INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree in

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

By

ARISTOTLE JOSEPH.N
Register No: 211462101002

Department of Civil Engineering

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute
(Deemed to be University)
Maduravoyal, Chennai 600 095
(An ISO 9001:2015Certified Institution, Accredited By NAAC 'A' Grade)

NOV 2022

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this internship entitled “How to manage everything & what are the
duties of an Engineer” is the bonafide report of project work done by

ARISTOTLE JOSEPH N 211462101002

Master of Technology in Civil Engineering during the year 2021- 2023.

Internal Guide Head of the Department

Mrs.A. HEMAMALINE DR.T. KAVITHA
Assistant Professor, Head of the Department
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Dr. M.G.R. Educational and
Research Institute. Research Institute.

Submitted for Viva Voce Examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 DECLARATION
I affirm that the internship entitled “How to manage everything & what are the
duties of an Engineer” being submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree in
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY in Civil Engineering is the original work carried out by us. It
has not formed the any part of any other internship submitted for award of any other
before, either in this or any other university.

Name of the Candidate Register number Signature

ARISTOTLE JOSEPH N 211462101002

I certify that the declaration made above by the candidates is true.

Project Coordinator Signature of Guide

Dr. T. Kavitha Mrs.A. HEMAMALINE

Professor, HOD Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engineering,
Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Dr. M. G. R. Educational and
Research Institute. Research Institute.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks to our Chancellor Thiru. A.C. SHANMUGAM,

B.A.,B.L., President Er. A.C.S. ARUN KUMAR, B.E., and our Secretary Thiru. A.
RAVIKUMAR for giving us the opportunity to do the internship project.

We express our gratitude to our Vice Chancellor DR. S. GEETHALAKSHMI

for allowing us to carry out our project out of our campus.

We express our indebtedness and gratitude to Dr. T. KAVITHA, Head of the

Department of Civil Engineering and Project coordinator for encouraging us
throughout the project work.

We express our heartfelt thanks to the project guide Mrs. A. HEMAMALINE,

Assistant professor, for helping us and for her guidance.

First of all, I would like to thank my God, for helping me starting from the beginning to
the end of my internship period.

I have extended my supreme gratitude to DR.MGR Educational and Research

Institute University for providing such kind of opportunity for students to broaden their
perception on how the real world in the field of civil engineering looks like as well
organizing the whole internship program and its effort to make sure that the whole
internship program to achieve its desired goals.

I would also like to express my special thanks to Mr.Madhan Raj, general manager of
the site, giving me a chance to spend my practice in his company and helping me in
my day to day activities during the intern time.

I extend my grateful thanks to workers in the site those help me in moral and material
needs as well as sharing me their knowledge to improve my theoretical knowledge to
the real works.

Finally, I would like to express my special thanks to my families and friends helping
me in all aspects and appreciate me to spend my all time in the work place during my
internship time.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In this report, I have tried to list the overall aspects of the internship
experience. I have summarized what is expected in the next chapters
of this report. This report consists of four chapters.

In the first unit of the report, it provides information about the hosting
company. It starts with the brief history of the company and continues
to the listing of the projects the company has undertaken from the
time it has been established. Also in this unit, we will find the
missions, visions, and objectives of the company. I have tried to
establish the organizational structure of the head office.

In the second unit of the report, it describes mainly about the

internship experience. It starts by describing the sections I had been
working on and continues to tell the different types of tasks that I had
accomplished.

In third unit of the report, it describes the assessment of the

internship and the overall benefits that I have gained from this
internship experience. It further divides the overall benefits into
details and tries to explain them.

The last unit of this report contains challenges that I had faced during
the internship experience and also the conclusion drawn from the
observation and suggested recommendations

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List of Figure

Figure 1- Organizational structure

Figure 2-Dewatering
Figure 3-Isolated footing
Figure 4-Combined footing
Figure 5-Isolated and combined footings respectively
Figure 6-Soil backfill and compaction
Figure 7-Masonery wall

Figure 8-Gread beam

Figure 9-Hard core
Figure 10-Mesh

List of table

Table 1-Concrete class

Table 2-period removal of formwork for column, gread beam, and
pad
Table 3-Removal period of formwork for slab and beam

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
………………………………………………………………………4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
………………………………………………………………………5
List of Figures
………………………………………………………………………6
List of tables
………………………………………………………………………6
1. INTRODUCTION
………………………………………………………………………
1.1. General
introduction ............................................................................................
............ 9
1.2. Background of the
company .................................................................................................
.......9
1.2.1. Brief history of the
Company ................................................................................................
........9
1.2.2
Vision .....................................................................................................
...10
1.2.3. Mission
........................................................................................................10
1.2.4. Objective of the
company .................................................................................................
.......10
1.2.5. Overall organization and
workflow ................................................................................................
........10
2. OVERALL EXPERIENCE
……………………………………………………………....……

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2.1. How I get into the
company .................................................................................................
.......11
2.2. Section of the company I have been working
in ........................................................................................................12
2.3. The workflow in the
section ....................................................................................................
....12
2.4. Site
work .......................................................................................................
.12
2.4.1. Substructure
works ......................................................................................................
..13
2.4.2. Superstructure
works ......................................................................................................
..29
2.4.3. Construction machinery used in the
site ..........................................................................................................
30
3. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNSHIP
………………………………………………..................................
3.1. Objectives of the engineering task that I
performed ...............................................................................................
...........31
3.2. Methods and procedures of the
internship ...............................................................................................
...........31
3.3. Products that I
participate ..............................................................................................
............31
3.4. Overall benefits gained from the
internship ...............................................................................................
...........31
3.4.1. Improving practical
skill ........................................................................................................
..32

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3.4.2. Upgrading theoretical Knowledge
..........................................................................................................32
3.4.3. Improve leadership
Skills ......................................................................................................
.....33
3.4.4. Improve interpersonal Communication
Skills ......................................................................................................
.....34
3.4.5. Understanding about work ethics and related
issues ......................................................................................................
.....34
3.5.
Contributions .........................................................................................
...................37
4.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
……………………………………………………………………37
4.1. Challenges faced during the internship and measurement taken
for solution……………………………………………………………
37
4.2.
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................
......................37
4.3.
RECOMMENDATION .........................................................................
...................................38
APPENDICES
…………………………………………………………………………………39
DR.MGR EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
UNIVERSITY

FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. General Introduction
An internship program offered to 2nd-year M. Tech students is planned
by DR.MGR Educational and Research institute university, which
forms the foundation for the development of capacity building and
competitiveness of industries in the field of Engineering and

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technology. Moreover, it can give students to develop their theoretical
background into a practical one. This program takes three weeks,
starting from 3rd August to 26th August.
In this regard, I was able to look at this internship program after
completing the academic study and holistic exam. After this, I
applied for my hosting company (DG Constructions), which is found
in Mogappair East, Chennai, and I accepted as they promised by the
confirmation paper. The project was the building of ground plus three
(G+3) residential buildings.
1.2. Background of the company
1.2.1. Brief history of the Company
DG Construction is one of Chennai’s best construction, renovation, and
interior design firms. We have completed successful projects in a
variety of industries, including hotel, commercial, industrial, education,
hospital, and residential.
We are one of the most prestigious Building Contractors in Chennai,
and we are committed to continuing our tradition of providing our
customers with the best spaces possible. Our panel of construction
contractors has completed projects spanning large areas and has
additional projects in the works. Furthermore, we are supported by a
team of highly efficient turnkey project contractors and interior
designers who create one-of-a-kind, well-planned spaces. We are one of
the most distinguished construction companies in Chennai that stands
firm to upkeep our practice of offering the finest spaces to our
customers. Till date, our panel of construction contractors has
completed projects encompassing large areas and also has further
ongoing developments.
1.2.2. Mission
To further solidify our position as a market leader in Construction and
Real Estate Development Projects.
1.2.3. Vision

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To provide the best infrastructure and services as soon as possible.
Adopting innovative methods in construction practice on a continuous
basis, thereby protecting the environment and society.
1.2.4. Objective of the company
As I have mentioned above the objective of this project is for
providing various construction services like the construction of
buildings, roads, special factories, foundations, bridges, and various
types of civil engineering structures contributing to the development
of the
construction industry. Nowadays the company has a strong vision for
further strengthening and expanding newly established positions and
being the first choice.
1.2.5. Overall organization and workflow

General manager

SUB
Forman CONTRACTOR

Figure 1- Organizational structure

General Manager: - Would be accountable to the company operation
and would head the firm based on his/her authority depicted on the
memorandum and job description.
Task of general manager
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  Manages the whole site work execution
 Makes payment to subcontract workers
 Approves material request
 Analyses the work processes
 Executes sub-contracting agreements
General Forman
 Checks the whole work process
 Quantifies some materials and makes request
 Reports any challenges of work procedures and their execution
etc.
Sub-contractors
Includes carpenter, bar bender or plasterer contractors.

2. OVERALL EXPERIENCE
In this section, I tried to list the overall work what I had seen in my
company, the process of getting the company, the section that I
perform my task, the workflow of the section, and the detail
expression of the site work.
2.1. How I get into the company
After I finished the first year of the 2 year courses and completed the
holistic exam, I was about to take the internship program. Before I
was employed to I delivered the letter which was given for me from
my campus. And the company accepts my request letter and they gave
their acceptance letter for me, then after I submitted the acceptance
letter which was received from the company to my department. After
this I submitted the necessary documents to the company (DG
Construction ) which I received from my university.
My supervisor gave me an orientation about the whole activities
which will be done during my intern time. In addition to this he told
more about the organizational structure of the construction company,
the management level of the organization and the raw materials used
or their resource and other related information‟s in the first week of
the internship time.
Moreover, he advised me what I have to see and what shall I do in
three months internship period. Then I was investigating the
construction site and saw what types of works were done in the site.

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When I was investigating the site, my supervisor told me new terms
used by workers in the site.
2.2. Section of the company I have been working in
On the company there were two working sections, office and site. But
I was able to work at the site section, because there are a lot of
activities in the site which are related with our classroom theoretical
knowledge and it have no sustainable situation to see office work.
2.3. The workflow in the section
In the project engineer work section there are three main working
sectors and other assistance working sectors that play a great role in
the success of the project. This is because in any construction project
one section of work is highly dependent on another working section.
To have a good quality in any kinds of construction each member of
the working section must cooperate and work together.
The workflow is:
General Manager
General for man
Subcontractor
2.4. Site work
In this section of my report, I will try to describe activities and
practices that were done in my hosting company during my internship
time. During my internship time I was able to see the practical works
starting from excavation to some superstructure working. I used
observation method as well as participate in all activities that have
done in the site to achieve my task and to find out the practical
knowledge. I will try to describe the activities during intern time into
two parts:
 Substructure working and
 Superstructure working
2.4.1. Substructure works
Sub structure is a part of the building located below the ground level.
By the time I arrived at the site, the setting out had already been
completed. Different parts carried out, these and other works include
in this sub topic.
 Preparation of the project site
This is the first stage in construction work. At this stage the site is
prepared as follows:

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  Clearing the site,
 Dewatering if any water exist etc.

Figure 2-Dewatering
 Earth work
Any work related with excavation, backfill, cart way of surplus
material and the others which carried out in the site where the
building/civil engineering project/ will be constructed is known as
earth work. It‟s better to classify earth work in to the following major
classes to deal with more:-
A) Excavation:-removal of soil from the construction site to specified
depth to provide space ss for the intended work. Some of the main
excavation types are listed below:-
1. Bulk excavation
It refers to the removal of huge amount of soil from the site to fulfill
the structural requirements.
Excavation to get reduced levels of every structural element below the
ground level is called bulk excavation. Bulk excavation is required: -
 To reduce the ground level to the specified depth for the
foundation

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  When the topography needs a cut for the ongoing work
 To achieve the required soil type which satisfies the specified
bearing capacity
2. Pit excavation
This excavation work for the purpose of footing is expressed as pit. In
pit excavation the depth is decided by considering the depth that the
sub structure, footing will be situated and its dimensions are based on
the member dimensions and the working areas. Excavated materials
may be reused for back fill or cart away to an appropriate tip. Pit
excavation are in order when the soil stability is good, especially
when there is no or low wall slide. If not, excavation of the whole
area, bulk excavation, is recommended. In our site the soil is so stable
that pit excavation was incorporated.

The procedure to excavate pit excavation

 Get the center of column from profile board
 Offset the point from center of column to the edge of excavation
point and assume working space each side
 Get excavation point from rope by using plum bob
 The depth, width and length of pit excavation excavated based
on specification
 After excavation the coordinate points are carefully transferred
to edge of footing formwork using plum bob and set pad
formwork
 Foundation: is the lowest part of the structure which transmits
the weight of the structure,together with the effect of live loads
and pressure, to the material on which the structure rest, soil
strata, in such manner that the underlying material is not
stressed beyond its safe bearing capacity . Generally, the
foundation is placed below the ground level to increase the
stability of a structure or building. Thus the objective of
providing foundations may be outlined as follows:
 To distribute and transmit the total load coming on the structure
or building to a large area of underlying support.
 To prevent excessive settlement and differential settlement of
the structure

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  To provide stability to the structures against many disturbing
dynamic forces, i.e., wind, rain, earth quake, etc.
The type of structure and the nature of the underlying soil are two
main governing factors in selection of the material and type of
foundation. In our site the foundation type consist both combined and
isolated footings, and the material used for construction of this
foundation is
reinforced concrete of quality C-25.
 Isolated footing: - is provided under columns to transfer the
concentric load that is imposed by the columns safely to the soil
bed. Since all columns carry heavy load, isolated footings were
provided with bottom reinforcement in both direction directly
over spacers.

Figure 3-Isolated footing

 Combined footing: - is meant to support two or more columns
and they are in ordered when the external column is situated
near the boundary line and some structural configuration
necessitates its use. The combined footing situated on our site is
at the position where the middle foundations are very narrow to
one another because of that part is corridor as we know
theoretically, combined footing is provided with both bottom
and top reinforcement unlike isolated footing. The combination
of concentrate column loads on the combined footing produce

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 positive moment and thus negative bars are provided, top
reinforcements.

Figure 4-Combined footing

 Steps for construction of foundations are;

 Linearity and alignments of foundation were kept by stretching
line like thin rope
 Area are excavated to required depth and cross sectional area of
footing pad area, plus 50mm spacer thickness used for
preferable working space for mason and carpenters to move
freely during activity carried out.
 Then footing formwork is placed and footing area was casted
with C-5(lean concrete) of mix ratio 1:4:6 for the purpose of
resist the corrosion may occur between steel and soil.
 After the curing of lean concrete is complete, interlocked frame
reinforcement bar was placed with gap (space under footing) left
to be casted with standard concrete mix ratio 1:2:3
 Then foundation column reinforcement tied by chain like stirrup
was fixed with the footing reinforcement.
 After the center of each column found and marked the engineer
under take the process of going half the column width minus
cover depth on both sides before tying the string.

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  The crossover of this strings from box like shape indicating the
position of where reinforcement will placed. Vertical stability
and alignment of the column for work checked by plump bomb
 Then concrete cast wills proceeded .Vibrator was used while
casting to improve strength by avoiding segregation may occur.
 Column and side formworks removed in 16hr and cured for a
week or depending on environmental condition. And will
prepare for next step.

Figure 5-Isolated and combined footings respectively

B) Back fill soil filling
After the formwork of the foundation column has been removed, the
space around the footing was filled by selected soil that was bringing
from outside of the site up to the depth where foundation wall is to be
constructed. This filling was done by hand compaction at an average
depth of 20 cm. All external backfilling around foundation was done
with select material imported from another place, which is capable of
being compacted, and form a stable filling.

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Organic material such as pieces of wood, roots, bushes and black
cotton soil were removed from backfill materials. In each layer must
be well rammed and consolidated with the required compaction.
Compaction: - is the process by which the soil particles are
artificially rearranged and packed together into a state of closer
contact by mechanical means in order to decrease its porosity and
thereby increase its dry density. This is usually achieved by expulsion
of air.
Eventually the compacted soil will have a greater load bearing
capacity and tolerable differential settlement. It will compact at an
average depth of 20cm.

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Figure 6-Soil backfill and compaction
3. Trench excavation
Trench excavation is excavated from footing pad to footing pad. It is
used to put foundation wall. The
depth, width and length of trench excavation were excavated based on
drawing. In our site I saw
trench excavation for the grade beams on the periphery of the
building.
3.1. Foundation wall (masonry) works
During foundation wall working the following points were checked.
 The trench to be clean from grass, bushes and piece of woods
 The stone has to be hard, sound, free from crack and not
weathered
 The stone is freshly quarried from approved quarry
Method of construction
 Fill and compact selected soil on the excavated soil, then place
a lean concrete on the compacted soil.

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  Separate each course divided by the total height of foundation
wall to the height of each course and assumes mortar thickness
(joint) of 2cm. Mortar is a mixture of sand, cement and water.
The mortar used for this joint has proportion of 1:4- cement:
sand, which means one bag cement and four box of sand.
 Lay each course of foundation wall constructed by keeping the
vertical and horizontal alignment and mortar thickness.

Figure 7-Masonery wall

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Gread beam
Grade beam is a beam that rests on the foundation wall and
compacted soil (for external and partition beam respectively). In case
of partition grade beam, lean concrete is placed on the compacted soil
before the bar reinforcement is placed. The grade beam carries and
transfers
the supper structure and external load to the foundation columns. The
difference of grade beam to that of structural beam is that grade beam
does not suspend as structural beam, instead it rests on masonry wall
or lean concrete. In our site they use 6 Ф16 reinforcement bars.

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 Figure 8-Gread beam
Hard core filling
Hard core is the layer of
stone crushed and leveled
under ground floor slab to
give uniform support for
the floor. After back fill
and selected soil filling is
completed, the next step
was hard core filing. It was done in vertical direction to resist axial
load. The thickness of the hard core is 25cm. The upper surface of the
hard core is covered by small size crushed stone to minimize the
voids as much as possible. The stone used for hard core was hard,
sound, and free from cracks. In addition to this small size crushed
stone (blinded), lean concrete was also provided at surface.

Figure 9-Hard core

The advantage of lean concrete during casting on hard core
 To resist the water that up lift to the ground floor.
 To separate the reinforcement bar from hardcore for resist
corrosion that may come
from contact with the hardcore.
 To blinded the hardcore and have uniform layer.
Reinforcement bar working (mesh)

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Reinforcement bar is placed on the lean concrete in the two axis (x
and y) having uniform spacing and forms square area when the x and
y axis are crossed each other. The bars are tied by black weir. The
diameter of bar used for this purpose was ɸ8 bar.

Figure 10-Mesh
Concrete casting
The final activity in substructure was casting of concrete on the
reinforcement bar. The horizontal alignment of the floor is first
checked by rope. After checking the alignment concrete was casted to
thickness of 10 cm.
Concrete work
For all the structural works (columns, footings, beams, slab…) an
ordinary Portland cement was used at all sites. Concrete is made up of
four ingredients: cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water. Concrete
work includes batching, mixing of concrete materials, transporting of
concrete, placing, compaction and curing.
 Batching: Prior to the mixing of ingredients, it is essential to
measure the materials accurately to ensure the right proportions.
The concrete may be batched either by weight or by volume.
Volume batching was been used at our construction site. But
cement is always measured by weight; one bag of cement is
50kg and it is taken as 35lit for relative proportioning.

Table 1-Concrete class

Concrete mix standard Ratios of constituents Boxes dimensions(cm)
Concrete mix Ratios of constituents Boxes
standard dimensions(cm)

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C-30 1:2:3 16*40*50

C-25 1:2:3 18*40*50

C-5 1:4:6 18*40*50

 Mixing of concrete
The method of mixing used in the site:
 Hand (manual) mixing
This should be done on a clean watertight platform at convenient
distance from the place of construction. Hand mixing is used for small
work most of the time for masonry wall preparation and lean concrete
mix in our site.
 Machine mixing
This method of mixing is used in our site for casting of pad, beam,
column, slab, stair and etc...It’s used to concrete produced faster rate
at lesser cost and of better quality all type of concrete mixing except
lean concrete mixing and it was done in single mixing i.e. for one
sack of cement. During machine mixing the following procedures
should be done.
 Ready the mixer for mixing concrete
 Add some amount of water in to the empty mixer
 Add 2 bags of aggregate and 1 bag of sand simultaneously
 Add 1 sack of cement in to the mixer
 Add water into the mixer, but the water amount should be
checked
 Add 1 bag of aggregate and 1 bag of sand simultaneously
 Use the mixed concrete after completely mixed, water can add if
necessary

Transporting, placing, compacting, and curing of concrete

Transporting of concrete
The method of transporting concrete from the mixer to the working
place depends on the size of the job and height above the ground level
at which the concrete is to be placed. The quick transportation of
concrete is essential.
27
Whatever method of transport is employed, care must be taken to
avoid segregation during transportation and no water is added to the
concrete after it has being mixed or is taken out from the mixer.
 Placing of concrete
It refers to casting of the concrete on its final position and thus
ensures proper distribution of concrete in the structure. Concrete must
be placed in position as soon after mixing as possible and before too
stiff to work. The important points to be noted in placing concrete are
the following:
 Inside of form work should be inspected
 Check for the proper positioning of spacers and reinforcement
 There should be no segregation of concrete when it is placed
 It should be thoroughly compacted in position in layers
 Compacting of concrete
The purpose of compacting is to expel voids and air bubbles in the
concrete mass entrapped during mixing concrete will developed its
full strength only if it is thoroughly compacted both in compacting
and over compacting are equally dangers as they destroy a very nicely
designed and properly placed concrete strut.
 Machine compacting
Internal or immersion types are most efficiently used vibrator in our
site. Vibration by all means should be stopped when scum (cement
past) starts to appear on the upper surface of the concrete. In other
words concrete should neither be over vibrated nor under vibrated.
 Curing of concrete
After placing concrete in position, it should remain protected for
sufficient time to become durable and strong. Where the temperature
is excessively high the surface of concrete shall be covered with
absorptive mat, fabric or sand. The watering of concrete shall
continue until the concrete has achieved its designed strength. Proper
curing of concrete has a prominent uses such as:-
 Increase impermeability and durability of concrete
 Reduces shrinkage and thus cracking
 Increase resistance to abrasion
 Gives a hard dense surface and so prevent cracking and dusting
Most type of concrete observable at the site:
 Lean concrete
28
  Reinforced concrete
 Lean concrete
Is a C-5 quality concrete which is laid under footing pads, grade
beams and masonry walls.
Lean concrete is mainly laid for the following purposes:-
 To protect the structural concrete from damage usually caused
by dust.
 To form working platform for the over laying structural
concrete.
 To balance the difference in levels during earth work and thus to
maintain levelled surface for placing spacers and reinforcement.
 In some cases, to protect the upward seepage of water in
masonry wall.
 It acts like a hard stratum.
 It protects all sub structural elements from extra moisture.
 Reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete is composite material made of concrete and steel.
Reinforced concrete has high strength in both tension and
compression. In RC the steel provides the tensile strength and
concrete provides the compressive strength. The tensile stresses
developed in the section are transferred to reinforcing steel by bond
between the interfaces of the two materials. Most of the time C-25
grade of concrete is suitable for all structural elements that use
reinforced concrete with the mix ratio is 1:2:3. All structural elements,
such as Foundation column, Grade beam, Slab, Stair and so on use
reinforced concrete.
Spacer
Is a pre-cast concrete with thickness equals to clear cover and is
provided between lean concrete/formwork and the reinforcement bars.
It is meant to maintain the required and uniform thickness of clear
cover. Clear cover has the following crucial uses:-
 To ensure good bond between reinforcement and concrete
 To prevent the reinforcement from corrosion that may result
from being exposed to the environment
 To prevent the reinforcement from bursting out so that it will be
retained in its position

29
The thickness of clear cover provided is based on to which structural
component it has to be applied. Accordingly, the provided clear cover
for foundation and grade beam is 50mm, for a structural member such
as columns and beams are 25mm and for shear wall and slab is
15mm.This difference in thickness for different structural members is
based on the exposure conditions of the members to the environment
which adversely affects the reinforcement and thus the strength of
member.

Figure 11-Spacer
Stirrups
Practically, stirrups were provided with uniform spacing throughout
the beam section in order to increase the safety of structure.
The uses of stirrups
 To resist shear
 To restrict the growth of diagonal tension cracks
 To tie longitudinal bars
Formwork
The form work is temporary construction material used as a mold for
structure, in which concrete is placed and in it harden and matures.
When the concrete has reached to the strength the form work is no
longer needed and is removed. The operation of removing form work
is called striping. After stripping the removed formwork is reused for
another structural element. These kinds of form works are mainly
called panels. Form work may be steel or wooden material of any
desired shape. We use steel formworks of rectangular and wooden
form work, but wooden has disadvantages, like possibility of warping,
swelling and shrinkage of the timber. In order to prevent this we have

30
provided impermeable coating. Steel form work is comparatively
coasty but it has many advantages.
 it can put to high number of uses
 it provides easy of striping
 it ensure an even and smooth concrete surface
 it possesses great rigidity
 it is not liable to shrinkage or distortion
Requirements of good form work
 The material of form work should be cheap and suitable for
reuse.
 It should be water proof so that it does not absorb water from
concrete.
 It should be strong enough to withstand all coming loads.
 It should be stiff enough so that deflection becomes low.
 It should be as light as possible.
 The surface of form work should be smooth to afford easy
stripping.
Fixing form work
We observed how much they care while fixing form works. It should
be properly fixed to avoid loss of concrete material and unwanted
shape on the structure. Proper fixing also minimizes great chiseling to
remove the unwanted shapes. The foreman‟s check that the form
works fixed for elevation columns are vertical enough by using
plumbing bobs.
Before the column, beam or slab is cast the foreman checks the
necessary thing like:-
 Vertical and horizontal alignment for column
 The level of the panel for the slabs
 Any defects on the panel

Table 2-period removal of form work for column, gread beam

and pad

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Formwork type Minimum period of removal
Form work for vertical structures 6hr-18hr
specially for columns
Form work for gread beam 1 day
Form work for pad 1 day

2.4.2. Superstructure works

These are works which are carried out above the ground level. The
structural components that are mainly grouped in to super structure
are columns, beams, slabs, stairs and all their finishing works.
Columns
Are reinforced structures they transmit the axial loads to the
foundations. Columns vary in size and shape. There are different
shapes of columns; however, at our project site rectangular shaped
columns were used. Any building structure loads increase as we go
down to the
ground and so bottom structural members are properly configured that
they carry all super structural loads above it and transfer safely to the
foundation. Hence the sections of columns in upper story are reduced
as they have to carry lesser loads.
Column reinforcement
Column reinforcement was standing on (erect) after three days grade
beam concrete casted on the ground. Before stand on the
reinforcement, it has been tied with the stirrups by using black wire
with a given spacing. Stirrup used to keep the position of the column
reinforcement bar with a given spacing and also to prevent structural
failures.
The stirrup have small spacing at the bottom and the top of the
column up to one meter of the column height from bottom to top,
because at the bottom and the top of the column there is high amount
of interaction of load pressure or maximum moment exist. Therefore,
to prevent
structural failures and to increase the resisting capacity of the column
(building) the amounts of stirrups were provided with in high amount

32
with small spacing. In the site they use 8Ф16 reinforcement bar used
for each columns.
Form work for column
 Form works are made after the placement of bars.
 They used cratcheries with the wedge at the first step to support
the erected panels.
 These cratcheries are made by leaving the space for the panels in
addition to width of
the column and length around the reinforcement.
 After the cratcheries are made panels will be erected then this
cratcheries will continued with uniform gaps up to the required
level to make the panels firm to resist forces of vibration for the
concrete.
Concrete casting of column
Instructions to construct column
 Erecting the given bars in the given perimeter of the column.
The no of bars is given from structural drawing.
 From the estimated dimension of the column we can produce
form work by considering 2.5 cm for concrete cover (by using
spacer) according to EBCS manual & also form work thickness.
 If there is simultaneous or aligned column of the same elevated
column check the linearity of the columns by using leveling tube
(plastic).
 Also check the straightness during form work construction by
using tumbi.
 Pour the concrete in the column form work use vibrator for
avoiding void & segregation etc.
 On the next day remove the form work of the column & cure it.

3. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNSHIP

33
As we know that before doing any tasks there must be their own
consideration to make the work possible and easily understandable for
others. Those considerations are like objectives, method and
procedure, the products that you participate and the overall benefit of
the internship.
3.1. Objectives of the engineering task that I performed
The objective of this engineering task is as follows;
 To introduce ourselves in professional fields.
 How house projects are effectively and efficiently made
practically.
 To enable us an experience sharing.
 To develop our knowledge of the workflow and harmonious
communication.
3.2. Methods and procedures of the internship
Before I began the work there was some discussion with my
supervisor he had gave a clear orientation how the work was going on
until my intern period is up. He classified the time in to three (3)
weeks. In those weeks he ordered me to give a report for each of the
weeks.
This method made communication easy with my supervisor. The time
that classified into 3 weeks are the working procedure of the
internship period. The procedure is from excavation to column work.
3.3. Products that I participate
I haven‟t been doing some maintenance and also manufacturing some
items but I have been doing some works with that of the workers like
bending, cutting and tying the bar by using the drawing. And also
depending on the column size I made (prepare) a formwork with that
of the carpenter.
3.4. Over all benefits gained from the internship
During our internship experience at DG constructions, we have
benefited a lot from the internship experience.
DG constructions is a perfect platform for a student who wants to
have
awareness on building constructions. We benefited greatly from
working with the dedicated professionals in the company. The
company has provided us a conductive working atmosphere when we
do our activities.
34
Within these four months of the program, we have had the
opportunity to improve our practical, interpersonal communication,
team playing, leadership skills and our theoretical knowledge. We
also have had the opportunity to understand about the work ethics.
We will try to describe what we have learnt in the different aspects
that we have mentioned until now.
3.4.1. Improving practical skill
During these four months, we have got the opportunity to learn
different aspects of practical skills. Most of the time, in the class
students focused on theoretical part and it was difficult to understand
about the real work. The construction company is comfortable to me
to improve my practical skill by connecting the theoretical part with
the real situation. The benefit that I have gained during my internship
time is not only from my advisor or site engineer, but also from store
keeper, Forman, carpenter, bar bender and even from day workers.
Due to this I know;
 Ingredients of concrete itself those are sand, water, cement and
aggregate
 The types of excavation like pit, trench and bulk and where they
are needed to excavate
 The concrete class of C-5 and C-25
 The ratio of mix proportion
 All about form works
 Mainly about the reinforced bars and their uses
 The need to vibrating the while casting
 How to bend reinforcement bars using drawing given by
drawings
3.4.2. Upgrading theoretical Knowledge
We have been able to gain a great deal of knowledge in this internship
experience. Among them are:
 Learning the methodologies used in preparation of whole design
of a building.
 Learning and reading different manuals that were used as
guidance.
 Observing different construction works and their importance.

35
  Observing some of the structures. These things have widened
our knowledge of the construction work. We also have been
able to differentiate the different parts that are seen in buildings.
3.4.3. Improve leadership Skills
Leader ship skill is very important for the successful accomplishment
of the project. The leaders are responsible for the work activities.
Therefore, leadership skill is vital. This internship allowed me to see
how leadership skill affects project goal. Without the leader, there is
no follower, without follower, there is no doer and without doer, there
is no action. I now know leader with leadership skills plays a
significant importance.
Some basic points that I observe about leadership skill are listed as
follows.
 The leaders shall tolerate differences and find alternative
methods.
 The leaders should have proper plan and schedule for different
activities. Otherwise, it is difficult to achieve the project goal.
 The leaders should have to consult his groups about work tasks,
work schedule and challenges.
 The leaders should develop a powerful vision and build strong
team.
 The leader should also know him selves and seek self-
improvement, develop a sense of responsibility in his workers
and run for quality of good products.
In general, during my stay in the organization I have got good
experience how to manage and control workers with different class. I
have also gained good experience how to attract clients & how to
manage the whole workflow in the company.
At the site I have been able to observe that one should have great
skills to be a leader. Among
them are:
 Ability to listen to others.
 Good speaking ability.
 Ability to be decisive.
 Good management skills, etc.

36
3.4.4. Improve interpersonal Communication Skills
During the site work we had been able to ask different kinds of people
from all walks of life.
During these times we have gained confidence on how:
 To ask different questions
 To make discussions
 To answer questions when asked
 To respond to the superior, etc.
Due to the internship experience, we have improved our
communication skills well and as a result, we could talk to any person
at the site in confidence and easily as much as possible.
During those four months we have had the chance to make friendship
with other intern students who came from other universities. It has
enhanced our interpersonal and speaking skills.

3.4.5. Improving team Playing Skills

Most of the time in the company workers performs their own
activities individually. But they sometimes come together and work
by idea sharing. Team needs consider idea and point of view from
other people with debating and arguing every point. The most
essential point in team
playing skill is to reach at common idea. I could understand that team
playing skill is the basic material for good work product and quality
of works.
The basic advantage of team playing that I have gained from my
company can be summarized as follows.
 To increase the quality of works
 To share ideas and experience with others.
 To improve creative skill.
 Increase self-confidence.
 Increasing productivity.
 Improving the knowledge of asking and listening.
Generally, I were tried to improve my team work experience, by
communicating and participating with different team members in all
work process.
Teamwork involves the Following aspects:
 Respecting the rights of others

37
  Being participant in a team work
 Being cooperative
 Being assertive
 Displaying a customer service attitude
 Seeking opportunities for continuous learning
 Demonstrating learning behavior
 Respecting confidentiality
3.4.6. Understanding about work ethics and related issues
Work ethics is a cultural norm that advocates being personally
accountable and responsible for the work that one does and is based
on a belief that work has intrinsic Value. The term is often applied to
characteristics of people, both at work and at play. In sports, for
example, work ethic is frequently mentioned as a characteristic of
good players. Regardless of the context, work ethic is usually
associated with people who work hard and do a good job.
My supervisor was always advising us that we should be an ethical
and responsible professional for the future. He has been showing us
how to develop this good behavior during our stays on the site with
him. He also told us lots of practical cases that related to work ethics
that he could see when he was working in different places during his
stay with the construction industry related to ethics.
On my stays on the site, we were very punctual, attentive and
responsible to our profession.
So, in the program, we have developed our work ethics.
Steps towards Better Work Ethics
1. Attendance: - Attendance and punctuality often have a large
impact on individual and team success. Being tired or
absenteeism can also profoundly result a negative impact in a
job performance.
How You Can Maintain Good Attendance:
 Make work a high priority
 Know your schedule
 Make use of an ALARM clock
 Get enough sleep
 Arrange your transportation
 Inform your supervisor of an absence

38
 2. Character: - An employer expects employees to work
together toward achieving the objectives of the company. The
wise employee who is interested in having a good relationship
with an employer will try to help the employer achieve success.
Thus employer expects employees to develop certain desirable
traits that will help them to perform their jobs well so that the
company can succeed. Some of these traits include the
following:-
 Loyalty
 Honesty
 Trustworthiness
 Dependability
 Reliability
 Initiative
 Self-discipline
 Self-responsibility
3. Teamwork - It is vital that employees work as a team. It is
important not only to their personal success and advancement, but
also to that of their co-workers and to the company.
Sometimes working as a team takes place in a classroom setting.
Teamwork doesn’t necessarily mean helping your classmate.
Teamwork in the classroom might be working quietly as not to disturb
your classmates.
4. Attitude - It is very important to demonstrate a positive attitude,
appear self-confident, and have realistic expectations for self.
Developing and maintaining a positive attitude involves setting
Realistic expectations for ourselves at school and at work. These
goals should be challenging, but obtainable.
5. Productivity - In order to be a productive student and employee, a
Person must follow safety procedures, conserve materials, keep the
work area neat and clean and follow directions properly.
6. Organizational skills - Employers consider effective time
Management and organizational skills as good work habits. To begin
managing wisely the time you spend at work, to prepare for
assignments at home, and to manage your life at home and work
simultaneously, you need to know and to put into practice some good
time management techniques.

39
7. Communication - Is how we interact with each other.
Communication whether it is verbal or nonverbal must be clear, to the
point, empathetic, and one must keep in mind that we must always
treat others as we would like others to treat us.
3.5. Contributions
I have no any contribution in my internship work because I can‟t gets
the opportunity to participate in those works.
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This includes the list of challenges faced during the intern period and
the measurements taken, the general conclusion and recommendation
of the internship period.
4.1. Challenges faced during the internship and measurement
taken for solution
In my intern time, I faced some challenges to perform my task
effectively. Some of the challenges and respective measures I have
taken are listed below.
There was luck of office engineers. Therefore, I was unable to see
how take off sheet and other related activity is performed. To solve
this problem, I have tried to see these activities in other sites in my
free time.
There were no enough tests performed in the site for soil property.
They know the soil property easily by experience. This was the other
major problem faced in the site.
Due to the disagreement between the client and the company after
finishing the ground floor slab I can’t continue in this site. So, I had
gone to the other site of the company to saw some super structural
works.
4.2. CONCLUSION
During our internship program we have got a lot of knowledge in
terms of improving our practical skill. The various types of
orientation programs, tasks and trainings that we have been
undertaking during this past four months on the site enhanced our
knowledge in building construction. We are very glad to see that what
we have learnt in the university can be a repeated in the working
world. We were able to apply our theoretical knowledge of designing
and construction works in the real life situation.

40
This program played an important role to break the conventional
thought that field works can be only implemented by students who
hold a degree or people who have an experience in building
construction. We were able to acquire a high level of confidence to
deal with problems that arise in a building construction.
During these past four months, we have been able to see the different
theoretical aspects, methodologies. We have been fulfilling our
curiosity in learning practically building construction well in this
internship program.
Generally, the internship program laid sound foundation for us to start
our career. We are proud to be able to contribute towards nation
building during the country's extremely critical period of the history.
We will be definitely sensible to scale this practice up and to replicate
it in other disciplines as well.
4.3. RECOMMENDATION
During the last four months of my intern time I could observe
different hard working activities in the site. However there are some
points to be recommended, because those activities have negative
impact on safety, economy or motivation on workers.
In the construction site the design is assigned by taking average
bearing capacity of the soil during excavation. This should be avoided
and the bearing capacity of the soil should be studied in particular
area.
I was observed in the construction site the bars used for construction
is affected by corrosion this is danger for construction. So the bars
should be cleaned by anti-rust and should be stored in roofing and
concrete casted storage.
Most of workers do not use safety wearing that used to identify easily
what workers he/she is and keep themselves from injuries. I
recommended them to use safety wearing like helmet.
During concrete mix they do not use proper water ratio, they simply
use the amount of water by taking a guess and this resulted to
difficulties during compaction and hence decrease strength of
concrete. I recommended them to use the specified amount of water
properly to
get good reaction between the ingredients and to insure the required
proportion is obtained.

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During column casting the concrete is added (casted) from the top of
the formwork through long distance when casting is beginning.
Therefore this results in segregation i.e. the ingredients separate each
other and hence the concrete lost its property.
During foundation casting there was some water before concrete is
placed but the workers poured the concrete without taken out the
water this lead to minimize the bond strength of the concrete. This
mistake is done due to the absence of the Engineer due to some cases.
So, the
Engineer must be present when concrete casting takes place.

ssAPPENDICES
List of symbols
1. C-5......................................... Compressive strength of 5MPa for
a concrete
2. C-25........................................Compressive strength of 25MPa
for a concrete
3. EBCS………………………. Ethiopian Building Code Standard
4. RC…...................................... Reinforced Concrete

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