3-28 Complete the following table for Refrigerant-134a:

T, C P, kPa v, m3 / kg Phase description

-8 320 0.0007569 Compressed liquid
30 770.64 0.015 Saturated mixture
-12.73 180 0.11041 Saturated vapor
80 600 0.044710 Superheated vapor

3-30E Complete the following table for Refrigerant-134a:

T, F P, psia h, Btu / lbm x Phase description

65.89 80 78 0.566 Saturated mixture
15 29.759 69.92 0.6 Saturated mixture
10 70 15.35 --- Compressed liquid
160 180 129.46 --- Superheated vapor
110 161.16 117.23 1.0 Saturated vapor
4-73 Argon in a piston-cylinder device undergoes an isothermal process. The mass of argon and the work done are
to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Argon is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical point
values of 151 K and 4.86 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, Δ ke≃ Δpe≃0 .
Properties The gas constant of argon is R = 0.2081kJ/kgK (Table A-1).
Analysis We take argon as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the boundaries of the system.
The energy balance for this system can be expressed as

Ein−Eoutunderbace lign ⏟Netnergytransfer¿=ΔEsytemunderbace lign⏟Changein ternal,kinetc,¿ Qin−Wb,out=ΔU=mcv(T2−T1)¿Qin−Wb,out=0 (sinceT1=T2)¿Qin=Wb,out¿

Argon
200 kPa 100°C Q
byheat,work,andmas ¿ potenial,etc.enrgies¿
Thus,
W b , out=Q in =1500 kJ
Using the boundary work relation for the isothermal process of an ideal gas gives
2 2
dv v2 P1
W b ,out=m∫ Pd v=mRT ∫ =mRT ln =mRT ln
1 1 v v1 P2
Solving for the mass of the system,
W b ,out 1500 kJ
m= = =13. 94 kg
P1 200 kPa
RT ln (0 . 2081 kPa⋅m 3 /kg⋅K )(373 K)ln
P2 50 kPa
5-57 Argon gas expands in a turbine. The exit temperature of the argon for a power output of 250 kW is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 The device is adiabatic and thus heat transfer is negligible. 4 Argon is an ideal gas with constant
specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of Ar is R = 0.2081 kPa.m3/kg.K. The constant pressure specific heat of Ar is cp =
0.5203 kJ/kg·C (Table A-2a)

Analysis There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m1  m2  m . The inlet specific volume of argon and its mass
  
flow rate are
RT 1 ( 0 . 2081 kPa⋅m3 /kg⋅K ) ( 723 K )
v 1= = =0 . 167 m 3 /kg A1 = 60 cm2
P1 900 kPa
P1 = 900 kPa
Thus, T1 = 450C
1 1 V1 = 80 m/s
ṁ= A V = ( 0. 006 m2 ) ( 80 m/s )=2 . 874 kg/s
v 1 1 1 0. 167 m3 /kg
We take the turbine as the system, which is a control volume since mass
crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be ARGON
expressed in the rate form as 250 kW
E  E out  E system 0 (steady) 0
 in
         
Rate of net energy transfer Rate of change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies

E in  E out P2 = 150 kPa

V2 = 150 m/s
V 22−V 21
2 2
ṁ(h1+V 1 /2)=Ẇ out +ṁ(h2+V 2 /2) ( )
(since { Q̇≃Δpe≃0)¿ Ẇ out=−ṁ h2−h1+ ¿¿
2
Substituting,
(150 m/s )2 −(80 m/s )2 1 kJ/kg
[
250 kJ/s=−(2 .874 kg/s) (0 .5203 kJ/kg⋅∘ C )(T 2 −450 ∘ C )+
2 ( 1000 m2 /s2 )]
It yields
T2 = 267.3C
7-69 A hot iron block is dropped into water in an insulated tank. The total entropy change during this process is to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 Both the water and the iron block are incompressible substances with constant specific heats at room
temperature. 2 The system is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energies are negligible. 3 The tank is well-
insulated and thus there is no heat transfer. 4 The water that evaporates, condenses back.
Properties The specific heat of water at 25C is cp = 4.18 kJ/kg.C. The specific heat of iron at room temperature is
cp = 0.45 kJ/kg.C (Table A-3).
Analysis We take the entire contents of the tank, water + iron block, as the system. This is a closed system since no
mass crosses the system boundary during the process. The energy balance for this system can be expressed as

Ein−Eoutunderbracealignl ⏟
Net energy transfer ¿ =ΔEsystemunderbracealignl⏟
Change in internal, kinetic, ¿ ¿ 0=ΔU ¿
WATER
by heat, work, and mas ¿ potential, etc. energies ¿ 18C
or, Iron
ΔU iron + ΔU water=0 350C

[mc (T 2 −T 1 )]iron +[mc(T 2 −T 1 )]water=0

Substituting,
(25 kg)(0.45 kJ/kg⋅K )(T 2−350 ∘ C)+(100 kg)(4 .18 kJ/kg⋅K)(T 2−18 ∘ C )=0
2
The entropy generated during this process is determined from
T2 299 . 7 K
ΔS iron =mc avg ln
( ) T1
=( 25 kg )( 0 . 45 kJ/kg⋅K ) ln
623 K
=−8 . 232 kJ/K( )
T2 299 . 7 K
ΔS water =mc avg ln
( ) T1
=( 100 kg ) ( 4 .18 kJ/kg⋅K ) ln
291 K
=12. 314 kJ/K ( )
Thus,
S gen =ΔS total= ΔS iron + ΔS water =−8 .232+12 .314=4 . 08 kJ/K
Discussion The results can be improved somewhat by using specific heats at average temperature.
7-153 Air is heated by steam in a heat exchanger. The rate of entropy generation associated with this process is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat
exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is Air
negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the 20C
heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential
energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with
constant specific heats. 32C
Properties The specific heat of air at room temperature is cp =
1.005 kJ/kgC (Table A-2). Steam
35C
Analysis The rate of entropy generation within the heat exchanger sat. vap.
is determined by applying the rate form of the entropy balance 10,000
on kg/h
the entire heat exchanger:
30C

Ṡin−Ṡoutunderb acealignl⏟
Rate ofnetentropytransfer ¿+Ṡgenunderb acealignlR⏟
ateofentropy ¿=ΔṠ Ã0(steady)underb acealignlR⏟
ate ofchange ¿ ¿ṁwaters1+ṁairs3−ṁwaters2−ṁairs4+Ṡgen=0 ¿Ṡgen=ṁwater(s2−s1)+ṁair(s4−s3)¿
sy tem
byheatandmas ¿ generation¿ ofentropy¿
The properties of the steam at the inlet and exit states are
h1=2564.6 kJ/kg
T 1 =35°C ¿ } ¿¿ ¿
s 1=8.3517 kJ/kg⋅K (Table A-4)
h2 =134.10 kJ/kg
T 2 =32°C ¿ } ¿¿ ¿
s 2=0.4641 kJ/kg⋅K
(Table A-4)
From an energy balance, the heat given up by steam is equal to the heat picked up by the air. Then,
Q̇=ṁ water (h1 −h2 )=(10,000/3600 kg/s)(2564 .6−134.10) kJ/kg=6751 kW
Q̇ 6751 kW
ṁair = = =671 .7 kg/s
c p (T 4 −T 3 ) (1 .005 kJ/kg⋅° C )(30−20 )° C
Substituting into the entropy balance relation,
Ṡ gen =ṁ water (s 2−s 1 )+ ṁair (s 4 −s 3 )
T
¿ ṁwater ( s2 −s1 )+ ṁair c p ln 4
T3
303 K
¿(10 , 000/3600 kg/s )(0. 4641-8 .3517 ) kJ/kg⋅K +(671. 7 kg/s)(1. 005 kJ/kg⋅K )ln
293 K
¿ 0 .745 kW/K
Note that the pressure of air remains unchanged as it flows in the heat exchanger. This is why the pressure
term is not included in the entropy change expression of air.