 kg N ha-1) on yield of mungbean. The researchers concluded
that the seed inoculation + 15 kg N ha-1 recorded significantly higher number of pods
plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, test weight and seed yield plant-1 over control.
A field experiment on cowpea was conducted by Singh et al. (2007) at
Faizabad (U.P) during kharif season of the year 2003-04. They reported that
application of 30 kg nitrogen ha-1 recorded significantly higher number of pods
plant-1, pod weight, pod length and seed index over control.
1998 and 1999 at Research Farm of the College of Agriculture, Gwalior (U.P). They
found that application of 37.5N: 90 P2O5 : 5.0 Zn kg ha-1 increased number of pods
plant-1, pod length, number of seeds pod-1, seed and stover yield (kg ha-1) of
greengram.
Singh et al. (2011) conducted five multi-location experiments in Punjab
during summer season of the year 2007 on loamy sand soil and reported that
application of 12.5 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 produced higher number of pods plant-1,
seeds pod-1, 100-seed weight and seed yield of summer greengram var. (SML 668).
Kumar et al. (2012) conducted field experiment during kharif seasons of the
year 2009 and 2010 at Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University,
18
Varanasi (U.P) to investigate the effect of phosphorus on yield attributes and yield of
mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). They observed that 45 kg P2O5 ha-1 gave
significantly higher number of nodules plant-1, number of pods plant-1, 1000-grain
weight, seed yield and stover yield over control.
Agricultural Institute- Deemed University, Allahabad (U.P) to study the effect of
levels of phosphorus on growth, yield and nutrient content of blackgram for two
consecutive years (2004 and 2005). They found maximum number of nodules plant-1,
seed yield and haulm yield under an application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 over control.
Parvez et al. (2013) conducted field experiment at Bangladesh Agricultural
University, Mymensingh during October to January, 2011 to find out the effect of
different levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 40, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) on yield of mungbean.
They concluded that application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded significantly higher
number of total pods plant-1, length of pod, number of seeds pod-1, seed weight
plant-1, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, stover yield and harvest Index (%) over
control.
A field experiment was conducted by Tomar et al. (2013) during summer
seasons of the year 2007 and 2008 to find out the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus
on black gram at Baraut (UP). They recorded significantly higher number of pods
plant-1, pod length, seed pod-1, 1000-seed weight, seed yield and stover yield under an
application of 20 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 over control.
A field experiment was carried out during summer season of the year 2011 to
evaluate the effect of irrigation and nitrogen applications on growth, yield and quality
of green gram (Vigna radiata L.). The results showed that 30 kg N ha-1 as basal + one
19
irrigation at flower initiation stage gave significantly higher number of pods plant-1,
number of seeds pod-1, yield plant-1 and seed yield over control (Manoj et al., 2014).
An experiment was conducted by Medhi et al. (2014) during summer the
year 2011 to find out the effect of phosphorus on yield of green gram at Kalyani
(WB). The results revealed that an application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 gave significantly
higher number of pods plant-1, 1,000 Seed weight, harvest index and yield over rest
of the levels of phosphorus.
Murade et al. (2014) conducted an experiment during kharif season of the
year 2011-12 to study the effect of spacing and fertilizer levels on growth and yield
of urdbean at Akola (Maharashtra). They observed that an application of 30:60 kg NP
ha-1 gave significantly higher seed yield and biological yield over control.
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P) to
evaluate the growth, yield and nutrient content of mungbean in response to INM in
Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The results revealed that the highest seed yield of mungbean
was obtained with an application of 75% RDF + 2.5 t ha-1 VC + Rh + PSB followed
by 100% RDF + 2.5 t ha-1 VC and 100% RDF + Rh+ PSB (Dhakal et al., 2015).
season of the year 2013 at Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat), to find out the effect of
integrated nitrogen management on growth, yield and quality of greengram [Vigna
radiata (L) Wilczek] in north Gujarat. They recorded significantly higher number of
pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, 1000-seeds weight, seed and stover yields over
other combinations and sole application of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen.
20
Based on the above literature on the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on
yield attributes of greengram it clearly shows that application of nitrogen
(20-30 kg ha-1) and phosphorus (40-60 kg P2O5 ha-1) significantly increased the
yield and yield attributing characters like, pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, test weight, pod
length, seed yield and stover yield over control.
2.1.3 Effect on quality
1990 at Junagadh (Gujarat) to study the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield
and quality, N and P uptake and economics of blackgram. They observed
significantly higher protein content at 30 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 along with
Rhizobium inoculation over the remaining treatments.
Singh et al. (1998) conducted a field trial at Lakhoti (U.P.) during the kharif
seasons of the year 1992 and 1993 on pigeon pea and reported that application of 30
kg N ha-1 and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased the protein content of pigeon
pea as compared to control.
An experiment was conducted during summer seasons of the year 1994 and
1995 on greengram to study the effect of phosphorous levels (0, 20 and 40 kg P2O5
ha-1). Application of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 was significantly superior to 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 and
control in respect of protein yield (Soni and Gupta, 1999).
phosphorus during summer season of the year 1987. They found that application of
phosphorus @ 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased protein content of summer
greengram.
21
A study was conducted at Faisalabad (Pakistan) to determine the effect of
varying levels of nitrogen (0, 25 and 50 kg ha-1) and phosphorus
(0, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1) on yield and quality of summer mungbean cv. NM-98 in
2001. A fertilizer combination of 25 kg N + 75 kg P2O5 ha-1 resulted in to the
maximum protein content (25.6 %) (Malik et al., 2003).
1998 and 1999 at Research Farm of the College of Agriculture, Gwalior (U.P). They
found that application of 37.5N: 90 P2O5 : 5.0 Zn kg ha-1 increased protein content of
green gram.
Choudhary et al. (2011) conducted an experiment during kharif the year
2009 on loamy sand soil of Jobner (Rajasthan) and reported that protein content of
seed and protein yield of greengram (Cv. RMG 268) were increased significantly
with application of 0.7 t vermicompost along with 10:20 kg NP ha-1 (50% RDF).
A field experiment was conducted at five multi-locations in Punjab during
summer season of the year 2007 on loamy sand soil to study the effect of nitrogen
and phosphorus application on productivity of summer greengram (cv. SML 668).
The results revealed that significantly higher protein content was produced with
application of 12.5 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 (Singh et al., 2011).
Bairwa et al. (2012) conducted an experiment during summer seasons of the
year 2010 and 2011 on sandy clay loam soil of Durgapur (Rajasthan) and reported
that fertilizer combination of 20 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded significantly higher
protein content in greengram seed (cv. SML 668).
Agricultural Institute- Deemed University, Allahabad (U.P) to study the effect of

22
levels of phosphorus on growth, yield and nutrient content of blackgram for two
consecutive years (2004 and 2005). They found the highest protein content (22.64%)
under an application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 over control.
significantly the highest protein content over rest of the other levels of phosphorus.
season of the year 2013 at Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat) to find out effect of integrated
nitrogen management on growth, yield and quality of greengram [Vigna radiata (L)
Wilczek] in north Gujarat. They observd that significantly higher seed protein
content over other combinations and sole application of organic and inorganic
sources of nitrogen.
The foregoing review on the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on quality
parameter of greengram clearly shows that application of nitrogen (20-40 kg N ha-1)
and phosphorus (40-75 kg P2O5 ha-1) significantly increased protein percentage and
protein yield ha-1 over control.
2.1.4 Effect on content and uptake of nutrients
1990 at Junagadh (Gujarat) to study the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on N and P
uptake and economics of blackgram. They observed significantly higher N and P
uptake by seed and stover at 30 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 along with Rhizobium
inoculation over the remaining treatments.
23
An experiment was carried out during rainy seasons of the year 1992 and
1993 at Lakhoti (U.P.) to study the response of pigeon pea to fertilizers. Rana et al.
(1998) reported that N and P content in seed and stover as well as their uptake were
significantly increased with an application of N (0-30 kg ha-1) and P2O5 (0-80 kg ha-1)
over control.
phosphorus during the year 1987. The results revealed that an application of 50 kg
P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased P uptake as compared to control.
A field experiment on pigeonpea was conducted by Shivran and Ahlawat
(2000) at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during the year 1997-98
and 1998-99. They reported that application of 100 % and 75 % of recommended
dose of fertilizer significantly increased the uptake of N, P, and K by pigeonpea crop.
Singha and Sharma (2001) concluded that all the levels of phosphorus (25,
35 and 45 kg) significantly increased N, P and K uptake by blackgram over control at
Assam.
nitrogen and phosphorus uptake was significantly higher with application of 12.5 kg
N ha-1 and 25 kg P2O5 ha-1 over control.
Singh et al. (2003) carried out an experiment during kharif seasons the year
1999 and 2000 on sandy loam soil at R. B. S. College Research Farm, Bichpuri, Agra
24
(U.P) on summer greengram with four levels of phosphorus (0, 30, 60 and 90 P2O5
ha-1). The results inferred that application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 increased N, P and K
uptake over 0, 30 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 in greengram crop.
A field experiment was conducted by Mandal et al. (2005) during summer
season of the year 2000 at West Bengal to evaluate the response of phosphorus to
greengram on clay loam soil. The results revealed that application of phosphorus @
60 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded the highest N, P and K available in soil and uptake by
greengram.
1998 and 1999 at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Gwalior (U.P). They
found that application of 37.5 N: 90 P2O5: 5.0 Zn kg ha-1 increased N, P and K
content in soil and uptake by greengram.
Jat et al. (2012) conducted an experiment on heavy textured soil of Navsari
(Gujarat) during kharif seasons of the year 2008-09 and 2009-10 and reported that
application of 100% RDF (20:40 kg NP ha-1) significantly improved uptake of N and
P by greengram (Cv. CO 4) as compared to application of 75% RDF.
significantly higher phosphorus uptake by green gram over rest of the other level of
phosphorus.
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P) to
evaluate the growth, yield and nutrient content of mungbean in response to INM in
25
Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The results revealed that significant improvement in nutrient
content of mungbean was recorded due to application of 75% RDF + 2.5 t ha-1
vermicompost (VC) + Rhizobium (Rh)+ phosphorus solublizing bacteria (PSB) over
rest of the treatments (Dhakal et al., 2015).
Based on the above literature on the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on
nutrient uptake of greengram, it clearly indicates that application of nitrogen
(20-40 kg N ha-1) and phosphorus (40-60 kg P2O5 ha-1) significantly increased
nutrient content and nutrient uptake by seed and plant over control.
2.1.5 Economics
A field experiment was carried out during summer season of 1988 on
greengram on medium black clay soil of Junagadh using three levels of nitrogen
(0, 20 and 40 kg ha-1) and phosphorus (0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1). Experimental results
indicated that the applications of 20 kg N ha-1 and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 was significantly
found the best for securing the highest net return (Tank, 1988).
A study was conducted at Faisalabad (Pakistan) to determine the effect of
varying levels of nitrogen (0, 25 and 50 kg ha-1) and phosphorus (0, 50, 75 and 100
kg ha-1) on yield and quality of summer mung bean, Cv. NM-98 in 2001. A fertilizer
combination of 25 kg N + 75 kg P2O5 ha-1 resulted in the highest net income of
Rs.21374.90. (Malik et al., 2004).
A field experiment was conducted at Model Farm, Gujarat Agricultural
University, Vadodara (Gujarat) on sandy loam soil during the summer seasons of
1995 to 1998 to specify the response of mung bean to date of sowing and levels of
fertilizers. Among the different treatment combinations, the highest net return
26
(Rs.18240 ha-1) was recorded when the crop was sown on 1st March and fertilized
with 20 kg N ha-1 and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 (Patel et al., 2004).
Response of greengram (Cv. K 851) to fertility levels was studied at Vidisha
(M.P.) by Sasode (2008). He reported that application of higher level of fertility
(37.5 kg N + 90 kg P2O5 ha-1) recorded higher net return and BCR over 25 kg N + 60
kg P2O5 ha-1).
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus application on productivity of summer
mung bean (Cv. SML 668) was studied at five location of Punjab having loamy sand
soil during summer 2007. Singh et al., (2011) reported higher economic return with
application of 12.5 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 ha-1.
Jat et al., (2012) conducted an experiment at Navsari on heavy textured soil
during kharif 2008-09 and 2009-10 and reported that higher net return and BCR of
greengram (Cv. CO 4) was realized with application of 20 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 ha-1.
Presence of naturally occurring, beneficial, effective micro organisms
(EMO’s) in panchagavya predominantly, lactic acid bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes,
photosynthetic bacteria and certain fungi besides beneficial and proven fertilizers
such as Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Phosphobacterium were detected which have
the beneficial effect especially in improving soil quality, growth and yield of crops
(Xu and Xu, 2000). Balasubramanian et al. (2001) reported that dipping of rice
seedlings in panchagavya before transplanting enhanced the growth and yield.
Somasundaram et al. (2003) conducted a field experiment during kharif
season of the year 2002 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N) to
27
study the response of greengram to varied concentrations of panchagavya through
foliar application. Among the treatments, spray of panchagavya @ 3% produced the
highest plant height and LAI at flowering.
A filed experiment was conducted by Britto and Girija (2006) during the year
2002-03 to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic farming method of black
gram and green gram at Palayamkottai (TN). They concluded that organic farming
(Panchagavya 3%) gave significantly higher plant height, number of leaves plant-1,
length of leaves, breadth of length, area of leaves and number of branches plant-1
over inorganic farming.
Kumaravelu and Kadamban (2009) conducted a field experiment at
Department of Botany, Puducherry during kharif season of the year 2008 to study the
effect of panchagavya (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 %) on growth of greengram. They concluded
that foliar application of panchagavya @ 3 and 4% gave significantly higher lateral
root, number of nodules, fresh and dry mass of the plant over control.
Sangeetha and Thevanathan (2010) studied the effect of foliar application of
seaweed based panchagavya on leaves of seedling of the pulses viz., Vigna radiata,
Vigna mungo and Arachis hypogea. An application of panchagavya @ 3 % brought
increase in the root nodule formation.
A field experiment was conducted by Ali et al. (2011) at IRDM Faculty
Center, Ramkrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Kolkata (WB) to study the
effect of panchagavya and sanjibani on the yield of greengram. They found that
application of 3% panchagavya gave significant increase in plant height and
branches plant-1 of greengram over control.
28
A field experiment was conducted during summer season of the year 2011 at
Agronomy Farm, Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat) to study the response of summer
greengram to different concentrations of panchagavya. Matai (2012) reported that
higher plant height, number of branches plant-1 and dry matter production of
greengram were increased with application of 4 sprays of panchagavya @ 3% at
vegetative, pre-flowering, flowering and pod setting stages.
An experiment was conducted by Yadav and Tripathi (2013) during kharif
season of the year 2011 under irrigated condition at Kanpur (U.P) to study the effect
of foliar applied panchagavya with and without mixing leaf extracts of neem and
parthenium on the growth and yield of green gram. They observed that an application
of panchagavya + NLE recorded higher plant height, root nodules plant-1, dry root
nodules wieght plant-1, dry matter accumulation and branches plant-1 over control.
An investigation was carried out by Anuja and Vijayalakshmi (2014) during
season I (Jan-April 2012) and season II (Aug-Nov 2012) at the Department of
Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University (A.P) to find out the
effect of organic nutrients in vegetable cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.] at
Annamalainagar (AP). The results revealed that plant height was favourably
enhanced by the treatment of FYM @ 25 t ha-1 + neem cake @ 5 t ha-1 +
panchagavya 3 %, whereas, number of branches plant-1 was favourably enhanced by
the treatment FYM @ 25 t ha-1 + vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + panchagavya 3%.
The foregoing review on the effect of panchagavya on growth of greengram
clearly indicates that foliar spray of panchagavya 3- 4% significantly increased plant
growth parameters like, plant height, number of branches plant-1, dry matter
accumulation and number of root nodule plant-1 over control.

29
Somasundaram et al. (2003) conducted a field experiment during kharif
season of the year 2002 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N)
to study the response of greengram to varied concentrations of panchagavya.
The results of study proved that panchagavya @ 3% spray ranked at top in respect to
number of seeds pod-1, 100 seed weight and seed yield of green gram.
A filed experiment was conducted by Britto and Girija (2006) during the year
2002-03 to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic farming method of black
gram and green gram at Palayamkottai (TN). They concluded that organic farming
(Panchagavya 3%) gave significantly higher number of flowers, number of clusters
plant-1, length of cluster and weight of 100 seed over inorganic farming.
A field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore (T.N). Manimekalai et al. (2010) to evaluate the efficacy of organic
invigorated seeds on field productivity in black gram (Vigna mungo (L.)). Among the
treatments, 4% foliar spray of panchagavya recorded higher seed yield than control.
A field experiment was conducted by Ali et al. (2011) at IRDM Faculty
Center, Ramkrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Kolkata (WB) to study the
effect of panchagavya and sanjibani on the yield of green gram. They found that
application of 3% panchagavya and 10% sanjibani gave significant increase in
number of pods plant-1, pod length, number of seeds plant-1 and yield plant-1 over
control.
A filed experiment was carried out during kharif season of the year 2006-07
on light textured soil of CAZRI, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) to study the effect of foliar
application of panchagavya and leaf extracts of neem, datura and tumba in 1:1 ration
30
on clusterbean. The results revealed that foliar application of panchagavya + neem
leaf extract at branching and flowering produced higher dry matter production, seed
and stover yields of clusterbean (Kumawat et al., 2011).
Matai (2012) conducted a field experiment at SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar
(Gujarat) during summer season of the year 2011 on loamy sand soil and reported
that four sprays of panchagavya @ 3% (vegetative, pre-flowering, flowering and pod
setting stage) recorded significantly higher pods plant-1, pod length, test weight as
well as seed and stover yield of greengram.
An experiment was conducted by Yadav and Tripathi (2013) during kharif
season of the year 2011 under irrigated condition at Kanpur (UP) to study the effect
of foliar applied panchagavya with and without mixing leaf extracts of neem and
parthenium on the growth and yield of green gram. They observed that an application
of panchagavya + NLE recorded higher number of pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, test
weight and seed yield of green gram as compare to control.
An investigation was carried out by Anuja and Vijayalakshmi (2014) during
season I (Jan-April 2012) and season II (Aug-Nov 2012) at the Department of
Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University (A.P) to find out the
effect of organic nutrients in vegetable cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.] at
Annamalainagar (AP). They observed that an application of FYM @ 25 t ha-1 +
vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + panchagavya 3 % gave significantly the highest seed
yield over control.
Desai et al. (2014) conducted a field experiment during summer season of
the year 2012 to study the effect of liquid bio-nutrients along with inorganic
fertilizers on yield, quality and uptake of nutrients by summer cowpea at

31
Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat). They found that foliar spray of panchagavya @ 6% at
flowering + soil application of Jivamrut @ 500 l ha-1 at 20 DAS along with 75%
RDF gave significantly higher seed and stover yields over rest of the treatments.
Based on the above citrd review on effect of panchagavya on yield and yield
attributes of greengram clearly indicates that foliar spray of panchagavya 3-4% with
sanjibani 10% significantly increased yield attributes parameter like, number of pods
plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, pod length, plant yield, seed and stover yields over
control.
2.2.3 Effect on quality
A field experiment was conducted by Chaudhari et al. (2013) during summer
season of the year 2011 at Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat). They found that application
of RDN through vermicompost + soil application of panchagavya at 15 and 30 DAS
recorded significant improvement in protein content and protein yield of greengram.
Amareswari et al. (2014) conducted an experiment on the effect of different
organic supplements on ascorbic acid and riboflavin contents of French bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris). They observed higher ascorbic acid and riboflavin content
under an application of straw mulch, vermicompost and panchagavya together
followed by application of straw mulch, jeevamrutha and panchagavya.
Desai et al. (2014) conducted a field experiment to study the effect of liquid
bio-nutrients along with inorganic fertilizers on yield, quality and uptake of nutrients
by summer cowpea at Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat) during summer season of the year
2012. They found that foliar spray of panchagavya @ 6% at flowering + soil
application of Jivamrut @ 500 l ha-1 at 20 DAS along with 75% RDF gave
significantly higher protein content over rest of the treatment.

32
The foregoing review on the effect of panchagavya on quality parameter of
greengram clearly indicates that foliar spray of panchagavya 3-4% significantly
increased protein content and protein yield over control.
2.2.4 Effect on content and uptake of nutrients
A field experiment was conducted during summer season of the year 2011 at
Agronomy Farm, Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat) to study the response of summer
greengram to different concentrations of panchagavya. Matai (2012) reported that
higher N and P content in seed and stover as well as uptake of these nutrients by seed
and stover were recorded by application of four sprays of panchagavya @ 3%
(vegetative, pre-flowering, flowering and pod setting stage) to greengram.
Patel (2012) conducted an experiment at SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat)
on loamy sand soil during summer season of the year 2011 and reported higher N and
P content and uptake of both the nutrients by cowpea (GC 5) crop with foliar spray of
panchagavya @ 3% at 20 and 40 DAS.
Chaudhari et al. (2013) conducted a field experiment during summer 2011 at
Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat) on loamy sand soil and reported that application of RDN
through vermicompost + soil application of panchagavya at 15 and 30 DAS recorded
higher total N, P and K uptake by greengram crop. It also improved the N status of
the soil after harvest of the crop.
Desai et al. (2014) conducted a field experiment during summer season of
the year 2012 to study the effect of liquid bio-nutrients along with inorganic
fertilizers on yield, quality and uptake of nutrients by summer cowpea at
Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat). They found that foliar spray of panchagavya @ 6% at
flowering + soil application of Jivamrut @ 500 l ha-1 at 20 DAS along with 75%
33
RDF improved N and P content in seeds and stover and total uptake of N and P by
summer cowpea.
The foregoing review on the effect of panchagavya on nutrient upake of
greengram clearly indicates that foliar spray of panchagavya 3-4% significantly
increased nutrient content and nutrient uptake by seed and stover over control.
2.1.5 Economics
Swaminathan et al., (2007) reported that application of panchgavya at 3% as
foliar spray on 15, 25 and 40 DAS on black gram under irrigated condition recorded
the highest net return and B.C. ratio.
Field experiment was conducted during summer 2011 at Sardarkrushinagar
(Gujarat) on loamy sand soil. Chaudhari (2012) reported that application of RDN
(20:40 kg NP ha-1) through vermicompost + soil application of panchgavya at 15 and
30 DAS recorded higher net realization and BCR of greengram (Cv. GM 4).
Matai (2012), from an experiment conducted on greengram with varied
concentrations of panchgavya reported higher net realization and CBR by application
of four foliar spray of panchgavya @ 3% at 15, 25, 40 and 50 DAS.
Chandrakala (2008) conducted a field experiment during kharif season of the
year to study the effect of FYM and fermented liquid manures on yield and quality of
chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). The results revealed that interaction effect of manures
and liquid manures did not show significant at all the stages of crop growth and all
yield attributes.
34
A field experiment was conducted by Patil et al. (2012) to study the effect of
organics on growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in vertisols. They
found that interaction effects of organic manures and liquid organic manures
compared with control treatments had shown significant influence of growth
parameters on chickpea. The combined soil application of 100 per cent RDN with EC
1/3 + VC 1/3 + GLM 1/3 and foliar spray of panchagavya @ 3% at flower initiation
and 15 days after flowering (OM2LM1) recorded significantly higher plant height,
number of branches, LAI, TDM production, number of root nodules at 40 and 60
DAS, dry weight of root nodule, higher seed and haulm yield, number of pods plant-1
and 100-seed weight as compared to RDF, water spray and other treatment.
35
Materials
and
Methods
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment entitled “Effect of fertilizer and panchagavya on
yield and quality of summer greengram (Vigna radiata L.) under middle
Gujarat conditions” was carried out during summer season of the year 2015. The
description of materials used and methodology adopted during the course of the
present investigation are presented in this chapter.
3.1 EXPERIMENTAL SITE
In order to achieve the pre set objectives of the present investigation, a field
experiment was conducted in plot No. 7 A at Bidi Tobacco Research Station, Anand
Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat) during summer season of the year 2015.
3.2 CLIMATE AND WEATHER
Geographically, Anand is situated at 220 – 35‟ N latitude, 720 – 55‟ E
longitude at an elevation of about 45.1 metres above the mean sea level. Anand is
about 70 km away from the Arabian Sea Coast and hence this region enjoys a
typical sub-tropical climate with dry and hot summer, fairly cold and dry winter and
moderately humid monsoon. Generally, monsoon commences by the middle of June
and retreats by the middle of September with an average annual rainfall of 864.5
mm which is realized entirely from the South-West monsoon currents. The July and
August are the months of heavy rainfall. Winter is fairly cold and continues till the
middle of February. There is particularly no rainfall during the winter season
except, occasional sporadic light showers. December and January are the coldest
months, while April and May are the hottest months of the year. The temperature
starts decline in beginning of November.
36
……………………………………………………………….……………Materials and methods
The observations recorded for meteorological parameters during the
experimental period at meteorological observatory of the Anand Agricultural
University, Anand (Gujarat) are presented in Table 3.1 and graphically depicted in
Fig. 3.1. The data showed that the maximum temperature ranged from 32.2 0C to
42.5 0C and minimum temperature ranged between 16.0 0C and 28.0 0C during the
crop season of the year 2015. There was unseasonal rainfall received during the
crop season. Due to the normal season, no attack of any disease and pest was
observed on the crop. The other weather parameters were normal during the year of
experimentation.
3.3 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
The experimental fields were having gentle slope and good drainage. The soil was
representative of the soils of the region popularly known as “Goradu” soil. The
Goradu soil is of alluvial in origin and belongs to the Entisols. The texture of the
soil is loamy sand. The soil is very deep and fairly moisture retentive. The soil
responds well to manuring and irrigation. It is suitable to a variety of crops of
tropical and sub tropical regions. The composite soil samples were collected from
the experimental plots to a depth of 0-30 cm before sowing of the crop and they
were analyzed for determining the physical properties as well as chemical
parameters of the soil, details of which are given in Table 3.2.
3.4 CROPPING HISTORY OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SITE
The details regarding the cropping history in respect of crop grown and
fertilizer applied to the experimental plot (7- A) for preceding three years are
summarized in Table 3.3.
37
Table 3.1: Meteorological data recorded during crop season for the year 2015-
16 (Weekly mean)
Std. Temperature Bright Wind Mean

°C Rainfall
Months Met. Sunshine velocity Humidity
(mm)
Week Max. Min. (Hours) (Km hrs-1) (%)
March 10 32.2 16.0 9.7 0.0 3.1 57.9
2015
11 32.8 16.8 9.0 3.6 3.7 61.9
12 38.3 19.0 10.3 0.0 2.4 47.65
13 38.7 21.6 8.3 0.0 3.4 55.65
April 14 36.2 21.5 8.7 0.0 4.4 62.5

2015
15 36.0 21.8 9.2 18.8 4.1 67.5
16 40.1 23.4 10.2 0.0 3.1 48.6
17 39.4 23.1 10.7 0.0 5.0 57.15

May 18 41.1 24.9 10.4 0.0 5.0 60.3
2015
19 40.6 26.2 10.6 0.0 4.9 48.5
20 42.5 26.7 11.2 0.0 5.5 46.5
21 40.8 27.8 10.8 0.0 8.1 59.95

June 22 41.2 28.0 11.0 0.0 7.2 59.45
2015
23 40.2 26.3 8.4 0.0 5.6 55.6
38
Temperature °C (Max) Temperature °C (Min) BrightSunshine
Wind velocity (Km hrs-1) Rainfall Relative humidity

50 80
Wind velocity, Rainfall and Relative humidity

45
70
Temperature and Bright sunshine .
40
60
35
50
30
25 40
20
30
15
20
10
10
5
0 0
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Standarad Week
Fig. 3.1: Meteorological data recorded during crop season for the year 2015-16 (Weekly mean)
Table 3.2 Physical properties of the experimental plot

Value at soil depth
Particulars Method of analysis
(0 - 30 cm.)
1. Mechanical composition
I. Coarse sand (%) 0.85 International pipette
Method (Piper, 1966)
II. Fine sand (%) 82.18
III. Silt (%) 11.85
IV. Clay (%) 5.12
V. Textural class Loamy sand
2. Chemical parameters
I. Soil PH 7.5 Potentiometric method
(1:2.5, Soil: Water) (Jackson,1973)
II. EC (dSm-1 ) 0.12 Conductometric method
(1:2.5, Soil: Water (Jackson,1973)
at 25 °C)
III. Organic Carbon (%) 0.39 Wet oxidation method
(Walkley & Black, 1934)
IV. Available N (kg ha-1) 337 Alkaline permanganate method,
(Subbaiah & Asija,1956)
V. Available P2O5 31 Spectrophotometric method
(kg ha-1) (Olsen et al., 1954)
VI. Available K2O 328 Flame Photometry Method
(kg ha-1) (Jackson, 1973)
Table 3.3 Cropping history of the experimental site
Fertilizer (kg ha-1)

Year Season Crop
N P2O5 K2O
Summer Culcutti Tobacco (seed) 200 50 00
2013-14
Kharif Fallow -- -- --
Rabi Sorghum 80 40 00
Summer Sorghum 80 40 00
2014-15
Kharif Fallow -- -- --
Rabi Sorghum 80 40 00
2015-16 Summer Present investigation As per treatment
39
3.5 CROP CULTIVAR
The present investigation was carried out on green gram cv. “Meha”
(IPM 99-125) which was released from Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR),
Kanpur (U.P) and introduced in Gujarat by Regional Research Station, Anand
Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat). This variety is cross of plant mung-2 X
AMP 36. It is a yellow mosaic virus resistant, shiny seed luster, seeds dark in colour
and yields about 14 q ha-1. This variety having the following important characters
are given as under Table 3.4.
Table 3.4 Characteristics of greengram variety Meha
Sr. No Characters Meha

1. Year of release 2009
2. Plant height (cm) 45-50 cm
3. Days to 50% flowering 45-50 days
4. Number of branches plant-1 5-6
5. Number of pods plant-1 25-30
6. Seed colour Green
7. Length of pod 6-7 cm
8. Maturity days 80-85

9. Seed yield (kg ha-1) 1300-1400 kg ha-1
10. 1000-seed weight 35-37g
11. Protein (%) 22-24
40
3.6 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
In order to study the “Effect of fertilizer and panchagavya on yield and
quality of summer greengram (Vigna radiata L.) under middle Gujarat
conditions”, present experiment was planned with four levels of fertilizer F0
(0% RDF), F1 (50% RDF), F2 (75% RDF) and F3 (100% RDF) and four levels of
Panchagavya P0 (Water spray at flowering), P1 (Panchagavya drenching
(500 lit ha-1) at first irrigation), P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering) and P3
(Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) during summer season of the year 2015.
The experimental details are given as below.
3.7 TREATMENTS
3.7.1 Treatment details
Sixteen treatment combinations involving four levels each of fertilizer and
panchagavya were incorporated in the study. Details of the treatments with their
symbols are given as under.
A) Level of fertilizer (F) : Four levels

I. F0 : 0% RDF
II. F1 : 50% RDF
III. F2 : 75% RDF
IV. F3 : 100% RDF
B) Level of panchagavya (P) : Four levels
I. P0 : Water spray at flowering
II. P1 : Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) at first irrigation
III. P2 : Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering
IV. P3 : Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering
Note - RDF 20-40-00 NPK kg ha-1
41
3.7.2 TREATMENT COMBINATIONS
There were sixteen treatment combinations as shown in Table 3.5
Table 3.5 Details of treatment combinations
Treatment combinations
Sr. Symbol Fertilizer (kg ha-1)
No. Panchagavya
Nitrogen Phosphorus
1. F0 P0 00 00 Water spray at flowering
Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1)
2. F0 P1 00 00
at first irrigation
Panchagavya spray @ 3% at
3. F0 P2 00 00
flowering
4. F0 P3 00 00
flowering
6. F1 P1 10 20
at first irrigation
7. F1 P2 10 20
flowering
8. F1 P3 10 20
flowering
10. F2 P1 15 30
at first irrigation
11. F2 P2 15 30
flowering
12. F2 P3 15 30
flowering
14. F3 P1 20 40
at first irrigation
15. F3 P2 20 40
flowering
16. F3 P3 20 40
flowering
42
3.7.3 Crop and variety : 1. Crop: Green gram

2. Variety: Meha
3.7.4 Experimental design : RBD (Factorial)
3.7.5 Replications : 3
3.7.6 Total number of plots : 48
3.7.7 Plot size: a. Gross plot : 3.00 m x 4.50 m
b. Net plot : 1.80 m x 3.50 m
3.7.8 Spacing : 30 cm between two rows
3.7.9 Method of sowing : Drilling
3.7.10 Seed rate : 25 kg ha-1
3.8 CULTURAL OPERATIONS
After the harvest of the previous crop, the experimental field was cultivated
with tractor-drawn cultivator in cross-wise directions. Stubbles of the previous crop
were collected and removed and the field was leveled. The sequences of operations
carried out in the field during crop season are presented in Table 3.6.
3.9 LAYOUT OF FIELD EXPERIMENT
The experiment was laid out in this investigation was Randomized Block
Design (Factorial) with three replications. The treatments were assigned at random
to each plot in each replication. The plan of layout is depicted in Fig. 3.2 and field
view of the experimental site in Plate -1.
3.10 APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS
The greengram crop was fertilized with four levels of fertilizer applied
through Urea and Single super phosphate (SSP) in basal application and four levels
of Panchagavya in dreanching at first irrigation and foliar spray at flowering time.
The fertilizers were applied in each plot as per treatment in opened furrows as basal.
43
24 m2 N
3m
R-III
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
4.5 m
F1P1 F3P0 F2P3 F1P2 F0P0 F3P3 F0P2 F2P1

M
a
1m
Sub irrigation channel

i
40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33
n
I
r
r
Road R-I i
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 g
a
F2P0 F3P3 F1P0 F2P1 F0P2 F2P2 F3P1 F1P3 t
i
o
33 m2
Sub irrigation channel n

24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
C
F3P0 F0P0 F3P2 F0P1 F1P1 F2P3 F0P3 F1P2 h
a
n
n
Road R-I
e
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 l
Sub irrigation channel

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Fig. 3.2: LAYOUT PLAN OF FIELD EXPERIMENT

Plate- 1: General view of the experimental field
Table 3.6: Calendar of important field operations and cultural operations

carried out during the course of investigation
Sr.
Name of operations Frequency Date
No.
1. Pre-sowing operations
a) Tractor cultivation (cross-wise) 1 06-03-2015
b) Soil sampling to the depth of 0-30 cm 1 09-03-2015
c) Field layout 1 09-03-2015
d) Preparation of beds and irrigation 1 10-03-2015
channels and opening furrows
e) Application of fertilizers in opened 1 11-03-2015
furrows
2. Sowing and post-sowing operations
a) Sowing 1 11-03-2015
b) Thinning 1 23-03-2015
c) Inter culturing (One) 1st 06-04-2015
d) Hand weeding (Two) 1st 07-04-2015
2nd 18-04-2015
e) Irrigation (Five) 1st 11-03-2015
2nd 31-03-2015
3rd 22-04-2015
4th 10-05-2015
5th 25-05-2015
3. Application of panchagavya
a) Drenching of panchgavya 1 31-03-2015
b) Spraying of panchgavya 2 28-04-2015
19-05-2015
4. Plant protection measures
a) Dimethoate 30% EC 2 25-03-2015

10-04-2015
b) Trizophos Spray 40% EC 1 14-04-2015
c) Quinalphos Spray 25% EC 1 01-05-2015
d) Pyriproxifen Spray 10% EC 1 22-05-2015
5. Harvesting 2 17-05-2016
05-06-2015
6. Threshing and winnowing - 08-06-2015
44
3.11 PREPARATION OF PANCHAGAVYA
Panchagavya is a special preparation made from five products of cow along
with certain other ingredients (as given below) incubated for specific duration in an
earthen and wide plastic container.
Ingerdients for preparation of panchagavya are,

Sr. No Materials
1) Fresh cow dung 5 kg
2) Cow urine 3 lit
3) Cow milk 2 lit
4) Cow curd 2 lit
5) Cow ghee 1 kg
6) Sugarcane juice 3 lit
7) Tender coconut water 3 lit
8) Ripped banana 12 Nos
9) Water 10 lit (Natarajan, 2008)
Sugarcane juice and coconut water were used to accelerate fermentation.
3.11.1 FLOW SHEET FOR PREPARATION OF PANCHAGAVYA
Mixed thoroughly fresh cow dung (5 kg) + cow ghee (1 kg)
Incubated for 2 days
Added cow urine (3lit) + 10 lit water
Stired properly (morning and evening, daily for 1 week)
Added sugarcane juice (3 lit)
Cow milk (2 lit)
Cow curd (2 lit)
Coconut water (3 lit)
12-Ripped banana
45
The ingredients were incubated for twenty five days, after that preparation
was filtered through double-layered muslin cloth and stored in transparent bottles in
a refrigerator.
3.11.2 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF
PANCHAGAVYA
Chemical composition
Ph : 5.45
EC dSm2 : 10.22
Total N (ppm) : 229
Total P (ppm) : 209
Total K (ppm) : 232
IAA (ppm) : 8.5
GA (ppm) : 3.5
Microbial load (CFU ml-1)
Fungi : 38800 ml-1
Bacteria : 1880000 ml-1
Lactobacillus : 2260000 ml-1
Totalanaerobes : 10000 ml-1
Acidformers : 360 ml-1
Methanogen : 250 ml-1
3.12 Application of panchagavya
Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) and foliar spray of panchagavya
(3 and 6%) were given at first irrigation and at flowering stage, respectively. Water
spray also was done at flowering stage. Panchagavya solution of required
concentration was prepared using stock solution of panchagavya.
3.13 SOWING
The seeds were evenly dry sown by line sowing (drilling) in opened
furrows of 30 cm of two rows with seed rate @ 25 kg ha-1. Later, seeds were
46
covered with soil by the help of light wooden rake.
3.14 THINNING
After twelve days of sowing, thinning was carried out to maintain intra row
spacing and optimum plant stand in each experimental plots.
3.15 IRRIGATION
The first irrigation was given immediately after dry sowing and remaining
irrigations were given as and when required (Table 3.6).
3.16 WEEDING AND INTERCULTURING
Two hand weedings and one inter culturing were carried out in the field
with objective to keep the crop free from weed infestation during the early crop
growth stage (Table 3.6).
3.17 PLANT PROTECTION MEASURE
Dimethoate 30% EC was sprayed for control of sucking pest. While,
Trizophos 40% EC and Quinalphos 25% EC were sprayed for control of caterpillar
and pod borer. Pyriproxifen 10% EC was sprayed for control of mite. (Table 3.6)
3.18 HARVESTING AND THRESHING
After the maturity of the crop, five randomly-selected plants, previously
tagged from each net plot were first harvested for recording necessary biometric
observations and then the produce was added to the respective net plots. The border
lines were harvested first and were removed from the experimental area. Then the
net area was harvested separately. The harvested produce was weighed just before
threshing to record the biological yield. Thereafter, threshing was carried out in the
afternoon by manually. Seeds per net plot thus collected were winnowed, cleaned
and weighed and converted on hectare basis.
47
3.19 BIOMETRIC OBSERVATIONS
The biometric observations were recorded from five randomly selected and
tagged plants within each net plot. The details of various growth characters, yield
attributes and quality parameters studied during the course of investigation are
given in Table 3.7 along with the size of samples and time of recording. Details of
the techniques employed for recording observations are described below
3.20 PLANT POPULATION AND GROWTH PARAMETERS
After the establishment of the plants, five plants was selected randomly and
tagged from the net plot area of each plot for studying all the individual plant
characters in the present study. The details of the procedure followed for recording
different observations are presented in Table 3.7.
3.20.1 Plant population
Plant population was recorded per meter row length from each net plot and
counted in the initial stage and recorded separately. Final plant population per meter
row length per each net plot was also recorded before harvesting of crop.
3.20.2 Plant height
For this observation, the height of the main stem from randomly selected
and tagged five plants was measured from ground level to top of the main shoot in
centimeter. The mean plant height was calculated and recorded at 30, 45 DAS and
at harvest. The selected plants were also used for other observations.
3.20.3 Number of branches plant-1
All the effective branches from the selected five plants in each plot were
recorded at harvest and average value was worked out and recorded separately.
48
Table 3.7 Parameters studied during the field investigation
Sr. Characters Sample size Time of recording

No
A. Growth parameters
1. Plant population Per row meter length At 20 DAS and at
harvest
2. Plant height (cm) Five plants from net plot At 30, 45 DAS and
at harvest
3. Dry weight of root Five plants from net plot At 30 to 40 DAS
-1
nodules plant
B. Yield and yield parameters
4. Number of branches Five Selected and tagged At harvest
-1
plant plants from net plot
-1
5. Number of pods plant Five Selected and tagged At harvest
plants from net plot
-1
6. Number of seed pod Five Selected and tagged At harvest
7. Pod length (cm) Five Selected and tagged At harvest
-1
8. Seed yield (kg ha ) Net plot After harvest
-1
9. Stover yield (kg ha ) Net plot After harvest
10. Test weight (g) 1000 seeds of mungbean After harvest
11. Harvest index (%) ----- After harvest
C. Quality parameter
12. Protein content (%) Composite seed sample After harvest
from each net plot
D. Chemical parameters
13. N, P and K uptake by Composite seed and stover After harvest
crop(kg ha-1) sample from net plot
14. Available N, P2O5 and As per procedure After harvest
-1
K2O (kg ha ) mentioned
49
3.20.4 Dry weight of root nodules plant-1
From the roots of five plants uprooted, nodules were removed and dried at
room temperature for 4 days. Dry weight of root nodules was recorded in milligram
and averaged out per plant for each treatment.
3.21 YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTING CHARACTERS
Five randomly tagged and selected plants from each plot were used for
recording observation of yield attributes.
3.21.1 Number of pods plant-1
The total numbers of pods picked from five tagged plants were counted and
average value per plant was worked out and recorded from each treatment.
3.21.2 Number of seed pods-1
Developed seeds from each pod were counted from five tagged plants and
then the average number of seeds per pod was worked out and recorded for each
treatment.
3.21.3 Pod length
The length of pod (cm) from five randomly selected plants from each plot
was measured from the base to tip of the pods. The mean pod length for each
treatment was worked out and recorded separately.
3.21.4 Test weight
A sample was drawn from the seed yield of each plot after winnowing and
one thousand seeds were counted by seed counter and their weight was recorded in
gram.
3.21.5 Seed yield
The produce from each net plot area was threshed separately. After
threshing and winnowing, seeds from each net plot were weighed separately and
50
recorded as seed yield in kg per net plot. Thereafter, the yield was converted in to
hectare basis.
3.21.6 Stover yield
Stover, a part left after removal of seeds from the harvested plants was also
weighed and recorded in kg per net plot separately for each treatment. It was
converted to stover yield per hectare.
3.21.7 Harvest index
Harvest index (%) is the ratio of economic yield to the biological yield per
plot. It was calculated by using following formula (Donald and Hamblin, 1976).
Economic yield (kg ha-1)

Harvest index (%) = x 100
-1
Biological yield (kg ha )
3.22 PLANT ANALYSIS
3.22.1 Determination of nutrients in plant samples
Methods are used for chemical analysis of plant samples for total nitrogen,
phosphorus and potash are presented in Table 3.8.
Table 3.8 Plant chemical analysis
Sr. Estimation of constituent Method followed

No
1. Nitrogen content in seeds and stalks Micro Kjeldahls method
(Jackson, 1973)
2. Phosphorus content in seeds and stalks Vandomolybdo phosphoric
yellow colour method
(Jackson, 1973)
3. Potash content in seeds and stalks Flame Photometry Method
(Jackson, 1973)
3.22.2 Content and uptake of nutrient
Representative samples of seed and stover were drawn from each net plot
for chemical studies. They were oven dried at 70 oC for 24 hour and were powdered
51
in a willey. Samples prepared were analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus and potash
content. Seed and stover samples were digested by Micro Kjeldahls method and
nitrogen was estimated by the method of Jackson (1973). For estimation of
phosphorus and potash, the digestion of plant samples was done and phosphorus
was determined by Vandomolybdo phosphoric yellow colour method
(Jackson, 1973). Potash was determined by Flame Photometry Method
(Jackson, 1973).
Uptake values of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash by greengram seed and
stover ha-1 were calculated by using the following formula. The uptake of nitrogen
was computed by the following formula:
Nutrient content x Seed/Stover yield

Nutrient uptake (%) in seed/stover (kg ha-1)
(N kg ha-1) =
100
3.23 QUALITY PARAMETER
3.23.1 Protein content
The protein content in seed was calculated by multiplying nitrogen content
of seed (%) with the conversion factor of 6.25.
Protein content (%) = Nitrogen content (%) x 6.25
3.24 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Data on different aspects of green gram crop were subjected to statistical
analysis as per the procedure of Randomized Block Design (in factorial nature) at
Department of Agricultural Statistics, B. A. College of Agriculture, AAU, Anand
(Gujarat). Significance of difference between means for different factors was tested
52
through „F‟ test and least significant differences were calculated whenever variance
ratio was found significant at 5 percent level for treatment effect. The value of
SEm± and CD and co-efficient of variation (CV %) were also calculated.
3.25 ECONOMICS
In order to evaluate the effectiveness of each individual treatment, the
relative economics of each treatment and different treatment combinations was
worked out in terms of net profit, so that the most effective and remunerative
treatment combinations could be found out.
The CBR was calculated on the basis of the formula given below:
Gross income ( /ha)

CBR =
Gross expenditure ( /ha)
53
Experimental
Results
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The present investigation was conducted to find out the “Effect of fertilizer
and panchagavya on yield and quality of summer greengram (Vigna radiata
L.) under middle Gujarat conditions” during summer season of the year 2015 at
Bidi Tobacco Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat).
The experimental results relevant to the response of different treatments on growth
and yield attributes and yield of greengram are presented in this chapter along with
statistical interferences. The data pertaining to growth and yield attributes, yield,
quality and chemical parameters were subjected to statistical analysis in order to test
the significance of the results. The data on all mean effects and only significant
interactions are presented in the succeeding paragraphs, depicting the results
graphically wherever necessary.
4.1 Effect of different treatments on growth of greengram
4.2 Effect of different treatments on yield and yield attributes of greengram
4.3 Effect of different treatments on quality parameter of greengram
4.4 Effect of different treatments on chemical analysis of plant and soil
4.5 Effect of different treatments on economics
4.1 EFFECT OF TREATMENTS ON GROWTH
4.1.1 Plant population at initial at 20 DAS and at harvest
A perusal of data provided in Table 4.1, the results indicated that different
treatments tried in this experiment did not exert their significant effect on plant
population recorded at 20 DAS and at harvest.
54
……..……………………………………………………………….………….Experimental Results
Table 4.1: Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on plant population of

summer greengram
Plant population per

Treatments (Row meter length)
Initial At harvest
Levels of Fertilizer (F)- Four levels
F0: 0 % RDF 8.96 8.79
F1: 50% RDF 9.22 8.96
F2: 75% RDF 9.33 9.12
F3: 100% RDF 9.42 9.26
SEm ± 0.14 0.15
CD (0.05) NS NS
Levels of panchagavya (P) - Four levels
P0: Water spray at flowering 9.12 8.90

P1: Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) at
9.24 9.02
first irrigation
P2: Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering 9.28 9.09
SEm ± 0.14 0.15
CD (0.05) NS NS
Interaction (F x P) NS NS
CV % 5.35 5.76
55
A perusal of data presented in Table 4.1 revealed that interaction effect
between fertilizer and panchagavya on plant population of summer greengram
recorded at initial and harvest was non significant.
4.1.2 Periodical plant height
The mean data on plant height (cm) recorded at 30, 45 DAS and at harvest
as affected by different treatments are presented in Table 4.2 and graphically
illustrated in Fig 4.1.
4.1.2.1 Plant height at 30 DAS
Data furnished in Table 4.2 indicated that fertilizer application showed its
significant effect on plant height recorded at 30 DAS. Treatment F3 (100 % RDF)
recorded significantly higher plant height (18.10 cm) at 30 DAS. However, it was
remained at par with treatment F2 (75 % RDF). While treatment F0 (0 % RDF)
recorded the lowest plant height (14.15 cm).
With respect to panchagavya application, it did not exert its significant
effect on plant height recorded at 30 DAS.
A perusal of data presented in Table 4.2 results revealed that interaction
effect between fertilizer and panchagavya on plant height recorded at 30 DAS was
non significant.
4.1.2.2 Plant height at 45 DAS
Examination of data given in Table 4.2 indicated that fertilizer
application showed its significant influence on plant height recorded at 45 DAS.
56
Table 4.2: Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on periodic plant height of

summer greengram
Plant height (cm)

Treatments
30 45 At
DAS DAS harvest
Levels of Fertilizer (F) - Four levels
F0: 0 % RDF 14.15 31.21 36.23
F1: 50% RDF 15.72 32.66 38.43
F2: 75% RDF 17.24 36.57 43.50
F3: 100% RDF 18.10 38.11 45.85
SEm ± 0.34 0.63 0.86
CD (0.05) 0.99 1.81 2.48

P0: Water spray at flowering 15.56 33.29 38.92
P1: Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) at first

16.20 34.43 40.77
irrigation
P2: Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering 16.55 34.95 41.64
P3: Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering 16.90 35.88 42.67
SEm ± 0.34 0.63 0.86
CD (0.05) NS 1.81 2.48
Interaction (F x P) NS NS NS
CV % 7.26 6.26 7.25
57
30 DAS 45 DAS At harvest
50
45
40
Perodical plant height (cm)
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
F₀ F₁ F₂ F₃ P₀ P₁ P₂ P₃
Fertilizer Panchagavya
Fig. 4.1: Periodical plant height of summer greengram as influenced by different treatments
Treatment F3 (100 % RDF) produced significantly taller plants (38.11 cm)
but it was remained at par with treatment F2 (75 % RDF). Whereas, shorter plants
(31.21 cm) were recorded due to treatment F0 (0 % RDF) which was remained at
par with treatment F1 (50 % RDF).
With regard to panchagavya application, treatments P3 (Panchagavya spray
@ 6% at flowering) and P0 (Water spray at flowering) recorded significantly taller
(35.88 cm) and shorter (33.29 cm) plants of greengram, respectively. Even though
both the treatments were remained at par with treatment P1 (Panchagavya drenching
(500 lit ha-1) at first irrigation) and P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering)
treatments.
A perusal of data presented in Table 4.2 results revealed that interaction
effect between fertilizer and panchagavya on plant height recorded at 45 DAS was
non significant.
4.1.2.3 Plant height at harvest
Data presented in Table 4.2 revealed that fertilizer application showed its
significant influence on plant height at harvest. Treatment F3 (100% RDF) recorded
significantly higher plant height (45.85 cm). However, it was remained at par with
treatment F2 (75 % RDF). While lower plant height (36.23 cm) was recorded under
treatment F0 (0 % RDF) which was statistically at par with treatment F1 (50% RDF).
An appraisal of data exhibited in Table 4.2 indicated that panchagavya
application showed its significant effect on plant height at harvest. Treatment P3
(Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) recorded significantly higher plant height
(42.67 cm) as compared to treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering). Whereas,
treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering) registered significantly lower plant height

58
(38.92 cm) but it was remained at par with treatment P1 (Panchagavya drenching
(500 lit ha-1) at first irrigation).
Statistical analysis of the data presented in Table 4.2 revealed that plant
height recorded at harvest was not influenced significantly due to interaction effect
between fertilizer and panchagavya application.
4.1.3 Weight of dry root nodules plant-1
The mean data on weight of dry root nodules plant-1 (mg plant-1) as affected
by different levels of fertilizer and panchagavya are presented in Table 4.3 and
graphically presented in Fig 4.2.
The results revealed that treatment F3 (100% RDF) registered significantly
higher weight of dry root nodules plant-1 (34.98 mg) as compared to treatment
F0 (0 % RDF). Whereas, significantly lower weight of dry root nodules plant-1
(32.17 mg) was registered under treatment F0 (0 % RDF).
With regard to panchagavya application, treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray
@ 6% at flowering) recorded significantly higher weight of dry root nodules plant-1
(34.90 mg) only over treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering). Whereas, lower
weight of dry root nodules plant-1 (32.48 mg) was registered under treatment P0
(Water spray at flowering) which was remained at par with P1 and P2 treatments.
Data illustrated in Table 4.3 revealed that interaction effect between
fertilizer and panchagavya could not exert their significant effect on weight of dry
root nodules plant-1.
59
Table 4.3: Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on weight of dry root

nodules plant-1 and number of branches plant-1 of summer
greengram
Weight of dry Number of

Treatments root nodules branches
plant-1 (mg) plant-1
Levels of Fertilizer (F)- Four levels
F0: 0 % RDF 32.17 3.72
F1: 50% RDF 32.80 4.34
F2: 75% RDF 33.87 5.56
F3: 100% RDF 34.98 5.78
SEm ± 0.61 0.11
CD (0.05) 1.75 0.33


32.97 4.68
irrigation

SEm ±
0.61 0.11
CD (0.05)
1.75 0.33
Interaction (F x P)
NS NS
CV %
6.27 8.16
60
weight
Weightofof
dry root
dry nodules
root per
nodules plant
plant -1 (mg)
35.5
35
weight of dry root nodules per plant
34.5
34
33.5
33
32.5
32
31.5
31
30.5
F₀ F₁ F₂ F₃ P₀ P₁ P₂ P₃
Fig. 4.2: Weight of dry root nodules plant-1 of summer greengram as influenced by different
treatments
Number of branches plant¯¹
7
6
Number of branches plant-1
0
F₀ F₁ F₂ F₃ P₀ P₁ P₂ P₃
Fig. 4.3: Number of branches plant-1 of summer greengram as influenced by different treatments
4.1.4 Number of branches plant-1
The data pertaining to effect of different levels of fertilizer and
panchagavya on number of branches plant-1of greengram are presented in Table 4.3
and graphically showed in Fig 4.3.
The results set out in Table 4.3 indicated that there was an increase in
number of branches plant-1 with increase in levels of fertilizer application. Wherein,
treatment F3 (100% RDF) recorded significantly higher number of branches plant-1
(5.78).However, it was statistically at par with treatment F2 (75 % RDF). Wheresas,
the lowest number of branches plant-1 was recorded under treatment F0 (0 % RDF).
From the results, it was indicated that significantly higher number of
branches plant-1 (5.21) was recorded under treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6%
at flowering). However, it was remained at par with the treatment P2 (Panchagavya
spray @ 3% at flowering). On the contrary, treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering)
recorded significantly lower number of branches plant-1 (4.48) but it was
statistically at par with treatment P1 (Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) at first
irrigation).
Data presented in Table 4.3 showed that interaction effect between fertilizer
and panchagavya on number of branches plant-1 was non-significant.
4.2 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TREATMENTS ON YIELD AND YIELD
ATTRIBUTES OF GREENGRAM
4.2.1 Number of pods plant-1
The mean data on number of pods plant-1as affected by fertilizer and
panchagavya application are presented in Table 4.4 and depicted graphically in
Fig.4.4.
61
Table 4.4: Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on number of pods plant-1

and number of seeds pod-1 of summer greengram
Number of Number of
Treatments
pods plant-1 seeds pod-1
F0: 0 % RDF 36.42 5.80
F1: 50% RDF 40.97 6.35
F2: 75% RDF 46.38 7.24
F3: 100% RDF 48.12 7.48
SEm ± 1.02 0.14
CD (0.05) 2.95 0.41


42.49 6.58
irrigation
SEm ± 1.02 0.14
CD (0.05) 2.95 0.41
CV % 8.23 7.25
62
The results summarized in Table 4.4 indicated that treatment F3
(100% RDF) produced significantly higher number of pods plant-1 (48.12) but it
was statistically at par with treatment F2 (75% RDF). While lower number of pods
plant-1 (36.42) was recorded under treatment F0 (0 % RDF) which was remained at
par with treatment F1 (50% RDF).
Perusal of data presented in Table 4.4 indicated that treatment P3
(Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) recorded significantly higher number of
pods plant-1 (45.99). However, it was statistically at par with treatment P2
(Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering). On the contrary lower number of pods
plant-1 (39.48) was recorded under treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering) which
was remained at par with treatment P1 (Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) at first
irrigation).
Data illustrated in Table 4.4 showed that number of pods plant-1 was non
significantly influenced due to interaction effect between fertilizer and
panchagavya application.
4.2.2 Number of seeds pod-1
The mean data on number of seeds pod-1 as affected by fertilizer and
panchagavya treatments are presented in Table 4.4 and presented graphically in
Fig.4.4.
A perusal of data given in Table 4.4 showed that there was an increase in
number of seeds pod-1with increase in levels of fertilizer application. Wherein,
treatment F3 (100% RDF) recorded significantly higher number of seeds pod-1
(7.48) it’s having at par with treatment F2 (75% RDF). While treatment F0
(0 % RDF) produced the lowest number of seeds pod-1 (5.80).

63
The results revealed that treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at
flowering), being at par with treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering)
registered significantly higher number of seeds pod-1 (7.09). While, significantly the
lowest number of seeds pod-1 (6.24) was noted with treatment P0 (Water spray at
flowering).
fertilizer and panchagavya could not exert their significant effect on number of
seeds pod-1.
4.2.3 Pod length
The mean data of pod length as affected by fertilizer and
panchagavya are presented in Table 4.5 and graphically illustrated in Fig.4.4.
The results showed that there was an increase in pod length with increase in
levels of fertilizer application. Wherein, treatment F3 (100% RDF) recorded
significantly higher pod length (6.02 cm). However, it was statistically at par with
treatment F2 (75% RDF). Whereas, significantly the lowest pod length (4.14 cm)
was noted under treatment F0 (0 % RDF).
Data presented in Table 4.5 revealed that treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray
@ 6% at flowering) registered significantly higher pod length (5.61 cm) but it was
remained at par with treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering).
Significantly the lowest pod length (4.83 cm) was noted under treatment P0 (Water
spray at flowering).
A perusal of data presented in Table 4.5 indicated that interaction effect
between fertilizer and panchagavya could not exert their significant effect on pod
length of greengram.
64
Table 4.5: Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on pod length and test
weight of summer greengram
Pod length Test weight

Treatments
(cm) (g)
F0: 0 % RDF 4.14 30.74
F1: 50% RDF 4.98 33.81
F2: 75% RDF 5.87 34.82
F3: 100% RDF 6.02 35.78
SEm ± 0.11 0.60
CD (0.05) 0.32 1.73


5.12 33.54
irrigation
SEm ± 0.11 0.60
CD (0.05) 0.32 1.73
CV % 7.31 6.15
65
No. of pods per plant No. of seeds per plant Pod length (cm) Test weight (g)
60
50
40
Yield attributes
30
20
10
0
F₀ F₁ F₂ F₃ P₀ P₁ P₂ P₃
Fig. 4.4: Yield attributes of summer greengram as influenced by different treatments
4.2.4 Test weight
The mean data on test weight as affected by fertilizer and panchagavya are
presented in Table 4.5 and depicted graphically in Fig.4.4.
Data given in Table 4.5 indicated that test weight was remarkably
influenced due to different treatments. Different levels of fertilizer produced
significant effect on test weight of green gram. Among the different levels of
fertilizer, treatment F3 (100% RDF) registered significantly higher test weight
(35.78 g) but it was statistically at par with treatment F2 (75% RDF). Whereas,
treatment F0 (0 % RDF) recorded significantly the lowest test weight (30.74 g).
Examination of data presented in Table 4.5 revealed that treatment P3
(Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) recorded significantly higher test weight
(34.97 g) only over treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering). Whereas, lower test
weight (32.51 g) was registered under treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering) as
compared to P3 treatments.
Statistical analysis of the data presented in Table 4.5 revealed that test
weight was influenced non significantly due to interaction effect between fertilizer
and panchagavya .
4.2.5 Seed yield
Data pertaining to seed yield (kg ha-1) of greengram influenced by different
treatments are presented in Table 4.6 and showed graphically in Fig.4.5.
The results showed that seed yield was increased with increase in levels of
fertilizer application. Wherein, treatment F3 (100% RDF) recorded maximum seed
yield (1030 kg ha-1). However, it was statistically at par with treatment F2
66
(75% RDF). It was increased to the tune of (43.8%) over control. Whereas, the
lowest seed yield (716 kg ha-1) was recorded under treatment F0 (0 % RDF).
Examination of data summarized in Table 4.6 showed that treatment
P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) being at par with treatment
P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering) produced significantly higher seed
yield (982 kg ha-1). It was increase to the tune of (30.9%) over control. Where
significantly the lowest seed yield (750 kg ha-1) was recorded under treatment P0
(Water spray at flowering).
Data presented in Table 4.6 showed that seed yield of summer greengram
was non significantly influenced due to interaction effect between fertilizer and
panchagavya .
4.2.6 Stover yield
Data pertaining to stover yield (kg ha-1) as influenced due to different levels
of fertilizer and panchagavya are presented in Table 4.6 and presented graphically
in Fig.4.5.
Results revealed that different levels of fertilizer had significant effect on
stover yield. Treatment F3 (100% RDF) being at par with treatment F2 (75% RDF)
produced significantly higher stover yield (1808 kg ha-1). While, treatment F0
(0 % RDF) produced the lowest stover yield (1330 kg ha-1).
Examination of data furnished in Table 4.6 showed that treatment P3
(Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) produced significantly higher stover yield
(1758 kg ha-1). However, it was statistically at par with treatment P2 (Panchagavya
spray @ 3% at flowering). While significantly the lowest stover yield (1367 kg ha-1)
of summer greengram was produced due to treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering).

67
Table 4.6: Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on yield and harvest index
of summer greengram
Treatments Yield (kg ha-1) Harvest
index
Seed Stover (%)

F0: 0 % RDF 716 1330 34.96
F1: 50% RDF 808 1489 35.23
F2: 75% RDF 966 1713 36.25
F3: 100% RDF 1030 1808 36.28
SEm ± 26 50 1.07
CD (0.05) 74 143 NS
P0: Water spray at flowering 750 1367 35.43

852 1535 35.71
irrigation
P2: Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering 936 1681 35.76
P3: Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering 982 1758 35.80
SEm ± 26 50 1.07
CD (0.05) 74 143 NS
CV % 10.12 10.85 10.43
68
Seed yield (kg ha¯¹) Stover yield(kg ha¯¹)
2000
1800
1600
1400
Yield (kg ha-1)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
F₀ F₁ F₂ F₃ P₀ P₁ P₂ P₃
Fig. 4.5: Seed and stover yields of summer greengram as influenced by different treatments
Plate 2. Performance of summer greengram under control condition
Plate 3. Performance of summer greengram under 75% RDF + Panchagavya

spray @ 6% at Flowering
Plate 4.Performance of summer greengram under 100% RDF + Panchagavya
Plate 5. Performance of summer greengram under 100% RDF + Panchagavya

fertilizer and panchagavya could not exert their significant effect on stover yield of
greengram.
4.2.7 Harvest index
The mean data on harvest index of greengram as affected by fertilizer and
panchagavya are presented in Table 4.6.
A perusal of data presented in Table 4.6 indicated that fertilizer and
panchagavya did not exert their significant effect on harvest index of summer
greengram.
Statistical analysis of the data presented in Table 4.6 indicated that
interaction effect between fertilizer and panchagavya could not exert their
significant effect on harvest index of greengram.
4.3 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TREATMENTS ON QUALITY
PARAMETER OF GREENGRAM
4.3.1 Protein content
Data pertaining to protein content (%) as influenced due to different levels
of fertilizer and panchagavya are presented in Table 4.7 and depicted graphically in
Fig.4.6.
It is clearly seen from the data presented in Table 4.7 that treatment F3
(100% RDF) produced significantly higher protein content (21.43 %). However, it
was statstically at par with treatment F2 (75 % RDF). Whereas, significantly lower
protein content (19.55%) was obtained under treatment F0 (0 % RDF) which was
remained at par with treatment F1 (50% RDF).
69
Table 4.7: Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on protein content of

summer greengram
Treatments Protein content (%)

F0: 0 % RDF 19.55
F1: 50% RDF 19.94
F2: 75% RDF 21.15
F3: 100% RDF 21.43
SEm ± 0.42
CD (0.05) 1.22
P0: Water spray at flowering 19.72

20.18
irrigation
P2: Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering 20.75
P3: Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering 21.42
SEm ± 0.42
CD (0.05) 1.22
Interaction (F x P) NS
CV % 7.12
70
Protein (%)
22
21.5
21
Protein (%)
20.5
20
19.5
19
18.5
F₀ F₁ F₂ F₃ P₀ P₁ P₂ P₃
Fertlizer Panchagavya
Fig. 4.6: Protein content of summer greengram as influenced by different treatments
Examination of data furnished in Table 4.7 showed that treatment P3
(Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) registered significantly higher protein
content (21.42 %) as compared to P0 (Water spray at flowering) and P1
(Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) at first irrigation) treatments. On the contrary
lower protein content (19.72%) was recorded under treatment P0 (Water spray at
flowering) as compared to treatment P3.
Statistical analysis of the data presented in Table 4.7 revealed that protein
content (%) was not influenced significantly due to interaction effect between
fertilizer and panchagavya.
4.4 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TREATMENTS ON CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF PLANT AND SOIL
4.4.1 Nitrogen content in seed and stover
The mean data on nitrogen content in seed and stover of greengram as
affected by fertilizer and panchagavya are presented in Table 4.8 and graphically
illustrated in Fig.4.7.
Data presented in Table 4.8 indicated that treatment F3 (100% RDF)
registered higher nitrogen content in seed and stover (3.43 and 0.85%, respectively).
However, it was statistically at par with treatment F2 (75% RDF). Whereas,
treatment F0 recorded significantly lower nitrogen content in seed and stover
(3.13 and 0.65%, respectively).
Examination of data furnished in Table 4.8 indicated higher nitrogen
content in seed (3.43%) whereas, in stover nitrogen content was recorded non
significant under treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering), its being
statistically at par with treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering).

71
Whereas, treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering) recorded significantly lower
nitrogen content in seed (3.16%) which was statistically at par with treatment P1
(Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) at first irrigation).
Statistical analysis of the data presented in Table 4.8 revealed that nitrogen
content in seed and stover was not influenced significantly due to the interaction
effect between fertilizer and panchagavya .
4.4.2 Phosphorus content by seed and stover
The mean data on phosphorus content in seed and stover of greengram as
showed in Fig.4.7.
Data presented in Table 4.8 indicated that phosphorus content in seed and
stover of greengram was increased with increasing fertilizer levels
(0 to 100% RDF). Wherein, treatment F3 (100% RDF) recorded significantly higher
phosphorus content in seed and stover (0.46 and 0.24%, respectively) only over F0
(0 % RDF) treatment.
Examination of data furnished in Table 4.8 indicated that fertilizer and
panchagavya did not exert their significant effect on phosphorus content in seed and
stover of summer greengram.
Data presented in Table 4.8 indicated that application of fertilizer and
panchagavya simultaneously could not exert its significant effect on phosphorus
content in seed and stover of summer greengram.
72
Table 4.8: Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on nutrient content in seed

and stover of summer greengram.
Treatments Nutrient content (%)
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
Seed Stover Seed Stover Seed Stover
F0: 0 % RDF 3.13 0.65 0.32 0.15 0.46 1.31
F1: 50% RDF 3.19 0.74 0.34 0.18 0.51 1.37
F2: 75% RDF 3.38 0.84 0.46 0.22 0.56 1.49
F3: 100% RDF 3.43 0.85 0.46 0.24 0.57 1.54
SEm ± 0.07 0.012 0.010 0.005 0.008 0.019
CD (0.05) 0.19 0.035 0.027 0.015 0.022 0.055

Levels of panchgavya (P) - Four levels
P0: Water spray 3.16 0.75 0.37 0.19 0.51 1.39

P1: Panchagavya drenching
(500 lit ha-1) at first 3.23 0.76 0.39 0.19 0.52 1.42
irrigation
P2: Panchgavya spray @ 3% at
flowering 3.32 0.77 0.40 0.20 0.54 1.45
flowering 3.43 0.80 0.41 0.21 0.54 1.46
SEm ± 0.07 0.012 0.010 0.005 0.008 0.019
CD (0.05) 0.19 NS NS NS NS NS
Interaction (F x P) NS NS NS NS NS NS
CV % 7.12 5.42 8.34 9.33 4.98 4.59
73
N content Seed (%) P content Seed (%) K content Seed (%)
N content Stover (%) P content Stover (%) K content Stover (%)
4
3.5
3
Nutrient Content (%)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
F₀ F₁ F₂ F₃ P₀ P₁ P₂ P₃
Fig. 4.7: N, P and K content in seed and stover of summer greengram as influenced by different
treatments
4.4.3 Potash content by seed and stover
The mean data on potash content in seed and stover of greengram as
illustrated in Fig.4.7.
registered significantly higher potash content in seed and stover (0.57 and 1.54%,
respectively) but it was statistically at par with treatment F2 (75% RDF). Whereas,
treatment F0 (0 % RDF) recorded significantly the lowest potash content in seed and
stover (0.46 and 1.31%, respectively).
Examination of data furnished in Table 4.8 indicated that fertilizer and
panchagavya did not exert their significant effect on potash content in seed and
stover of summer greengram.
Data pertaining in Table 4.8 regarding potash content in seed and stover
indicated that interaction effect between fertilizer and panchagavya did not showed
their significant effect.
4.4.4 Nitrogen uptake by seed and stover
The mean data on nitrogen uptake by seed and stover of greengram as
showed in Fig.4.8.
registered higher nitrogen uptake by seed and stover (35.44 and 15.44 kg ha-1,
respectively). However, it was statistically at par with treatment F2 (75% RDF).
Whereas, treatment F0 recorded the lowest nitrogen uptake by seed and stover
(22.48 and 8.68 kg ha-1, respectively).

74
Table 4.9: Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on nutrient uptake by seed

and stover of summer greengram
Treatments Nutrient uptake (kg ha-1)
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
F0: 0 % RDF 22.48 8.68 2.28 2.03 3.27 17.37
F1: 50% RDF 25.81 11.06 2.76 2.68 4.17 20.46
F2: 75% RDF 32.76 14.41 4.46 3.75 5.45 25.71
F3: 100% RDF 35.44 15.44 4.80 4.27 5.87 27.80
SEm ± 1.00 0.45 0.15 0.11 0.17 0.83
CD (0.05) 2.88 1.30 0.43 0.33 0.48 2.41

Levels of panchgavya (P) - Four levels
P0: Water spray at flowering 23.74 10.34 2.87 2.57 3.88 19.03
P1: Panchagavya Drenching

27.73 11.87 3.43 3.01 4.46 21.90
(500 lit ha-1) at first irrigation
31.17 13.17 3.84 3.45 5.07 24.53
flowering
33.85 14.20 4.16 3.70 5.35 25.89
flowering
SEm ± 1.00 0.45 0.15 0.11 0.17 0.83
CD (0.05) 2.88 1.30 0.43 0.33 0.48 2.41
Interaction (F x P) NS NS NS NS NS NS
CV % 11.86 12.59 14.47 12.27 12.33 12.66
75
N uptake by seed (kg ha¯¹) P uptake by seed (kg ha¯¹) K uptake by seed (kg ha¯¹)
N uptake by stover (kg ha¯¹) P uptake by stover (kg ha¯¹) K uptake by stover (kg ha¯¹)
40
35
Nutrient Uptake (kg ha-1)
30
25
20
15
10
0
F₀ F₁ F₂ F₃ P₀ P₁ P₂ P₃
Fertlizer Panchagavya
Fig. 4.8: N, P and K Uptake by seed and stover of summer greengram as influenced by different
treatments
Examination of data furnished in Table 4.9 indicated that higher nitrogen
uptake by seed and stover (33.85 and 14.20 kg ha-1, respectively) was recorded
under treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering), its being statistically at
par with treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering). Whereas, treatment
P0 (Water spray at flowering) recorded significantly the lowest nitrogen uptake by
seed and stover (23.74 and 10.34 kg ha-1, respectively).
Statistical analysis of the data presented in Table 4.9 revealed that nitrogen
content in seed and stover was not influenced significantly due to the interaction
effect between fertilizer and panchagavya.
4.4.5 Phosphorus uptake by seed and stover
The mean data on phosphorus uptake by seed and stover of greengram as
despite in Fig.4.8.
Data presented in Table 4.9 indicated that phosphorus uptake by seed and
stover of greengram was increased with increasing fertilizer levels
(0 to 100% RDF). Wherein, treatment F3 (100% RDF) recorded significantly higher
phosphorus uptake by seed and stover (4.80 and 4.27 kg ha-1, respectively) as
compared to F0 (0 % RDF) and F1 (50% RDF) treatments.
Examination of data furnished in Table 4.9 indicated that higher phosphorus
uptake by seed and stover (4.16 and 3.70 kg ha-1, respectively) was recorded under
treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) which was remained at par
with treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering). Whereas, treatment P0
(Water spray at flowering) recorded significantly the lowest phosphorus uptake by
seed and stover (2.87 and 2.57 kg ha-1, respectively).

76
Data presented in Table 4.9 indicated that application of fertilizer and
panchagavya simultaneously could not exert its significant effect on phosphorus
uptake by seed and stover of summer greengram.
4.4.6 Potash uptake by seed and stover
The mean data on potash uptake by seed and stover of greengram as
despite in Fig.4.8.
registered significantly higher potash uptake by seed and stover (5.87 and 27.80
kg ha-1, respectively) but it it was statistically at par with treatment F2 (75% RDF).
Whereas, treatment F0 (0 % RDF) recorded significantly the lowest potash uptake
by seed and stover (3.27 and 17.37 kg ha-1, respectively).
Examination of data furnished in Table 4.9 indicated that higher potash
uptake by seed and stover (5.35 and 25.89 kg ha-1, respectively) was recorded under
treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6 % at flowering). However, it was statistically
at par with treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering). Treatment P0
(Water spray at flowering) recorded significantly the lowest potash uptake by seed
and stover (3.88 and 19.03 kg ha-1, respectively).
Data pertaining in Table 4.9 regarding potash uptake (kg ha-1) by seed and
stover indicated that interaction effect between fertilizer and panchagavya did not
showed their significant effect.
77
4.4.4 Available nitrogen status of soil after harvest of crop
The data pertaining to effect of fertilizer and panchagavya on available
nitrogen status of the soil after crop harvest are presented in Table 4.10 graphically
despite in Fig.4.9.
It is discerning from the Table 4.10 that available nitrogen status of the soil
after crop harvest was increased with increase in each level of fertilizer. It is also
observed from the Table 4.10 that significantly higher value of available nitrogen
(353 kg ha-1) in the soil was registered under treatment F3 (100% RDF). However, it
was remained at par with the treatment F2 (75% RDF). On the contrary treatment F0
(0 % RDF) recorded significantly the lowest available nitrogen in soil after harvest
the crop.
From the data presented in Table 4.10 indicated that higher value
of available nitrogen (346 kg ha-1) was registered under treatment P3
(Panchagavya spray @ 6 % at flowering) but it was remained at par with treatment
P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering). Whereas, lower available nitrogen
(318 kg ha-1) in the soil was noted under treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering)
which was remained at par with treatment P1 (Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1)
at first irrigation).
A perusal of data presented in Table 4.10 revealed that interaction effect
between fertilizer and panchagavya on available nitrogen status of soil after harvest
of crop was non significant.
78
Table 4.10: Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on available nutrient

status of soil after harvest of summer greengram
Available nutrient (kg ha-1)
Treatments
N P2 O 5 K2O
F0: 0 % RDF 304 30 271
F1: 50% RDF 325 34 282
F2: 75% RDF 345 39 305
F3: 100% RDF 353 40 313
SEm ± 5.38 0.60 4.57
CD (0.05) 15.53 1.73 13.19

P0: Water spray at flowering 318 34 283

324 35 288
irrigation
P2: Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering 338 36 296
P3: Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering 346 37 305
SEm ± 5.38 0.60 4.57
CD (0.05) 15.53 1.73 13.19
CV % 5.62 5.84 5.40
79
Available N (kg ha¯¹) Available P (kg ha¯¹) Available K (kg ha¯¹)
400
350
300
Available Nutrients (kg ha-1)
250
200
150
100
50
0
F₀ F₁ F₂ F₃ P₀ P₁ P₂ P₃
Fig. 4.9: Available N, P and K status of soil after harvest of summer greengram as influenced by
4.4.5 Available phosphorus status of soil after harvest of crop
The data pertaining to the effect of fertilizer and panchagavya on available
P, status of the soil after crop harvest are presented in Table 4.10 and graphically
showed in Fig.4.9.
The data presented in Table 4.10 indicated that available phosphorus status
of the soil after crop harvest was increased with increasing fertilizer levels.
Treatment F3 (100% RDF) recorded significantly higher available phosphorus
(40 kg ha-1) in soil after crop harvest. However, it was statistically at par with
treatment F2 (75% RDF). While, treatment F0 (0 % RDF) recorded significantly the
lowest available phosphorus (30 kg ha-1) in soil after crop harvest.
Examination of data furnished in Table 4.10 indicated that higher available
phosphorus (37 kg ha-1) in soil after crop harvest was registered under treatment P3
(Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) only over treatment P0. Whereas, lower
available phosphorus (34 kg ha-1) in the soil was recorded under treatment P0
(Water spray at flowering) as compared to treatment P3.
Statistical analysis of the data presented in Table 4.10 revealed that
available phosphorus status of soil after crop harvest was not influenced
significantly due to interaction effect between fertilizer and panchagavya.
4.4.6 Available potash status of soil after harvest of crop
The data pertaining to the effect of fertilizer and panchagavya on available
potash, status of the soil after crop harvest are presented in Table 4.10 and
graphically illustrated in Fig.4.9.
The data presented in Table 4.10 indicated that available potash status of
the soil after crop harvest was increased with increasing fertilizer levels. Treatment
80
F3 (100% RDF) recorded significantly higher available potash (313 kg ha-1) in soil
after crop harvest. However, it was statistically at par with treatment F2
(75% RDF). While, treatment F0 (0 % RDF) recorded significantly lower available
potash (271 kg ha-1) in soil after crop harvest but it was statistically at par with
treatment F1 (50% RDF).
Examination of data furnished in Table 4.10 indicated that higher available
potash (305 kg ha-1) in soil after crop harvest was registered under treatment P3
(Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) but it was remained at par with treatment
P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering). Whereas, lower available phosphorus
(283 kg ha-1) in the soil was noted under treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering)
which was statistically at par with treatment P1 (Panchagavya drenching
Statistical analysis of the data presented in Table 4.10 revealed that
available potash in soil after crop harvest was not influenced significantly due to
interaction effect between fertilizer and panchagavya.
4.7 Economics
The data on economics of different levels of fertilizer and panchagavya for
summer greengram crop are presented in Table 4.11 and graphically despite in
Fig.4.10.
Fertilizer
A perusal of data given in Table 4.11 revealed that maximun net realization
of 37083 ha-1 along with CBR value of 1:2.17 were recorded under treatment F3
(100% RDF) followed by treatment F2 (75% RDF) . On the contrary, treatment F0
81
(0 % RDF) recorded minimum net realization of 18452 ha-1 with CBR value of
1:1.63.
Panchagavya
It is clearly seen from the data presented in Table 4.11 that treatment P3
(Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) recorded maximum net realization of
38498 ha-1 followed by treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering)
and maximum CBR value of 1:2.43 was registered under treatment P2. Whereas,
minimum net realization of 11291 ha-1 along with CBR value of 1:1.25 were
recorded under treatment P1 (Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) at first
irrigation).
82
Table 4.11: Influence of fertilizer and panchagavya on economic of summer

greengram
Seed Stover Gross Common Treatment Total
Net
Treat Yield yield income cost cost cost
realization CBR
-ment (kg (kg (Rs (Rs (Rs (Rs
(Rs ha-1)
ha-1) ha-1) ha-1) ha-1) ha-1) ha-1)
A Fertilizer
F0 716 1330 47881 21226 8203 29429 18452 1:1.63
F1 808 1489 54034 21226 9429 30655 23379 1:1.76
F2 966 1713 64564 21226 9963 31189 33376 1:2.07
F3 1030 1808 68805 21226 10496 31722 37083 1:2.17
B Panchagavya
P0 750 1367 50154 21226 3220 24446 25709 1:2.05
P1 852 1535 56958 21226 24441 45666 11291 1:1.25
P2 936 1681 62568 21226 4550 25776 36792 1:2.43
P3 981 1758 65604 21226 5880 27106 38498 1:2.42
-1 -1
Sale price of greengram produce Seed : 65.05 kg Stover : 1.00 kg
83
Net realization (Rs ha¯¹)
45000
40000
35000
Net realization(Rs ha-1)
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
F₀ F₁ F₂ F₃ P₀ P₁ P₂ P₃
Fig. 4.10: Net realization of summer greengram as influenced by different treatments

Discussion
V. DISCUSSION
The present study was conducted to find out the optimum levels of fertilizer
and panchagavya whereby a farmer can harvest good greengram yield as much as
possible.
During the course of presentation of the results of experiment entitled
“Effect of fertilizer and panchagavya on yield and quality of summer
greengram (Vigna radiata L.) under middle Gujarat conditions” in the
preceding chapter; many significant variations were recorded in growth, yield
attributes, yield, quality parameters and soil chemical properties under the influence
of different treatments. It has been attempted to establish their cause and effect
relationship based on the results of the present investigation duly supported by
scientific evidences and relevant literature.
For the better convenience in the discussion, this chapter has been divided
under following subheads.
5.1 Effect of weather parameters and soil
5.2 Effect of fertilizer
5.3 Effect of panchagavya
5.4 Interaction effect of fertilizer and panchagavya
5.5 Economics of different treatments
5.1 EFFECT OF WEATHER PARAMETERS AND SOIL
Among the various factors responsible for affecting the crop yield and its
performance, the weather conditions play a key role. The various weather parameters
84
……….……………………………………………………………….……….Discussion
pertaining during the crop season of the year 2015 are presented in Table 3.1 and
graphically depicted in Fig. 3.1. It is evident from the data that all the meteorological
parameters were congenial for normal crop growth and development. The maximum and
minimum temperature was also normal. As a result, the crop growth was normal and
hence the entire effects of the crop were assigned to the treatment effect only.
The overall soil conditions (Table 3.3) at the time of sowing of seeds were
favourable for good establishment of plants. None of the treatments had significant
influence on establishment of plants. This indicated that whatever differences observed in
growth and yield attributes were mainly due to the treatment effects.
Initial and final plant population (at harvest) was not affected due to
different treatments (Table 4.1). It is ascertained from the data that the population in
all the treatments indicating that variations in growth and yield attributes as well as
yield were obtained due to treatment effects and not due to plant population.
The data furnished in Table 4.2 showed that application of fertilizer
increased the periodical plant height with increasing levels from 0 to 100% RDF.
Treatment F3 (100% RDF) recorded higher plant height at 30 DAS, 45 DAS and at
harvest to the tune of 18.10, 38.11 and 45.85 cm as against 14.15, 31.21 and 36.23
cm under 0% RDF, respectively. The performance of the treatments ranged F0< F1<
F2< F3 in case of plant height. The increase in plant height could be attributed to
better proliferation of root and increased nodulation due to better availability of
85
……….……………………………………………………………….……….Discussion
nutrients due to increasing fertilizer levels. Fertilizer (N and P) encourages
formation of new cells, promotes plant vigour and hastens leaf development which
attributes toward higher plant height. These findings are in accordance with those
reported by Jat et al. (2012).
The data analysed in Table 4.3 indicated that dry weight of root nodules
plant-1 was increased by fertilizer application. Increasing level of fertilizer
application brought corresponding improvement in nodules weight. Higher dry
weight of nodules plant-1 was noted with treatment F3 (100% RDF). Phosphorus
increases nitrogenase activity of root nodules, which results in to improved
biological N fixation and also higher number of nodules plant-1at higher levels of
fertilizer application and might be stemmed from better root growth, which
facilitated more root surface area for nodule formation. Similar results were
observed by Mishra (2003), Singh et al. (2007) and Jat et al. (2012).
It is apparent from the data (Table 4.3) indicated that fertilizer application
remarkably increased the number of branches plant-1 of greengram over control.
Significantly higher number of branches plant-1 (5.78) was observed under
treatment F3 (100% RDF). This showed increasing trend in number of branches
with successive increase in fertilizer level. Application of fertilizers might have
helped in uptake of nitrogen and other nutrients from the soil which in turn, might
have increased number of branches plant-1. These results are in agreement with the
findings of Shivran and Ahlawat (2000) and Jat et al. (2012).
86
……….……………………………………………………………….……….Discussion
The statistical analysis of the data (Table 4.4) results revealed that fertilizer
application increased the number of pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1. Higher
and the lowest values of number of pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1 were
observed under treatments F3 (100% RDF) and F0 (0% RDF), respectively. Thus,
higher fertilizer level F3 showed its superiority over control. Response of fertilizer
on this trait is contributed to enhancement of number of branches plant-1 (Table 4.3)
and also chlorophyll content which encourages better photosynthesis and
preparation of more photosynthetic which contribute towards the formation of pod
in good number. These findings corroborate the reports of), Singh et al. (1993),
Patel and Patel (1994), Rudreshappa and Halikatti (2002) and Singh et al. (2011).
The results presented in Table 4.5 showed the similar trends that obtained
from number of pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1 (Table 4.4). Wherein,
significantly higher pod length (6.02 cm) and test weight (35.78 g) were obtained
due to treatment F3 (100% RDF). On the other hand, treatment F0 (0% RDF)
registered the lowest pod length (4.14 cm) and test weight (30.74 g). Increase in
levels of fertilizer increased growth and nodulation resulting into profuse growth
which resultantly contributed for development of bold seeds. Present results are in
conformity with those reported by Singh et al. (1993), Patel and Patel (1994),
Rudreshappa and Halikatti (2002) Malik et al. (2003), Patel and Thakur (2003),
Tomar et al. (2013) and Saini et al. (2015).
With regard to yield presented in Table 4.6 it was indicated that different
levels of fertilizer gave significant effect on seed and stover yield (Table 4.6) of
87
……….……………………………………………………………….……….Discussion
greengram. Seed and stover yields were remarkably enhanced due to fertilizer
application. Significantly higher seed (1030 kg ha-1) and stover yields (1808 kg ha-1)
were found with treatment F3 (100% RDF). The seed and stover yields advantage
was contributed due to positive association with growth and yield attributes viz.,
plant height (Table 4.2), number of branches plant-1 (Table 4.3), pods plant-1
(Table 4.4), seeds pod-1 (Table 4.4), pod length (Table 4.5) and test weight
(Table 4.5). Greengram yield was also increased due to better availability of
nutrients which had also provided higher uptakes of nutrients (Table 4.9). These
results are conformity with those of Patel and Patel (1994), Rudreshappa and
Halikatti (2002) and Singh et al. (2011).
The mean data on harvest index presented in Table 4.6 indicated that
various levels of fertilizer tried in this experiment did not exert their significant
effect on harvest index.
5.2.4 Effect on quality parameters
The results presented in Table 4.7 showed that protein content of greengram
was increased with increase in fertilizer levels. Wherein, treatment F3 recorded
significantly higher protein content as compared to F0 (0% RDF) and F1 (50%
RDF). This could be attributed to enhance the uptake of nutrients (Table 4.9) and
increasing nitrogen content in the crop which increased protein content of
greengram (Table 4.8). These results are in conformity with those of Bhalu et al.
(1995), Soni and Gupta (1999), Malik et al., (2003) and Saini et al., (2015).
88
……….……………………………………………………………….……….Discussion
5.2.5 Effect on chemical parameters
An increase in content and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash by
crop was observed with fertilizer application (Table 4.8 and 4.9). Significantly
higher uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash were noted with treatment F3
(100% RDF). An enhancement of number of branches plant-1 (Table 4.3), plant
height (Table 4.2) as well as seed and stover yields (Table 4.6) were increased due
to fertilizer application. Improvement of nutrient availability had also provided
higher uptake of nutrients (Table 4.9). These findings are in accordance with those
reported by Rana et al. (1998), Singha and Sharma (2001), Rudreshappa and
Halikatti (2002) and Jat et al., (2012).
With regard to available nutrients, similar results also obtained as that of
recorded for nutrient uptake by greengram. Wherein, treatment F3 (100% RDF)
recorded higher amount of available N, P and K after harvest of greengram
(Table 4.10). Application of fertilizer provide higher quantity of nutrient for the
crop which might be resulted into higher concentration of nutrient in the soil
ultimately resulted into high availability of the nutrients.
The data presented in Table 4.1 indicated that Initial and final plant
population (at harvest) of greengram due to different treatments were non
significant.
89
……….……………………………………………………………….……….Discussion
5.3.2. Effect on growth attributes
Mean plant height was influenced by panchagavya treatments at 45 DAS
and at harvest of crop. Plant height was increased with increase in panchagavya
levels (Table 4.2). Treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) recorded
higher plant height of 35.88 and 42.67 cm at respective stages which was remained
at par with treatments P1 (Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) at first irrigation)
and P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering). An increase in plant height might
be due to application of nutrients through foliar spray of panchagavya enhanced
with the growth due to improvement in biochemical properties of the soil and
increased the activities of beneficial micro-organisms which ultimately resulted in
to production of growth promoting substances and improved nutrient availability for
longer period and thus, beneficial effects on growth parameters of greengram.
Similar findings have been reported by Somasundaram et al. (2003), Ali et al.
(2011), Kumar et al. (2011) and Matai (2012).
Amongst the different treatments tried in experiment, treatment P3
(Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) recorded significantly higher number of
dry weight of nodules plant-1 (34.90 mg) over treatment P0 (Water spray at
flowering). An increase in dry weight of nodules plant-1 might be due to better
availability of nutrients. Higher weight of nodules with foliar spray was attributed to
increased crop growth and translocation of more carbohydrates towards developing
root nodules. Increased allocation of food materials to roots in turn enhances the
root volume and thereby weight of nodules increased concomitantly. These finding
are in accordance with reported by Yadav and Tripathi (2013).
90
……….……………………………………………………………….……….Discussion
Data presented in Table 4.3 indicated that there was significant difference
in number of branches plant-1 due to application of panchagavya. Among different
treatments, treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) showed its
superiority by registering higher number of branches plant-1 (5.21) but it was
remained at par with treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering). An
increase in number of branches plant-1 could be attributed due to panchagavya and
enhanced the growth due to increase in activities of beneficial micro-organisms
which ultimately resulted in production of growth promoting substances and
nutrient availability for longer period and thus beneficial effects on growth
parameters of greengram. These findings are in line with those obtained by
Avudaithai et al. (2010), Kumar et al. (2011) and Matai (2012).
Significant variations were observed due to panchagavya application in
number of pods plant-1 and seeds pod-1 (Table 4.4). Wherein treatment, P3
(Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) ranked top registering maximum values of
both these attributes. Foliar spray of panchagavya spray @ 3% or 6% at flowering
registered increase in pods plant-1and seeds pod-1 over treatment P0 (Water spray at
flowering). An increase in number of pods plant-1 and seeds pod-1 was attributed due
to better availability of nutrients. It might be due to application of organic sources
like, panchagavya which might have improved the biochemical properties of the
soil and increased the activities of beneficial micro-organisms and resulted in
production of growth promoting substances and improved nutrient availability for
longer period and thus, beneficial effects on growth and yield parameters of
91
……….……………………………………………………………….……….Discussion
greengram. The overall improvement of crop growth reflected into better source-
sink relationship, which in turn to enhance the yield attributes. The present findings
are in accordance with those reported by Somasundarm et al. (2003), Kumawat et
al. (2009), Avuduithai et al. (2010), Ali et al. (2011), Kumar et al. (2011), Matai
(2012) and Chaudhari et al. (2013).
Significantly higher pod length and test weight of greengram (Table 4.5)
were noticed under treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) over
treatment P0. Treatment P3 behaved equally well as treatment P2 (Panchagavya
spray @ 3% at flowering) in case of pod length and test weight. Application of
organic sources like, panchagavya might have improved the biochemical properties
of the soil and increased the activities of beneficial micro-organisms which resulted
in to production of growth promoting substances and improved nutrient availability
for longer period and thus, beneficial effects on growth and yield parameters of
greengram. The overall improvement of crop growth reflected into better source-
sink relationship, which in turn to enhance the yield attributes.The present findings
are in accordance with those earlier reported by Somasundarm et al. (2003),
Avuduithai et al. (2010), Ali et al. (2011), Kumar et al. (2011) and Matai (2012).
Crop yield is the complex function of physiological processes and
biochemical activities which modify plant anatomy and morphology of the growing
plants. Seed and stover yields of greengram were significantly influenced by
different treatments of panchagavya (Table 4.6). Treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray
@ 6% at flowering) produced higher seed (982 kg ha-1) and stover yields
(1758 kg ha-1) over treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering). Higher yield with
92
……….……………………………………………………………….……….Discussion
treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) is contributed due to
improvement in plant height (Table 4.2), number of branches plant-1 (Table 4.3),
dry weight of root nodules plant-1 (Table 4.3), pods plant-1 (Table 4.4), seeds pod-1
(Table 4.4), test weight (Table 4.5) and pod length (Table 4.5) having significant
positive association with seed yield. These findings are in line with those reported
by Somasundaram et al. (2003), Avudaithai et al. (2010), Manimekalai et al.
(2010), Kumar et al. (2011), Matai (2012) and Desai et al. (2014).
The results presented in Table 4.6 showed that treatment P3
(Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) registered higher harvest index than
treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering), but could not reach the level of
significance.
5.3.4 Effect on quality parameters
Data presented in Table 4.7 indicated that protein content of greengram
increased with increase in panchagavya levels. Wherein, treatment P3
(Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) recorded higher protein content (21.42%)
over P0 (Water spray at flowering) and P1 (Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) at
first irrigation) treatments. This might be due to supply of the phyto hormones with
foliar sources might have increased the NR activity in functional leaves of the plants
by increasing the synthesis of enzyme or protein by affecting the basic processes of
translation favourably. Similar findings have been reported by Kumawat et al.
(2009) and Desai et al. (2014).
93
……….……………………………………………………………….……….Discussion
5.3.5 Effect on chemical parameters
Data presented in Table 4.9 showed that nutrient uptake was increased with
increase in panchagavya levels. Wherein, treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6%
at flowering) recorded higher uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash over
treatments P0 (Water spray at flowering) and P1 (Panchagavya drenching (500 lit
ha-1) at first irrigation) treatments. This might be due to quick build up of soil micro
flora and fauna which has consequently increased the enzymatic activity and helped
in mineralization, solubilization of native and applied nutrients and making them
available in the soil for plant uptake. The present findings are accordance with those
earlier reported by Kumawat et al. (2009), Matai (2012), Patel (2012) and Desai et
al. (2014)
The data analyzed in Table 4.10 indicated that available soil nutrient viz.,
nitrogen, phosphorus and potash remarkably improved by different treatments.
Treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) registered higher nitrogen,
phosphorus and potash status over treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering).
Effective microorganisms (EMO) are the mixed culture of naturally occurring
beneficial microbes predominatly lactic acid bacteria (lactobacillus), yeast
(Saccharomyces), actinomycetes (Streptomyces), photosystnthetic bacteria
(Rhodopsyedomonous) certain fungi (Aspergillus) which were found to be present
in panchagavya improved the soil quality. These findings are in line with earlier
results reported by (Xu and Xu, 2000).
94
……….……………………………………………………………….……….Discussion
The interaction effect between fertilizer and panchagavya was not observed
on growth and yield attributes, yield as well as quality and chemical parameters.
5.5 ECONOMICS
The data on economics presented in Table 4.11, the results revealed that
treatment F3 (100% RDF) resulted in maximum profit 37083 ha-1 along with
CBR value of 1:2.17 than that of obtained under rest of all the three levels. This
might be due to higher seed yield under the treatment F3 (100% RDF) (Table 4.6).
Contrarily, the lowest profit 18452 ha-1 as well as CBR value of 1:1.63 was
recorded under level F0 (0% RDF) as compared to all other levels. There was no
application of fertilizer under the treatment F0 resulting into the lowest seed yield
(Table 4.6) and ultimately the lowest profit and CBR. than all other fertilizer levels.
Among the panchagavya levels, the treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @
6% at flowering) recorded the highest net realization 38498 ha-1 followed by
treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering) with net realization of
36792 ha-1 over an application of panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) at first
irrigation (P1) with the lowest values of 11291 ha-1 as well as CBR value of
1:1.25, respectively. Its might be due to high treatment cost of panchagavya
drenching resulting into the lowest CBR than all other treatments.
95
Summary
and
Conclusion
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
A field experiment was conducted on loamy sand soil at Bidi Tobacco
Research Station Farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat) to study
the “Effect of fertilizer and panchagavya on yield and quality of summer
greengram (Vigna radiata L.) under middle Gujarat conditions” during summer
season of the year 2015.
The experiment was laid out in RBD design with factorial concept and
replicated three times. Sixteen treatment combinations comprising of four levels of
fertilizers viz., F0 (0% RDF), F1 (50% RDF), F2 (75% RDF) and F3 (100% RDF) and
four levels of panchagavya viz., P0 (Water spray at flowering), P1 (Panchagavya
drenching (500 lit ha-1) at first irrigation), P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at
flowering) and P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) were tested.
The results which have been presented and discussed in the preceding
chapters are summarized here in brief under following heads.
6.1 Effect of fertilizer

6.2 Effect of panchagavya
Results revealed that plant population initial and at harvest of greengram
did not influenced significantly due to different levels of fertilizer.
Treatment F3 (100 % RDF) recorded significantly higher plant height at 30,
45 DAS and at harvest but it was remained at par with application of 75% RDF (F2).
Whereas, significantly shorter plant was recorded under F0 (0% RDF) treatment.
96
.….………………………………………………………………. …Summary and conclusion
Results revealed that weight of dry root nodules plant-1 and number of
branches plant-1 were affected due to different treatments. Treatment F3
(100 % RDF) registered significantly higher weight of dry root nodules plant-1 and
number of branches plant-1. However, it was comparable with treatment F2
(75 % RDF). On the contrary, treatment F0 (0% RDF) recorded lower weight of dry
root nodules plant-1 and number of branches plant-1.
Among the different fertilizer levels, 100 % RDF (F3) level emerged out
superior effect on number of pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1 but it was
statistically at par with treatment F2 (75 % RDF). Whereas, the lowest number of
pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1 recorded under treatment F0 (0% RDF).
With regard to fertilizer application, treatment F3 (100 % RDF) recorded
significantly higher pod length and test weight. However, it was statistically at par
with treatment F2 (75 % RDF). While, treatment F0 (0% RDF) registered the lowest
pod length and test weight.
Higher seed and stover yields were produced by treatment F3
(100 % RDF). However, it was comparable with treatment F2 (75 % RDF). On the
contrary, treatment F0 (0% RDF) recorded the lowest seed and stover yields.
Results revealed that harvest index (%) was not affected due to different
fertilizer treatments.
Higher protein content (%) was recorded under treatment F3 (100 % RDF)
but it was statically at par with treatment 75 % RDF (F2). While, significantly lower
protein content was counted under F0 (0% RDF) treatment.
Treatment F3 (100 % RDF) recorded significantly higher N, P and K
content and uptake by seed and stover as well as available N, P and K status in the
97
soil after harvest of crop. However, it was statistically at par with treatment F2
(75 % RDF). While, significantly the lowest N, P and K content and uptake by seed
and stover as well as available N, P and K status in the soil after harvest of crop was
recorded under F0 (0% RDF) treatment.
The maximum value of net realization of 37083 ha-1 along with CBR
value of 1:2.17 was recorded under treatment F3 (100% RDF). On the contrary,
treatment F0 (0% RDF) recorded the lowest value of net realization of
18452 ha-1 with CBR value of 1:1.63.
Plant population initial (20 DAS) and at harvest of greengram did not vary
significantly due to different levels of panchagavya.
Treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) recorded
significantly higher plant height at 45 DAS and at harvest. However, it was
remained at par with P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering). On the contrary,
treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering) recorded lower values of all growth
attributes.
Results revealed that treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering)
recorded significantly higher weight of dry root nodules plant-1 and number of
branches plant-1 which was remained at par with treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray
@ 3% at flowering). On the contrary, treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering)
recorded lower weight of dry root nodules plant-1 and number of branches plant-1.
Foliar spray of panchagavya @ 6% at flowering (P3) registered higher
number of pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1 but it was remained at par with
treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering). Whereas, lower number of

98
pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1 were noted under treatment P0 (Water spray
at flowering).
Recorded significantly higher pod length and test weight were under
treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) as compared to treatment P0
(Water spray at flowering).
Significant increased in seed and stover yields were achieved by
panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering (P3). It was comparable with treatment P2
(Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering). Whereas, significantly the lowest seed
and stover yields were recorded under P0 (water spray at flowering).
Results revealed that harvest index (%) was not affected due to different
panchagavya treatments.
Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering (P3) recorded significantly higher
protein content (%) but it was remained at par with treatment P2 (Panchagavya
spray @ 3% at flowering). On the contrary, treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering)
recorded the lower values of protein content (%).
N, P and K content in greengram seed and stover remained unaffected due
to different panchgavya treatments.
Higher N, P and K uptake as well as available N, P and K status in the soil
after harvest of the crop was recorded by panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering
(P3) treatment. But, it was remained at par with treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray @
3% at flowering).
Higher net realization ( 38498 ha-1) was recorded under treatment P3
(Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) followed by treatment P2 (Panchagavya
spray @ 3% at flowering) and maximum CBR value of 1:2.43 registered under

99
treatment P2. While, the minimum net realization of 11291 ha-1 along with CBR
value of 1:1.25 were recorded under treatment P1 (Panchagavya drenching
CONCLUSION
From foregoing discussion, it can be concluded that for getting higher yield
and net profit/realization or return from summer greengram Cv."Meha". The crop
should be fertilized with 20 kg N ha-1 (43.5 kg urea) and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 (250 kg
Single Super Phosphate) as basal application with spraying of "panchagavya"@ 6%
at flowering stage under middle Gujarat conditions.
FUTURE LINE OF WORK
1. The experiment should be repeated for two or three seasons for evaluating
consistency and application of treatments to arrive at conclusive
recommendations
2. Such studies should also be conducted under different agro-climatic
conditions in different soils with different levels of fertilizer and
panchagavya.
100
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XI
Appendix
APPENDIX
Appendix-I
Cost of cultivation of summer greengram and economical details
Appendix-I (A): Details of common cost of cultivation practices of summer
greengram
Sr. No. Particulars Cost ( ha-1)
(A) COMMON COST
A. Land preparation
1. Tractor cultivation (2hrs.) 1000
2. Harrowing and planking (1 PB, 2 L) 750
3. Field layout and opening of furrows (4 L) 600
4. Bunds and channel preparation (3 L) 450
B. Greengram sowing
5. Cost of seed (25 kg) 3750
6. Cost of sowing 375
C. After care
7. Irrigation charges : 5 irrigation (10 L) 3000
8. Thinning (2 L) 300
9. Weeding two time ( 14 L) 2100
10. Interculturing 750
D. Plant protection measures
11. Dimethoate 30 % EC (1 liter) 320
12. Dimethoate application charge (4 L) 1200
13. Triazophos 40 % EC (1 liter) 430
14. Triazophos application charge (4 L) 600
15. Quinalphos 25% EC(1 liter) 430
16. Quinalphos application charge (4 L) 600
17. Pyriproxifen 10 % EC (0.25 lit) 500
18. Pyriproxifen application charge (4 L) 600
E. Harvesting (15 L) 2250
F. Land revenue @ 300/ha/annum 100
Total common cost (A to F) 20105
G. Supervision charges @ 10 % (for four months) 503
H. Interest on working capital @ 12 % 618
Total common cost 21226
Note: L= Labour; PB= Pair of bullock
I
APPENDIX
Appendix-I (B): Rate/price of different products and inputs taken into

consideration for calculation of economics
Sr. No. Particulars Rate
( )
A) PRICE OF INPUTS
1. Tractor cultivation ( /hr) 500
2. Irrigation charges ( /ha) 300
3. Pair of bullock ( /day) 450
4. Labour charges ( /day) 150
5. Seed ( /kg) 150
6. Urea ( /kg) 6.26
7. SSP( /kg) 7.00
8. Panchagavya( /lit) 42
9. Dimethoate 30% EC( /lit) 320
10. Triazophos 40% EC( /lit) 430
11. Quinalphos 25% EC( /lit) 430
12. Pyriproxifen 10% EC( /lit) 2000
(B) SALE PRICE OF OUTPUT (Greengram)
1. Seed ( /kg) 65.05
2. Stalk ( /kg) 1.00
Details of cost of fertilizer and Panchagavya

Application Total cost of
Quantity Required Cost
-1 -1 charges treatments
Treatment (kg ha ) ( ha ) -1 -1
( ha ) ( ha )
Fertilizer (F)
F0 00 (NPK) 00 00 00
F1 10-20-00 (NPK) 1011 150 1161
F2 15-30-00 (NPK) 1517 150 1667
F3 20-40-00 (NPK) 2022 150 2172
Panchagavya (P)
P0 500 lit 00 1800 1800
P1 500 lit 21000 900 21900
P2 15 lit 1260 1800 3060
P3 30 lit 2520 1800 4320
II
APPENDIX
APPENDIX – II (A)
Analysis of variance for growth and yield attributes and yield of summer greengram
Source of Degree Mean sum of square
variance of
freedom Plant population Plant height Weight of dry No of branches
root nodules plant-1
At 30 At 45 At
Initial Final At 30 to 40 DAS At harvest
DAS DAS Harvest
Replication 2 0.120 0.070 3.443 0.320 3.191 0.040 0.095

Factor F 3 0.467 0.498 36.287* 126.093* 236.525* 18.285* 11.613*
Factor P 3 0.068 0.120 3.909 13.982* 30.258* 13.088* 1.328*
FxP 9 0.010 0.035 0.333 0.685 0.479 0.337 0.036
Error 30 0.244 0.271 1.403 4.702 8.839 4.394 0.157
Total 47 - - - - - - -
* Significant at 5 % level of significance
III
APPENDIX
APPENDIX – II (B)
Analysis of variance for yield attributes, yield and quality parameters of summer greengram
Mean sum of square
Pods Seeds Pod Test Seed Stover Harvest Protein

Source Degree plant-1 pod-1 length Weight Yield yield index content
of of
variance freedom
At At At At At At At At
harvest harvest harvest Harvest Harvest harvest harvest Harvest
Replication 2 3.831 0.478 0.412 0.217 254.98 444.40 0.500 0.031
Factor F 3 340.012* 7.344* 9.085* 57.229* 248601.84* 561155.45* 5.599* 9.990*

Factor P 3 89.758* 1.764* 1.484* 12.857* 124481.97* 356980.82* 0.334* 6.451*
FxP 9 2.961 0.109 0.111 0.409 6383.02 23575.79 4.025 0.046

Error 30 12.508 0.237 0.148 4.324 7916.97 29558.73 13.843 2.134
Total 47 - - - - - -
IV
APPENDIX
APPENDIX – II (C)
Analysis of variance for chemical parameters of plant

Mean sum of square
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash

Source Degree
Content Content content
of of
variance freedom
Replication 2 0.0008 0.0021 0.0006 0.0011 0.0002 0.0029

Factor F 3 0.2553* 0.1067* 0.0713* 0.0169* 0.0330* 0.1355*
Factor P 3 0.1650* 0.0048 0.0030 0.0009 0.0020 0.0123
FxP 9 0.0012 0.0004 0.0005 0.0001 0.0001 0.0016
Error 30 0.0547 0.0017 0.0011 0.0003 0.0007 0.0043
Total 47 - - - - - -
V
APPENDIX
Analysis of variance for chemical parameters of plant and soil
Mean sum of square
Degree Available Available Available

Source of Nitrogen uptake Phosphorus uptake Potash uptake
of N P2O5 K
variance
freedom After After
After harvest Harvest
harvest
Replication 2 0.36 0.52 0.14 0.37 0.0038 1.28 343.76 4.067 118.66
Factor F 3 432.93* 115.62* 18.49* 12.31* 17.015* 273.23* 5639.77* 282.02* 4673.37*
Factor P 3 230.01* 33.54* 3.71* 2.98* 5.1343* 110.25* 1918.01* 15.78* 1155.69*
FxP 9 9.40 1.59 0.25 0.21 0.25037 8.91 24.05 0.45 49.43
Error 30 11.92 2.43 0.27 0.15 0.3342 8.36 347.50 4.33 250.26
Total 47 - - - - - - - - -
VI
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that I have no objection for supplying to any
scientist one copy of any part of this thesis for rendering reference service in a library
of documentation centre
Place: Anand
Date: / 09/2016 (Vipul Y. Patel)

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EFFECT OF FERTILIZER AND PANCHAGAVYA ON YIELD

AND QUALITY OF SUMMER GREENGRAM (Vigna

Reg. No.: 04 - 2395 - 2014

Name of Student Major Advisor

Research Station Farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat to study

the “Effect of fertilizer and panchagavya on yield and quality of summer

greengram (Vigna radiata L.) under middle Gujarat conditions” during

and phosphorus and high in available potassium. Sixteen treatments combinations

comprising of four levels of fertilizers viz., F0 (0% RDF), F1 (50% RDF), F2

spray at flowering), P1 (Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) at first irrigation), P2

(Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering) and P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at

significant effect on plant population of greengram at initial and harvest.

affected due to different treatments. Application of 100 % RDF

Application of 100 % RDF (20-40-00 NPK kg ha-1) recorded significantly

was non significantly affected due to different fertilizer levels.

Significantly higher protein content (%) was recorded under treatment F3

lower protein content was observed under F0 (0 % RDF) treatment.

Treatment F3 (100 % RDF) recorded significantly higher N, P and K

soil after harvest of crop.

of 1:2.17 was recorded under treatment F3 (100% RDF). On the contrary,

treatment F0 (0% RDF) recorded the minimum value of net realization of

23355 ha-1 with CBR value of 1:1.63.

Treatment P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) recorded

branches plant-1. While, treatment P0 (Water spray at flowering) recorded lower

values of all the growth attributes.

With respect to improvement in yield attributes viz., number of pods

panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering (P3) being at par with treatment P2

(Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering) was emerged out as the best treatment.

Significantly higher seed and stover yields were recorded under

Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering (P3) which was remained at par with

treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering). However, harvest index

was non significantly affected due to different panchagavya levels.

Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering (P3) recorded significantly higher

lower values of protein content (%).

With regard to N, P and K uptake by seed and stover as well as available

panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering (P3) treatment, it was comparable with

treatment P2 (Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering).

Maximum net realization of 38498 ha-1 was recorded under treatment

P3 (Panchagavya spray @ 6% at flowering) followed by treatment P2

(Panchagavya spray @ 3% at flowering) and maximum CBR value of 1:2.43 was

registered under treatment P2, while the minimum net realization of

(Panchagavya drenching (500 lit ha-1) at first irrigation).

In view of results obtained from the present invastigation, it could be

greengram Cv."Meha". The crop should be fertilized with 20 kg N ha-1 (43.5 kg

with spraying of "panchagavya"@ 6% at flowering stage under middle Gujarat

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of fertilizer

and panchagavya on yield and quality of summer greengram

(Vigna radiata L.) under middle Gujarat conditions” submitted

by Patel Vipulbhai Yogeshbhai. Reg. No. 04-2395-2014 in partial

fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) in AGRONOMY of the

Anand Agricultural University, Gujarat is a record of bonafide

research work carried out by him under my personal guidance and

award of any degree, diploma or other similar title.

Place: Anand (K. M. GEDIYA)

Date: /09/2016 Major Guide

This is to certify that whole of the research work reported in the

of Science (Agriculture) in the subject of Agronomy is the result of investigation

Associate Research Scientist (Agron.), Bidi Tobacco Research Station, Anand