fourth edition

B1
st na Latham-Koenig
Clive Oxenden
Jerry Lambert
All lights Mopa:Tofthis

,versity Press expreisly. pcnnitted

C O NTENTS

4 FILE 1 18 FILE 8
0 word order in questions M should/ shouldn’t
0 present simple 0 first conditional: if + present, will y won’t
O present continuous: be + verb + -ing 0 possessive pronouns

6 FILE 2 20 FILE 9
0 past simple: regular and irregular verbs 0 second conditional: if + past,
0 past continuous: was / were + verb + -ing would/ wouldn’t
G time sequencers and connectors: 0 present perfect + for or since
because, so, but, although
0 present perfect or past simple? (2)

8 FILE 3
0 be going to 22 FILE 10
0 expressing movement
0 present continuous (future arrangements)
0 word order of phrasal verbs
G defining relative clauses with who,
0 passive: be past participle
which, where

24 FILE 11
10 FILE 4 M used to / didn’t use to
0 present perfect
¥ might / might not (possibility)
0 present perfect or past simple (1)
M so, neither + auxiliaries
N something, anything, nothing, etc.

26 FILE 12
12 FILE 5 e past perfect
0 comparatives
O reported (or indirect) speech
G superlatives
0 questions without auxiliaries
6 quantifiers
28 IRREGULAR VERBS
14 FILE 6
a will/ won’t (predictions) VOWEL SOUNDS
30
M will j' won’t (decisions, offers, promises)
0 review of tenses: present, past, and future 31 CONSONANTSOUNDS

16 FILE 7
G uses of the infinitive with to
G uses of the gerund (verb + -ing)
0 have to, don’t have to, must, mustn’t
 GRAMMAR BANK

1A word order in questions questions with do / does / did in present simple and past simple
questions with be and can
Are Do you live with your parents?
Is you hungry?
Did you have a holiday last year?
there a bank near here? Where does your sister work?
Lan “
When did you start studying English?
What was that noise?
What did they talk about?
Where were you born?
• You can use ASI (Auxiliary, Subject, Infinitive) or QuASI (Question word,
• We make questions with the verb be and can by Auxiliary, Subject, Infinitive) to remember word order in questions.
inverting tne verD ano tne suDject. If there’s a preposition, we often put it at the end of a question, e.g.
She is a teacher. -• Is she a teacher? Who do you live with*
He can drive. —• Can he drived

1B present simple adverbs and expressions of frequency

We often go out on Friday night.
he / she / it
I usually work at home. She doesn‘t usually study at weekends.
My brother works in the city centre. I’m never ill.
My parents don’t live near here. He’s always late for work.
It doesn‘t often rain here.
Do you speak French? 2 She gets up early every day.
Does he like pop music?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. We have English classes twice a week.
Yes, he does. / No he doesn’t.
1 We often use the present simple with adverbs
• We use the present simple for things we do every day / week / year, or
which are generally true or always happen. of frequency (always, olten, sometimes, usua/ly,
• We use don‘t/ doesn‘t in negative sentences, and do / does in questions. hardly ever, never).
• Adverbs of frequency go bqfore the main verb.
• Adverbs of frequency go after be.
She‘s never i//. NOT
Remember to use a verb with never.
/t never rains. NOT
2 Expressions of frequency (every day, once a
week, etc.) usually go at the end of a sentence.

1C present continuous: be + verb + -ing present simple or present continuous?

A What are you doing? B I‘m sending a message to Sarah. 1 A What do you do?
2 My brother is doing a two-month course in the UK. B I work for an IT company.
3 In this picture the woman is standing near a table. 2 A What are you doing?
B I’m checking my messages.
• We use the present continuous: 3 I like this painting, it’s beautiful.
1 for things happening now, at this moment.
2 for temporary things that are happening around now, this week, etc. 1 We use the present simple for things that are
generally true or always happen.
3 to describe what’s happening in a picture.
2 We use the present continuous for an action
happening now, at this moment.
3 We normally use verbs which describe states or
feelings (non-action verbs), e.g. want, need, like,
in the present simple, not continuous, e.g.
I like Italian food. NOT
1A b Put the words in the right order to make questions.
pUt the word or phrase in the right place in the brother you a have do ?
a
question. Do you have a brother?
1 your where go you holiday for did ?
Do you like fruit? (like)
2 to catch you do work the train ?
1 How long did you there? (live)
3 violín can the play you ?
2 is older than you? (your sister)
4 children do have your pets any ?
3 When does start? (the lecture)
4 What time you switch on your computer? (do) 5 the time what does leave bus ?
5 Why the train come? (hasn’t) ó me you email send can an ?
6 Do you go the library much? (to) 7 door did front the lock you ?
7 When you see your parents? (did) 8 band a do have you favourite ?
8 What time did arrive? (your friends) 9 a did card send your you mother to ?
9 Will go on much longer? (the talk) 10 in do a you flat live house a or ?
10 How long have studied Spanish? (you)

1B
b Put the words in the right order.
a Write sentences and questions with the present Duys she usually lunch sandwich a for
simple.
She usually buys a sandwich for lunch.
how often / he work late 1 day library we every study the in
How oÍten does he work late? 2 home in I dark walking don’t the like
1 Maria / enjoy going to college @+ 3 gardening my enjoys really father
2 my brother / eat salad @- 4 they children have don’t any
3 I / like spiders much @- 5 about Christmas friends we at think our
4 when / your term finish [7] ó an once exercise I week a class to go
5 she / have ten pairs of shoes [T] 7 morning he his every emails checks
ó my mother / usually shop at the supermarket [T]- 8 cats my two dog have a friends and
7 when / you do your housework 9 is village a in shop there next the
8 I / enjoy driving at night @-
10 rained a it for week hasn’t
9 When / you have breakfast @
10 My aunt / have a house by the sea [T]-

1C b Complete the sentences with the present simple or present

continuous.
a Write sentences with the present
continuous. My friend is taking photographs. (take)
1 Every morning he for an hour. (run)
I / check my email [T]
/ am checking my email. 2 I _ about moving house at the moment. (not think)
1 She / write her family history [T] 3 Why you outside? Come back inside. (sit)
2 it / snow today 4 A you away every Christmas? (go)
3 why you / sit out there in the cold [7] B No, this year we at home. (stay)
4 my friend / buy her ticket On Tuesdays she her cousin. (visit)
5 | / live at home now A Why you your vegetables at the market?
(not buy)
the teacher / tell a story [T]
B I many vegetables. (not eat)
your parents / buy a house [7]
8
My brother is down by the river; he _ to catch a fish.
We / study French (try)
9
why you / wear dark glasses @? 8 On Mondays she many lectures. (not have)
10 they / make plans for their holiday @-
9 My sister a baby. (expect)
10 I many letters. (not send)
2 GRAMMAR BANK

2A past simple: regular and irregular verbs

regular irregular • We use didn‘t + infinitive for negatives and
Did... + subject + infinitive for questions.
We stayed at a hotel last summer. I vventto Turkeytvvice lastyear
• Use ASI and QuASI to remember word order in
He didn’t stay with friends. She didn’t go to France. questions.
Did you stay for the weekend? Did you go to Madrid?
spelling rules for regular verbs
Yes, I did. No, we didn’t.
Wh Where did you stay? Why did you go? infinitive past spelling

• We use the past simple to talk about finished actions that happened work worked
once or more than once in the past. add -ed
stay stayed
• The form of the past simple is the same for all persons. like liked add d i! verb finishes in e
• To make the past simple of regular verbs add - ed. study studied y ••• ied after a
See the spelling rules in the chart.
consonant
if verb finishes in consonant—
• Many common verbs are irregular in0 past simple, stop stopped vowel—consonant, double the
e.g. go ••• went, see ••• saw. final consonant

2B past continuous: was / were + verb + -ing

At 8.45 last Saturday I was walking in the park. past simple or past continuous?
The birds were singing. It wasn‘t raining.
We were walking in the gardens when
A Was it raining when you got up? B No, it wasn’t.
he took a photo of us.
A What were you doing at 11 o’clock last night? B I was watching TV, My sister arrived when I was having lunch.

I / He / She / It was working. You / We / They were working. • We often use the past continuous and the past
simple together in the same sentence. We use
I / He / She / It wasn’t working. You / We / They weren’t working. the past continuous to talk about a longer action
Was he working? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn‘t. that was happening in the background when the
shorter past simple action happened.
Were they working? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.

• We use the past continuous to describe an action i rgo §_s at a

specific moment in the past.
• We often use the past continuous to describe the situation at the
beginning of a story, e.g. in 972 / was living in London.

2C time sequencers
connectors: because, so, but, a/though
On their first date they went to a restaurant.
because and so
After that they started meeting every day.
On Thursday I had an argument with my boss. She was driving fast because she was in a hurry.
The next day I decided to look for a new job. She was in a hurry, so she was driving fast.
We sat down to eat. Two minutes later my phone rang.
When I came out of the club, he was waiting for me. • We use because to express a reason.
The accident happened when I was crossing the road. • We use so to express a result.
an d
• We use time sequencers to say when or in what order things *’!! !’!
happen. She tried to stop the car, but she hit the man.
• We use when as a time sequencer and also to join two Although she tried to stop the car, she hit the man.
actions. / was watching TV when the phone rang. (two verbs She was very tired, but she couldn‘t sleep.
j ’\ i d bY ^* £
^* She couldn’t sleep, although she was very tired.

t e a e a • We use but and although to show a contrast.

The most common way of linking consecutive actions • Although can go at the beginning or in the middle of
the sentence.
( is with then or after that, but NOT after, e.g. I got up and (
got dressed. Then / After that I made a cup of coffee.
 ENTRY CHECKER ’.

. b Complete the questions in the past simple.

2A Where did you /ive before you moved to
Put the verbs in brackets in the past England?
simple. I lived in Australia.
1
L ast year I íinis/Je c/ my exams. 1 2 1 living there?
(want) to go to university, so 1 (start) °. Yes, I really enjoyed it.
to do some research and (read) lots - 2 the climate like?
of information. Eventually I (get) an interview and It was very warm most of the time.
s (make) arrangements to vlsit the university. I 3 What sort of house
(leave) in plenty of time, but at the station, I (find) that
We lived in a large house near the sea.
(not know) what to do, but
the train had been cancelled. I 4 around the country?
then 1 9 (remember) my mother ’0 (be) still at home.
1 (caI1) Iber anet she '! (agree) to come to the Yes, we travelled as much as we could.
3
St g{g¡ , Qy the time she ' s (arrive), it was raining heavily. In 5 in the sea often?
t hE' e• J, She " _ (clrive) me all the way to the interview, so We swam in the sea every morning.
when 1 1’ Ig h t ) t h e f E' 1 16 (Pl ot feel) dt El I I St r esse d. 6 _ many friends there?
I Yes, because we met a lot of new people.
17 (answer) the questions as well as I 1^ (can), and
19 (Dass) the interview.

2B b Put the verbs into the past simple or past continuous.

a Complete the sentences with a verb in the We were haying coffee. when Sarah ho ed. (have, phone)
t en t e
past continuous.
2I him whil l *V hn ha ce.”( eet, eaud )
My friend and I wero, s!›oçping for clothes. (shoo) 3 I to surf while I in
1 What you at? (look) California. (learn, live)
2 My brother couIdn’t come because he 4 When we my sister . (arrive, wait)
(work) 5 They the doorbeil because they
3 We home when we saw an TV. (not hear, watch)
accident. (drive) ó Jenny still of what to say when she
4 I made a mistake because I (not the office. (think, reach)
think) 7 Do you think you your earring while you
5 He told me he a book about his the house? (lose, clean)
life. (write)
ó Why you up the road? (run)
7 I you yet. (not expect)
8 Tbey at a beach resort. (stay)

2C b Complete the sentences with so, because, but, or although.

a PUt the sentences in the right order. I recognized James immediately, a.!tho.ug I had only met him
once before.
à After dinner we had coffee in the lounge. 1 I don’t have enough money for a taxi l’II have
I went to the hotel bar before dinner and we to walk.
got chatting. 2 We can’t go to the park it’s raining.
C i Over dinner we talked about our families 3 I looked everywhere, I couldn’t find my book.
and interests. 4 It was still light we went for a walk.
Tren we went for a walk by the beach. 5 We wanted to buy tickets they had all been sold.
One evening during my holiday last year, I a I forgot to post the card I was rushing to get
made a new friend.
‹i i the agreed, so we ordered some food
to work.
7 She can’t take the exam now, she can take it
and drinks. next year.
We decidecl to meet up again the next day.
h 8 The restaurant was full we went to a café.
! S UOÇP-St Od vVe could share a table for 9 My mother would like another cat she already
dinner.
has two.
 GRAMMAR BANK

3A be going to (plans and predictions)

m going to give a talk at a
conference. He’s going to meet me at 1 We use be going to + infinitive to talk
the airport. aboUt future plans or intentions.
2 I’m sure England are going to lose tomorrow. 2 We also use be going to + infinitive to make
It’s going to rain tonight. a prediction when we know or can see that
something is going to happen, e.g.
it‘s winter there so it’s going to 6e cold.
Look at that car! /t’s going to crash.

3B present continuous (future arrangements)

@ I‘m seeing an oId friend tonight. 6e going to or present continuous?
She’s arriving at I unchtime. We can often use either with no difference
@- She isn’t leaving until Friday.
They aren‘t coming to the party tomorrow. Tuesday. OR I’m seeing Anna on Tuesday.
@? What are you doing this evening? It’s very common to use the present continuous
Is he meeting us at the restaurant?
with the expressions tonight, tomorrow, this
• We often use the present continuous with a future meaning, especially weekend, etc. and with verbs describing travel
for future arrangements, i.e. for plans we have made at a fixed time
or place in the future. Don’t use the present simple for this. I’m leav'ing on Monday is more common than
NOT I’m going to leave on Monday.

3C defining relative clauses with Who, which, where

1 That‘s the woman who won the lottery last year.
A chef is a person who cooks food in a restaurant.
2 A clock is something which tells the time.
Is that the book which won an important prize?
3 A post office is a place where you can buy stamps.
That’s the restaurant where I had dinner last week.

• We use defining relative clauses to explain what a person,

thing, or place is or does.
Use who for a person.
2 Use which for a thing.
3 Use where for a place.
• The verb after where needs a subject, e.g. you.
• We can also use which to talk about a place, e.g.
A post ollice is a place which sells stamps.
that
We can use that instead of who or which.
She‘s the girl wt›o I that works with my brother.
It’s a thing which / that connects two computers.
 ENTRY CHECKER tt

b Look at the pictures. Make sentences with going to + a verb

3A from the list below.
a c omplete the sentences with going to
+ a verb from the list below. miss ruin be spend

send VíSit let catch

łO t plä y see Stay

I think ł’t!5 Qo ìnç țo rain later.

1 l|| y the bus into town.
2 We ã film after work.
3 | my Christmas cards early You’re go'n to spe./1Ó all your 1 You “ ” glad you
this year. money if you’re not careful! chose this!
4 Are your parents you soon?
5 Thatteam next season.
ó Take a key if you out late.
7 - you the cat in?

2 0We our flight! 3 This rain _ our

day out!

3B b Complete the dialogue between two flatmates.

a Read the sentences. Write N for now, F for futures A How are.yo¿ș.țpenc/.í g.i3exï vvee_kcnd (spend)?
1
B 1 (help) my sister plan her wedding.
F Carl ana Amelie are getting married in June.
A Have you made a start yet?
1 I’m writing a book about my travels. B Well, tomorrow 1 2
(make) a list of
2 Next Sunday we’re going to church. what we need to do.
3 I‘m having a quiet day at home. A 3 your sister (come) over to
your house?
4 We’re learning to type at an evening class.
B Yes, she 4
(get) the train.
5 We’re having tea at 4 o’clock tomorrow. A I guess she (feel) a bit anxious?
ó They’re going on a cruise in June. B Not really, we al 6 (look) forward to
7 She’s getting the dinner ready. the wedding.
A I hope it goes well!
8 I’m cooking supper for everyone on Saturday.

3C b Write sentences with who, which, or where.

a C omplete the definitions with who, which, or That / the man / live next door.
Where. That’s the man who lives next door.
THE outclзei ’s is the shop where we buy meat. 1 This / the shirt /1 bought on holiday.
1 A 8õS h fGF is čł person _ 2 That / the office / my husband works.
_ operates a till. 3 This / the car / was used in the film.
2 Q C* IaF Dear is an is dangerous to 4 Those / the staff / have been on a training course.
animal
5 This / the lecturer / will be your tutor.
8tlfTl é n S. food is prepвrec. ó Those / the clothes / she bought online.
" !I!! kii’*I^en is the room looks aftei sick or 7 Here / the room / we can hold the party.
¢:nrer is a person
8 Susan / the friend / told me the news.
you g‹› to watch films.
bŁ›iIdinc 9 This / the place / we’re going to meet.

'!^ay tirr etaUle is a lea(let

 GRAMMAR BANK

4A present perfect
1 I’ve cleaned the fridge — it looks new! • For regular verbs the past Darticiple is the same as the past
He hasn’t done the washing-up. Can you help me do it? simple (+ - ed). For irregular verbs the past participle is
A The concert starts soon. Have you turned off your sometimes the same as the past simple (e.g. buy, 6ought,
phone? B Yes, I have. bought) and sometimes different (e.g. do, did, doned.
2 Mary’s had her baby! A parcel has arrived for you.
yet, just, already
1 We often use the present perfect to talk about the recent 1 A Have you finished your homework yet?
past and its relationship with the present, e.g. /‘ve cleaned B No, not yet. I haven‘t finished yet.
the Ridge, so now it looks flew. We don’t say exactly when
2 My sister’s just started a new job.
things happened, e.g. /’ve cleaned the midge. NOT
c/eaoe-d the fridge ten minutes ago. 3 A Do you want to see this film?
B No, I’ve already seen it three times.
2 We often use the present perfect to give recent news.
• We often use yet, just, and already with the present perfect.
full form contraction negative past participle 1 We use yet + the present perfect in and @ sentences
I have I’ve I haven’t to ask if something has happened or to say if it hasn’t
You have You’ve You haven‘t happened. We put yet at the end of the sentence.
finished the 2 We use just in O• sentences to say that something
He / She / It has He / She / It’s He / She / It hasn’t
washing-up. happened very recently. We put just before the main verb.
We have We’ve We haven’t
They have They’ve They haven’t 3 We use already in O+ sentences to say that something
Have you finished the exercise? Yes, I have. / No, I haven‘t . haDpened before now or earlier than expected. We put
Has he done the homework? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. already before the main verb.

4B present perfect or past simple? (1) present perfect or past simple?

present perfect: experiences and unfinished time A Have you ever been to Mexico? B Yes, I have.
A When did you go there? B I went last year.
She‘s been to New York three times. A Jack‘s broken his leg. B Oh no! When did that happen?
Have you ever been to Ikea? A Yesterday. He broke it playing football.
I‘ve never met Nina’s husband.
He‘s seen that film twice. • Conversations about experiences or the recent past often begin
in the present perfect (with a general question or some news) and
• We often use the present perfect to talk about past
then change to the past simple to ask for or give specific details,
experiences or to talk about the recent past when we e.g. when, what, where, who with, etc.
don’t specify a time. In questions and negatives we
often use ever (= at any time in your life) and never. been and gone
Compare the present perfect of be and go.
Mike has been to Paris. = He went to Paris and came back. Mike has gone to P

4C something, anything, nothing, etc. • We use somebody / someone, something, somewhere, etc. with

Somebody / Someone has taken my pen! › a verb when you don’t say exactly who, what, or where.
• We use anybody / anyone, anything, anywhere in questions and
I didn‘t speak to anybody / anyone all weekend. negatives. We can also use something in a request or offer, e.g.
people
Did anybody / anyone phone? Can you buy some milk? Would you like something to drink?
No, nobody / no one. Nobody / No one phoned. I didn’t do anything last night. NOT Witt-de-r+othio
I bought something for dinner. • We use nobody / no one, nothing, nowhere in short answers or in
a sentence with a verb.
n I didn’t do anything at the weekend. any, anything, etc. + positive verb
things We also use any, anything, etc. + positive verb to mean ’it doesn‘t matter what, w
Is there anything in the fridge? You can come any doy. —— It doesn‘t matter which day you come. Anybody can
No, nothing. There’s nothing in the fridge. You can bring anything. —— It doesn‘t matter what you bring.
Let’s go somewhere this weekend.
places We didn’t go anywhere this summer.
Is there anywhere to park?
No, nowhere. There’s nowhere to park.
 ENTRY CHECKER

4A b Write sentences or questions with a/ready, just,

a Write sentences in the present perfect. or yet.
She / do the shopping. @ She’s done the sho|o|oing. Emily / finish the work. (just) Emily’s just linished
1 He / see his parents since Christmas @- the work.
2 I / finish my homework [T] 1 I / ask / the lecturer about that. (already)
3 We / receive your letter @- 2 / you / have / lunch? (yet)
4 / you go on holiday this year [T] 3 They / get back / from holiday. (just)
5 My boyfriend / see that film @- 4 We / not decide / where to go. (yet)
6 I / post a card to my grandmother [T]- 5 The manager / make / his decision. (already)
7 / you turn your computer off @ 6 The flowers / begin / to come out. (just)
8 I / buy any meat this week @- 7 I / not start / my revision. (yet)
8 Sorry, she / leave. (already)

4B b Complete the dialogue with the present perfect or past

simple.
a Complete with the verb in the present
A When cli you arrive in England? (arrive)
perfect.
B I' _ here since September. (be)
Has your brother rsy/sterp4 for college?
(register) A 2
you much of the country yet? (see)
1 We B No, 1 3 much opportunity so far. 1 4 to look on
her a present yet. (not
2 The teacher the Internet for places to visit. (have, start)
buy)
class. (set) a test for our A 5 you the tourist information office? (try)
3 you ever B Yes. 1 6
there last Saturday. (go)
festival? (go)
to a rock
4 I the dinner yet. (not cook)
c Complete with been or gone.
5 Where are they? They to the
cinema. (go) Here comes Dad. He’s been fishing.
6 My sister always tO 1 Pam has to study abroad.
travel. (want) 2 She’s in town for hours already.
7 you the news today? (hear) 3 Have you to the theatre recently?
8 We them very long. (not know) 4 I can’t meet my friends today because they’ve to an
9 The children their homework. art exhibition.
(not done) 5 Where’s your cat today? I don’t know, he’s out all
10 anyone Silvio? (see) morning.

4C b Answer with Nobody, Nowhere, or Nothing.

a Complete with something, anything, nothing, etc. 1 Where did you go last Friday night?
At least we learnt sometiófij from our experience. 2 Who was with you?
1 Is there I can do to help you? 3 What did you do?
2 We can’t find the email
3 I used to know who looked just like her. c Answer the questions in b with a full sentence.
4 The police searched the area but found
1 I didn’t go
5 Let’s go quiet to chat.
2
ó knows how worried she’s been.
3
7 Is there you’d really like to go?
8 I’m afraid this conversation is going
9 We couIdn‘t see we liked in the boutique.
10 must know the answer, l’m sure!
 GRAMMAR BANK

SA comparatives
adjectives adverbs
1 I‘m busier than I was five years ago. 1 People walk more quickly than in the past.
People are more impatient today than in the past. 2 My brother speaks French, but less fluently than me.
2 I’m less relaxed this year than I was last year. 3 She doesn‘t drive as fast as her brother.
3 The service in this restaurant isn‘t as good as it was.
• To compare two actions we use:
• To compare two people, places, or things we use: 1 comparative adverbs.
1 comparative adjectives. 2 less + adverb.
2 less + adjective. 3 (not) as + adverb + as.
3 (not) as + adjective + as.
comparative adverbs
comparative adjectives
quickly more quickly adverbs ending in -Iy: more + adverb
short shorter one syllable: + -er
fast faster irregular
one vowel + one consonant:
hot hotter hard harder irregular
double final consonant
one syllable adjectives ending in - ed: well better irregular
stressed more stressed
more + adjective badly worse irregular
two syllable adjectives ending in
busy busier
consonant + y: y + -ier Comparatives with pronouns
relaxed more relaxed two or more syllables: more + adjective After comparative + than or as. ..as we use an object pronoun (me, her, etc.) or a
My brother's taller than me. My brother's teller than I mm.
good better irregular I-ie’s not as intelligent as her. be's not as intelligent as see is.
bad worse irregular
far further irregular (also farther)

5B superlatives
1 Tokyo is the cleanest capital city in the world. 2 We often use the + superlative with the present perfect +
Spain is one of the most popular holiday destinations. ever.
Camping is the least expensive way to go on holiday.
adjective comparative superlative
2 It’s the most beautiful city I’ve ever been to.
It’s the best film I‘ve seen this year. cold colder the coldest
thin thinner the thinnest
1 We use the + superlative adjectives to say which is the
biggest, etc. in a group. healthy healthier the healthiest
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
• After superlatives we use in + names of places or singular
words for groups of people, e.g. good better the best
/t’s the noisiest city in the world. Ann‘s the o/dest in the class. bad worse the worst
• We can also use the least + adjective, e.g. the least far further the furthest (also the farthest)
expensive OR the cheapest.

5C quantifiers
too much, too many, too (not) enough
1 I’m very stressed today. I have too much work. 1 Do you eat enough vegetables?
My boss talks too much. I don’t drink enough water.
2 My diet is unhealthy. I eat too many cakes and sweets. 2 Jane doesn‘t sleep enough. She’s always tired.
3 I don‘t want to go out tonight. I‘m too tired. 3 Our fridge isn‘t big enough for a family of five.
I don‘t go to bed early enough during the week.
• We use too much, too many, too to say ‘more than is good’.
1 Use too much + uncountable noun (e.g. coffee, time) or 1 Use enough before a noun to mean ‘all that is necessary‘.
after a verb.
2 Use too many + countable noun (e.g. cakes, peop/e). 2 Use enough after a verb with no object.
3 Use too + an adjective NOT bud. 3 Use enough after an adjective or adverb.
 ENTRY CHECKER *!•

5A
b Rewrite the sentences so they
a Write sentences with a comparative adjective mean the same. Use as...as.
or adverb than. Stanley is stronger t/1a/1 Jacob. ”
New York is /z one excel sive than Miami. (expensive) Jacob /sn‘ï as.stro/1p as Stanley. |Stanle Jacob
1 I can type my sister. (quick)
1 Our TV is bigger than my parents’.
2 This wine is of a quality that My parents’ TV isn’t
one. (good) 2 Honey is sweeter than sugar.
3 Our French test was I expected. (easy) Sugar isn’t
4 My father is much he used to be. 3 Your house is larger than ours.
5 This term is a week (thin) last term. Our house isn’t
6 The city is avvay (short) 4 Canberra is smaller than Melbourne.
7 I think the theatre is I thought. (far) Melbourne isn’t
the cinema. (exciting)
8 Do you know anyone 90? (old) 5 I have passed more tests than Chloé.
9 Your train arrives mine. (early) Chloé hasn’t
10 The weather today is much _ it was ó Spain scored more goals than Italy.
yesterday. (bad) Italy didn’t
7 Our carpets are cleaner than yours.
Your carpets aren’t

5B b Write sentences with a superlative + ever

+ the present perfect.
a Complete the sentences with the superlative.
He / intelligent person /1 / meet
It’s the Paste.st animal on earth!
He‘s the most intelligent person l've ever met.
1 He’s the person I know. (cheerful)
1 It / long distance /1 / travel
2 They are the team in the competition. (good)
2 They / pretty clothes / I / see
3 This is the. . plant l’ve ever seen. (unusual)
3 She / kind person /1 / meet
4 It has been the summer for many years. (bad)
4 It / frightening book /1 / read
5 China is the country with the population.
5 It / bad restaurant / we / be to
(large) ó Ellen is the girl in our class. (short)
ó It / unusual music /1 / hear
7 Singapore has one of the world’s airports. 7 That / good bargain /1 / find
(attractive) 8 It / encouraging report / she / have
8 The train leaves at midnight. (late) 9 It / quiet place / we / live
9 Please can you point out the route? (direct)
10 Ben Nevis is the mountain in Scotland. (high)

5C b Complete the sentences with too, too much, too

many, or enough.
a Circle the correct form.
Some people have told me my cat is too lat.
l’ve walked / too much far, l’m tired. 1 If I drink coffee late at night, I can’t
1 She doesn’t eat vegetables enough / enough sleep.
vegetables. 2 There are _ _ students in that class.
2 They don’t come to see us enough / enough come to 3 He won’t pass the exam, he hasn’t done
see us. revision.
3 How many/ much money have you brought? 4 We were . late to catch the bus.
4 We’re too much 6usy / much too busy to see you today. 5 It’s best if you don’t invite people to the
5 I buy too much / too many mapazines. party.
ó He‘s too quiet/ too much quiet. 6 Do you have sales assistants in the shop?
7 There isn‘t time enough / enough time to go to the 7 If you put milk in the jug, you will spill it.
beach. 8 There were speakers at the conference.
8 I think the children get too much / too many homework.
 GRAMMAR BANK

6A will / won’t (predictions)

1 A I‘m seeing Jessica at six. B She‘ll be late.
be going to for predictions
The film’s in French. We won‘t understand anything.
2 It’s a great book. I’m sure you’ll like We can also use be going to for
it. I don’t think it’ll rain tomorrow. predictions when we know or can
see something is poinp to happen
(see 3A), e.p.
Look at the clouds.
s go ng to ra
They‘re playing very well.
Contractions' ‘// —— will; wo'n’t = will not
They’re going to win.

1 We often use will / won’t + infinitive for future predictions, i.e. to say things we
think, guess, or know about the future.
2 We often use / think / / don’t think / I’m sure + wit/.
I think We’l/ fail the exam. I don’t think We‘/I pass the exam.
NOT

6B wi// / won’t / shall (other uses)

• We use will / won’t + infinitive for makinp instant
I won‘t stay for dinner. I think I’ll go home early. decisions, offers, and promises. We don’t use the
offers present tense.
I‘ll help you with your homework. Shall I open the window? I’ll help you with those bags.
NOT
promises
• When an offer is a question, we use Shall /...? or
I‘II always love you. I won’t tell anybody.
Shall we...*
Shall I pay? Shall we do the washing-up?

6C review of verb forms: present, past, and future

tense exa mple
present simple I live in the city thingsthat always or usually happen
centre. She doesn‘t
present continuous smoke. things that are happening now or around now
He‘s looking for a new things that we have arranged for the future
past simpI e job. I’m leaving tomorrow. finished actions that happened once or more than once in the past
We saw a good film last night.
past continuous We didn‘t do anything actions that were in progress at a past time
yesterday.
be going to + future plans
infinitive What were you doing at predictions when we know / can see what’s going to happen
7.00? m going to see Tom predictions
will / won‘t + infinitive tonight. Look! It‘s going to instant decisions
snow. offers
You’ll love New York. promises
I’ll phone her later.
recently finished actions (we don’t say when)
present perfect I‘II help you.
past experiences
I‘II pay you back tomorrow.
I’ve finished the book.
Have you ever been to Iran?
 ENTRY CHECKER ’’

. ” ‘l'"'t
&A b Complete w ith will + a verb from the
.
l ist.
a Write sentences and questions with will/ won’t.
say send rain be walk sing - '
Use contractions where you can.
it / be very busy in the city today /t’/l be very busy in A Will you phone your boss today?
the city today. @+ B No, I wi\\ send her an email.
1 we / expect you until this evening @- 1 A Are you going to get the bus home?
2 I think you / enjoy the film [T]- B No, I home today.
3 / you be home for tea [7] 2 A I’m worried I’ll be late for work.
4 she / want to leave without saying goodbye @- B Don’t worry, you on time.
5 / the house be easy to find [7] 3 A What will you say to
ó we / be able to find what we need here [T] Marcus? B I exactly how I feel.
7 I promise I / be ready on time [T]- 4 A Do you think it tomorrow?
8 / tomorrow be a sunny day [7] B No, I think it will be a sunny day.
9 I’m sure there / be a problem @- 5 A Will you take part in the Christmas concert?
10 you / be able to finish that job later [T]- B Yes, we in the choir.

6B 1 A I’d love a cup of tea.

B you one?
a Match the sentences.
2 A Can you explain to your mother?
Have you seen my dog anywhere? H A I think it’s a brilliant idea. B No, she
1 I’m really tired. B I’ll try to mend it. 3 A We should get some exercise.
2 You’ve really upset me now. C Shall I translate it for you? B tennis
3 I can’t find my keys. D Yes, we’re going to Naples. tomorrow?
4 This dish is broken. E Why not have a break? 4 A You should invite your friend to our
5 My mobile is getting old. F Have you checked your party.
6 I can’t understand this French text. pockets? B I’m afraid she no.
7 Are you going on holiday? G Sorry, I didn’t mean to. 5 A Will we get anything to drink?
8 What do you think of my suggestion? H Nor-ser-ry4-Lew@-seen-lviv B I think they . tea and
I You could get a new one. coffee.
ó A Will you drive home this evening?
b Complete the sentences on the right with will jí won’t (or shah) + a verb B Yes, we overnight.
7 A Can you come to town with me?
stay €ertsider bring ask provide know play understand say B I my parents.
8 A Do you know your results yet?
A Are you going to take the job? B No, I until tomorrow.
B l'II com it.

6C b Put the verb in the right form.

a Complete the questions with one word. A Where shall we on Saturday? (go)
\/\/’as it raining when you went out? B Why 1 we to the theme park? (go)
1 you thought about my suggestion? A 2 you the one near Bristol? (mean)
2 I think you were interested in jazz music. B Yes. We to leave quite early. (need)
3 we need to go shopping today? A1 4 not sure about getting up early on
Saturday! (be)
4 you coming to the library?
B Oh, you 5 fine. 6 yOu the park
5 Which top you wear tonight? before? (be, visit)
ó I decided yet.
A My parents 7 me there when I was younger. (take)
7 the manager replied to your email?
8 you at the students’ meeting? B What you about it? (remember)
9 I’m surprised my mother written to me. A Not much really. I forward to seeing it
again. (look)
 GRAMMAR BANK

7A uses of the infinitive with to

1 You need to be on time. • We use the infinitive with to:
Try not to talk too much. 1 after some verbs, e.g. want, need, would like, etc.
2 It’ll be nice to meet new people. 2 after adjectives.
It’s important not to be late. 3 after questions words, e.g. what, where, when, etc.
3 I don‘t know where to go or what to do. 4 to say why you do / did something.
4 A Why did you wear a suit? I came to this schoo/ to learn English. NOT
B To make a good impression.
I wore a suit to make a good impression.

• The infinitive is the base form of the verb. It is often Infinitive without to
used with to. It can be positive (e.g. to bed or negative Remember that we use the infinitive without to with auxiliary
(e.g. not to bed. verbs [do I does / didn’t) and after most modal verbs
{can, could, will, would, etc.), e.g. Do you live near here?
• TheCan
gerund
you is theme?
help baseI won’t
form of the verb
forget. What+ would
ing. It you
can do?
be
positive (e.g. going) or negative (e.g. not going).
• We use the gerund:
1 as a noun, e.g. as the subject or object of a sentence.
7B uses of the gerund (verb + -ing) 2 alter some verbs, e.g. like, love, date, enjoy, etc.
3 alter prepositions.
1 Eating outside in the summer makes me feel good. • Remember the spelling rules for the - ing form.
Happiness is getting up late and not going to work.
2 I love having breakfast in bed.
I hate not getting to the airport early.
3 I’m thinking of buying a new
car. Jim left without saying
goodbye.

7C have to, don’t have to, must, mustn’t

have to, don’t have to • must / mustn’t are the same for all persons.
@ \ have to speak English at work. • We use mustn‘t + verb (infinitive without to) to
She has to get up atseven every day say something is prohibited.
We don’t have to wear a uniform at this school.
He doesn’t have to work on Saturdays. must and have to
Do I have to buy a grammar book? Must and have to are very similar, but there is a
What time does she have to pet up in the morning? small difference. We normally use have to for
a general obligation (a rule at work / school
• We use have to + verb (infinitive) to talk about rules and obligations. or a law) e.g. We have to start work at seven.
• We use don’t have to + verb (infinitive) to say that there is no obligation, We
or that something is not necessary. normally use must for a personal obligation
• We use do / does to make questions and negatives. (one that the speaker imposes), e.g. a parent
Do I have to go? NOT to a child: You must go to bed now! But often
• We don‘t contract have or has. we can use either must or have to.
/ have to go. NOT mustn‘t and don‘t have to
must I mustn’t Mustn’t and don‘t have to have
completely different meanings.
@- You must do your homework tonight. Compare:
She must tidy her room before she goes out. You mustn’t go. = It’s prohibited. Don‘t go.
@- You mustn’t leave your bags here. (mustn’t = must not) You don’t have to go. = You can go if you
I mustn’t forget to call her tonight. want to, but it’s not obligatory / necessary.
@? Must I go to bed now? Impersonal you
When must we decide about the party? We often use shave to and must with
impersonal you (you —— people in general), e.g.
• We use must + verb (infinitive without to) to talk about rules and
obligations.
 ENTRY CHECKER

7A b Complete the sentences with a positive or negative infinitive.

a Match the sentence halves.
climb iron g-e have arrive not know make not burn "
You should save your money C
We can buy books more cheaply
My cousins want to g_o to Spain this year.
2 Are good manners very important 1 A Can you come to the theatre on Friday?
3 Come out into the garden B Sorry, I won’t be able that evening.
4 I’m worried I sometimes forget
2 My main ambition is a really high mountain.
5 Make sure the children
3 I‘d prefer . l’ve heard enough already.
A my friends’ birthdays. 4 Camping is a cheap way a holiday.
B when the sales are on. 5 Would you have time my shirt, please?
C ó It’s important on time for your appointment.
D cross the road safely. 7 Take care your fingers.
E in your country?
F and look at the flowers.

7B
b Put the verbs in the -ing form or infinitive.
a Complete the sentences with a verb in the list
The thief was caught as he was about
in the -ing form. to esCage. (escape)
come sew be cross paint grow run write fl J My brother’s not very good at
to emails. (reply)
y 2 I love watching autumn leaves . (fall)
Seu is my favourite way of relaxing. 3 Did you mean the clock? (stop)
1 My father enjoys vegetables. 4 the dog is good exercise.
2 Edward goes out every morning. 5 I’d like the last episode of the series. (watch)
3 l’ve always dreamed of first class. ó Is your sister worried about her bills? (pay)
4 She’s very good at pictures. 7 l’m sorry, I meant l’d be late. (say)
5 home is always a pleasure. 8 This train spends ten minutes at the station.
ó I don’t like late for meetings. (wait)
7 Take care when the road.
8 I must carry on with my essay.

7C b Cir e the correct form, have to, must, don’t have to,
or mustn’t. Tick if both forms are possible.
a Complete the sentences with the correct form You do ave o / mustn’t provide proof of address.
of have to.
1 We have to / must check out the latest offers online.
I have to do some shopping for my neiphbour. 2 You don’t have to / mustn’t come with me if you don’t
1 Do you take your dog for a walk every want to go.
morning? 3 We have to / must get back by midnight or the door
2 My daughter go to the doctor‘s after will be locked.
school. 4 You have to / must lock the door — someone might get in.
3 We work today. It’s a public holiday. 5 I Do you have to / must you always ask me where
4 AII new students complete this form. I’ve been?
5 Do you leave so soon? 6 My friend has to / must replace her passport soon.
ó Everyone make choices in life. 7 I don’t have to / mustn’t repair it, it’s not broken.
7 You’ll take a coat; it’s going to rain. 8 We have plenty of time — we don’t have to / mustn’t
8 Jack look after his younger make a decision till next week.
brotherionay7
 GRAMMAR BANK

8A should/ shouldn’t
1 You should leave your boyfriend. ought to
She‘s very stressed. She shouldn‘t work so hard. You can also use ought to / oupht not to instead of should / shouldn‘t, e.g
You shouldn’t drink coffee in the evening. It’ll keep you awake. You ought to leave your boyfriend. She ought not to work so hard.
2 I think you should get a new job.
I don’t think you should speak to him.

1 We use should y shouldn’t + verb (infinitive without to) to give

somebody advice or say what we think is the right thing to do.
should / shouldn‘t is the same for all persons.
2 We often use / think you should... or / don‘t think you should...
NOT shouldn’t..-.

8B first conditional: if + present, Vvi// / won’t + infinitive

1 If we get to the airport early, the flight will be delayed.
If you tell her the truth, she won’t believe you.
What will you do if you don’t find a job?
2 If you don’t go, she won’t be very pleased.
She won‘t be very pleased if you don’t go.
3 If you miss the last bus, get a taxi.
If you miss the last bus, you can get a taxi.

1 We use i/ + present to talk about a possible situation and

will / won’t + infinitive to talk about the consequence.
2 The if-clause can come first or second. If the if-clause comes
first, we usually put a comma before the next clause.
., •.• ” 3 We can also use the imperative or can + infinitive instead of
. “ '. . ”” ‹,- — '" ” wi// + infinitive in the other clause.

8C possessive pronouns
Whose coat is it? It’s my coat. It‘s mine.
Whose jacket is it? It’s your jacket. It’s yours. pronouns and possessive adjectives overview
Whose phone is it? It’s his phone. It’s his. subject object possessive possessive
pronouns p ronouns adject1ves pronouns
Whose bag is it? It’s her bag. It’s hers.
Whose dog is it? It‘s our dog. It‘s ours. I me. my mine.
Whose house is it? It’s their house. It’s theirs. You yo u. your yours.
He him. his his.
• We use possessive pronouns to talk about possession. can She This
is it yours? Yes, it’s mine. She her. her seat. It‘s hers.
come. 1 oves is
• We use \/Vhose to ask about possession. It it. its its.
Whose 6ook is it? Whose is that bag? We us. our ours.
• We don’t use possessive pronouns with a noun. They them. their theirs.
NOT
• We don’t use the with possessive pronouns, e.g.
Is this yours? NOT
 ENTRY CHECKER

8A
b Complete the sentences with should or shouldn’t ,
a Complete with shou(d or y + a verb from the list below.
shouldn’t.
You sino i/ü/s ’t eat so many expect make use stay have
open leave wait t1•y
cakes. ’I You have waited so
long before coming to see me. I s/zou/cY_r. to learn another language.
-'-
2 You take my advice. 1 They later for late-night shopping.
3 You try to have a walk every day. 2 We everyone to agree with us.
4 You . have snacks between meals. 3 You yourself a hot drink, it will help you
sleep.
5 You think about your diet. 4 We up late, we have an early train to catch.
ó You drink alcohol every day. 5 She to be invited — she’s always welcome.
7 You get your eyes tested. ó We the stairs instead of the lift.
8 You look so worried. 7 Everyone regular health checks.
8 We the party early — it would be impolite.

8B b Complete with the correct form of the verbs.

a Match the sentence halves. If you ook carefully, you’see a rabbit. (look, see)
1 If we , we the start of the film.
l’lI catch the early train,
(not hurry, miss)
1 If you sit in the sun too long,
2 The flowers if we some main soon. (die, not get)
2 If you return your library book promptly,
3 We _ all sorry if you _ _ . (be, leave)
3 He won’t pass his exams
4 It I nay ht sband, he l’ve Ilacl an accident.
4 If I write to you, (not phone, think)
5 I won’t be able to afford a holiday 5 If I my Ilandbag down, I probably
ó Will you be at home it. (put, forget)
ó Your journey much longer if you that way.
A if I come round to see (take, go)
you? B your skin will burn. 7 If the skies clear tonight, we to see the stars.
C will you write back? (be, be able)
D you won’t have to pay a 8 You enough information unless you the papers
fine. E Set-u ‹1 l’ve sent you. (not have, read)
F if he doesn‘t revise. 9 If Shona her exams, we alt OUt
to celebrate. (pass, go)
G if I don’t get a job.

8C b Complete the sentences with a pronoun or possessive

adjective.
a Circ e the correct form.
Venice is famous for it gondolas.
Is this / theirs house?
1 A Have you brought your camera?
1 Those are my/ mine thoughts on the subject.
B No, my brother’s is better, so I’ve brought
2 Please bring your y yours laptop with 2 Bertrand and Maria are trying to sell house.
you tonipht. 3 There‘s a beautiful cat in the garden. Is ?
it
3 I’m sure that umbrella is my / mine. 4 Our friends have brought a picnic to share with
4 Your / Yours was the best essay in the class. 5 Please start writing answers now.
5 This part of the building isn’t our/ ours. ó l've sent application off today.
6 It was my / mine idea, not her/ hers. 7 If you need to borrow a lawnmower, we can lend
7 Please tell them their/ theirs advice was you
very helpful. 8 My mother gave me this necklace, so it’s now.
8 Have you written all the notes in
your / jZours notebook?
9 The pencils are fer/ hers, but not the pens.
 GRAMMAR BANK

9A second conditional: if + past, would/ vvou/dn’t +

infinitive
1 If a cow attacked me, I‘d run away. be in second conditionals
If she didn‘t have a dog, she wouldn’t do any exercise. With the verb be we can use were (instead of was) after I / he / she / it
Would you go for a swim if there were sharks in the sea? If Jack was y were here, he’d know what to do.
2 If I had more time, I‘d do more exercise. Use were (not was) in the expression /// were you,... We often use this
I’d do more exercise if I had more time. IN I were you, I wouldn’t take that job.
3 If we went by car, we could stop at places on the way.

1 We use if + past to talk about an imaginary or

hypothetical future situation and would y wouldn’t +
infinitive to talk
about the consequence. first or second conditional?
• would + infinitive is sometimes known as the conditional Compare the first and second conditionals:
tense. We also use it without an if-clause to talk about • We use the first conditional for possible future situations.
imaginary or hypothetical situations e.g. I’d never have a cat IN I don’t have to work tomorrow, I’ll hefp you.
as a pet. They’d be happier in a bigger house. (= It‘s a possibility. Maybe I will help you.)
• would wouldn’t is the same for all persons. Contractions: • We use the second conditional for imaginary or
’d —- would [I’d, you’d, he’d, etc.); wouldn’t —— wou/d not. hypothetical situations.
2 In a second conditional the if-clause can come first or If I didn’t have to work tomorrow, I’d help you.
second. If the if-clause comes first, we usually put a comma (= It‘s a hypothetical situation. I have to work, so I can’t
before the next clause. help you.)
3 We can also use could + infinitive instead of would +
infinitive in the other clause.

9B present perfect + for and

since • We use the present perfect + for and since to talk about actions and
states which started in the past and are still true now.
A Where do you live now?
/’ve lived in Manchester for twenty years. —— I came to live in Manchester
B In Manchester.
twenty years ago and I live in Manchester now.
A How long have you lived
We don’t use the present simple in this type of sentence, e.g.
there? B I‘ve lived there for 20 NOT Mv r-owe++t ear.
years. • We use How long...? to ask questions about the duration of an action or
A Where do you work? a state, e.g. How long have you been married?
B In a primary school. for or since?
A How long have you worked there? • We use for + a period of time, for example, for two weeks, for ten
B I‘ve worked there since 2015. years, etc.
/‘ve had this car for three months.
• We use slnce with the beginning of a period of time, for example,
since 2014, since last June, etc.
I’ve been afraid of spiders since I was a child.

9C present perfect or past simple? (2)

1 A How long was Janet Leigh married to Tony Curtis? • We can use for with the past simple for a finished period of
B She was married to him for 11 years. time in the past.
A How many books did she write? 2 We use the present perfect with for and since to talk about
B She wrote four books. an unfinished period of time, from the past until now.
2 A How long has Jamie Lee Curtis been married? Jamie Lee Curtis is still alive and still married.
B She’s been married since 1984. • Compare the past simple and the present perfect.
A What kind of books has she Jack was married for ten years. = Jack is not married now.
written? B She’s written children‘s He’s divorced or dead.
books. Jack has been married for ten years. —— Jack is married now.
He got married ten years ago.
1 We use the past simple to talk about a finished period of
time in the past. Janet Leigh and Tony Curtis are dead, so
NOT She has been married to him for 71 years.
 ,I,l
ENTRY CHECKER ,' , „

9A b Complete with the correct form of the verbs to make second

conditional sentences.
a Match the sentence halves.
If Zara carne to the UK, I would try to n1eet her. (try, meet) “
If you could choose anywhere in the 1 If you home today, you in time for Christmas.
world, D (drive, arrive)
1 l’d feel more confident 2 Even if I the card today, she it on her birthday.
2 If your boyfriend went back to (post, not receive)
Australia, 3 If you to drive, you to use the bus. (learn, not need)
3 You wouldn’t feel lonely 4 I’m sure she us if there anything wrong. (tell; be)
4 If you practised more, 5 If I a good camera I better pictures. (have, take)
5 His car would have lasted longer they to live in Sicily if they do it?
ó If you asked for a day off, (prefer, can)
7 My parents plenty to do if they to retire.
A if he had looked after it better. (have, decide)
B we could go fishing. 8 I to go on a diving holiday, even if someone me to
C you would be a really good musician. join them. (not want, invite)
D wriere-weul live? 9 you your country if you a well-paid job
E would you go with him? abroad? (leave, get)
F if you had a pet. 10 we the Northern Lights if we to Norway?
G if I’d done more revision. (see, travel)

9B b Answer the questions in a. Use the present

perfect + for or since.
a Write questions with How long and the present perfect.
he / study computing /-/syv la!?g)?ns low s.tu.die.due. .i ›n—‹ ‹’ s’ 1 She 2001.
1 she / be a doctor 2 She five years.
2 your friend / live in Argentina 3 Our house last October..
3 your house / have air conditioning 4 one term.
4 you / be on this course 5 They ten years.
5 they / own their house _ ? ó He he left school.
ó Simon / be a flight attendant 7 lt 1949.
7 Ireland / be a republic 8 She some time.
8 she / know about her illness

9C b Complete with the present perfect or

past simple.
a Ci c the correct form. 1 A Why isn’t Sally here today?
He is / e s b married since last autumn. B She’s on holiday.
1 He pot / He has got out of the car as quickly as possible. A Where ? (she / go)
2 W’e lived/ We’ye lived here in Australia since 2005. B To Portugal. _ last weekend.
3 I sold/ I’ve sold my car last year. (She / leave)
4 My brother carne / My brother las come with me when I 2 A the books today? (you / bring)
went to visit my mother. B l’m sorry, to bring them. (I / forget)
5 I’m glad our cat carne / has come home now, he’s been out A some notes with you? (you / get)
all night. B Yes, fortunately to bring those.
ó Last Tuesday a celebrity opened has o|oened the new ( I / remember)
store in our town. 3 A We love living near the sea.
7 When the police received a call, they sent / they’ve sent an B How long in Torquay? (you
officer to check on the house.
/ live) A there live years ago. (We / move
8 Tim and Sarah were / have leen together for two months
already. )
B very lucky to find such a
lovely place. (you / be)
 GRAMMAR BANK

1OA expressing movement come or go?

We use come for movement towards you, and po for
movement away from you.

The ball went over the goalkeeper’s head and into the goal.

He drove out of the car park and along the street.

in or into? out or out of?

We use into / out o/ + noun.
Come into the livinQ room.
He went out of the house.
I ran over the bridge and across the park. We use in / out il there iSn‘t a noun.

• To express movement we use a verb of movement, e.g. He went out.

go, come, run, walk, etc. and a preposition (or adverb) of
movement, e.g. up, down, away, etc.

10B word order of phrasal verbs

1 What time do you get up? • A phrasal verb = verb + particle (preposition or adverb),
I don‘t usually go out during the week. e.g. get up, go out, turn on, ook for,
2 Put on your coat. Put your coat on. Put it on! 1 Some phrasal verbs don’t have an object, e.g. get up, go out.
Turn off the TV. Turn the TV off. Turn it off. 2 Some phrasal verbs have an object and are separable.
3 I’m looking for my glasses. With these phrasal verbs we can out the particle (on, off, etc.)
A Have you found yourglasses? before or after the object.
B No, I’m still looking for them.
• When the object is a pronoun (me, it, him, etc.) it alwavs goes
between the verb and particle.
Here’s your coat. Put it on. NOT
3 Some phrasal verbs have an object and are inseparable,
e.g. look for. With these phrasal verbs the verb (e.g. looks
and the particle (e.g. for) are never separated.
I’m looking for my glasses. NOT

10C the passive: be + past participle

Present: am / is / are + past participle • We can often say things in two ways, in the active or in the
@+ 20 billion pieces of Lego are produced every year. pass ve.
@- CDs aren’t used very much nowadays. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. (active)
Is Spanish spoken in New Mexico? Dynamite was invented by Aimed Nobel. (passive)
• In the active sentence, the focus is more on Alfred Nobel.
Past: was / were + past participle
• In the passive sentence the focus is more on dynamite.
@+ The hot-air balloon was invented by two Frenchm en.
• We often use the passive when it isn‘t known or isn’t important
Stamps weren‘t invented until 1840.
who does or did the action.
When was the watch invented?
My car was sto/en last week.
\/olvo cars are made in Sweden.
• We use by to say who did the action.
The Lord of the Rings was written by Tolkien.
 ENTRY CHECKER !.

10A b Complete the sentences With the

correct preposition.
a Circ e he correct preposition.
We went for a walk a/on the seashore.
We knew we were near the town when we drove
through / o e he railway bridge. 1 The boys tried to swim the river, but
it was too far.
1 I went in / into town on Saturday morning. 2 Our cat climbed straight a tree.
2 The box was in a cupboard in / under the stairs.
3 I lost my mobile phone signal when the train
3 The boys rode their bicycles past / along the track. went a tunnel.
4 The book was over y under a pile of papers. 4 There’s a hotel the end of the road.
5 The bus comes across / from the city and continues 5 I have 100 names my phone book.
towards / into the sea. 6 The white flowers were growing
6 He went in / through the door from / in the kitchen thetees.
into the front room. l thnklmighthaveleftmybag the bus.
7 The horse ran over/ up the hill to the top.
8 The supermarket is just across / round the corner.

10B b Complete the sentences with it or them and

a word from the list.
a Circ e the correct form. If both are correct, tick the box.
Pick up your shoes / Pick your shoes u¡o immediately. out over in up (x2) on (x2) €fowrr
1 Please can you but the rubbish out/ |out out the rubbish+.
2 She wants to send money to fer parents / send to her That vase might break. Please put it down.
parents money. 1 Are your children with you? Bring
3 The vase bell off the table / oiÍ the table fell. 2 Your computer’s turned off. Switch
4 I need to go the bank into y into the bank. i 3 That dog’s very noisy — can you take ?
5 Put your book down i put down your book. 4 l’d love to meet your friends — please bring
i ó He works from home away y away Írom soon.
home. ' 5 What a lovely photo. Let’s hang
7 Can you text the number to me / to me text the number. I 6 You’ll need your gloves. Put
8 The cat every morning goes out y goes oct every morning. 7 The milk jug is empty. l’ll fill
9 Don’t forget to send off that ¡oarcel / that parcel old to send. i
10 A òirt’hcYay present has come from my aunt From my aunt a
birt/lday present has conte.

b Rewrite the sentences in the passive,

10C beginning with the highlighted words.
a Complete with present or past passive. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet around 1603.
Hamlet was written by Shakesfi›eare around 1603.
The house aas_8p.Id last year. (sell)
1 George Lucas directed four Star Wars films.
1 He an expert on the latest technology. (consider)
2 A rich American bought the original London
2 Many urgent messages today by email. (send) Bridge.
3 The children to go out today without an 3 Michelangelo painted the Sistene Chapel
adult. (not allow)
4 Yesterday 1 because my car wouldn’t start. (delay) ceiling.
5 Edward at college at all this week. (not see) 4 The Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel invented
6 This necklace to me by my mother. (give) dynamite.
7 Lucy just she the job. 5 Peter Jackson directed the Lord of the Rings
(tell, give) films.
8 When the others went shopping, I behind. (leave) 6 Usain Bolt broke two world records.
9 You to make a decision today. (not expect) 7 George R.R. Martin wrote A came of Thrones.
10 When I got there, I found that the door . (lock) 8 Martin Cooper made the first
mobile telephone call.
 GRAMMAR BANK

11A used to / didn’t use to

@+ When I was a child I used to play in the streets. We use used to / didn’t use to + verb to talk about things
My brother used to have very long hair when he that happened repeatedly or were true for a long period
was a student. of time in the past, but are usually not true now, e.g. thing s
@- Nick didn‘t use to go out much, but now he goes out which happened when you were a child.
every night. • used to / didn’t use to is the same for all persons.
I didn’t use to like vegetables, but now I love them.

• Instead of used to you can use the past simple with an

adverb of frequency.
When / was a child I often played in the street.

used to or usua//y?
used to is only for talking about the past.
For habits in the present, we use usually + present simple,
NOT ose-te.
@? A Did you use to wear a uniform at school? B Yes, I did.
I usually cook in the evenings.
A Did you use to like your teachers? B No, I didn’t.
NOT

11B might / might not (possibility)

We might have a picnic tomorrow, but it depends on the weather.
may / may not
Karen might come with us tomorrow, but she’s not sure yet.
I might not take my laptop on holiday. I haven‘t decided yet.
We can also use may instead of mipht for
We might not See the boss today. I think she’s away.
We may have a picnic tomorrow.
• We use might / might not + verb (infinitive without to) to say that perhaps I may not take my Ia|otop on
somebody will or won’t do something. Doli
• We might have a picnic tomorrow. = Perhaps we will have a picnic tomorrow.
• might / might not is the same for all persons.
• might not is not usually contracted.

11C so, neither + aux es

1 A I love classical music.
B So do l.
A I went to a classical concert last night.
B So did l.
2 A I‘m not married.
B Neither am l.
A I don’t want to get married.
B Neither do l.

• We use So do I, Neither do /, etc. to say that we

have something in common with somebody.
Use So + auxiliary + / to respond to positive
sentences.
2 Use Neither + auxiliary + / to respond to
negative sentences. neither and nor
We can also use nor instead of neither, e.g.
• The auxiliary we use after So... and Neither...
depends on the tense of the verb that the other A I didn’t like the film. B Nor / Neither did /.
speaker uses. Neither is usually pronounced ,*’naicJo', but can also be pronounced /’ni:r1o/
 ENTRY CHECKER

11A b Make sentences with used to, didn’t use to,

a Look at how much Dan has changed. or did...use to?
where / you / live
N THE AST NOW Where did you use to live?
we / go to the seaside on Easter Monday [T]
2 your parents / have a house in Spain
3 we / like lobster, but we do now
4 I / think Abba were the greatest Dand [T]
5 she / arive a smaller car [T]
ó she / to have such good neighbours as she does
He cIicIn’t use t have a Upu.st clle, now @
_ smart clothes. 7 if you / to think that, why have you changed your
2 _ sports. mind? @-
3 glasses. 8 you / to go to college @
4 more hair. I / to worry a lot about work [T]-
5 a jacket. 10 people / look up phone numbers in a book, but now
they often use the Internet. [T]

11B b Complete the sentences with might

+ a verb phrase.
a Match the sentences.
order some wine have to replace it
Don’t forget your umbrella. F You might need it at the not enjoy it be late wear my jeans
gate. not see the sun all day seaw
A
1 We should book some
tickets. B There might be a text
2 Don‘t take my advice. message from Pam. It’s very cold today. It maig tsnow
3 She haa a cold yesterday. We may not get there in 1 My phone’s not working. I
4 We’ve left rather late. time. 2 l’m not sure what to wear. I
5 Send me a reminder. I might forget. 3 She’s not here yet. Her train
D She might be away today. 4 That film’s quite friphteninp. You
6 Take out your passport. E 5 We’re celebratinp. I
7 Don’t po in there. F
8 Check your mobile phone. G The show might sell ó It’s cloudy today. We
out.
H I may be wrong.
It mipht be danperous.

11C
b Respond to A. Say you are the same. Use So...I
a Complete B’s answers with an auxiliary verb. or Neither...I.
A I‘d like to live abroad. B So would I. A I haven’t been to Australia. Neither
1 A I went to university in London. B So I. 1 A I like lnaian food.
2 A I don’t take milk in my coffee. B Neither I. 2 A l’m learning French this year.
3 A I’ve never been to Scotland. B Neither I. 3 A I don’t want to see that film.
4 A I hope it will be sunny tomorrow. B So I. 4 A I can play the piano.
5 A I could never do Maths at school. B Neither 5 A I don’t like spiders.
ó A I was born in 2003. B So I. ó A l’m getting the early train tomorrow.
7
A I’ll try to finish the essay tomorrow. B So I. 7 A I didn’t expect to Dass the XXáM.
8
A I didn’t know anyone before I came here. 8 A I always look forward to ChristmaS.
B Neither I.
9
A l’m looking forward to our holiday. B So 1.
10 A I can go to the cinema tonight. B So
12 GRAMMAR BANK

12A past perfect

When I woke up the garden was all white. • We use the past perfect when we are already talking about the past and
It had snowed during the night. want to talk about an earlier past action.
I suddenIy realized that I‘d left my phone in the When I woke up the garden was a// white. it had snowed during the
taxi. night. = It snowed ebfore I woke up.
We got home just in time — the match • We make the past perfect with had / hadn‘t + the past participle.
hadn‘t started. • The form of the past perfect is the same for all persons.
When she got to class, she realized that she • had is sometimes contracted to ‘d.
hadn‘t brought her book.
A I went to Paris last weekend. I really loved it.
B Had you been there before? Bdda e a ed or
A No, I hadn’t. d d°a e )ob. {’d —— had)
IT you went by taxi, you’d get there much quicker. ‘d —— would)

12B reported (or indirect) speech

• Pronouns often change in reported speech, e.g.
! / changes to be or she.
’I’m tired.’ She told me (that) she was tired.
• Verb tenses change like this:

• direct speech reported speech

‘I can help you.‘ He said (that) he could help
(present simple) me. (past simple)
’I’m driving.’ She said (that) she was driving.
(present continuous) (past continuous)
’I’ll call you.‘ (will) He told me (that) he would call
me. (would)
’I met a girl at a party.’ John told me (that) he had met
(past simple) a girl at a party. (past perfect)
’I’ve broken my arm.‘ Sara said (that) she had broken
(present perfect) her arm. (past perfect)

direct speech
re po rted speech
’I love you.’
He said (that) he Ioved me.
’I’ve just a rrived.’ We use say or te// in reported speech. They mean the sam
S he said (that) she had just a rrived. We use say without an object or pronoun.
‘We‘ll come at eight.‘
He told me (that) they wo uld come at eight.
’I don‘t want to go to Jack tol d Anna (that) he didn‘t want to go to
the party.’
the party.

• We use reported speech to tell somebody what another person said. We use te// with an object or pronoun.
He told me fthat} he loved me
• We often introduce reported speech with saicf or told (+ person).
NOT Mussel-w.
• After saic/ or told that is optional, e.p. He said [that) he loved me.

12C questions without auxiliaries

subject verb • When the question word [Who?, What?, Which?, How many?,
Who painted etc.) is the subject of the verb in the question, we don’t use
7he Mi/kmaid?
Which city has an auxiliary verb (do / does / did).
the most honest people?
How many people live Who painted The Milkmaid? NOT Wb
near the school?
Who wants • In most other questions in the present and past simple we
a cup of coffee? use the auxiliary verb do / does / did + the infinitive.
What music do you like? NOT W/›at-e+es ou-/ik@
 ENTRY CHECKER

12A
b Complete the sentences. Put the verbs in the past
a Match the sentence halves. simple and past perfect.
Pavel was confused because D We so late that we missed the start of the
film. (leave, miss)
1 I didn’t go any further because 1 I home to find my sister the
2 Sheryl decided to go to the doctor because newspaper away. (get, throw)
3 We travelled to Scotland this summer 2 One day when we out walking, we
4 The lights were on in the house, to take a map. (go, forget)
5 The children were sent home early from school because 3 They told us that the since the robbery
ó We couIdn’t get out of the car in the salari park because shop last week. (close)
4 We get into the garden because the
A it had started to snow. gate . (cannot, lock)
B to go to the Edinburgh Festival. 5 When I at my friend’s house I
C there were wild animals walking around. I my phone. (arrive, realize, lose)
D he-had-neve Even-II+at-nor-ite&eferm. Laura to the party because she her
E I couldn’t see what was ahead. homework. (come, finish)
F she’d had a cough for three We were glad that the rain before we
weeks. G but there was no one at our journey. (stop, start)
home.

12B b Write the sentences in direct speech.

a Write the sentences in reported speech. She told me she was coming home.
She said: ’!’!›J.co ai?g tome.’
1 Sadie said she hadn’t looked it up on the Internet yet.
1 ’They’re the best band I’ve ever Sadie said:
seen.’ She said they 2 My parents said they would see me on Tuesday,
2 ‘I’m goinp to polish the furniture today.‘ My parents said: ’ _ ’
My mother said that she 3 They said they were going to watch TV all
3 ’We’re sorry, but we can’t come with you.’ evening. They said:
They said they 4 Eva told me she would like to visit
4 ’l've moved to a new house.’ Greece. Eva told me:
lmran told us that he 5 My aunt said she didn’t like spicy food.
5 ’What would you like for your birthday?’ She said:
Susan asked me My friends phoned and said they had missed the train.
ó ’I know a lot of French students.’ My friends phoned and said:
Marcus said he _ 7 David said that he wanted to apologize.
David said: _ .’

12C b Write the questions. Do you know

the answers?
a Circ e the correct question form.
Which mi driverswon his first
Where went you / did igo
world record championship in 2008?
1 Who gave / did give you that book? (Formula 1 driver / win)
2 What intends she / does she intend to do next? 1 What to your memory? (coffee / do)
3 You do think / Do you think they were tellinp 2 How often the online dictionary?
the truth? (the OED / update)
4 What said you / did you say to your boyfriend? 3 Where ? (Matt Damon / live)
5 Which train goes / does go to London? 4 When his speech: ’I have a dream’? (Martin
ó Who did bring / brought these chocolates? Luther King / give)
7 Why he brought / did he 6uy so much milk? 5 Who the saxophone? (invent)
Which country to the United States? (give / the
Statue of Liberty)
Irregular verbs
Present Past simple Past participle
be /bi/ Wi3S /WDZ/ been /bi:n/
were /wa:/
become /bi'knm/ became /bi'keim/ become
begin /bi'gin/ began /bI'gan/ begun /bi'gan/
break /breik/ broke /brauk/ broken /'braukan/
bring /brqj/ brought /bro:t/ broug ht
build /bild/ built /bIIt/ built
buy /bai/ bought /bo:t/ bought
ca n /kæn/ could /kud/
catch /kætJ/ caught /ko:t/ caug ht
choose /tJu:z/ chose /t/auz/ chosen /'t/auzn/
come /kam/ came /keIm/ come
cost /kost/ cost cost
cut /knt/ cut cut
do /du:/ did /did/ done /dxn/
dream /dri:m/ dreamt /dremt/ dreamt /dremt/
(also dreamed) (also dreamed)
drink /drqjk/ drank /dræpk/ drunk /draqk/
drive /draiv/ drove /drauv/ driven /'drivn/
eat /i:t/ ate leit/ eaten /'i:tn/
fall /fø.1/ tell /fel/ fallen /'fo:lan/
feel /fi:1/ lett /felt/ felt
find /faind/ lound /faund/ found
fly /fl£tI/ flew /flu:/ flown /f1aun/
forget /fa'get/ forgot /fa’got/ forgotten /fa'gDtn/
get /get/ got /got/ got
give /giv/ gave /geIv/ given /’givn/
go /g9u/ went /went/ gone /9on/
grow /grau/ grew /gru:/ grown /graun/
have /hæv/ had /hæd/ had
hear /hjO/ heard /ha:d/ heard
hit /hIt/ hit hit
keep /ki:p/ kept /kept/ kept
know /nau/ knew /nju:/ known /naun/
 ENTRY CHECKER

Past simple Past participle

Present
laid /leid/
lay /leI/ laid /leId/
learnt
learn lls:n/ learnt /1c:nt/
(also learned)
(also lea rnedl
left
leave1i:v/ left /left/
lent
lend /1end/ lent /1ent/
let
let /let/ let
lost
lose /lu:z/ lost /lost/
made /meid/ made
make /meik/
met
meet /mi:t/ met /met/
pay/pet paid /peid/ paid

put /put/ put P

read /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/

ring /rqj/ rang /ræq/ rung /rxq/

run
run /ran/ ran /ræn/
say /sei/ said /sed/ said

see /si:/ saw /so:/ seen /si:n/

self /se1/ sold /sould/ sold

send /send/ sent /sent/ sent

shut //xt/ shut shut

sing /siq/ sang /sæq/ sung /soq/

S Ît /SIt/ sat /sat/ sat

sleep /sli:p/ slept /sIept/ slept

speak /spi:k/ t spoke /spauk/ spoken /'spaukan/

spend /spend/ I spent /spent/
spent
stand /stænd/ stood /stud/ stood
steal /sti:l/ stole /stou1/ stolen /'stau1an/
swim /swim/ swam /swam/ swum /swxm/
take /teik/ i took /tuk/ taken / telkan/
teach /ti:t}/ taught ito:t/ ’ taught
tell /tel/ told /tauld/ told
thin k /8I{)k/ thought /63:t/ thought
throw /0rou/ threw /6ru:/ thrown /6raun/
understand understood understood
/anda'stænd/ /anda'stud/
wa ke /weIk/ woke /waok/
woken /'waukan/
wear /wea/ wore /wo:/ worn /wo:n/
win /win/ won /wan/ won
write /raIt/ ' wrote /raut/ written /'ritn/
 Vowel sounds SOUND BANK

examples your examples examples your examples

i thin slim sunny mustn’t
history kiss funny run
if since lucky cut
! fish
i
ee feel sheep change wake
ea teach mean trainers fail
e she we ay away pay
traln
'"" a cap hat open hope
, back catch won’t so
carry match coat goal

ar far large
” i* quiet item
scarf
shy why
a fast pass
car . gh might sights
after
bike
top lost trousers round
socks wrong account blouse

! clock hot box OW crowded down

* OWI

or boring north coin noisy

al walk ball point
aw awful saw toy enjoy
boy °’
, u pull push beer engineer
oo football book here we’re
› look good beard earrings
: ear

oo school choose air ” airport stairs

u* use polluted - pair hair
ew lew knew , are square careful
chair
Many different spellings. A very unusual sound.
/a/ is always unstressed. Europe furious sure plural
clever nervous arrive police
' Ca m uter ' inventor agree tOUFiSt ,
t _ __ _ ’’.
er ir person verb A sound between /i/ and /i:/.
ur Consonant + y at the end of words is
airty shirt
curly turn pronounced /i/.
happy angry thirsty

An unusual sound.
west send / Il / education usually situation
very red

* especially before consonant + e I"I short vowels O long vowels :‘ t: diphthongs

Consonant Sounds SOUND BANK

examples
your examples examples your examples
promise possible
th thing throw
copy flip-flops
healthy south
pp opposite appearance
maths both

b belt body th neither the

$
probably job cab clothes sunbathe
bb rabbit rubbish
that with
ba mother
' c camping across ch chicken child
k skirt kind beach
› , ck checkout pick tch catch match
_ key _‹ chess I (-i-ure) picture future

g grow goat jacket just

forget begin journey enjoy
gg foggy leggings dge bridge judge
girl
'" " " " " ” f find afraid safe little less
, | ph elephant nephew plan incredible
ff off different will trolley
I _flowe g
v video visit r really rest
lovely invent practice try
over river rr borrow married
vase
'" I try tell w website twins
, start late worried win
› . It better sitting wh why which whale
i tie witch
y yet year
young yoga
g dd dddress middle before u useful uniform
yacht
'’ s stops faster m mountain modern
' ss miss message remember email
, ci/ce place circle mm summer swimming
,
t snake i ,monkey
z zoo lazy freezing n need necklace
s reason lose none any
has toes nn funny dinner
zebra nose
sh shut shoes ng angry ring
washing finish along thing
ti (+ vowel) bring going
patient information
ci+a special musician singer
An unusual sound. hat hate
revision decision confusion usually garage ahead perhaps
hire helpful
qtelevision

voiced I"I unvoiced

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