SUMMER INTERNSHIP

A SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted by

Kumarrajsinh Hardevsinh Gohil

[210430106043]

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

CIVIL ENGINEERING

SHANTILAL SHAH ENGINEERIN

COLLEGE,
BHAVNAGAR.

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad

[July/2024]

i
 SHANTILAL SHAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHAVNAGAR.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Internship report submitted along with the Summer
Internship during 7th semester. “RESIDENTIAL BUILDING PROJECT
has been carried out by Kumarrajsinh Hardevsinh Gohil [210430106043]
under my Mentorship in partial fulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in, CIVIL ENGINEERING of Gujarat Technological
University, Ahmedabad during the academic year 2023-24.

Prof. N.P.SONI DR.V. M.PATEL

Mentor Head of Department

ii
iii
 SHANTILAL SHAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHAVNAGAR.

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Summer Internship report submitted along with the
Internship entitled “Construction Of Residential Building” submitted in
partial fulfilment for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in CIVIL
ENGNEERING from Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, is a
bonafide record of original project work carried out by me PARTH
CONSTRUCTION at under the supervision of Prof. N.P.SONI and that no
part of this report has been directly copied from any students report or taken
from any source , without providing due reference.

Kumarrajsinh Hardevsinh Gohil

Name of student Sign of student

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to highly acknowledge and pay respect to all associates with project at
different stages in presenting the report of Internship.

I would like all the people that worked along with me with their patience and openness
they created an enjoyable working environment. With a great sense of pleasure and
immense sense of gratitude that I acknowledge the help of these individuals.

I am heartly thankful to Parth construction group & Associates for giving me the
opportunity to undertake internship in their working area.

I am highly indebted to Principal Dr. D.M.VADODARIYA for the facilities provided to

accomplish this internship. I would like to thank my Head of the Department Dr. V. M.
PATEL for he constructive guide throughout my internship. I also very thank full to my
mentor Prof.N.P.SONI for giving me all guidance during my internship.

The project work is most practical and existing of my learning experience which could be
assets for me in my future career. It is my sincere duty to thanks all those people who
helped me directly and indirectly in this project.

v
 ABSTRACT
The subject of “summer internship (3170001)” conduct by GTU. I have been done my
summer internship on a residential buglaws and residential project during date 29/6/2024
to 12/07/2024. Various integral aspects of residential building construction was been
explore during this internship .the outcomes of this internship has invariably imparted
technical, analytical and managerial skill. I have learned many important things during the
internship like masonry work, shuttering and deshuttering in column and beam, staircase,
slab levelling, RCC work, steel work and how to communicate with labours. I have a
chance to gain practical knowledge. Because during the studies we have only theoretical
knowledge.

vi
 TABLE OF FIGURE
Fig. 1.1 Sompark Sky 3D View........................................................................................1

Fig. 3.1 Bar Cutting Machine............................................................................................3

Fig. 3.2 Tie Rod…............................................................................................................4

Fig. 3.3 Cover Block….....................................................................................................4

Fig. 4.1 Column Reinforcement......................................................................................8

Fig. 4.2 Column Formwork And Verticality Check By Plum bob.....................................9

Fig. 4.3 Pouring Of Concrete............................................................................................10

Fig. 4.4 Formwork Of Lintel............................................................................................12

Fig. 4.5 Beam Reinforcement...........................................................................................14

Fig. 4.6 Reinforcement Of Staircase.................................................................................15

Fig. 5.1 Concrete Mixer Machine.....................................................................................17

Fig. 5.2 Placing Of Concrete............................................................................................19

Fig. 6.1 PPC Cement used at site.....................................................................................20

Fig. 6.2 Coarse Aggregate..............................................................................................21

Fig. 6.3 Fe-500 Steel.......................................................................................................22

vii
Project Id : 348673

Table of Contents
Acknowledgement..............................................................................................................................V

Abstract.............................................................................................................................................VI

List of Figures..................................................................................................................................VII

Table of Contents...........................................................................................................................VIII

Chapter 1 Process of construction site...........................................................................................1

1.1 History.......................................................................................................................................1

1.2 Sompark Township...................................................................................................................1

Chapter 2 Introduction To Internship.........................................................................................2

2.1 Internship Summry................................................................................................................2

2.2 Purpose...................................................................................................................................2
2.3 Objective................................................................................................................................2
2.4 Scope......................................................................................................................................2
Chapter 3 Overview Of Site...........................................................................................................3
3.1 Work Carried Out on Site.....................................................................................................3

3.2 Major Equipment Used..........................................................................................................3

3.2.1 Bar Cutting Machine.....................................................................................................3

3.2.2 Tie Rod..........................................................................................................................4
3.2.3 Cover Block...................................................................................................................4
Chapter 4 Construction of Residential Building..........................................................................5
4.1 Column, Beam, Lintel............................................................................................................5

4.2 Construction Of column........................................................................................................6

4.2.1 Layout of Column..........................................................................................................7
4.2.2 Column Reinforcement.................................................................................................8
4.2.3 Column Formwork........................................................................................................8

4.2.4 Pouring of Concrete......................................................................................................10

4.2.5 Checking The Column After Casting...........................................................................10
4.2.6 Curing of Column.........................................................................................................11
4.3 Formwork Of Beam And Lintel...........................................................................................12

4.3.1 Beam Bottom.................................................................................................................13

4.3.2 Levelling Of Beam Bottom...........................................................................................13
4.3.3 Beam Sides...................................................................................................................13

4.3.4 Slab Levelling..............................................................................................................13

viii
Project Id : 348673

4.4 Reinforcement Laying..........................................................................................................14

4.5 Construction of Staircase.....................................................................................................14

4.5.1 Some Terminology of Staircase...................................................................................14

4.5.2 Measurement..................................................................................................................15
4.5.3 Step Of staircase Construction.......................................................................................15

4.5.4 Pouring Og Concrete......................................................................................................16

Chapter 5 Casting Of Lintel.........................................................................................................17

5.1 Mix Concrete........................................................................................................................17
5.2 instrument for making concrete............................................................................................17
5.3 Placing of Concrete..............................................................................................................18
5.4 Curing of Concrete...............................................................................................................19
Chapter 6 Material Used at Site....................................................................................................20
6.1 Cement..................................................................................................................................20
6.2 Aggregate..............................................................................................................................20

6.3 Reinforcement.......................................................................................................................21
Summary of Internship...................................................................................................................23

References.......................................................................................................................................24

viii
 1. PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION SITE

1.1 HISTORY:

Sheth Construction Group is a real estate developer. It is the newly developed company
with Sompark Twonship. The one of the most prestigious Residential project of the
company which will create great impression among the people because of it’s innovation
and unique concepts with great aesthetic view.

1.2 SOMPARK TOWNSHIP:

The company is working on their sompark Township. It’s a residential building. The are
3BHK, and parking, and other facilities.

Fig. 1.1 SOMPARK TOWNSHIP & SITE PLAN

Gujarat Technological University 1 Shantilal Shah Engineering

College.
 Introduction to Internship

2. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNSHIP

2.1 INTERNSHIP SUMMARY:

The project is about construction of the Residential Building. The project by PARTH
CONSTRUCTIN GROUP. The building is located at Plot no.401 Shivshakti Residency
Fulsar road, Bhavnagar. This internship compiles information about management of the
process of the construction site, implementation of different process and Estimation of
materials.

2.2 PURPOSE:

The internship aims to develop our skills to implement theoretical knowledge into
practical field, by carrying out the different process step by step improve problem solving
skills if arise.

2.3 OBJECTIVES:

• To orient us with the practical field work.

• To gain practical experience as much as possible.
• To implement theoretical knowledge into practical field.

2.4 SCOPE:

• This is newly established real estate builders in Surat because of which they give
their top performance in starting phase of the company.
• Offers top quality with luxurious appearance to the Commercial building to
attract people to invest in the building.

Gujarat Technological University 2 Shantilal Shah Engineering

College
 Overview of site

3. OVERVIEW OF SITE

3.1 WORK CARRIED OUT ON SITE:

• There are many works related to construction were taking place on site. Such as
1. Column construction:- Construction of vertical member which transfer
load from slab and beam to foundation
2. Beam and lintel construction: - Construction of horizontal member
which transfer different load to column.
3. Staircase construction: - Construction of staircase which are used to
go from one floor to another floor.

3.2 MAJOR EQUIPMENT USED:

3.2.1 Bar cutting machine:

Fig. 3.1 Bar cutting machine

Bar cutting machines work, which makes them very accurate in their cutting. Strong and
sharp blades used in these machines are highly durable too as they havegot multi-cutting
edges. With fast and efficient bar cutting machines are capable of cuttingmultiple rods at
the same time.

Gujarat Technological University 3 Shantilal Shah Engineering

College
 Overview of site

3.2.2 Tie Rod:

It is used to hold the shuttering on its position during concreting. It is passed through a
conduit which is further filled with waterproofing agent & mortar. Diameter = 15 mm
Length = 1100 mm

Fig. 3.2 Tie rod

3.2.3 Cover Block:

Fig. 3.3 Cover block

A cover block is essentially a spacer that is used to lift the rebar matrix off the ground so
that concrete may flow underneath the rebar. In order to prevent corrosion of the rebar, it
needs to be fully embedded in concrete. By code, it usually needs about 2 to 3 inches of
coverage on all sides. In one cover block, four sizes are present 50 mm, 40 mm, 25 mm,
20 mm.

Gujarat Technological University 4 Shantilal Shah Engineering

College
 Construction of Residential
Building

4. CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

4.1 COLUMNS, BEAM, LINTEL:

Columns: Columns are vertical load-bearing members that transfer the load from the
beams to the foundation. The design drawing will show the positions and dimensions of
each column in the bungalow. It will specify the size and type of column, such as
reinforced concrete or steel. The drawing will provide details about the reinforcement,
including the size and spacing of steel bars within the column.

Beam: Beams are structural elements that support the load of the floor and transfer it to
the columns. The design drawing will specify the size, type, and spacing of beams
throughout the bungalow. It will indicate the locations where beams are required, such as
at the edges of rooms or in the middle of a long span. The drawing will provide
dimensions for the length, width, and depth of each beam. It may also indicate the
reinforcement details, such as the diameter and spacing of steel bars to be used in the
beam.

Lintel: A lintel is a horizontal structural element that is used to support the weight above
an opening such as a window or door. It spans across the opening and transfers the weight
of the structure above to the side walls or columns on either side of the opening. Lintels
can be made from various materials including wood, stone, steel, and reinforced concrete.
They play a crucial role in construction by ensuring that the structure remains stable and
that the opening below is not compromised by the weight from above.

4.2 CONSTRUCTION OF COLUMN:

Column: This article is about the structural construction elements that bear and transmit
vertical loads (weight). A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a
structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above
to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member.
The term column applies especially to a large round support (the shaft of the column)
with a capital and a base or pedestal, which is made of stone, or appearing to be so. A
small wooden or metal support is typically called a post. Supports with a rectangular or
other non-round section are usually called piers.

Gujarat Technological University 5 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

 Construction of Residential
Building

For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist
lateral forces. Other compression members are often termed "columns" because of the
similar stress conditions. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on
which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture, "column" refers to such a
structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative features. A column
might also be a decorative element not needed for structural purposes; many columns are
engaged, that is to say form part of a wall.

Column sections can be rectangular, round, square, octagonal, hexagonal as per

requirements. Generally tied columns may be square and rectangular while spiral
columns are circular. Circular columns are used when higher elevation is needed like in
piles, bridges pillars.

Minimum size of RCC column as per IS 456: 2000 is:

• 9 in × 9 in.

• 12 in × 12 in.

• 300 mm × 300 mm.

• 200 mm × 200 mm.

Minimum column size should be taken as 9”X9” (230mmX230mm). Minimum Bar

diameter is taken as 12mm. Grade of the concrete should be at least M20. Concrete cover
is taken in between 25mm to 50mm values.

4.2.1 Layout of column:

In this stage of Work location of columns are determined practically in field. It is done by
laying rope according to grids shown in the drawing and then mark the location of
columns related to rope. In drawing, column locations are shown related to grid-line with
dimension. Burji or marking pillars are masonry pillars constructed with bricks and
cement mortar. These are constructed on both ends of walls /columns and center line
should be marked on the top surface of the buries with the help of base line. Burji is also
constructed for indicating the plinth level of the building.

Gujarat Technological University 6 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

 Construction of Residential
Building

4.2.2 Column Reinforcement:

A reinforced concrete column is a structural member designed to carry compressive loads,
composed of concrete with an embedded steel frame to provide reinforcement. For design
purposes, the columns are separated into two categories: short columns and slender
columns. Generally, concrete columns consist of square, rectangular etc. Columns are
essentially required with the primary longitudinal reinforcement and lateral ties to avoid
buckling of the primary bars. Fig 4.5 Show the column reinforcement. Lap length or
overlapping length is the length at which two bars of a column are spliced or overlapped
in order to maintain the continuity of the bars throughout the length of the column. This
method of overlapping two reinforcement bars is called lap splicing. On site of
construction as per given in the drawing we taken it 50D. And the lapping done in all
column as per stager form in 500mm – 700mm.

Fig. 4.2 Column Reinforcement

4.2.3 Column Formwork:

Formwork: Formwork (shuttering) is a temporary mould to provide support to fresh
concrete when placed in structural member until the concrete has set. Generally, three
main components of the formwork like, Shuttering, Cantering and Staging.

Gujarat Technological University 7 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

 Construction of Residential
Building

Shuttering: is used to support vertical members. Hence, formwork for columns, footings,
or retaining walls is known as shuttering.
Cantering: is used to support horizontal members. Hence, formwork for floor beams and
slabs is known as cantering. The staging is a temporary element that is used to support the
formwork, after the completion of the columns up to the roof beam, and the construction
of the bottom of the roof slab. Staging is done using props, H-frames, jacks, a cup locking
system and wooden panties.
This helps the structural member to gain sufficient strength to carry its self-load and load
from other members. Column formwork is a type of concrete formwork. Concrete
formwork is a mould made of steel, aluminium, timber, plastic, or other materials in
which wet concrete is poured to achieve a desired shape and size for construction.
Formwork should place such kind it cannot be loose at the time of pouring and vibrating
time of column casting. If it can change then the desire alignment of column we cannot
pursue.

Fig. 4.3 Column Formwork & verticality checked by plumb bob

Some checking done before the pouring of concrete in column are given
below.

1. Check shuttering material is old or new and formwork surface is cleaned.

2. Check if shuttering oil is properly applied to the shuttering material or not.
3. Check verticality of the column shuttering using a plumb.

Gujarat Technological University 8 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

 Construction of Residential
Building

4. Check dimensions of column (length, breadth and depth).

4.2.4 Pouring of Concrete:

Concrete should be poured form the top of the forms if the height of the wall or column
form is not considerably long. Then, the concrete should be placed at or close to its final
position. After every ranging the proper vibrator should be done so changes of porous
will decrease. Fig. 4. Show the pouring work of column concrete.

Fig 4.4 Pouring of Concrete

4.2.5 Checking the column after casting :

Formwork is usually removed after 24 to 48 hours once the walls, columns, and vertical
faces of all structural parts have been cast. Alignment and orientation of column help to
distribute load equally to hard strata. Zigzag alignment of column is absolutely wrong for
distributing load equally. It should be remembered that when columns are constructed,
beams are laid connecting the columns. Checking of Honeycomb is also important.
Honeycomb reduces the load-bearing capacity of the concrete member of the structure. It
offers an easy passage for water to reach reinforcement bars, leading to corrosion. It
affects the durability of concrete and reduces the structure's life span. It gives a bad
appearance and is the symbol of poor workmanship. Honeycomb refers to voids in
concrete caused by

Gujarat Technological University 9 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

 Construction of Residential
Building

the mortar not filling the spaces between the coarse aggregate particles. . show the
checking of column after casting. Taping with wooden hammer the sides of shuttering
from outside during concreting and vibrating will help minimizing honeycombs to a great
extent in case of columns and beams.

4.2.6 Curing of column:

Curing plays a vital role in developing the dense microstructure and pore structure of
concrete from the proper chemical reactions between cement compounds and water. It is
crucial to prevent or control the moisture loss of concrete during cement hydration to
ensure it attains the desired properties. If the moisture is lost too quickly from the
concrete, it could lead to the development of cracks and loss of strength. For column
generally 7 dayscuring is done by the use of Gunny bags overlap whole column. Fig. 4.8
show the curing of column. In day 5-to-6-time curing is needed. In summer curing
number is increase. Water curing is carried out by adding water to the surface of concrete
to ensure that it is kept continuously moist. The water used for this purpose should not be
more than about 5°C cooler than the concrete surface. As per IS 456:2000 PH of water is
> 6 and water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts
of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials, or other substances that may be
deleterious to concrete or

steel.

Gujarat Technological University 10 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

 Construction of Residential
Building

4.3 FORMWORK OF BEAM AND LINTEL:

Fig. 4.5 Formwork of lintel

Formwork: Mold used to form concrete into structural shapes (beams, columns, slabs,
shells) for building. Formwork can be of timber, steel, plastic, or fiberglass. Formwork
for beams takes the form of a three-sided box which is supported and propped in the
correct

Gujarat Technological University 11 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

 Construction of Residential
Building

position and to the desired level. After that the cantering framework of slab is done.
Cantering: is used to support horizontal members. Hence, formwork for floor beams and
slabs is known as cantering. The staging is a temporary element that is used to support the
formwork, after the completion of the columns up to the roof beam, and the construction
of the bottom of the roof slab. Staging is done using props, H-frames, jacks, a cup locking
system and wooden panties.

4.3.1 Beam bottom:

A soffit (beam bottom) is an exterior or interior architectural feature, generally the

horizontal, aloft underside of any construction element. Fig. 4.12 of bottom of beam
formwork. Joints of beam bottom should be properly propped so that formwork doesn't
bulge during concreting. Before providing beam sides, level of the beam bottom should
be checked. After levelling of beam bottom bracing should be provided. The plumb of
beam sides at each end should be checked with the help of line tread.

4.3.2 Levelling of beam bottom:

Ground floor height was 4650mm. They take water level of 1650 mm on all column and
from that level match all level of beam formwork. Provide props in bottom of beam at
600mm to 800mm spacing. First floor also the same process done. But in this case floor
height was 4300mm. Water level for this floor taken 1300mm. This checking was done by
the drawing of the beam and slab. After the work of beam bottom levelling the bottom
was done by the thread and marble stone. By the pops up and down proper levelling was
done of all the bottom.

4.3.3 Beam Sides:

Sides of each and every beam before placement of reinforcement as per plan. Actual
depth of beam, deduct depth of slab, deduct 12mm thickness of ply this thing gives actual
side of beam. As per example all the beam sides checked by us.

4.3.4 Slab levelling

At the site they approach traditional method for level of slab. They use three pieces of
marble and thin rope. First worker hammer the nail both side of slab then cover with rope

Gujarat Technological University 12 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

 Construction of Residential
Building

and then both sides of nail they fix the two piece of marble and third marble move under
the rope as per required level positions of jack change and slab levelled.

4.4 REINFORCEMENT LAYING

Fig. 4.6 Beam reinforcement

Detail about one beam as given below of Fig. 4.15 beam reinforcement

• Size 300*530 mm
• Inverted type beam
• Reinforcement 8 dia, 10 Rings at 115@C/C and 8 dia,, 200@C/C in middle
Cover block in construction work:

A cover block is essentially a spacer that is used to lift the rebar mesh off the ground so
that concrete may flow under the rebar. In slab 20 mm and beam 25 mm used to protect
the reinforcement to the exposed condition of environment. Due to cover block proper
cover provide to whole element of RCC.

4.5 CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE

4.5.1 Some terminology of staircase

Flight: A series of steps between different levels or storeys of a building

Gujarat Technological University 13 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

 Construction of Residential
Building

Landing: An area of floor at the top of or between flights of stairs for changing direction
in the stairs & providing a resting place between long flights of stairs.
Tread: The part of the step that is stepped on.
Riser: The vertical portion of the step between steps.

4.5.2 Measurement

Measure the height of the area where you will install the stairs. This is also called the total
rise. If you don’t plan to make the top step level with the area where the stairs begin, be
sure to account for this gap in your measurement. By use riser and tread we can easily
find the length and height on the floor. Size of riser was 175mm and tread was 275mm.

4.5.3 Step of staircase construction

Find the total run of the staircase. The total run is the horizontal distance the stairs will
travel from beginning to end. To find this, simply multiply the total number of steps by
the run of each step. Decide if your stairs need landings. Count how many stringers you
will need. To prevent your steps from sagging or bowing as you step on them, a wide
staircase will need plenty of stringers underneath to keep it evenly supported. Fig. 4.14
show the reinforcement of the staircase.

Fig. 4.7 Reinforcement of staircase

Gujarat Technological University 14 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

 Construction of Residential
Building

Estimation of the shuttering area required for construction of the staircase. And as per that
Fig. 4.2show the formwork for the staircase.

• Area of rectangle = Length x breadth.

• Perimeter of rectangle = 2 (Length x breadth)
• Area of square = Length x Length.
• The perimeter of square = 4 x Side Length.
• Area of Triangle = 1/2 x Base x Height.

4.5.4 Pouring of concrete

After done of shuttering work the concrete pouring process will be started. This work is to
be carried out with great care and patience, as any sudden movements can disturb the
alignment of the formworks or even collapse the formwork. It is always recommended to
pour the concrete ceiling and stairs in the same day, as to create a strong bond between
these components. Curing was done for 7 days.

Gujarat Technological University 15 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

Project Id : 348673 Casting of Lintel

5. CASTING OF LINTEL

5.1 MIX CONCRETE:

M20 refers to the mix ratio of concrete, where "M" stands for Mix and "20" represents the
compressive strength of that mix in N/mm^2 when tested at 28 days after casting. An
M20 mix ratio typically follows a nominal mix of 1:1.5:3, meaning:

1. 1 part of cement
2. 1.5 parts of sand (fine aggregate)
3. 3 parts of aggregates (coarse aggregate)

5.2 INSTRUMENT FOR CONCRETE:

A concrete mixer machine, often referred to simply as a cement mixer, is a device that
homogeneously combines cement, aggregate (like sand or gravel), and water to produce
concrete.

Fig 5.1 concrete Mixer Machine

Gujarat Technological University 16 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

Project Id : 348673 Casting of Lintel

5.3 PLACING OF CONCRETE

Concrete Ingredient for M35 Grade: 50Kg Cement, 100Kg Sand, 100Kg Aggregate of
20mm, 50Kg grit of 5mm, Water cement ratio is 0.4 and use of Ceraplast admixture of
600ml. Ready Mix Concrete M20 is a high quality, fast-setting, self-levelling
underlayment concrete suitable for your flooring needs. It is ideal for new floor and repair
projects when you need long flow life and working time.

Concrete was going from pipes on the formwork of the slab. It should be properly placed
by the worker and checking the depth of beam and slab. First concrete pouring done in
the beam of that span of slab and then in the slab concreting was done. 35mm niddle
vibrator was use for the proper placing of concrete in whole area of the structure element.
The concrete starting its initial setting time is 30 minutes so between it concrete placed in
its original position of shape required. Fig. 5.4 show the concreting work in beam and
slab with the use of vibrator. One man can give the dressing to the beam and slab surface
in level on whole span of slab.

Slump test of concrete: The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh
concrete before it sets. It is performed to check the workability of freshly made concrete,
and therefore, the ease with which concrete flows. It can also be used as an indicator of an
improperly mixed batch. The test not only observes consistency between batches, but it
also identifies defects in a mix, giving the operator a chance to amend the mix before it is
poured on site.

Cube test: Cube testing is when samples of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm are taken from
freshly batched concrete. The set of cubes are tested at 7 days and 28 days. An indication
of results can be determined in the 7 days but to get a full realistic representation the final
test is carried out on cured concrete 28 days after.

Gujarat Technological University 17 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

Project Id : 348673 Casting of Lintel

Fig. 5.2 Placing of concrete

5.4 CURING OF CONCRETE

Curing is the process of maintaining satisfactory temperature and moisture conditions in

concrete long enough for hydration to develop the desired concrete properties. The
potential strength and durability of concrete will be fully developed only if concrete is
properly cured. Curing is the process to keep the internal moisture up which continues the
hydration (chemical reaction of water and cement is known as hydration of cement).
While there are shuttering (for lintel & column & beam 14 to 21 days generally), the top
surface is waterlogged, and other surfaces are moisture-proof by shuttering material.

Gujarat Technological University 18 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

Project Id : 348673 Material used at site

6. MATERIAL USED AT SITE

6.1 CEMENT
The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This paste first
sets i.e., it becomes firms and then hardens due to a chemical reaction, called hydration,
between the cement and water. On setting & hardening, the cement binds the aggregate
together into a stone like hard mass & thus provides strength, durability & water-tighten to
the concrete. Quality of cement is based on the grade of cement.

The grades of cement are classified as-

• 33 Grades
• 43 Grades
• 53 Grades

At the site, Portland cement of 53 grades was used.

Fig. 6.1 PPC Cement used at site

6.2 AGGREGATES
Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes. Neat cement is
very rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too much and become
cracks on the setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat cement in construction work.
Therefore, cement is mixed with some inert strong & durable hard materials. They also
reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper as cement.

Gujarat Technological University 19 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

Project Id : 348673 Material used at site

Types of aggregates: -

i. Fine aggregate (sand): - The aggregate, which passes through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve
and entirely retains on 75 microns (.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggregate. The
function of using fine aggregate in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids existing in the
coarse aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with less quantity of cement
and increase the workability of the concrete mix.

ii. Coarse aggregate: - The aggregate, which passes through 75 mm I.S. sieve and
entirely retains on 4.75mm I.S. sieve is known as coarse aggregates. At construction site
aggregate used are as follows Coarse aggregate of 20mm size. Coarse aggregate of 10 mm
size (As per concrete mix design). Fine aggregate in the form of coarse sand.

Fig. 6.2 Coarse Aggregate

6.3 Reinforcement:

The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its strength is
called reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear, bending moment,
torsion, and compression. Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete
is strong in compression and week in tension, so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses
in

Gujarat Technological University 20 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

Project Id : 348673 Material used at site

the concrete members. At the site contractor using the high strength steel bars of diameter 8
mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm & 25 mm as per the requirement of design. At the
construction site, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm & 25 mm reinforcement bars
were being used. The bars were of grade Fe500. The bars were of brand UMA.

Fig. 6.3 Fe500 steel

Gujarat Technological University 21 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

Project Id : 348673 Summary of Internship

SUMMARY OF INTERNSHIP

• Awareness of safety considerations: Understand the importance of safety

measures during construction, including proper handling of equipment, adherence
to safety protocols, and ensuring a secure work environment.
• Knowledge of construction materials and techniques: Gain insights into various
construction materials used in residential construction, such as concrete, steel,
wood, and bricks. Additionally, learn about different construction techniques,
including foundation construction, framing, roofing, plumbing, electrical work,
and finishing.
• Familiarity with building codes and regulations: Become acquainted with local
building codes and regulations that govern the construction of residential
properties, including setback requirements, fire safety measures, and accessibility
standards.
• Understanding of structural systems: Learn about the structural components of a
residential bungalow, such as beams, columns, walls, and slabs, and how they
work together to provide stability and support for the building.
• Project management skills: Studying the construction of a residential bungalow
will provide insights into project management concepts, including scheduling,
budgeting, procurement, and coordination with various stakeholders involved in
the construction process.

Gujarat Technological University 22 Shantilal Shah Engineering College

Project Id : 348673 Reference

REFERENCE

• IS-456-2000-Code of Practice for Plane and Reinforced Concrete.

• IS: 800 for structural steel work
• IS: 1893 for earthquake effect load
• IS:875(Part1)-1987- Code of Practice for Design Load(other than earthquake) for
Buildings and Structure –Dead loads
• IS:875(Part2)-1987- Code of Practice for Design Load(other than earthquake) for
Buildings and Structure –Imposed Load
• IS:875(Part3)-1987- Code of Practice for Design Load(other than earthquake)
for Buildings and Structure –Wind Load
• R. Peurifoy; Formwork for Concrete Structure; 1964
• R Santosh; A review of concrete mix designs; ijraset November 2017
• Venkata Sairam; Shear wall; February 2014
• N. Subramanian; Design of Reinforced Concrete; 2014
• S. N. Sinha; Handbook for Reinforced Concrete Design; 1996
• www.civilengineering.com

Gujarat Technological University 23 Shantilal Shah Engineering College