CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION Lack of Criminal Justice System – Criminals are

Institutional Correction judged through “Trial by Ordeals”

What is Penology? Punishment were based on the words of

-It is the study of punishment form crime or of kings/emperors/elders/chieftains
criminal offenders. It includes the study of control
and prevention of crime through punishment of GENERAL CLASS OF LAWS
criminal offenders.
LEX EXTERNA (Divine Laws)
-The term is derived from the Latin word “POENA” LEX NATURALIS (Natural Laws)
which means pain or suffering. LEX HUMANA (Human Laws)

-It is usually a division of criminology that deals with ROMAN LAWS

prison management and the treatment of offenders, MOHAMEDAN LAWS
and concerned itself with the philosophy and ANGLO-AMERICAN LAWS
practice of society in its effort to repress criminal Note: Rise of Secular Laws
activities.
Code of Hammurabi
What is Correction? -The Code of Hammurabi is a well-
A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned preserved Babylonian law code, dating back to
with the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of about 1772 BC. It is one of the oldest deciphered
criminal offenders. writings of significant ength in the world.

It is field of criminal justice administration which -The sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, enacted the
utilizes the body of knowledge and practices of the code, and partial copies exist on a human-sized stone
government and the society in general involving the stele and various clay tablets.
processes of handling individuals who have been
convicted of the offenses for purposes of crime -The Code consists of 282 laws, with scaled
prevention and control. punishments, adjusting "an eye for an eye, a tooth
for a tooth" (lex talionis) as graded depending on
It is a generic term that includes all government social status, of slave versus free man.
agencies, facilities, program, procedure, personnel,
and techniques concerned with the investigation, Justinian Code
intake, custody, confinement, supervision, or
treatment of alleged offenders 6th A.D., Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his code
of law. An effort to match a desirable amount of
What is Correctional Administration? punishment to all possible crimes.
- It is the study and practice of a system
management of jails or prisons and other institution However the law did not survive due to the fall of
concerned with the custody, treatment, and the Roman Empire but left a foundation of Western
rehabilitation of criminal offenders. legal codes.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF -The Twelve Tables (XII Tabulae, 451-450 BC) –

CORRECTION represented the earliest codification of Roman law
incorporated into the Justinian Code.
Early Codes and Laws
It is the foundation of all publics and private law of
THE PRIMITIVE ERA the Romans until the time of Justinian. It is also a
Demonological v.s Divine will theories collection of legal principles engraved on metal
Lack of Codified Laws, thus law enforcement were tablets and set up on the forum.
based “barbaric practices”.
 and front entered the body of the victim.
Burgundian Code
The Rack
- Introduced the concept of restitution. An offender a kind of a device that drags apart the joints in the
had to pay specified value in order not to undergo feet and hands.
physical sufferings as penalty.
The Tower of London
An offender who cannot pay will be subjected to - originally built as a fortress for the defense of the
death penalty. But this is applied only to the city. This is a famous symbol for such a cruel
members of nobility and middle classes. Death punishment.
penalty awaits slaves who committed murder,
assaults on noble or middle class women, and sexual - It was there that even more torturous contraption
relations with noble or middle class women, and was developed. Where the rack stretched its victims,
giving aid and comfort to escape offenders among this machine compressed the body of the victims; it
others is more dreadful and more complex than the rack.
The whole body is bent that some blood exudes from
Code of Draco the tips of the hands and feet.

Greed Code of Darco-in Greece, the Code of Draco, The Pillory

a harsh code that provides the same punishment for It was a device made of a wooden or metal
both citizens and the slaves as it incorporates framework erected on a post, with holes for securing
primitive concepts (Vengeance, Blood Feuds) the head and hands, formerly used for punishment
by public humiliation and often further physical
The Greeks were the first society to allow abuse, sometimes lethal
any citizen to prosecute the offender in the
name of the injured party. Influence of the Secular Laws

13th Century – Securing Sanctuary

Early Forms of Punishment in Primitive Time
In the 13th century a criminal could avoid
Punishment punishment by claiming refugee in a church for a
It is the redress that the state takes against an period of 40 days. – benefit of a clergy
offending member of society that usually involve
pain and suffering. It is also the imposed on an ..The Church was a powerful mechanism that
offender for a crime or wrong doing. influence Governance…

Blood Feuds Branding

- Ancient culture developed the idea of justice based Brand marks have also been used as a punishment
on vengeance, retribution and compensation. When for convicted criminals, combining physical
a crime is committed, the victim is expected to dole punishment, as burns are very painful, with public
out the justice with his own hands. Punishment was humiliation (greatest if marked on a normally visible
carried out by the victim personally, along with the part of the body) which is here the more important
help provided by ones family. intention, and with the imposition of an indelible
criminal record.
- The offender will seek refuge to his family and
friends; as a result of this system, blood feuds Robbers, like runaway slaves, were marked by the
developed. Romans with the letter F (fur); and the toilers in the
mines, and convicts condemned to figure in
Iron Maiden gladiatorial
- is a box-like device with the front half hinged like
a door so that a person could be placed inside: when
the door was shut, protruding spikes both the back
Banishment/Exile Development of Prisons
Sending or putting away of an offender which was
carried out either by prohibition against coming into Mamertine Prison
a specified territory such as an island to where the the only early Roman place of confinement which is
offender has been removed. built under the main sewer of Rome in 64 B.C

Physical Torture Bridewell

affected by maiming, mutilation, whipping and a term for houses of corrections which were used for
other inhumane or barbaric forms of inflicting pain. locking up, employing and whipping beggars,
prostitutes and other misfits
Death: Capital Punishment
Death by Hanging Hospicio de San Michelle
Death with Dissection - (Hospital of St. Michael) built by Pope lement XI
Asphyxiation or Strangulation in 1703 designed for incorrigible ouths under 20
Boiling to Death years of age. The first home or delinquent boys ever
Burning established.
Crucifixion
Beheading Hulks
Drowning were abandoned and unusable ships, which were
Electrocution converted into prisons as a means of relieving prison
Lethal Injection congestion when transportation system was
Shooting abandoned in England.
Starvation and Dehydration
Death Flights Panopticon Prison
type of prison conceived by Bentham which would
Early Codes in the Philippines consist of a large circular building of cast iron and
Mostly tribal traditions, customs and practices glass containing multi-tiered cells around the
influenced laws during the Pre- Spanish Philippines. periphery.
There were also laws that were written which
includes: Walnut Street Prison Jail
by Legislative Act, was turned into the first
The Code of Kalantiao (promulgated in 1433) – the American penitentiary, were the separate, silent
most extensive and severe law that prescribes harsh penitential philosophy of John Howard was
punishment. introduced. Originally constructed as a detention jail
in Philadelphia. It was converted into a state prison
The Philippine is one of the many countries that and become the first American Penitentiary.
came under the influence of the Roman Law. History
has shown that the Roman Empire reached its Auburn Prison Model
greatest extent to most of continental Europe such as among its features was the confinement of the
Spain, Portugal, French and all the central Europe. prisoners in single cell at night and congregate work
in shops during the daytime. A complete silence was
Eventually, the Spanish Civil Code became effective strictly enforced.
in the Philippines on December 7, 1889, the
“Conquistadore” and the “Kodigo Penal” (The The system was considered as the most effective and
Revised Penal Code today, 1930) was introduced by advantageous because, it has been observed that the
the Spaniards promulgated by the King of Spain. prisoners can finish more articles when they work
Basically these laws adopted the Roman Law together as a rather than working alone in their
principles (Coquia, Principles of Roman Law, individual cells.
1996).
Pennsylvania Prison Model William Penn (1614-1718)
this is the rival penitentiary system of the Auburn. It He fought for religious freedom and individual
features consisted a solitary confinement of the rights.
prisoners in their own cell day and night where they
lived, slept, received religious instruction and read He is the first leader to prescribed Imprisonment as
the bible. Silence was also strictly observed. correctional treatment for major offenders

Alcatraz Prison He is also responsible for the abolition of death

Alcatraz Island is located in the San Francisco Bay, penalty and torture as a form of punishment.
1.5 miles (2.4 km) offshore from San Francisco,
California, United States. Often referred to as "The
Rock", the small island was developed with facilities Cesare Bonnesa, Marchese de Beccaria (1737-
for a lighthouse, a military fortification, a military 1794)
prison (1868), and a federal prison from 1933 until He wrote an essay entitled
1963.
“An Essay on Crimes and Punishment”, the most
Alcatraz was designed to hold prisoners who exiting essay on law during this century. It
continuously caused trouble at other federal prisons. presented the humanistic goal of law

During the 29 years was in use, the jail held some of Jeremy Bentham (1746- 1832)
the worst hoodlums America had ever known, such The greatest leader in the reform of English criminal
as Al Capone, Robert Franklin Stroud (the Birdman Law. He believes that whatever punishment
of Alcatraz), George "Machine Gun" Kelly, Bumpy designed to negate whatever pleasure or gain the
Johnson, Rafael Cancel Miranda (a member of the criminal derives from crime, the crime rate would go
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party who attacked the down.
United States Capitol building in 1954), Mickey
Cohen, Arthur R. "Doc" Barker, James "Whitey" Bentham was the one who derives the ultimate
Bulger, and Alvin "Creepy" Karpis (who served PANOPTICAL PRISON a prison that consists of a
more time at Alcatraz than any other inmate). large circular building multi cells around the
periphery. It was never built.
James Bennett
Director of Federal Bureau of John Howard
Prisons who wrote about the closing of He was appointed sheriff of Bedfordshire, England
Alcatraz Prison. in 1773, after visiting hundreds of Penal institutions,
he wrote his book
Fred T. Wilkinson
The last Warden in Alcatraz Prison. “State of Prisons”-published in 1777. This volume
detailed horrors and made recommendations for
The Age of Enlightenment (PERSONALITIES) their reform including:
18TH Century is a century of change. It is the period a) Single cell for sleeping b)Segregation of
of recognizing human dignity. It is the movement of woman
reformation. c) Segregation of youth from other offenders
d) Provision of facilities for sanitation
The period of Introduction of certain reforms in the e) Abolition of the fee system by which
correctional field by certain person, gradually jailers obtained money from prisoners of
changing the old positive philosophy of punishment adequate salaries.
to a more humane treatment of prisoners with f) Casework methods,
innovational programs. g)Extensive use of parole, indeterminate
sentence.
 Charles Montesquieu Positive School- denied individuals responsibility
A French historian and philosopher who analyzed and reflected as essentially non- punitive reaction to
law as an expression of justice. He was famous crime and criminality. Since the criminal was held to
for his advocacy in reforming SLAVERY as a be not responsible for his acts. He must not be
means of punishment. He was famous for the punished,. The adherence of this school maintained
theory “separation of powers” of the legislative that a crime, as any other act, is a natural
judiciary and the executive phenomenon.

Francois Marie Arouet Three “ Revolution” in the History of Correction

(Pen name VOLTAIRE (1694-1778) was a French
writer, historian and philosopher famous for his Age of Reformation - replaced corporal punishment
advocacies of civil rights including freedom of and physical disfigurement with the penitentiary.
religion.
Age of Rehabilitation- because criminals were
He was also a social reformist who believes that assumed as handicapped suffering from mental or
fear of shame was a deterrent to crime. emotional deficiencies individual should undergo
therapy in healing these personal maladjustment.
Alexander Macanochie
- as superintendent of the penal colony at Norfolk Age of Reintegration- society becomes the “ patient”
island in Australia in 1840, he introduced a as well as the offender. Emphasis is placed on the
progressive humane system to substitute for pressure exerted on the offender by the social
corporal punishment, known as the “Mark system” groups to which he belongs and on the society,
wherein a prisoner was required to earn a number which regulates his opportunities to
of marks based on proper deportment, labor
and study in order to entitle him ticket of leave or Justification on Theories of Punishment
conditional release which is similar to paroles.
Retribution- exact by the state whose laws violated.
Zebulon R. Brockway
he was the superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory Expiation or Atonement – in the form of group
in New York on 1876 who introduced a new vengeance, as distinguished from retribution where
institutional program for boys, 16 to 30 years of age. the purpose is to appease the public or the group.

The Elmira reformatory is considered forerunner of Deterrence or Exemplary- punishment gives

modern penology because it had all the elements of lessons to the offender by showing to other what
a modern system. would happen to them if they violate the law.

Penal System, Penal Management and Protection – by placing offenders in prison, society
Correctional Administration is protected from further criminal depredations of
criminals.
The School of Penology
Reformation- Society’s interest can be better served
Classical School – maintenance to “Doctrine of by helping the prison become a law abiding citizen
Psychological Hedonism”, that the individuals and productive upon his release to undergo an
calculates pleasure and pains in advance of action intensive program or rehabilitation in prison.
and regulates his conduct by the results of his
calculations. Different Juridical Conditions of Penalty

Neo- classical School – maintained that while the Must be productive of suffering, without
classical doctrine was correct in general, it should be however affecting the integrity of the
modified in certain details, since children and human personality.
lunatics cannot calculate pleasures and pains, they
should not be regarded as criminal or be punished.
Must be commensurate with the offense – different It is charged with the safekeeping of all insular
crimes must be punished with different penalties (See Prisoners confined therein or committed to the
Art. 25 RPC.) custody of the Bureau.

Must be personal –no proxy Old Bilibid Prison

the first penal; institution that was constructed in
Must be legal – the consequences must be in 1847 for the purpose being the central place of
accordance with law confinement for the Filipino prisoners. It is pursuant
to section 1708 of the Revised Administrative code.
Must be equal for all persons
In 1936, the city of Manila exchanges its Muntinlupa
Must be certain- no one may escapes property with the Bureau of Prisons originally
intended as a site for boys’ training school. Today,
Must be correctional the old Bilibid Prison is now being used as the
Manila City Jail, famous as the “May Halique
Estate” is affected by placing offenders in prison so
PRISONS and Penal Farm in the Philippines that society will be ensured from further criminal
deprecations
What is a Prison?
The word prison was found its root from the Greco San Ramon Prison and Pen Farm
Roman word Presidio from the word “pre” means established on August 21, 1869 by virtue of Royal
before and “sidio” means inside. The coined term Decree in 1865 located at Zamboanga City to
presidio is synonymous to a Fence, cave and or confine Muslim rebels and political prisoners
dungeon. opposed to the Spanish rule. It was destroyed
during Spanish-American war, was re-established in
The word prison was found its root from the Greco 1907 but it was in January 1, 1915 when it was
Roman word Presidio from the word “pre” means placed under the auspices of the Bureau of Prisons
before and “sidio” means inside. The coined term and started receiving prisoners in Mindanao.
presidio is synonymous to a Fence, cave and or
dungeon. New Bilibid Prison
it was constructed on 1936. A national prison with
A building, usually with cells, or other places 552 hectare lot in Muntinlupa, Rizal.
established for the purpose of taking safe custody or
confinement of criminals New Bilibid Prisons (Main Building)
Camp Sampaguita
A place of confinement for those charged with or Camp Bukang Liwayway
convicted or offenses against the laws of the land.
Iwahig Penal Colony
Bureau of Corrections located at Puerto Princesa Palawan. Originally
The Bureau of Prisons was created by virtue of Re- established to house incorrigibles or those prisoners
organization Act of 1905 the Act no. 1407 dated beyond reform.
November 1, 1905, but was renamed as the Bureau
of Corrections (BuCor) under the Department of This institution has no walls and is considered as one
Justice by virtue of Administrative Code of 1987 of the best open institutions in the world. It sits on a
issued on November 23, 1989 and Proclamation no. 36,000 hectare lot and divided into four colonies
495 of the President of the Philippines. namely: Sta. Lucia, Inawagan, Montible and Central
Sub-colony.
The Bureau of Corrections has general supervision
and control of all national prisons or penitentiaries.
Correctional Institution for Women
it is the only penal institution for women and was
established on November 27, 1929 in an 18 hectare
lot located in Mandaluyong, Rizal by virtue of Act
no. 3579 to be intended for the confinement of
women convicts.

Davao Penal Colony

founded by General Paulino Santos. DAPECOL was
established on January 21, 1932 in compliance with
Act 3732 and proclamation

Sablayan Penal Colony Farm

built on September 26, 1954 through the
proclamation no 72. The Sablayan Penal Colony
was constructed in a 16, 000 hectare lot located in
Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro.

Leyte Regional Prison

Constructed in Abuyog, Leyte. It was established on
January 16, 1973 through Proclamation no. 1101 to
confine prisoners from Visayas