CE 151

(Structural Theory 1)

Chapter 7:
Deflection of Trusses, Beams, and Frames:
Work-Energy Methods
Work
- It is simply defined as the force (or couple) acting on a structure times
the displacement (or rotation) of its point of application in the direction of
the force (or couple).
Principle of Virtual Work
1. Principle of Virtual Displacements for Rigid Bodies
“If a rigid body is in equilibrium under a system of forces and if it is subjected
to any small virtual rigid-body displacement, the virtual work done by the
external forces is zero.”
II. Principle of Virtual Forces for Deformable Bodies
“If a deformable structure is in equilibrium under a virtual system of forces
(and couples) and if it is subjected to any small real deformation consistent with
the support and continuity conditions of the structure, then the virtual external
work done by the virtual external forces (and couples) acting through the real
external displacements (and rotations) is equal to the virtual internal work
done by the virtual internal forces (and couples) acting through the real internal
displacements (and rotations).”
Note: The term “virtual” simply means imaginary, not real.
Virtual Work Method
- This method for determining the deformations of structures is based on
the principle of virtual forces for deformable bodies, which can be
mathematically stated as follows.

▸ The terms “forces”

and “displacements”
here are used in a
general sense and
include moments and
rotations, respectively.

- This method employs two separate systems: (1) a real system of loads
(or other effects) causing the deformation to be determined and (2) a
virtual system consisting of a unit load (or unit couple) applied at the
point and in the direction of the desired deflection (or rotation).
Virtual Work Method for Trusses
General Expression:

For Deformations Caused by External Loads:

For Deformations Caused by Temperature Changes:

Notations:
Δ – desired deflection A – member cross-sectional area
Fv – member axial force due to the virtual E – member modulus of elasticity
unit load (rotation) α – member coefficient of thermal
δ – member axial deformation expansion
F – member axial force due to actual loads ΔT – change in temperature
L – member length
Procedure of
Analysis
 50
Solution:
Sample Problem [1] Analysis of truss with 37.5
Determine the horizontal actual loads
deflection at joint C of the ▸solve reactions using the eq’ns of 37.5
equilibrium (summation of moments
truss shown by the at B, then summation of forces along 90
virtual work method. y-axis).
▸analyze member forces using
method of joints (joints A and B
first).

𝟏 90
3 50
37.5 37.5
2.25

1.25 37.5
5𝟎 𝒌 9𝟎 𝒌
3
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 37.5 𝑘 𝑪 = −37.5 𝑘
𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 62.5 𝑘 𝑻 = 62.5 𝑘
[2] Analysis of truss with 1
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 97.5 𝑘 𝑪 = −97.5 𝑘
unit virtual load
▸solve reactions (summation of (The 1 unit virtual load is horizontal since
moments at B first, then 3 3 horizontal deflection is the required in the
summation of forces along y- 1.25 problem. It’s assumed to be to be rightward.)
2.25
and x-axis). 1 𝐹𝐴𝐵,𝑣 = 1.25 𝑪 = −1.25
▸analyze member forces 𝐹𝐴𝐶,𝑣 = 3.75 𝑻 = 3.75
using method of joints 1.25
(joints A and B first). 3 3 𝐹𝐵𝐶,𝑣 = 3.25 𝑘 𝑪 = −3.25
Solution: (cont.)
[3] Calculation of deflection using virtual work method formula

Member F [kips] Fv [unitless] Length, L [in] 𝐹𝑣 ∙ 𝐹 ∙ 𝐿 [k-in]

AB -37.5 -1.25 4 x 12 = 48 2,250
AC 62.5 3.75 15 x 12 = 180 42,187.5
BC -97.5 -3.25 13 x 12 = 156 49,432.5
Σ 𝐹𝑣 ∙ 𝐹 ∙ 𝐿 93,870

𝐹𝐿 Σ 𝐹𝑣 ∙ 𝐹 ∙ 𝐿 93,870 𝑘 ∙ 𝑖𝑛
∆𝐻 = ෍ 𝐹𝑣 = = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔 𝒊𝒏.
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 6 𝑖𝑛 2 𝑘
10,000 ൗ 2
𝑖𝑛
▸ Since the answer is positive, the
assumption, that the horizontal
deflection is rightward, is correct
Sample Problem
Determine the horizontal deflection at joint G of the truss shown by the virtual
work method. Solution: [1] Real system [2] Virtual system
20 20 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟎 20 𝟎 1
15 0.75 0.75
15 15 0.75
𝟎 20 𝟎 1
𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎
60 1
60 45 1.5 0.75
45 15 0.75 0.75
60 1.5 1
60
6𝟎 𝒌
1 1
60 60 1
6𝟎 𝒌 6𝟎 𝒌 1.5 1.5
▸solve reactions using the eq’ns of equilibrium.
▸analyze forces using method of joints (joints A, B, D, G, then E).
Members F [k] Fv [unitless] Members F [k] Fv [unitless]
AB 60 1 CG 25 1.25
AC 60 1.5 CE 0 0
BC -75 -1.25 DG -15 -0.75
BD -15 -0.75 GE -20 0
CD 0 0
Solution: (cont.)
[3] Calculation of deflection using virtual work method formula

Members F [k] Fv [unitless] Length, L [in] Area, A [in.2] 𝐹𝑣 ∙ 𝐹𝐿/𝐴 [k/in]

AB 60 1 16 x 12 = 192 4 2880
AC 60 1.5 12 x 12 = 144 4 3240
BC -75 -1.25 20 x 12 = 240 3 7500
BD -15 -0.75 12 x 12 = 144 4 405
CD 0 0 16 x 12 = 192 3 0
CG 25 1.25 20 x 12 = 240 3 2500
CE 0 0 12 x 12 = 144 4 0
DG -15 -0.75 12 x 12 = 144 4 405
GE -20 0 16 x 12 = 192 3 0
Σ 𝐹𝑣 ∙ 𝐹𝐿/𝐴 16,930

𝐹𝐿 Σ 𝐹𝑣 ∙ 𝐹𝐿/𝐴 16,930 𝑘/𝑖𝑛

∆𝐻 = ෍ 𝐹𝑣 = = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝒊𝒏.
𝐴𝐸 𝐸 𝑘
29,000 ൗ 2
𝑖𝑛
▸ Since the answer is positive, the
assumption, that the horizontal
deflection is rightward, is correct
 Sample Problem
Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the
deflection at joint B of the truss shown by the virtual
work method.
Solution:
[1] Real system [2] Virtual system for ΔH

56 21 𝟎 𝟎
84 𝟎
56 28 28
56
84 𝟎
𝟑𝟓 𝒌 56 21 𝟎 1 𝟎 𝟏
1
21 21 21 21 1 𝟎 𝟎
𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑵 𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑵

[3] Virtual system for Δv Members F [kN] Fv,H [unitless] Fv,V [unitless]
AB 21 1 3/7
3/7 3/7 AD 0
1 56 2 3/7 2
3/7 4/7 4/7
3/7 BC 21 0 3/7
1 3/7
3/7 BD 84 0 1
CD 35 0 5/7
3/7 3/7 3/7
3/7 𝟏 4/7
[3] Calculate ΔH using virtual work method formula
Members F [kN] Fv,H [unitless] Length, L [mm] 𝐹𝑣,𝐻 ∙ 𝐹 ∙ 𝐿 [kN-mm]
AB 21 1 4,000 84,000
AD 56 2 0 4,000 2 0
BC 21 0 3,000 0
BD 84 0 4,000 0
CD 35 0 5,000 0
Σ 𝐹𝑣,𝐻 ∙ 𝐹 ∙ 𝐿 84,000
𝐹𝐿 Σ 𝐹𝑣,𝐻 ∙ 𝐹 ∙ 𝐿 84,000 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚
∆𝐻 = ෍ 𝐹𝑣,𝐻 = = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 1,200 𝑚𝑚 2 200 𝑘𝑁ൗ𝑚𝑚2
[3] Calculate ΔV using virtual work method formula
Members F [kN] Fv,V [unitless] Length, L [mm] 𝐹𝑣,𝑉 ∙ 𝐹 ∙ 𝐿 [kN-mm]
AB 21 3/7 4,000 36,000
AD 56 2 3/7 2 4,000 2 192,000 2
BC 21 3/7 3,000 27,000
BD 84 1 4,000 336,000
CD 35 5/7 5,000 125,000
Σ 𝐹𝑣,𝑉 ∙ 𝐹 ∙ 𝐿 795,529
𝐹𝐿 Σ 𝐹𝑣,𝑉 ∙ 𝐹 ∙ 𝐿 795,529 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚
∆𝑉 = ෍ 𝐹𝑣,𝑉 = = = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟏 𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 1,200 𝑚𝑚 2 200 𝑘𝑁ൗ𝑚𝑚2
Virtual Work Method for Beams
General Expression:

where, Δ – desired deflection

Mv – moment due to the virtual unit load
(rotation)
M – moment due to actual loads
L – length of the beam or portion of it

▸ This expression of virtual work method do not account for the shear
deformations of beams. However, for most beams (except for very deep
beams), shear deformations are so small as compared to the bending
deformations that their effect can be neglected in the analysis.
Procedure of
Analysis
Sample Problem
Determine the slope and deflection at point A of the beam shown by the virtual
work method. 𝟏 𝑴𝒗𝟏 ⤹
𝑀𝑣1 = −1 𝑥 = −𝑥

⤹ 𝑴𝒗𝟐
𝑀𝑣2 = 1
Solution:
𝟏 [1] Virtual system for ΔA
[5] Solve for ΔA
𝐿 𝐿
[2] Virtual system for θA 𝑀𝑣1 𝑀 −𝑥 −𝑤𝑥 3
∆𝐴 = න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐸𝐼 0 𝐸𝐼 6𝐿
𝐿
[3] Identify how many segments are needed. 𝐿
𝑤𝑥 4 𝑤 𝑥5 𝒘𝑳𝟒
▸ From the shown load diagrams, only one span
∆𝑨 = න 𝑑𝑥 = = ↓
(no change of loading for 0 6𝐿𝐸𝐼 6𝐿𝐸𝐼 5 0
𝟑𝟎𝑬𝑰
is needed.
the whole span)
[6] Solve for θA
[4] Derive moment equations 𝐿 𝐿
(by ratio and proportion) 𝑀𝑣2 𝑀 1 −𝑤𝑥 3
𝑴 𝜃𝐴 = න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥
⤹ 0 𝐸𝐼 0 𝐸𝐼 6𝐿
𝐿 𝐿
−𝑤𝑥 3 −𝑤 𝑥 4 𝒘𝑳𝟑
𝜃𝐴 = න 𝑑𝑥 = = ↺
0 6𝐿𝐸𝐼 6𝐿𝐸𝐼 4 𝟐𝟒𝑬𝑰
1 𝑤 1 𝑤𝑥 3 0
𝑀=− 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 =−
2 𝐿 3 6𝐿
Sample Problem
Determine the slope at point B of the 25-ft cantilever beam shown by the virtual
work method. EI = constant, where E = 10,000 ksi and I = 5,440 in4.
𝟏𝟖 𝒌
[4] Solve for θB
𝐿 25 𝑓𝑡
𝑀𝑣 𝑀 −1 −18𝑥
Solution: 𝜃𝐵 = න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
[1] Virtual system 0 0
300 𝑖𝑛 300
18𝑥 18 𝑥 2
𝜃𝐵 = න 𝑑𝑥 =
0 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 2
[2] Identify how many segments are needed. 0

18 𝑘 300 𝑖𝑛. 2
▸ From the shown two load diagrams, only one
span is needed.
𝜃𝐵 =
(no change of loading for the whole span) 10,000 𝑘ൗ 2 5440 𝑖𝑛.4 2
𝑖𝑛.
[3] Derive moment equations
𝑴 ⤸ 𝜃𝐵 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟗 𝒓𝒂𝒅. ↻
𝟏𝟖 𝒌
𝑀 = −18𝑥 or
180 °
𝜃𝐵 = 0.0149 𝑟𝑎𝑑.∙ = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟑° ↻
⤸ 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑴𝒗
𝑀 = −1

(We use the right potion of the beam for deriving

moment equations, since there’s no need to solve
for support reactions here.)
Sample Problem
Determine the deflection at point D of the beam shown by the virtual work method.
E = 200 GPa. Solution:
𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵 [1] Virtual system 𝟏

[2] Identify how many segments are needed.

▸ From the shown two load diagrams, we need to
separate four segments [i] AB, [ii] BC, [iii] CD, and [iv]
DE
[3] Derive moment equations (There should be a separate span for every change of
𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵 loading and every change of beam properties)
⤹ ⤹
𝑴𝑨𝑩 𝑴𝑩𝑪 ⤹ 𝑴𝑪𝑫 𝑴𝑫𝑬
⤸ 𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 75𝑥
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 75𝑥
𝑀𝐶𝐷 = 75𝑥 − 150 𝑥 − 6 = −75𝑥 + 900
𝑀𝐷𝐸 = 75𝑥
⤹ ⤹
𝑴𝒗,𝑨𝑩 𝑴𝒗,𝑩𝑪 ⤹𝑴𝒗,𝑪𝑫 𝟏 ⤸
𝑴𝒗,𝑫𝑬
𝑀𝑣,𝐴𝐵 = 0.25𝑥
𝑀𝑣,𝐵𝐶 = 0.25𝑥
𝑀𝑣,𝐶𝐷 = 0.25𝑥
𝑀𝑣,𝐶𝐷 = 0.75𝑥
Solution: (cont.)
[4] Solve for ΔD
Segments Origin Limit [m] EI M [kN∙m] Mv [m]
AB A 0–3 1 EI 75𝑥 0.25𝑥 18.75 𝑥 2
BC A 3–6 2 EI 75𝑥 0.25𝑥 18.75 𝑥 2
CD A 6–9 2 EI −75𝑥 + 900 0.25𝑥 −18.75𝑥 2 + 225𝑥
DE E 0–3 1 EI 75𝑥 0.75𝑥 56.25 𝑥 2
𝐿
𝑀𝑣 𝑀
∆𝐷 = න 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐸𝐼
3 6 9 3
18.75𝑥 2 18.75𝑥 2 −18.75𝑥 2 + 225𝑥 56.25𝑥 2
∆𝐷 = න 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐸𝐼 3 2𝐸𝐼 6 2𝐸𝐼 0 𝐸𝐼
3𝑚 6𝑚 9𝑚 9𝑚 3𝑚
1 𝑥3 18.75 𝑥 3 18.75 𝑥 3 225 𝑥 2 𝑥3
∆𝐷 = 18.75 + − + + 56.25
𝐸𝐼 3 0
2 3 3𝑚
2 3 6𝑚
2 2 6𝑚
3 0

2193.75 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚3 2193.75 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 1000 𝑚𝑚 3

∆𝐷 = =
200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 300 106 𝑚𝑚4 200 𝑘𝑁ൗ 2 300 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑚𝑚
∆𝐷 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒎 ↓
Sample Problem
Determine the deflection at point C of the beam shown by the virtual work method.
EI = constant, where E = 29,000 ksi and I = 2000 in4.
𝟏𝟐 𝒌 [3] Derive moment equations
▸solve reactions using the eq’ns of equilibrium.
𝟏𝟐 𝒌
𝑴𝑨𝑩
⤹ 𝑴𝑩𝑪⤸
Solution: 𝑥
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 26𝑥 − 2𝑥
[1] Virtual system 𝟏𝟐 𝒌 2
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 26𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑴𝒗,𝑨𝑩⤹ 𝑴𝒗,𝑩𝑪 𝟏
⤸
[2] Identify how many segments are needed.
▸ From the shown two load diagrams, we need to
separate two segments [i] AB, and [ii] BC.
[4] Solve for ΔC
Segments Origin Limit [ft] M [k∙ft] Mv [ft]
AB A 0 – 30 26𝑥 − 𝑥 2 −𝑥/3 (𝑥 3 − 26𝑥 2 )/3
BC C 0 – 10 −12𝑥 −𝑥 12 𝑥 2
30 3 10
1 𝑥 − 26𝑥 2 2
−6500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3 −6500 𝑘 ∙ 12 𝑖𝑛. 3
∆𝐶 = න 𝑑𝑥 + න 12𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = =
𝐸𝐼 0 3 0 𝐸𝐼 29,000 𝑘ൗ 2 2000 𝑖𝑛.4
𝑖𝑛.
∆𝐶 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 𝒊𝒏. ↑ ▸the deflection is upward, opposite to the assumed downward, since the result is negative.
Virtual Work Method for Frames
▸ Application of the virtual work method to determine the slopes and
deflections of frames is similar to that for beams.
▸ The total virtual internal work done on the frame is equal to the sum of
the internal virtual work due to bending and that due to axial
deformations. However, The axial deformations in the members of frames
composed of common engineering materials are generally much smaller
than the bending deformations and are, therefore, usually neglected in
the analysis.

General Expression:

▸ A step-by-step procedure for determining slopes and deflections of

frames using the virtual work method is presented in our textbook. Sample
problems are also provided. Try to understand them.
Principle of Conservation of Energy
“The work performed on an elastic structure in equilibrium by statically
(gradually) applied external forces is equal to the work done by internal
forces, or the strain energy stored in the structure.”
Energy
▸ The energy of a structure can be simply defined as its capacity for doing
work.
Strain Energy
▸ The term strain energy is attributed to the energy that a structure has
because of its deformation.
For Trusses: For Beams: For Frames:

where, U – strain energy of the structure M – beam (frame member) bending moment
F – truss member axial force E – beam (frame member) modulus of
L – truss member (beam) length elasticity
A – truss member cross-sectional area I – beam (frame member) moment of inertia
Castigliano’s Second Theorem
“For linearly elastic structures, the partial derivative of the strain energy with
respect to an applied force (or couple) is equal to the displacement (or
rotation) of the force (or couple) along its line of action.”

▸ In mathematical form:
For Trusses:

For Beams:

For Frames:
Procedure of Analysis in Using Castigliano’s 2nd Theorem
Sample Problem 𝟏𝟐 𝒌
Determine the deflection at point C of the
beam shown by Castigliano’s 2nd theorem.
EI = constant, where E = 29,000 ksi and I =
2000 in4.
𝑴𝑨𝑩 𝑴𝑩𝑪
Solution: ⤹ ⤸
[1] Designate or apply load P. Then, analyze.
▸in this case, the load 12 k is replaced with P.
▸solve reactions using the eq’ns of equilibrium.
▸then, derive moment equations.
𝑃 𝑥 𝑃𝑥
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 30 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 30𝑥 − 𝑥 2 −
[2] Solve for ΔC 3 2 3
Segments Origin Limit [ft] M [k∙ft] 𝜕𝑀Τ𝜕𝑃 [ft] 𝜕𝑀Τ𝜕𝑃 𝑀 [k∙ft2]
𝑃𝑥
2
𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑃𝑥 2
AB A 0 – 30 30𝑥 − 𝑥 − − 2
−10𝑥 + +
3 3 3 9
BC C 0 – 10 −𝑃𝑥 −𝑥 𝑃𝑥 2
𝐿 30 3 2 10
𝜕𝑀 𝑀 1 𝑥 𝑃𝑥 ▸use P = 12 k in
∆𝐶 = න 𝑑𝑥 = න −10𝑥 2 + + 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑃𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 𝜕𝑃 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 0 3 9 0
the calculation.

−6500 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3 −6500 𝑘 ∙ 12 𝑖𝑛. 3

∆𝐶 = = = −0.19 𝑖𝑛.
𝐸𝐼 𝑘
29,000 ൗ 2 2000 𝑖𝑛. 4
𝑖𝑛.
∆𝐶 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 𝒊𝒏. ↑ ▸the deflection is upward, opposite to the direction of P, since the result is negative.
 Sample Problem
Use Castigliano’s second theorem to determine the
horizontal and vertical components of the deflection at
joint B of the truss shown.
Solution:
[1] Designate or apply vertical load P. Then, analyze.
▸in this case, the load 84 kN is replaced with PV.
[c] At joint B:
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝑩𝑫 = 𝑷𝑽
𝑃𝑉 Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝑩𝑪 = 𝑨𝑩
= 𝑷𝑽C: 𝟑ൗ𝟕 − 𝟏𝟓
[d] At joint
𝑃𝑉 Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0;
𝟑𝟓 𝐶𝐷𝑦 = 𝑃𝑉 4ൗ7 − 20 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝐷𝑦 = 𝐶𝐷 4ൗ5

𝟑ൗ 𝑷 + 𝟐𝟎 𝑃𝑉 𝟒ൗ 𝑷 − 𝟐𝟎 𝐶𝐷 4ൗ5 = 𝑃𝑉 4ൗ7 − 20 𝑪𝑫 = 𝑷𝑽 𝟓ൗ𝟕 − 𝟐𝟓

𝟕 𝑽 𝟕 𝑽
[a] Solve for reactions [b] At joint A:
Σ𝑀𝐶 = 0; Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0;
𝐴𝑦 7 = 𝑃𝑉 3 + 35 4
𝐴𝐷𝑦 = 𝑃𝑉 3ൗ7 + 20 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐷𝑥 − 35
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝐷𝑥 = 𝐴𝐷𝑦
𝐴𝑦 = 3ൗ7 𝑃𝑉 + 20
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝐷𝑦 = 𝐴𝐷𝑥 = 𝐴𝐷 4ൗ
Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0; 𝐴𝑥 = 35 4 2 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑃𝑉 3ൗ7 + 20 − 35
𝐴𝐷 4ൗ = 𝑃𝑉 3ൗ7 + 20
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 4 2 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑷𝑽 𝟑ൗ𝟕 − 𝟏𝟓
𝐶𝑦 = 𝑃𝑉 − 𝑃𝑉 3ൗ7 + 20
𝑨𝑫 = 𝑷𝑽 𝟑 𝟐ൗ𝟕 + 𝟐𝟎 𝟐
𝐶𝑦 = 𝑃𝑉 4ൗ7 − 20
Solution: (cont.)
[2] Designate or apply horizontal load P. Then, analyze.
▸in this case, we add load PH.at the joint where deflection is needed.

𝑃𝑉

𝑃𝑉
𝟑𝟓 − 𝑷𝑯

𝑃𝐻
𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟖

[a] Solve for reactions [b] At joint A: [c] At joint B:

Σ𝑀𝐶 = 0; Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; 𝑩𝑫 = 𝟖𝟒
𝐴𝑦 7 = 84 3 + 35 4 𝐴𝐷𝑦 = 56 Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0;
𝐴𝑦 = 56 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝐷𝑦 = 𝐴𝐷𝑥 = 𝐴𝐷 4ൗ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝑃𝐻
4 2
𝐴𝐷 4ൗ = 56 𝑩𝑪 = 21 + 𝑃𝐻 − 𝑃𝐻 = 𝟐𝟏
Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0;
4 2
𝐴𝑥 = 35 − 𝑃𝐻 [d] At joint C:
𝑨𝑫 = 𝟓𝟔 𝟐
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0;
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0; Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0;
𝐶𝐷𝑦 = 28
𝐶𝑦 = 84 − 56 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐷𝑥 − 35 − 𝑃𝐻
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝐷𝑦 = 𝐶𝐷 4ൗ5
𝐶𝑦 = 28 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝐷𝑥 = 𝐴𝐷𝑦
𝐴𝐵 = 56 − 35 − 𝑃𝐻 𝐶𝐷 4ൗ5 = 28
𝑨𝑩 = 𝟐𝟏 + 𝑃𝐻 𝑪𝑫 = 𝟑𝟓
[3] Calculate vertical displacement at B, ΔV. (use Pv = 84 kN here )
Member L [mm] F [kN] 𝜕𝐹 Τ𝜕𝑃𝑉 [unitless] 𝜕𝐹 Τ𝜕𝑃𝑉 ∙ 𝐹 ∙ 𝐿 [kN-mm]

AB 4,000 𝑃𝑉 3ൗ7 − 15 3ൗ
7 36,000

AD 4,000 2 𝑃𝑉 3 2ൗ7 + 20 2 3 2ൗ 192,000 2

7
BC 3,000 𝑃𝑉 3ൗ7 − 15 3ൗ
7 27,000

BD 4,000 𝑃𝑉 1 336,000

CD 5,000 𝑃𝑉 5ൗ7 − 25 5ൗ
7 125,000

Σ 𝜕𝐹 Τ𝜕𝑃𝑉 ∙ 𝐹 ∙ 𝐿 795,529
𝜕𝐹 𝐹𝐿 Σ 𝜕𝐹Τ𝜕𝑃𝑉 ∙ 𝐹𝐿 795,529 𝑘 ∙ 𝑖𝑛
∆𝑉 = ෍ = = = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟏 𝒎𝒎
𝜕𝑃𝑉 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 1,200 𝑚𝑚 2 200 𝑘𝑁 ൗ𝑚𝑚2
[4] Calculate horizontal displacement at B, ΔH.
Members L [mm] F [kN] 𝜕𝐹 Τ𝜕𝑃𝐻 [unitless] 𝜕𝐹 Τ𝜕𝑃𝐻 ∙ 𝐹 ∙ 𝐿 [kN-mm] ▸where
PH = 0
AB 4,000 21 + 𝑃𝐻 1 84,000
AD 4,000 2 56 2 0 0
BC 3,000 21 0 0
BD 4,000 84 0 0
CD 5,000 35 0 0
Σ 𝜕𝐹 Τ𝜕𝑃𝐻 ∙ 𝐹 ∙ 𝐿 84,000
𝜕𝐹 𝐹𝐿 Σ 𝜕𝐹Τ𝜕𝑃𝐻 ∙ 𝐹𝐿 84,000 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚
∆𝐻 = ෍ = = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝜕𝑃𝐻 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 1,200 𝑚𝑚2 200 𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2
 “The most effective way of learning the
theories of structures is to solve problems.”
ASSIGNMENT!
Answer the following problems in our textbook.

Chapter 7 (page 328-336): Problems 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.25, 7.29, 7.30,
7.31(optional), 7.57, 7.58, and 7.59(optional).

Write the solutions neatly and in an organized manner on short bond

papers (Do not encode). Scan them and save them to one PDF file.

Due date: May 9, 2022