SOCIAL SCIENCE-Q&A-Rationalization

1
1 | Competency Enhancement 2- Social Science
General Directions:
1. This material contains topics on the following social science disciplines:
 Philippine Government & Constitution with Human Rights
 Philippine History
 Basic Economics, Taxation & Agrarian Reform
 Society & Culture with Family Planning
 Philosophy of Man
 Current events
2. Each of the following questions is followed by four suggested answers. Select the best answer
choice, and then shade the corresponding boxes on the answer sheet.
3. Shade only one (1) box for each question on your sheets. Your response will be invalid if two
or more boxes are shaded.
4. To practice testmanship, use the scantron sheet provided.
5. Use no. 2 pencil in shading and use black ball pen in filling out information. Make sure to
avoid erasures.
6. Observe academic integrity at all times. Treat this as if it is already your actual board
examination. All good is hard. All evil is easy. Losing, cheating, and mediocrity is easy. Stay away
from easy.—S. Alexander
7. Rationalization of each item will be done 3 weeks upon the receipt of this material. For those
who have access to the internet, google meet link will be provided. On the other hand, a word
file containing the rationalization will be provided for students with slow to no internet
connection.
1. This program was launched by the DOTr which greatly affected transport groups and resulted to several transport
strike because one of its provisions includes phasing out of jeepneys.
A. PUV Modernization Program
B. Jeepney Phaseout Program
C. Jeepney Modernization program
D. None of these
Rationalization:
On 19 June 2017, the Department of Transportation issued Department Order No. 2017-011 (Re: Omnibus Guidelines
on the Planning and Identification of Public Road Transportation Services and Franchise Issuance) or the Public Utility
Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP), a flagship program of the Duterte administration which envisions a
restructured, modern, well-managed and environmentally sustainable transport sector where drivers and operators
have stable, sufficient and dignified livelihoods while commuters get to their destinations quickly, safely and
comfortably. Although the programme covers all public utility vehicles and provides a three-year transition period,
President Duterte mandated the immediate phase-out of over 240,000 traditional jeepneys by end of 2017.
2. One hundred-three (103) shipping containers from Canada which were falsely declared as plastic scraps for
recycling were sent to the Philippines from June 2013 to January 2014. What do these containers have?
A. Fruits
B. Old clothes
C. Garbage
D. Illegal drugs
2
Rationalization:
The Canada–Philippines waste dispute was an international row over mislabeled Canadian garbage shipped to Manila
by a recycling company. The 103 shipping containers that left from Vancouver in 2013–14 were labeled as recyclable
plastics; they instead contained household waste. Southeast Asian nations have long been a dumping ground for
waste from wealthier countries, but they've started pushing back.
3. On July 23, 2018, a total of 184 lawmakers booted him out as Speaker of the House, the same day the 17th
Congress opened its 3rd regular session.
A. Danilo E. Suarez
B. Pantaleon Alvarez
C. Rodolfo Fariñas
D. Juan Miguel Zubiri
Rationalization:
Lawmakers booted out Pantaleon Alvarez, who represents the 1st district of Davao del Norte, as the leader of the
House of Representatives on July 23, 2018, Monday afternoon, the same day the 17th Congress opened its 3rd
regular session. Former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the Pampanga 2nd district representative, was named
the new Speaker.
4. He was the controversial Tanauan, Batangas mayor who was assassinated by an unknown sniper during a flag-
raising ceremony.
A. Mayor Anthony Palili
B. Mayor Meynardo Sabili
C. Mayor Antonio Halipi
D. Mayor Antonio Halili
Rationalization:
Tanauan City, Batangas Mayor Antonio Halili was shot dead July 2, 2018, Monday morning, during the weekly
flag raising ceremony in front of the city hall. The mayor succumbed to the gunshot wound on his chest. Halili
gained notoriety for implementing a "walk of shame" for drug suspects back in 2016, when he paraded drug
personalities for everyone to see. The practice was slammed by the Commission on Human Rights (CHR)
because parading suspects is unconstitutional.
5. On June 4, 2018, twenty-five people died after this volcano in Guatemala erupted.
A. Pacaya
B. Acatenango
C. Santa Maria
D. Volcan de Fuego
Rationalization:
A catastrophic eruption of Guatemala’s Volcán de Fuego on June 3 affected more than 1.7 million people in three
central departments, or states. This was Guatemala’s most severe volcanic eruption in 45 years.
6. The date when the Philippines won against China on its case on the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
A. July 27, 2016
B. July 13, 2016
C. July 11, 2016
D. July 12, 2016
Rationalization:
On 22 January 2013, the Philippines instituted arbitral proceedings against China in a dispute concerning their
respective “maritime entitlements” and the legality of Chinese activities in the South China Sea. On 12 July 2016,
the Arbitral Tribunal in the South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic
of China) issued a unanimous award largely favourable to the Philippines. The award addresses three main
3
substantive issues: (a) the so-called “nine-dash line” and China’s claim to historic rights in the South China Sea,
(b) the status of certain maritime features in the South China Sea and (c) the legality of Chinese activities in the
South China Sea. Because of jurisdictional limits, however, the Arbitral Tribunal did not deal with matters related
to territorial sovereignty over the disputed maritime features between the parties. That means that the tribunal did
not decide who owned the maritime features located in the South China Sea, such as the Spratly Islands, that are
claimed by both China and the Philippines or any other coastal state in the region. Similarly, the tribunal did not
delimit any maritime boundaries between the Philippines and China in the South China Sea.
7. On May 18, 2018, this museum was opened to the public for the first time. It is hosted inside the building formerly
occupied by the Department of Tourism within Rizal Park near the Agrifina Circle.
A. National Museum of the Philippines
B. Museo Pambansa
C. Museum of Contemporary Art and Design
D. National Museum of Natural History
Rationalization:
One of the most popular museums in the country is the National Museum of Natural History, which was officially
opened to the public in May 2018. Located in Rizal Park, it is part of the National Museum Complex which boasts
three other attractions: the National Museum of Fine Arts, the National Museum of Anthropology, and the National
Planetarium. Completed in the 1940s, it was formerly called Agriculture and Commerce Building. Before it became
the National Museum of Natural History, the building used to be the headquarters of the Department of Tourism
until 2015.
8. On February 2, 2018, President Rodrigo Duterte signed____________or- the Free Irrigation Service Act, a law
that waives irrigation fees for farmers who own 8 hectares of land or less.
A. Republic Act No. 11969
B. Republic Act No. 10169
C. Republic Act No. 10969
D. Republic Act No. 10968
Rationalization:
Republic Act No. 10969 is also known as Free Service Irrigation Act. Upon the effectivity of this Act, all farmers
with landholdings of eight (8) hectares and below are hereby exempted from paying irrigation service fees (ISF)
for water derived from national irrigation systems (NIS) and communal irrigation systems (CIS) that were, or are
to be, funded, constructed, maintained and administered by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) and other
government agencies, including those that have been turned over to irrigators associations (IAs). Farmers with
more than eight (8) hectares of land, corporate farms, and plantations drawing water for agricultural crop
production; and fishponds and other persons, natural or juridical, drawing water for nonagricultural purposes from
NIS and CIS, or using the irrigation systems as drainage facilities, shall continue to be subject to the payment of
ISF.
9. It is the country that hosted the Trump-Kim Summit last June 12, 2018.
A. Singapore
B. Malaysia
C. Japan
D. China
Rationalization:
The 2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit, commonly known as the Singapore Summit, was a
summit meeting between North Korean Chairman Kim Jong-un and U.S. President Donald Trump,held at the
Capella Hotel, Sentosa, Singapore, on June 12, 2018. It was the first-ever meeting between leaders of North
Korea and the United States. They signed a joint statement, agreeing to security guarantees for North Korea, new
peaceful relations, the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, recovery of soldiers' remains, and follow-up
negotiations between high-level officials. Both leaders also met separately with Singaporean Prime Minister Lee
Hsien Loong.
4
The 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit, commonly known as the Hanoi Summit, was a two-day
summit meeting between North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong-un and U.S. president Donald Trump, held at
the Metropole Hotel in Hanoi, Vietnam, during February 27–28, 2019. It was the second meeting between the
leaders of North Korea and the United States following their first meeting in Singapore the previous year.
10. Last April 26, 2018, this world- famous island was closed to tourists for six months and will undergo rehabilitation.
A. Camiguin island
B. Guimaras island
C. Samal island
D. Boracay island
Rationalization:
The 7-km-wide haven of Boracay, nestled in the Aklan province of the Philippines, is a perennial feature on
‘World’s Best Island‘ lists for its white sands and azure blue shorelines. On April 4, 2018, the Philippine
government announced that Boracay would be closed for up to six months starting on April 26. The island’s
closure was based on the need for “rehabilitation” according to Philippine officials, with the strain of environmental
pressures becoming too much for Boracay to bear.
11. The most recent Barangay and Sangguiang Kabataan elections were held in:
A. 2016
B. 2017
C. 2018
D. 2019
Rationalization:
Barangay elections in the Philippines were held on May 14, 2018. The election shall elect the Punong Barangay,
more commonly known as barangay captains, and members of the Sangguniang Barangay, or barangay council,
in 41,948 barangays (villages) throughout the country whose terms start on June 30, 2018. Barangays are the
smallest local government unit in the Philippines. SK and Katipunan ng Kabataan (KK) were created through the
Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act 7160) that provides opportunity for young people to directly
participate in local governance; Composed of all youth aged 15 to 21-year-olds.
12. Benham Rise is a 13-million hectare underwater plateau located near Aurora. The area is solely claimed, as part
of its continental shelf, by the Republic of the Philippines, which was confirmed by the United Nations Commission
on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on April 12, 2012. Thru the Executive Order No. 25, President Duterte
renamed the underwater plateau. What do we call Benham Rise now?
A. Maharlika Rise
B. Benham Continental Shelf
C. Philippine Rise
D. Aurora Rise
Rationalization:
The Philippine Rise is an undersea feature, east of Luzon island. The shallowest part, which is the Benham Bank,
is less than 50 meters deep. It is connected to the Luzon margin through the Palanan and Bicol Saddle. On 16
May 2017, President Rodrigo R. Duterte issued Executive Order No. 25 (E.O. 25) which effectively changed the
name “Benham Rise” to “Philippine Rise.” Section 2 of the said E.O. states that, the National Mapping and
Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) shall henceforth produce maps and charts, and indicate the name
“Philippine Rise” in lieu of the name “Benham Rise.” The President also tasked the Department of Foreign Affairs
(DFA), in consultation with NAMRIA, to transmit appropriate notifications to concerned international organizations.
He then directed all government agencies to use and employ the name “Philippine Rise” in all official documents
referring to the said undersea area.
5
13. The current Senate President of the 18th Congress.

A. Aquilino Pimentel
B. Franklin Drilon
C. Alan Peter Cayetano
D. Vicente Sotto III
Rationalization:
The Senate of the Philippines is the upper chamber of the Congress of the Philippines, the country’s legislature.
It exists to create and promote a national perspective on national policy in order to build a prosperous, secure,
honest and democratic nation. The president of the Senate of the Philippines more popularly known as the Senate
president, is the presiding officer and the highest-ranking official of the Senate of the Philippines, and third highest
and most powerful official in the Government of the Philippines. They are elected by the entire body to be their
leader. The Senate president is second in line in succession for the presidency, behind the vice president of the
Philippines and in front of the speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. The current Senate
president of the 18th Congress of the Philippines is Vicente Sotto III, who was elected on July 22, 2019. While
Manuel L. Quezon was the first Senate President. Quezon was the inaugural president of the Philippine Senate,
holding onto the position from 1916 to 1935. It was then the highest position a native Filipino could hold at the
time.
14. On his 3rd SONA, President Duterte told the Members of the Senate to urgently pass this law to put in place a
policy that will address our competing land requirements for food, housing, businesses, and environmental
conservation.
A. None of these
B. National Land Use Act
C. Comprehensive Land Reform Law
D. Anti-Illegal Land Conversion Act
Rationalization:
The Senate of the Philippines is the upper chamber of the Congress of the Philippines, the country’s legislature.
It exists to create and promote a national perspective on national policy in order to build a prosperous, secure,
honest and democratic nation. The president of the Senate of the Philippines more popularly known as the Senate
president, is the presiding officer and the highest-ranking official of the Senate of the Philippines, and third highest
and most powerful official in the Government of the Philippines. They are elected by the entire body to be their
leader.
15. He was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author and was famous for his scientific works about
black holes. He died on March 13, at the age of 76.
A. Alan Guth
B. Timothy Berners-Lee
C. Sir Roger Penrose
D. Stephen William Hawking
Rationalization:
Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England—died
March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes
drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. He also worked with space-time singularities.
16. On January 1, 2018, the Republic Act No. 10963, widely known as the TRAIN Law took effect. What does TRAIN
stand for?
A. Tax Reform for Accelerated Inclusion
B. Tax Reform for Added Income
C. Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion
D. Tax Reform for Acceleration and Income
6
Rationalization:
Republic Act 10963 was signed into law by President Rodrigo Duterte on December 1, 2017. The Tax Reform for
Acceleration and Inclusion Law (TRAIN) aims to remedy some tax-related deficiencies. It was implemented on
January 8, 2018.
TRAIN Law highlights:

1. Individuals who are earning ₱250, 000 per year are exempted from paying personal income tax.
2. Small and Micro Self-employed and Professional (SEP) are given simpler taxation process.
3. The poorest families and individuals are eligible to receive financial aids.
4. Estate and Donor’s Taxes are simplified.
5. The base of Value-Added Tax (VAT) is expanded.
6. Oil and automobile excise taxes are adjusted.
7. Excise taxes on sweetened beverages are introduced, but it must be noted that 3-in-1 coffee and milk
are exempted.
17. Where was the remains of the late President Ferdinand Marcos buried on October 18, 2016?
A. Libingan ng mga Bayani
B. Batac, Ilocos Norte
C. Heritage Park
D. Laoag, Ilocos Norte
Rationalization:
Erratum: Late President Ferdinand Marcos was buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani on November 18,
2016.
The Marcos administration was toppled through the People Power Revolution. Marcos, his family, and several of
his allies were flown to Hawaii, United States. Three years into exile, Marcos passed away at the age of 72 on
September 28, 1989 due to complications brought by kidney, lung, and heart ailments. Marcos' body was flown
via a chartered Continental Airlines jet direct to his home province, Ilocos Norte, on September 7, 1993 as part of
the deal signed by the Philippine government headed by then newly-elected President Fidel V. Ramos and the
Marcos family. The former dictator's body was interred in a glass crypt in the Marcos Museum and Mausoleum in
Batac City. Then, on July 11, 1998, President Joseph Estrada abandoned his intention to eventually bury Marcos
at the Libingan ng mga Bayani amid different emotions and sentiments that flared up. After consistently declaring
that the late dictator deserves to be buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani, President Rodrigo Duterte on August
7, 2016 gave the orders to go on with the process on the grounds that he was a "former president and a soldier."
Duterte's plan was opposed by several stakeholders, especially by the victims of abuse during the Martial Law
period. A total of 6 petitions to strike down the order were filed at the Supreme Court. After several extensions,
the Supreme Court ruled 9-5, with one abstention, on Tuesday, November 8, that Marcos' body can be buried at
the Libingan ng mga Bayani.
18. Who is the Filipina weightlifting athlete who won a silver medal in the recent 2016 Rio Olympics held in Brazil?
A. Hyedilin S. Frias
B. Hidilyn F. Frias
C. Hidilyn S. Diaz
D. Hidilyn F. Diaz
Rationalization:
Hidilyn Francisco Diaz is a Filipina weightlifter and airwoman who is the first Filipino to win an Olympic gold medal
for the Philippines after the country's 97-year Olympic drought. She is also an Olympic weightlifting record holder,
having won the women's 55 kg weightlifting division in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Previously, Hidilyn brought
home a silver medal from the same sport in the 2016 Rio Olympics.
7
19. On September 21, 2017, President Duterte through Proclamation No. 319, declared the
___________________-_______.
A. Marcos Day of Protest
B. Martial Law Memorial Day of Protest
C. Martial Law Day of Protest
D. National Day of Protest
Rationalization:
Proclamation No. 319 declared September 21, 2017 as a National Day of Protest. The Proclamation, signed by
President Rodrigo Duterte on September 19, 2017, was made “in solidarity with the people’s call against all
excesses and shortcomings of the government, and with the people’s desire to uphold the highest standards of
integrity, efficiency, and accountability in government.”
20. She was removed from office by way of an 8–6 decision by the Supreme Court over a quo warranto petition,
rendering her appointment as Chief Justice null and void.
A. Maria Lourdes Sereno
B. Conchita Carpio-Morales
C. Ma. Merceditas N. Gutierrez
D. Teresita Leonardo-de Castro
Rationalization:
 An outspoken critic of President Rodrigo Duterte, Supreme Court Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno
was removed after a close vote by the top court. The quo warranto petition filed against Maria Lourdes
Sereno before the Supreme Court of the Philippines resulted in the landmark case Republic v. Sereno
(G. R. No. 237428), which nullified Sereno's appointment as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the
Philippines, finding that she never lawfully held the office due to a lack of integrity for failing to file certain
required financial documents. The Court handed down its ruling on May 11, 2018.
 Conchita Carpio-Morales- Upon her retirement as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the
Republic of the Philippines, Justice Conchita Carpio Morales was appointed as Ombudsman of the
Republic of the Philippines in late July 2011. Her appointment was announced by President Benigno S.
Aquino III during his second State of the Nation Address in July 2011, making her the fifth Ombudsman
since the Office of the Ombudsman became operational in May 1988.
 Ma. Merceditas N. Gutierrez- The fourth Ombudsman of the Republic of the Philippines, MA.
MERCEDITAS N. GUTIERREZ, is a graduate of the Ateneo Law School having finished her law degree
in 1972. She started her government service as Legal Officer of the Philippine Aerospace Development
Corporation (PADC). After a brief stint with PADC, she was appointed Presidential Legal Officer, Office
of the President, where she served in the Legal Staff before she moved to the National Economic and
Development Authority (NEDA) as Legal Officer.
 Teresita Leonardo-De Castro- a Filipina who served as the 24th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
the Philippines; appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte on August 28, 2018. She assumed the vacated
position since her predecessor, Maria Lourdes Sereno, was removed via a quo warranto petition; making
De Castro the de jure 24th chief justice, making her the official first female chief justice of the
Supreme Court. De Castro officially retired on October 10, 2018, after reaching the mandatory retirement
age of 70; merely 46 days after serving as Chief Justice, surpassing the record of former Chief Justice
Pedro Yap of being the shortest-tenured Chief Justice. Prior to her appointment to the High Court by
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, she had been the Presiding Justice of the Sandiganbayan.
8
21. It was an ISIS-affiliated local terrorist group which took over Marawi City.
A. Jemaah Islamiyah
B. Abu Sayyaf
C. NPA
D. Maute Group
Rationalization:
The crisis in Marawi City, Mindanao, has sparkled international attention since the very first day clashes broke
out. Having received intelligence that the Abu Sayyaf leader and emir of the ISIS-affiliated group in the Philippines,
Isnilon Hapilon, was hiding in Marawi City, on May 23 government troops raided his hideout. In order to support
Hapilon, the Maute group entered Marawi City. As clashes with government forces erupted, members of the
Maute group occupied the city’s Medical Center, raising the black ISIS flag, and set fire to several facilities
including the St. Mary's Church and the Dansalan College. The Battle of Marawi also known as the Marawi siege
(and the Marawi crisis) was a five-month-long armed conflict in Marawi, Philippines, that started on May 23, 2017,
between Philippine government security forces and militants affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
(ISIL), including the Maute and Abu Sayyaf Salafi jihadist groups. The battle also became the longest urban battle
in the modern history of the Philippines.
Proclamation No. 216 was the 2017 proclamation of martial law and suspension of the privilege of the writ of
habeas corpus in the whole of Mindanao, issued by Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte on May 23, 2017. The
state of martial law ended with the third extension lapsing on December 31, 2019.
22. She created history for the Philippines at the 2018 Asian Games by winning the first ever gold medal for the
Philippines in both women's individual and women's team event in Asian Games golf competitions.
A. Kiyomi Watanabe
B. Yuka Saso
C. Hidilyn Diaz
D. Margielyn Didal
Rationalization:
 Kiyomi Watanabe- Kiyomi Watanabe is poised to become the first female judo athlete from the
Philippines to ever compete at the Olympics. Watanabe's name is known across Southeast Asia where
she reigns as a four-time SEA Games gold medalist. She was also one of the Philippine delegates in
2020 Tokyo Olympics.
 Yuka Saso- Yuka Saso is a Filipina professional golfer and won the first ever gold medal for the
Philippines in both women's individual and women's team event in Asian Games golf competitions. She
was born on June 20, 2001. She was also one of the Philippine delegates in 2020 Tokyo Olympics.
 Margielyn Didal- Margielyn Arda Didal is a professional Filipino street skateboarder who rose to
prominence after competing in the X Games Minneapolis 2018 and winning a gold medal at the 2018
Asian Games. She was also one of the Philippine delegates in 2020 Tokyo Olympics.
23. When was the last Presidential Elections which resulted to the victory of President Rodrigo Duterte?
A. May 10, 2016
B. May 9, 2016
C. May 15, 2016
D. May 14, 2016
Rationalization:
According to the Constitution of the Philippines of 1987, the presidential and vice-presidential election is held
every six years after 1992, on the second Monday of May. The 2016 Philippine presidential and vice presidential
elections were held on Monday, May 9, 2016, as part of the 2016 general election. This was the 16th presidential
election in the Philippines since 1935 and the sixth sextennial presidential election since 1986. The 2022
Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections is scheduled to be held on Monday, May 9, 2022, as part of
9
that year's general election. This will be the 17th direct presidential election in the Philippines since 1935 and the
seventh sextennial presidential election since 1986.
24. She won the 4th and last gold medal for the Philippines in the 2018 Asian Games women's street skateboard
event in Jakarta and Palembang, Indonesia.
A. Margielyn Didal
B. Yuka Saso
C. Lois Kaye Go
D. Bianca Pagdanganan
Rationalization:
Margielyn Arda Didal is a professional Filipino street skateboarder who rose to prominence after competing in the
X Games Minneapolis 2018 and winning a gold medal at the 2018 Asian Games. She was also one of the
Philippine delegates in 2020 Tokyo Olympics.
25. Medinilla magnifica, or rose grape is a flowering plant native to the Philippines. It is featured on the newly-designed
10-peso coin issued by the BSP last March 2018. What is the local name of this plant?
A. Kapa-kapa
B. Tayabak
C. Waling-waling
D. Katmon
Rationalization:
On 26 March 2018, the BSP released the New Generation Currency (NGC) Coin Series comprised of the 10-
Piso, 5-Piso, 1-Piso, 25-Sentimo, 5-Sentimo and the 1-Sentimo into circulation. The new 20-Piso and enhanced
5-Piso NGC coins shall co-exist as legal tender with the currently-circulating 20-Piso NGC banknotes and round
5-Piso NGC coins, which will be removed from circulation through natural attrition.
 ₱20- Nilad
 ₱10- Kapa-kapa
 ₱5- Tayabak
 ₱1- Waling-waling
 25¢- Katmon
 5¢- Kapal-kapal baging
 1¢- Mangkono
10
26. It was the date when President Duterte declared Martial law in the whole island of Mindanao.
A. May 25, 2017
B. September 21, 2017
C. May 21, 2017
D. May 23, 2017
Rationalization:
Proclamation No. 216 was the 2017 proclamation of martial law and suspension of the privilege of the writ of
habeas corpus in the whole of Mindanao, issued by Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte on May 23, 2017. The
state of martial law ended with the third extension lapsing on December 31, 2019.
27. He is the Philippine president who implemented the Nationwide Smoking Ban.
A. Rodrigo Duterte
B. Benigno Aquino III
C. Joseph Ejercito Estrada
D. Fidel Ramos
Rationalization:
Executive Order No. 26, entitled “Providing for the Establishment of Smoke-Free Environments in Public
and Enclosed Places”, was issued by Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte on May 16, 2017. This executive
order invoked the Clean Air Act of 1999 and the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 to impose a nationwide ban on
smoking in all public places in the Philippines.
28. An Executive Order issued by President Duterte which allows accessibility of documents and other transactions
in the government to ensure transparency and accountability.
A. None of these
B. Freedom of Information
C. Anti-dynasty law
D. Reproductive health law
Rationalization:
Executive Order No. 02 series of 2016 or the Executive Order on Freedom of Information (FOI) aims to promote
an open government by increasing the transparency of the executive branch and its agencies. It strengthens the
right to information as enshrined by the constitution.
29. It is also known as PHL-Microsat-1, a Philippine microsatellite launched to the International Space Station (ISS)
in March 23, 2016.
A. Diwata 1
B. Diyosa 1
C. Encantadia 1
D. Marikit 1
Rationalization:
 Diwata-1 is the first satellite of the venture and is also a part of the DOST (Department of Science and
Technology) Philippine Scientific Earth Observation Microsatellite (PHL-Microsat) Program, which was
initiated in December 2014 by the government agency. Diwata is the nickname of the program, named
after a Filipino mythological character Diwata (fairy).
 Maya 1 is the first nanosatellite (Also called a cube satellite) of the Philippines. It was developed under
the Philippine Scientific Earth Observation Microsatellite program (PHL-Microsat) and was jointly
implemented by the University of the Philippines and the Department of Science and Technology as part
of the Kyushu Institute of Technology-led multinational second Joint Global Multi-nations Birds Satellite
(Birds-2).
11
30. This replaced the tribute as a form of taxation in the Hispanic Philippine colony in 1884.
A. Donativo
B. Sanctorum
C. Diezmosprediales
D. Cedula personal
Rationalization:
The tithe is the payment of the 10% of an individual’s annual income to the government. The sanctorum is the tax
being paid as support to the church. The tribute (buwis) is the tax or rent given to the landlord a resident is under. It
may be in cash or in kind (tobacco, chickens, gold, blankets, cotton, rice, etc., depending on the region of the country),
fixed at 8 reales and later increased to 15 reales. Also collected was the bandalâ, an annual enforced sale and
requisitioning of goods such as rice.
By 1884, the tribute was replaced by the Cedula personal, wherein colonists were required to pay for personal
identification. Everyone over the age of 18 was obliged to pay. The local gobernadorcillos had been responsible for
collection of the tribute. Under the cedula system, however, taxpayers were individually responsible to Spanish
authorities for payment of the tax, and were subject to summary arrest for failure to show a cedula receipt.
31. It is a kind of mentality that makes Filipino think that imported products are superior to Filipino products which
does not help the country’s economy at all.
A. Spendthrift habits
B. Colonial mentality
C. Passive attitude
D. Luxurious living
Rationalization:
Colonial mentality is defined as the perception of ethnic and cultural inferiority and a form of internalized racial
oppression.
32. It is an autonomy granted to Filipinos during the Philippine Commonwealth.

A. Full independence
B. Freedom in education
C. American citizenship
D. Partial independence
Rationalization:
The Commonwealth was created by the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which was passed by Congress in 1934. When Manuel
L. Quezon was elected president in September 1935, he became the first Filipino to head a government of the
Philippines. The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies
held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila. The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people.
However, the autonomy granted was just partial since we are still under a 10-year transitory period to gain our full
sovereignty without the external intervention.
33. On what year did Haiyan or Yolanda, one of the strongest tropical cyclones ever recorded, devastated Southeast
Asia, particularly the Philippines?
A. 2012
B. 2013
C. 1999
D. 2014
Rationalization:
Typhoon Haiyan (international name) made landfall in the Philippines on November 8, 2013, as a Category 5
storm. It laid waste to the Visayas group of islands, the country’s central region and home to 17 million people.
Haiyan was the most powerful storm in 2013 and one of the most powerful typhoons of all time.
12
Located along the typhoon belt in the Pacific, the Philippines is visited by an average of 20 typhoons every
year, five of which are destructive.
34. It is a fallacy or direct deception made by a politician who puts an ugly, unfair, and defamatory label on people,
e.g. “Activists are all terrorists.”
A. Distraction
B. Rationalization
C. Mudslinging
D. Loaded words
Rationalization:
Fallacy refers to errors in the reasoning process or an argument that has insufficient evidence for its conclusion
or simply the lack of sequence in the inferential thinking.
Types of Fallacy of Relevance
1. Argumentum ad Baculum or the Appeal to force- this uses moral, psychological, cultural or physical
pressure instead of reason in its argument. Appealing to force is wrong because it attacks the freedom of
man.
Example: Since I am the boss, you must vote for my candidate or else I will fire you from your job.
2. Argumentum ad misericordiam or the appeal to pity- when compassion or pity is being used to
obscure the issue.
Example: We should not fail poor students for they may not acquire the education that will help them
overcome their poverty
3. Argumentum ad authoritatem or the appeal to misplaced authority- when the truth of the argument
is solely based on an authority not relevant to the issue.
Example: According to Pinoy Big Brother, Filipinos should only have one child thus our congress must
legislate such law.
4. Argumentum ad hominem- when then personality of the opponent is attacked when it has nothing to do
with the issue. (Character assassination, mudslinging)
Example:
“Itong si [Chel] Diokno, magsalita parang janitor. At saka tumakbo ka ng senador, eh hindi kayo ... binoto
ng tao. Alam mo kung bakit? Pwede kitang biruin? 'Wag kang magalit. Alam mo kung bakit hindi ka
nanalo? Kasi kalaki ng ngipin mo. Magsalita kalahati ng panga mo lumalabas,” said Duterte.
5. Argumentum ad ignorantiam or the appeal to ignorance- when the truth or falsity of an issue is
asserted because no one can offer proof of its contradictory.
Example: He was not guilty since no one saw him commit the crime.
6. Argumentum ad populum or the appeal to people- When the popular sentiments of the majority or
those that counts are made the basis of the conclusion. This makes use of the bandwagon argument.
7. Petitio Principii or Begging the question/ Circulus in probando or arguing in circles- when one
makes use of an unproven assumption to prove yet another assumption or the use of an unproven
assumption to prove another assumption that proves the first assumption. No explanation is given why
the assumption is true.
Example: Smoking cigarettes can kill you because cigarettes are deadly.
8. Ignoratio elenchi or ignoring the issue/irrelevant conclusion/red herring- when the issue is set
aside and an unrelated fact is presented or an irrelevant conclusion is made.
Example: Question: Do you love me?
Answer: Let us eat, you must be hungry.
Example: The President of the SSU Student Council’s programs for the students may be popular, but he
is secretly a Dilawan and should probably be removed as the president.
9. Fallacy of false cause- when an effect is attributed to an unrelated cause simply because the
perceived effect took place after the perceived cause.
Examples:
Roger shows how temperatures have been rising over the past few centuries, whilst the numbers of
pirates have been decreasing; thus pirates cool the world and global warming is a hoax.
13
"Since hair always precedes the growth of teeth in babies, the growth of hair causes the growth of
teeth."
10. Hasty Generalization/ argument from small numbers- When the argument concludes even if there is
insufficient data to establish a valid sequence when what is true to a few is made true to all.
Examples:
Since I saw them together then they must be lovers.
My father smoked four packs of cigarettes a day since age fourteen and lived until age sixty-nine.
Therefore, smoking really can’t be that bad for you
11. Black or white or the false dichotomy- when a contrary relation is presented as contradictory.
Examples: "We must either love each other, or we must die."

“You're either with us or against us."
“If you are not a DDS, you are a Dilawan”
12. Fallacy of accident- when an accidental quality of a thing is assumed to be essential. When physical
properties are mistaken to be the true nature of a being.
Examples:
Since ice is not liquid it therefore is not water
A bird can fly. Penguin cannot fly. Therefore, penguin is not a bird.
Types of Fallacy of Relevance
1. Fallacy of Equivocation- when the meaning of a term is interpreted into two distinct meanings. When one
of the terms in the syllogism is equivocal or analogous.
Example:
A ruler helps us draw a line.
President Duterte is a ruler
Therefore, President Duterte can help us draw a line.
2. Fallacy of Amphiboly- The fallacy of amphiboly occurs when a sentence, because of its grammar, structure,
or punctuation, can be interpreted in multiple ways.
Example: The anthropologists went to a remote area and took photographs of some native women, but they
weren't developed.
3. Fallacy of Composition-When what should be understood to be the properties of an individual is taken
collectively. When an individual characteristic is applied to all the members of the group.
Example: Fatima must be from an excellent school since one of its graduates top the Medical Exam.
4. Fallacy of division-When the collective property is applied to an individual. When what is true to a whole as
a whole is made true to an individual part.
Example: The Philippines is a poor country and still developing. Therefore, every Filipino is poor.
35. It is a principle that no one is above the law and the laws must be obeyed by all the constituents.
A. Social justice
B. Rule of majority
C. Egalitarian rule
D. Rule of law
Rationalization
 Social justice is the view that everyone deserves equal economic, political and social rights and
opportunities.
 The essence of democracy is majority rule, the making of binding decisions by a vote of more than one-
half of all persons who participate in an election.
 Egalitarian doctrines are generally characterized by the idea that all humans are equal in fundamental
worth or moral status. Egalitarianism is the doctrine that all citizens of a state should be accorded exactly
equal rights.
14
 Rule of law- a principle under which all persons, institutions, and entities are accountable to laws that are:
Publicly promulgated. Equally enforced. Independently adjudicated. And consistent with international
human rights principles.
36. Among the Ancient Greeks this poet is the founder of geography due to his works (Iliad and Odyssey) which
contained much geographical information.
A. Thales
B. Aristotle
C. Socrates
D. Homer
Rationalization
Homer was the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, the two epic poems that are the foundational works of ancient
Greek literature. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential writers of all time.
37. A sea is a great body of salty water smaller than an ocean, more or less landlocked. Which is a large of the ocean
or sea partly enclosed by land?
A. Canal
B. Strait
C. Lake
D. Gulf
Rationalization
Bodies of Water
1. Ocean- biggest body of water. The oceans are vast and deep bodies of water. Usually, it is these oceans
that separate continents from one another. The oceans are bodies of salt water.
2. Seas- Seas are also big water bodies but are definitely smaller than oceans.
3. Lakes- A lake is a water body surrounded by land on all sides. It is actually the opposite of an island, which
is a piece of land surrounded by water on all sides.
4. River- Rivers are fresh water bodies which generally originate in mountainous areas or elevated areas.
5. Strait- A strait is a narrow stretch of water which joins two larger water bodies.
6. Streams- smaller than river
7. Gulf- A gulf is a large area of a sea or ocean that is partially enclosed by land.
Landforms
1. Mountains- A Mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually
in the form of a peak.
2. Valleys- A valley is a low area between hills or mountains typically with a river running through it.
3. Plateaus- Plateaus are fairly flat areas higher than the land surrounding it.
4. Hills- A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct summit,
although in areas with scarp/dip topography a hill may refer to a particular section of flat terrain without a
massive summit.
5. Plains- a plain is a flat, sweeping landmass that generally does not change much in elevation.
6. Glacier- A glacier is a huge mass of ice that moves slowly over land.
7. Desert- A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living
conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.
8. Isthmus- An isthmus is a narrow strip of land that connects two larger landmasses and separates two
bodies of water.
9. Island- any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water.
38. This Filipino trait would have been a beautiful one if it hadn’t been denuded of nobility by joining the bandwagon
of corrupt officials and politicians.
A. Masinop
B. Masunurin
C. Pakikisama
D. Magalang
15
Rationalization
Pakikisama refers to an interpersonal relationship where people are friendly with each other and is a typical
personality trait of the Filipino people. It is expressed in their private lives, public workplaces, and relationships
with neighbors. Etymologically, this trait Pakikisama comes from the root word sama which means to go with
(Andres, 1994). Pakikisama is a two-edged sword which connotes both positive and negative denotations
depending on the nature of samahan or camaraderie.
39. What is the sociological foundation of the Philippine life under the 1987 Constitution?
A. Cultural Heritage
B. Arts and Sciences
C. Cell
D. Family
Rationalization
Article XV of the 1987 section 1 states that “The State recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the
nation. Accordingly, it shall strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its total development.”
40. What kind of prejudice has been overcome in the Philippines in the inclusion of the Muslim holidays that has
gained national respect aside from the Catholic holidays like Christmas, Lenten Season, etc.?
A. Heterosexualism
B. Sexism
C. Religious intolerance
D. Looksism
Rationalization
Religion intolerance or religious intolerance means when a group (society, religious, non-religious, group or tribe)
refuses or denies to tolerate the practice, person or belief on the religious grounds. Religious intolerance is like
discrimination based on religion.
41. What is manifested by the practice of a group of people of different lifestyles, ways of living together, value system,
traditions and beliefs?
A. Confusion in mores
B. Cultural diversity
C. Condition of culture shock
D. Problems in cultural experience
Rationalization
Cultural groups can share many different characteristics. They include religion, ethnicity, language, nationality,
sexual orientation, class, gender, age, disability, health differences, geographic location and lots of other things.
Cultural Diversity is the existence of a variety of cultural groups within a society.
42. A power given to the President to pardon any aged seriously ill inmates as provided under Article VII Section 19
of the Constitution which pertains to reprieve, absolute or conditional pardon with or without parole conditions and
commutation of sentence?
A. Social rights
B. Executive clemency
C. Executive pardon
D. Emergency powers
16
Rationalization
Under the Philippine penal system, executive clemency refers to reprieve, absolute pardon, conditional
pardon with or without parole conditions, and commutation or reduction of sentence as may be granted by
the country's President.
43. Who was dubbed as the “Grand Old Man of Philippine Politics”, being a senator of the country for 24 years – the
longest in Philippine history?
A. Benigno Aquino
B. Jose Laurel
C. Ferdinand Marcos
D. Lorenzo Tañada
Rationalization
Lorenzo Tañada, statesman and Marcos-era opposition leader, #1 senator in 1947 and longest serving senator
of 24 years from 1947 to 1972. Dubbed "The Grand Old Man of Philippine Politics". Senator Tañada was born on
August 10, 1898 in Gumaca, Quezon. Tañada was elected senator in 1948. He got re - elected in 1953, 1959 and
1965. He is the president of the nationalist - Citizens Party under whose banner he ran for vice - president together
with presidential candidate Claro M. Recto.
The legislative record of Tañada speaks well for itself; he sponsored the bill requiring government officials to make
public their assets and liabilities; the Tañada Picketing Law which gives protection to laborers on strike; the law
changing the Philippine Independence Day from July 4th to June 12; and the infamous bill which prohibits
discrimination in the employment of persons by corporations. An important bill to his credit is the law, which
prohibits and penalizes wiretapping and other related violations of the privacy of communication.
Because of this distinguished record as public official, several organizations have singled him out for numerous
awards. Senator Tañada has demonstrated that a career in public service and a Christian way of life is possible,
as it should be emulated.
44. Mr. Bo Ang is a Korean national. He wants to help the Filipino people by joining the congressional race. He was
neutralized at the age of 21 and has been living the Philippines for 5 years already. Can he run for a congressional
seat in the Philippines?
A. Yes, because he is now a Filipino citizen.
B. No, because only natural Filipinos are allowed to run in Congress.
C. No, because he is underage.
D. Yes, because public office is open for everyone with willingness to serve.
Rationalization:
According to the 1987 Article VI section 3, the following are the qualifications for Senator:
1. No person shall be a Senator unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines

2. On the day of the election, is at least thirty-five years of age, able to read and write
3. A registered voter
4. A resident of the Philippines for not less than two years immediately preceding the day of the
election.
The term of office of the Senators shall be six years. No Senator shall serve for more than two consecutive terms.
(Art VI section 4)
17
According to the 1987 Article VI section 6, the following are the qualifications for House of Representatives:
1. No person shall be a Member of the House of Representatives unless he is a natural-born citizen

of the Philippines On the day of the election, at least twenty-five years of age, able to read and
write,
2. A registered voter in the district in which he shall be elected (except the party-list representatives),
3. A resident thereof for a period of not less than one year immediately preceding the day of the
election.
The term of office of the Senators shall be three years. No Member of the House of Representatives shall serve
for more than three consecutive terms. (Art VI section 7)
Two types of citizens:
1. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any
act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship.
2. Naturalized citizens- Naturalization signifies the act of formally adopting a foreigner into the political body of
a nation by clothing him or her with the privileges of a citizen. It implies the renunciation of a former nationality.
Our Filipino citizenship is based on ‘jus sanguinis’ principle which is founded on blood relationships with one’s
parents. This is different from the ‘jus soli’ principle where citizenship is grounded on one’s place of birth.
Foreigners, who do not have Filipino blood, nevertheless, can obtain Philippine citizenship through naturalization.
Naturalization qualifications:
1. He must be not less than twenty-one years of age on the day of the hearing of the petition;
2. He must have resided in the Philippines for a continuous period of not less than ten years;
3. He must be of good moral character and believe in the principles underlying the Philippine Constitution, and
must have conducted himself in a proper and irreproachable manner during the entire period of his residence
in the Philippines in his relation with the constituted government as well as with the community in which he is
living.
4. He must own real estate in the Philippines worth not less than five thousand pesos, Philippine currency, or
must have some known lucrative trade, profession, or lawful occupation;
5. He must have enrolled his minor children of school age, in any of the public schools or private schools
recognized by the Office of Private Education of the Philippines, where Philippine history, government and
civics are taught or prescribed as part of the school curriculum, during the entire period of the residence in
the Philippines required of him prior to the hearing of his petition for naturalization as Philippine citizen.
45. Which is the fundamental law of the land?

A. The ten commandments
B. Philippine Constitution
C. The Civil and Criminal Code
D. Bill of Rights
Rationalization:
The Constitution is the basic and paramount/supreme/fundamental law to which all other laws must conform and
to which all persons, including the highest official of the land, must defer. If the law violates certain provision/s in
the constitution, the law is deemed unconstitutional thus become null and void.
46. Non-debatable evidence left by Rizal providing his faith in God despite being estranged from his religion.
A. El Filibusterismo
B. Mi Ultimo Adios
C. Retraction paper
D. Noli Me Tangere
18
Let the burning sun the raindrops vaporize
And with my clamor behind return pure to the sky;
Let a friend shed tears over my early demise;
And on quiet afternoons when one prays for me on high,
Pray too, oh, my Motherland, that in God may rest I.
-8th Stanza Mi Ultimo Adios
47. It was news about the discovery of the Katipunan that spread to Manila and nearby suburbs, and Andres Bonifacio
immediately called for a general meeting. Various wings of the Katipunan gathered at the house of Juan Ramos
in August 23, 1896. This signalled the Philippine Rebellion against Spain which was called:
A. Pact of Biak-na-Bato
B. Battle of San Juan del Monte
C. La Liga Filipina
D. Cry of Pugadlawin
Rationalization:
Momentous events swept the Spanish colonies in the late nineteenth century, including the Philippines.
Journalists of the time referred to the phrase 'El Grito de Rebelion" or "Cry of Rebellion" to mark the start of these
revolutionary events, identifying the places where it happened. In the Philippines, this happened in August 1896,
northeast of Manila, where they declared rebellion against the Spanish colonial government. These events are
important markers in the history of colonies that struggled for their independence against their colonizers.
Bonifacio asked his men whether they were prepared to fight to the bitter end. Despite the objection of his brother-
in-law, Teodoro Plata, all assembled agreed to fight to the last. "That being the case, " Bonifacio said, "bring out
your cedulas and tear them to pieces to symbolize our determination to take up arms!" The men obediently
tore up their cedulas, shouting "Long live the Philippines!" This event marked the so-called "Cry of Balintawak/
Pugadlawin”.
The controversy regarding this event stems from the identification of the date and place where the Cry happened.
Various accounts of the Cry give different dates and places. A guardia civil, Lt. Olegario Diaz, identified the Cry
to have happened in Balintawak on 25 August 1896. Teodoro Kalaw, Filipino historian, marks the place to be in
Kangkong, Balintawak, on the last week of August 1896. Santiago Alvarez, a Katipunero and son of Mariano
Alvarez, leader of the Magdiwang faction in Cavite, put the Cry in Bahay Toro in Quezon City on 24 August 1896.
Pio Valenzuela, known Katipunero and privy to many events concerning the Katipunan stated that the Cry
happened in Pugad Lawin on 23 August 1896. Historian Gregorio Zaide identified the Cry to have happened in
Balintawak on 26 August 1896, while Teodoro Agoncillo put it at Pugad Lawin on 23 August 1896, according to
statements by Pio Valenzuela. Research by historians Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion, and Ramon
Villegas claimed that the event took place in Tandang Sora's barn in Gulod. Barangay Banlat, Quezon City, on
24 August 1896.
48. What is the biggest reason why the Philippines’ political system is so flawed from the time of the datus to the
Spanish encomienda system that has always been a system of patronage, with political power vested in the hands
of a few families?
A. Siblings rivalry
B. Indigenous group
C. Tribe
D. Dynasty
Rationalization:
‘Political dynasties’ generally refer to traditional political families or the practices by these political families of
monopolizing political power and public offices from generation to generation and treating the public elective office
almost as their personal property.
19
49. Who was the first American military governor in the Philippines?
A. Wesley Merrit
B. Elwell Otis
C. Arthur McArthur
D. Douglas McArthur
Rationalization:
The United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands was a military government in the Philippines
established by the United States on August 14, 1898, a day after the capture of Manila, with General Wesley
Merritt acting as military governor. During military rule (1898–1902), the U.S. military commander governed the
Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as Commander-in-Chief of the United States Armed Forces.
General Merritt was succeeded by General Elwell S. Otis as military governor, who in turn was succeeded by
General Arthur MacArthur. Major General Adna Chaffee was the final military governor. The position of military
governor was abolished in July 1902, after which the civilian office Governor-General became the sole executive
authority in the Philippines.
50. After its defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to
the United States in the Treaty of Paris. Then, Battle of Manila, the first and largest battle of the Philippine–
American War, erupted in 1899. Who fired the first shots of the war at San Juan Del Monte Bridge?
A. William Grayson
B. Emilio Aguinaldo
C. General Otis
D. Douglas McArthur
Rationalization:
When Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo declared the much-awaited independence of the country on June 12, 1898 in Kawit,
Cavite the Filipinos thought that they are completely free at last and they have found new ally in the Americans.
However, they never imagined that the alliance will be cut-short as the real intentions of the Americans were
unveiled after the American expeditionary contingent under Maj. Gen. Arthur MacArthur arrived in July, completing
the estimate of 15, 000, military troops by Gen. Nelson Miles, the overall ranking officer in the US Army. The frank
and straightforward warning from the American command to fire on any Filipino revolutionary who would cross
the American areas manifested a deception.
In the last week of January 1899, hostility had worsened between Filipinos and American troops as movements
were restricted from both sides in their respective territories. This infuriated the Filipinos and felt that they were
being alienated in their own land. Both parties had agreed upon drawing the ‘line of demarcation’ between the
two forces. There were acts of injustice and prejudice committed by American officials, officers, and soldiers
against Aguinaldo, his men, and ordinary citizens.
On February 1, a group of American engineers was arrested by the Filipino troops. General Otis protested to Gen.
Aguinaldo. The latter replied that the five Americans were not arrested but only detained. Furthermore, he
explained that the Americans were found within the Filipino lines and that they were detained in accordance with
the decree of October 20, 1898 prohibiting foreigners from approaching the Filipino defensive works. This incident
was followed on February 2 when General Arthur MacArthur protested the presence of Col. Luciano San Miguel’s
soldiers within his territory. The latter in order to appease the former, ordered his men to withdraw from the
American lines. Finally, on February 4, 1899, Private William W. Grayson, an American sentry stationed
near the San Juan Bridge shot and killed two unarmed Filipino soldiers trying to cross into the American-
held sector. After the shot, the Filipinos began firing.
20
51. How can Dr. Jose Rizal’s La Liga organization be likened according to present-day social groups/movements?
A. National political party like Liberal Party, Nacionalista Party, Hugpong ng Pagbabago
B. Shadow government
C. National socio-civic organization
D. Street parliamentarian movement
Rationalization:
Jose Rizal established this civic association in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Manila on
July 3, 1892. Though it was Jose Ma. Basa who conceived the establishment of ‘La Liga Filipina’ (The Philippine
League), his friend and namesake Jose Rizal was the one who wrote its constitution in Hong Kong and actually
founded it upon his return in the Philippines in 1892.
The La Liga aimed to directly involve the patriotic Filipinos, especially those based in the country, in the reform
movement. Intending to uplift the life of the Filipinos, the society would promote mutual aids through projects like
establishing cooperatives to provide supports like legal assistance, scholarship grants, and economic loans.
Basically, La Liga Filipina, is a socio-civic organization.
52. During the Spanish period, it refers to the privilege of the provincial governor to engage in trade.
A. Corregimientos
B. alcalde mayor
C. alcaldia
D. indulto de comercio
Rationalization
Political changes were implemented during the Spanish colonization. Since Spain was far from country, the
Spanish King ruled the islands through the viceroy of Mexico, which was then another Spanish colony. When
Mexico regained freedom in 1821, the Spanish king ruled the Philippines through a Governor-General.
21
1. Governor General- The King’s representative and the highest ranking official in the Philippines. He had great
powers. He had the power to appoint and dismiss public officials except those personally chosen by the King.
He was the commander in chief of the colonial armed forces and the president of Royal Audencia (Supreme
Court)
2. Royal Audencia- Highest court in the land during the Spanish times. This also served the advisory body to
the Givernor General.
3. Visitador- Observes conditions in the colony. Submits reports to the King.
4. Residencia- special judicial court that investigates the outgoing governor general. Submits reports to the King.
5. Alcaldia- pacified province headed by the Alcalde Mayor (provincial governor)
6. Corrigimiento- unpacified province and not yet fully controlled by Spain headed by the Corregidor.
The Alcalde Mayor and Corregidor were paid in small salary but they enjoyed privileges such as Indulto de
Comercio or the right to participate in the Galleon Trade.
7. Ayuntamiento- Larger towns/Cities and became the center of trade and industry. The ayuntamiento had a city
council called the Cabildo. Cabildo is composed of:
a. Alcalde (mayor)
b. Regidores (councilors)
c. Alguacil Mayor (police chief)
d. Escribando (secretary)
8. Pueblo- small town headed by the Governadorcillos (little governors). They had small salary but exempted
from paying taxes. This was the highest position a Filipino or a Chinese may hold in the office.
9. Barangays were retained and headed by a cabeza de barangay.
53. One of the pledges of the President of the Philippines is to defend its:
A. Constitution
B. Citizens
C. Land
D. Islands
Rationalization
Article VII Section 5 of the 1987 constitution states that . Before they enter on the execution of their office, the
President, the Vice-President, or the Acting President shall take the following oath or affirmation:
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President (or Vice-
President or Acting President) of the Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do
justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God." (In case of affirmation,
last sentence will be omitted.)
54. The stage actress who brought fame to her country through her international awards for her stage performance
was:
A. Isay Alvarez
B. Lea Salonga
C. Geneva Cruz
D. Sharon Cuneta
Rationalization
Multiple award-winning actress and singer Lea Salonga is renown across the world for her powerful voice and
perfect pitch. She is best known for her Tony Award winning role in Miss Saigon. In addition to the Tony, she has
won the Olivier, Drama Desk, Outer Critics Circle and Theatre World Awards, in the field of musical theatre. She
was also the first Asian to play Eponine in the musical Les Misérables on Broadway and returned to the beloved
show as Fantine in the 2006 revival.
22
55. Since the Proclamation of Independence on June 12, 1898, how many constitutions has the Philippines had?
A. 5
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
Rationalization
1. Biak na Bato Constitution- On November 1, 1897, the Biak-na-Bato Constitution was signed. It was
prepared by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho, who copied, almost word for word the Cuban constitution. It
has effectively established the Biak-na-Bato Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo as the President.
2. Malolos/ 1899 Malolos Constitution- Proclaimed on January 21, 1899 at Malolos, Bulacan and this
established the First Republic in Asia. It was written by Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino as
an alternative to a pair of proposals to the Malolos Congress by Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno.
3. 1935 constitution- Salient features of the 1935 Constitution include the following: a bicameral legislature
composed of a senate and House of Representatives. The President is to be elected to a four-year term
together with the Vice-President without re-election; rights of suffrage by male citizens of the Philippines who
are twenty-one years of age or over and are able to read and write; extension of the right of suffrage to women
within two years after the adoption of the constitution. The draft of the constitution was approved by the
convention on February 8, 1935 and ratified by Pres. Roosevelt in Washington D.C on March 25, 1935.
Elections were held in September 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected as the president of the
Commonwealth. The 1935 Constitution provided the legal basis of the Commonwealth Government
which was considered a transition government before the granting of the Philippine independence with
American-inspired constitution; the Philippine government would eventually pattern its government system
after American government. It has been said that the 1935 Constitution was the best-written Philippine charter
ever. 1935 constitution was later on used after the Japanese occupation which birthed the 3rd Philippine
Republic.
4. 1943 constitution- The 1943 Constitution was the constitution of the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic
of the Philippines (1943-1945). It was recognized as legitimate and binding only in Japanese-controlled areas
of the Philippines but was ignored by the United States government and the Philippine Commonwealth
government in-exile. This birthed the 2nd Philippine Republic.
5. 1973 constitution- The 1973 Constitution, promulgated after Marcos' declaration of martial law, was
supposed to introduce a parliamentary-style government. Legislative power was vested in a unicameral
National Assembly whose members were elected for six-year terms. The President was ideally elected as the
symbolic and purely ceremonial head of state chosen from amongst the Members of the National Assembly
for a six-year term and could be re-elected to an unlimited number of terms. Upon election, the President
ceased to be a Member of the National Assembly. During his term, the President was not allowed to be a
member of a political party or hold any other office. Executive power was meant to be exercised by the Prime
Minister who was also elected from among the sitting Assemblymen. The Prime Minister was to be the head
of government and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. This constitution was subsequently amended
four times. This birthed the 4th Philippine Republic.
6. 1987 constitution- President Corazon Aquino in April 1986 created – through Proclamation No. 9 – the 1986
Constitutional Commission (ConCom), which was responsible for drafting a replacement for the 1973
Constitution. The 1986 Constitutional Commission was convened three months after the EDSA People
Power. The ConCom formally convened on June 2, 1986. Elected officers of the ConCom were former
Supreme Court Justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma (the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court of the
Philippines) as President, former Senator Ambrosio Padilla as Vice President, and 1971 ConCon delegate
Napoleon G. Rama as Floor Leader. The ConCom was able to finish its work after more or less 111 days,
according to Palma. On October 12, 1986, the draft constitution was passed – with 44 delegates voting for it
and two against – and was presented to Aquino 3 days after. On February 2, 1987, a National Plebiscite was
held after a nationwide information campaign on the draft constitution. President Corazon C. Aquino,
through Proclamation No. 211 of 1988, assigned February 2 of each year as Constitution Day to mark
the new 1987 Constitution.
There are 6 constitutions in total but the question being asked is the number of constitution since the proclamation
of independence. The Biak na Bato was promulgated before the proclamation of independence.
23
56. Who was the president of the 1987 constitutional commission?

A. Christian S. Monsod
B. Lino O. Brocka
C. Blas F. Ople
D. Cecilia Palma
Rationalization
The 1986 ConCom was composed of 48 individuals who represented all sectors in the country, including, among
others, Bishop Teodoro Bacani, former Supreme Court chief justice Roberto Concepcion, former labor minister (and
eventually senator and foreign affairs secretary) Blas Ople, Ateneo De Manila University president Father Joaquin
Bernas SJ, and University of the Philippines Student Council Chairperson (now Commission on Human Rights chair)
Chito Gascon. The ConCom formally convened on June 2, 1986. Elected officers of the ConCom were former
Supreme Court Justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma (the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court of the Philippines) as
President, former Senator Ambrosio Padilla as Vice President, and 1971 ConCon delegate Napoleon G. Rama as
Floor Leader.
57. What part of constitution has the provisions which set up the government?
A. Constitution of LIBERTY
B. Constitution of SOVEREIGNTY
C. Constitution of GOVERNMENT
D. Constitution of POWER
Rationalization
Constitution of Liberty
-sets forth the fundamental civil and political rights of the citizens and imposes limitations on the powers of the
government as a means of securing the enjoyment of those rights. (Article III)
Constitution of Government
-outlines the organization of the government, enumerates its powers, lays down certain rules relative to its
administration and defines the electorate. (Articles VI, VII, VIII, IX)
Constitution of Sovereignty
-the provisions pointing out the mode or procedure in accordance with which formal changes in the fundamental law
may be brought about. (Article XVII)
58. Art is product of man’s need to express himself with a high degree of sensitivity towards his environment. Who is
the painter of fisherfolks and farmers of his hometown in Rizal?
A. Vicente Manansala
B. Anita Magsaysay
C. Carlos V. Francisco
D. Fernando Amorsolo
Rationalization
National Artist for Visual Arts Carlos “Botong” Francisco is considered one of the Philippines' most distinguished
muralists. He created enormous canvasses that chronicled the mythical world of the Filipino and its history, often
seeking inspiration from tradition, folklore, myths, legends, and customs. In the quest for a Filipino modernist
idiom, Francisco, who chose to be based in his fishing village of Agono, observed Philippine folk aesthetics and
researched Philippine histon,, customs, and traditions. He arrived at an idiom which was both Filipino and Asian.
Francisco employed bold folk colors, flowing rhythmic lines and decorative patterns often covering the entire field
of the painting. He evoked the communal life of Philippine gatherings and celebrations.
24
In 1972, Fernando Amorsolo became the first Filipino to be distinguished as the Philippine's National Artist in
Painting. He was named as the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art" during the inauguration of the Manila Hilton's
art center, where his paintings were exhibited on January 23, 1969. His work has influenced many Filipino artists
in landscape painting and for backlighting technique in which is popular.
59. Which condition contradicts the social justice mandate in the 1987 Constitution?
A. Creation of economic opportunities for all
B. Sense of dependency among citizens
C. Elimination of cultural inequalities
D. Equitable distribution of wealth
Rationalization
Justice is the concept of fairness. Social justice is fairness as it manifests in society. That includes fairness in
healthcare, employment, housing, and more. Social justice depends on four essential goals: human rights,
access, participation, and equity. Social justice can’t be achieved without these four principles. It is claimed that
policies such as subsidized health insurance, food and nutrition programs, and targeted cash transfers to the poor
encourage laziness, encourage freeloading, and foster a culture of dependence. As a result, governments reduce
funding, allow inflation to erode benefits, and make it more difficult for individuals to access social services.
60. What type of executive clemency refers to President’s action of reducing the duration of a prison sentence of a
prisoner?
A. Reprieve
B. Parole
C. Absolute pardon
D. Commutation
Rationalization
Reprieve refers to the deferment of the implementation of the sentence for an interval of time; it does not annul
the sentence but merely postpones or suspends its execution;
Commutation of Sentence refers to the reduction of the duration of a prison sentence of a prisoner; p.
Absolute Pardon refers to the total extinction of the criminal liability of the individual to whom it is granted without
any condition. It restores to the individual his civil and political rights and remits the penalty imposed for the
particular offense of which he was convicted;
Conditional Pardon refers to the exemption of an individual, within certain limits or conditions, from the
punishment which the law inflicts for the offense he had committed resulting in the partial extinction of his criminal
liability;
A parole is a conditional pardon. It refers to the conditional release of an offender from a correctional institution
after he serves the minimum term of his prison sentence. It does not have the effect of extinguishing the criminal
liability of the offender.
61. Which policy of the state provides preferential attention to the welfare of the less fortunate members of Philippine
society?
A. Criminal justice
B. Distributive justice
C. Bill of rights
D. Social justice
Rationalization
Distributive justice is concerned with the fair allocation of resources among diverse members of a community.
Fair allocation typically takes into account the total amount of goods to be distributed, the distributing procedure,
and the pattern of distribution that results.
25
62. Philippine economy indices are closely related to the rise and fall of the:
A. London Pounds
B. German Mark
C. US Dollars
D. Japanese Yen
Rationalization
The exchange rate is the price of a unit of foreign currency in terms of the domestic currency. In the Philippines,
for instance, the exchange rate is conventionally expressed at the value of one US dollar in peso equivalent. For
example, US$1 = P50.22. The appreciation of a currency is generally viewed as a sign of a strong economy.
That view is based on international trade—where physical trading of manufactured goods is key.
63. Who was the first Filipino National Artist for Literature awarded in 1973?
A. Nick Joaquin
B. N.V.M. Gonzales
C. Bienvenido Santos
D. Jose Garcia Villa
Rationalization
José García Villa was a Filipino poet, literary critic, short story writer, and painter. Villa was the recipient of
numerous honors and awards, including a Guggenheim Fellowship, a Philippines Heritage Award, a Poetry Award
from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship, and a Shelley Memorial
Award. In 1973 he was named a National Artist of the Philippines, and he also served as a cultural advisor to the
Philippine government. He died in New York City on February 7, 1997.
64. What is philosophical skepticism?

A. Supremacy of reason over faith
B. General deposition to doubt since no facts can be definitely known
C. Reliance on science, not religion
D. Belief that only material things can be known
Rationalization
Philosophical skepticism is a family of philosophical views that question the possibility of knowledge. Philosophical
skeptics are often classified into two general categories: Those who deny all possibility of knowledge, and those
who advocate for the suspension of judgment due to the inadequacy of evidence.
65. Article XIV of the 1987 Phil. Constitution states: They (education institutions) shall inculcate patriotism and
nationalism, foster love of humanity, respect for human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the
historical development on the country, teach the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual
values, develop moral character and personal discipline, encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden
scientific and technological knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency. What does the provision imply?
A. Christian and Catholic schools are expected to be lead implementers of Values Education.
B. Values Education in schools is the foundation of a strong republic.
C. The teaching of Values Education in school has a legal basis.
D. The teaching of Values Education is voluntary on the part of schools.
Rationalization
Article XIV section 3 clearly mandates all education institutions to foster and inculcate the above mentioned
values. This legal mandate provided a legal basis to the DepEd (formerly DECS) to craft a guideline for the
implementation of values education programs in the three levels of education. It was in 1988 that DECS made
Values Education as an educational thrust in all the levels of Philippine Education.
26
66. Who was the revolutionary leader who refused to surrender to the Americans even after General Malvar’s
surrender, and declared himself President and Commander-in-Chief of the Supreme Government of the Tagalog
Archipelago?
A. Julian Montalan
B. Licerio Geronimo
C. Macario Sakay
D. Artemio Ricarte
Rationalization
A fighter for freedom since the Philippine Revolution of 1896, Sakay, joined by former Katipuneros and soldiers
of the Filipino republican armed forces, was forced to flee to the mountains after the passage of the Brigandage
Act of 1902 by the Philippine Commission labelling as robbers and bandits those who remained in the resistance
movement against American rule. He aimed to centralize the guerilla forces in the provinces of Cavite, Rizal,
Batangas, and Laguna and established the “Republika ng Katagalugan,” with him as its supreme president.
Among the other leaders of his government are Francisco Carreon, Julian Montalan, Cornelio Felizardo, Lucio de
Vega, Leon Villafuerte, Benito Natividad, and Fructuoso Vito. This republic received widespread support among
Filipinos especially those living in the countrysides, providing them with food and refuge from their captors. With
Sakay’s army launching attacks on American troops, they retaliated by imprisoning Filipinos into concentration
camps and arresting suspected members and sympathizers. On September 13, 1907, Macario Sakay, leader of
the “Republika ng Katagalugan” (Tagalog Republic), and his comrade Lucio de Vega, were executed by hanging
at the plaza of Bilibid Prison. Continuing the armed struggle against the Americans after Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
was captured in 1901, he was tagged as a bandolero (bandit) and charged with murder, kidnapping, robbery, and
rape. To many, however, he was a patriot who remained loyal to the cause of independence. Before he was
hanged, Sakay declared that he was innocent of the charges against him, claiming that he and his men
were members of the revolutionary force that defended the Philippines. Hopeful until the end, he shouted,
“Mabuhay nawa sa kinabukasan ang kalayaan!”
67. During the 17th-18th century Hispanic era, what was the highest post a native or Chinese mestizo can attain at
the municipal level, equivalent to local bureaucrats namely the mayors today?
A. Governadorcillo
B. Cabeza de barangay
C. Tanientes de justicia
D. Directorcillo
68. The member of the third rank of the Katipunan was called _______ and wore a red shroud and a ribbon edged
with green piping symbolizing courage and hope.
A. Gomburza
B. Bayani
C. Katipon
D. Kawal
Rationalization
3 Ranks of Katipunan Membership
1. Katipon (Member)
2. Kawal (Soldier)
3. Bayani (patriot)
27
"Z. Ll. B.", corresponds to the roman "A. N. B.", meaning Anak ng Bayan.
69. According to Hindus, all actions of a person’s life affect his or her fate in the next life and this is called:
A. Psalm
B. Nirvana
C. Calliph
D. Karma
Rationalization
Hinduism is the world’s oldest religion. Karma theory is interpreted as explaining the present circumstances of an
individual with reference to his or her actions in the past. These actions and their consequences may be in a
person's current life, or, according to some schools of Hinduism, in past lives. This is the universal law of cause
and effect. Samsara is the continuous cycle of life, death, and reincarnation. Nirvana also called as moksha ends
the cycle of rebirths to become part of the absolute soul. This highest state that someone can attain, a state of
enlightenment, meaning a person's individual desires and suffering go away.
70. Who was the first Supremo ng Katipunan?

A. Deodato Arellano
B. Roman Basa
C. Andres Bonifacio
D. Emilio Aguinaldo
Rationalization
The following are the Supremos of Katipunan (KKK) in chronological order:

1. Deodato Arellano
2. Roman Basa
3. Andres Bonifacio
71. Who was the member of Katipunan who became the reason why Katipunan was discovered?
A. Fr. Mariano Gil
B. Teodoro Patiño
C. Apolonio de la Cruz
D. Honoria
Rationalization
Katipunan’s existence was revealed by Teodoro Patiño over ₱2.00 salary increase dispute with Apolonio Dela
Cruz. Patiño revealed the existence of Katipunan to his sister, Honoria. She, in turn, confessed to her mother
superior of her convent, who convinced Patiño to confess to Fr. Mariano Gil.
72. Pre-historic period refers to the:

A. Period in history when there were no written records at all
B. History that never happens
C. Period in history where people engage in war
D. Time In history where indigenous people appeared
Rationalization
The Prehistoric Period is the period in history when there was human life before records documented human
activity—roughly dates from 2.5 million years ago to 1,200 B.C. It is generally categorized in three archaeological
periods: the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age.
28
73. What pillar of Islam refers to the profession of faith?

A. Shahada
B. Salat
C. Zakat
D. Saum
Rationalization
There following are the 5 pillars of Islam.
1. Shahada- Profession of faith. "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger."
2. Salat- Daily prayers. Muslims have to pray 5 times a day.
3. Zakat- alms-giving
4. Saum- fasting during Ramadan
5. Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca
74. La Gioconda, a famous renaissance painting was a work of:

A. Leonardo da Vinci
B. Jose Rizal
C. Juan Luna
D. Raphael Santi
Rationalization
Mona Lisa, also called Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo, Italian La Gioconda, or French
La Joconde, oil painting on a poplar wood panel by Leonardo da Vinci, probably the world’s most famous
painting. It was painted sometime between 1503 and 1519, when Leonardo was living in Florence, and it now
hangs in the Louvre Museum, Paris, where it remained an object of pilgrimage in the 21st century. The sitter’s
mysterious smile and her unproven identity have made the painting a source of ongoing investigation and
fascination.
75. Monotheism means the worship of one God. Which among the following religion is not considered as
monotheistic?
A. Christian
B. Judaism
C. Hinduism
D. Islam
Rationalization
Monotheism is defined as belief or worship of one God. Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the three major
monotheistic religions. Judaism is the world’s oldest monotheistic religion, dating back nearly 4,000 years.
Christianity is a major religion, stemming from the life, teachings, and death of Jesus of Nazareth (the Christ, or
the Anointed One of God) in the 1st century CE. Lastly, Islam monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one
God (Arabic: Allah), and that Muhammad is the messenger of God. Polytheism is defined as the belief or worship
of many Gods. Some of the polytheistic religions are Hinduism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Shintoism.
76. What agency sets out international human rights standards?

A. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
B. Bill of Rights
C. League of Nation
D. United Nations
Rationalization
International human rights law lays down the obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from
certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.
The United Nations has defined a broad range of internationally accepted rights, including civil, cultural,
economic, political and social rights. It has also established mechanisms to promote and protect these rights and
to assist states in carrying out their responsibilities.
29
77. It identifies the biological differences between men and women:

A. Gender identity
B. Sex
C. Gender
D. Sexual Organ
Rationalization
Sex refers to “the different biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as
reproductive organs, chromosomes, hormones, etc.” Gender refers to "the socially constructed characteristics of
women and men – such as norms, roles and relationships of and between groups of women and men.
78. Which body of water was recently renamed as West Philippine Sea for the purpose of claiming the Spratly’s group
of islands by the Philippine Government?
A. South China Sea
B. India Sea
C. Pacific Ocean
D. Lingayen Gulf
Rationalization
The South China Sea name was given by Europeans starting in the 16th century and recognized over the
centuries as such by the world's nations. Former President Noynoy Aquino, through Administrative Order 29 of
2012 named as "WPS" or West Philippine Sea, the western side of the Philippine archipelago the Luzon Sea as
well as the waters around, within and adjacent to the Kalayaan Island Group and Bajo de Masinloc, also known
as Scarborough Shoal.
79. Officials removable by impeachment:

A. The President, Vice-President, members of the Supreme Court members of the Constitutional
Commissions, and the Congress
B. The President, Vice-President, members of the Supreme Court members of the Constitutional
Commissions, and the Senators
C. The President, Vice-President, members of the Supreme Court.
D. The President, Vice-President, members of the Supreme Court members of the Constitutional
Commissions, and the Ombudsman
Rationalization
Impeachment in the Philippines is an expressed power of the Congress of the Philippines to formally charge a
serving government official with an impeachable offense. If convicted, the official is either removed from office or
censured.
Article XI Accountability of Public Officers

Section 1. Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must, at all times, be accountable to
the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency; act with patriotism and justice,
and lead modest lives.
Impeachable Officers
 The President
 The Vice-President
 The Members of the Supreme Court
 The Members of the Constitutional Commissions
 Ombudsman
Grounds for Impeachment
 Betrayal of public trust

30
 Culpable violation of the Constitution

 Treason
 Bribery
 Graft and corruption
 Other high crimes
Section 3. (1) The House of Representatives shall have the exclusive power to initiate all cases of
impeachment. Articles of Impeachment are the documented written statement of charges relied upon as the
basis for removing an individual from office. The articles of impeachment shall be filed by the House of
Representatives.
(6) The Senate shall have the sole power to try and decide all cases of impeachment. When sitting for that
purpose, the Senators shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the Philippines is on trial,
the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside, but shall not vote. No person shall be convicted
without the concurrence of two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate.
80. The act of a government official to appoint a close relative to an important government position:
A. Vote Buying
B. Nepotism
C. Black Market
D. Corruption
Rationalization
In the Philippines nepotism is a connection which we call “Compadre System “in terms of economic and
employment. Nepotism happens in the Philippine government, when you favor or promote your relatives to a
higher position so they can also do what you did to others.
81. Consumers buy more of a product at relatively low prices than at relatively high prices.
A. Law of supply
B. Substitution effect
C. Law of Demand
D. Income effect
Rationalization
The law of demand is a fundamental principle of economics that states that at a higher price consumers will
demand a lower quantity of a good. For instance, consumers will most likely buy a greater quantity of rice if the
price per kilo of rice will drop down from ₱45 to ₱30. The law of supply is the microeconomic law that states
that, all other factors being equal, as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity of goods or services
that suppliers offer will increase, and vice versa. For example, a business will make more video game systems if
the price of those systems increases. The opposite is true if the price of video game systems decreases.
82. It is a method by which a public officer may be removed from office during his tenure on or before the expiration
of his term by a vote of the people after registration of a petition signed by a required percentage of the qualified
voters.
A. Initiative
B. Recall
C. Referendum
D. Plebiscite
Rationalization
Initiative- the power of the people to propose amendments to the Constitution or to propose and enact legislations
through an election called for the purpose.
Petition- the written instrument containing the proposition and the required number of signatories. "Proposition"
is the measure proposed by the voters
Recall-
31
Referendum- the power of the electorate to approve or reject legislation through an election called for the
purpose.
Plebiscite- It is the electoral process by which an initiative on the Constitution is either approved or rejected by
the people.
Recall- It is a method by which a public officer may be removed from office during his tenure or before the
expiration of his term by a vote of the people after registration of a petition signed by a required percentage of the
qualified voters.
83. When recession gets prolonged resulting to a slump in business activity, we are in a period of?
A. Economic boom
B. Deflation
C. Depression
D. Inflation
Rationalization
A business cycle is the periodic growth and decline of a nation's economy, measured mainly by its GDP.
Governments try to manage business cycles by spending, raising or lowering taxes, and adjusting interest rates.
Business cycles can affect individuals in a number of ways, from job-hunting to investing. The following shows
the stages business cycle:
1. Recovery
In the early period of recovery, entrepreneurs increase the level of investment which in turn increases
employment and income. Employment increases purchasing power and this leads to an increase in demand
for consumer goods.
2. Boom
The rate of investment increases still further. Owing to the spread of a wave of optimism in business, the level
of production increases and the boom gathers momentum. More investment is possible only through credit
creation. During a period of boom, the economy surpasses the level of full employment and enters a stage of
over full employment.
3. Recession
The orders for raw materials are reduced on the onset of a recession. The rate of investment in producers’
goods industries and housing construction declines. Liquidity preference rises in society and owing to a
contraction of money supply, the prices falls. A wave of pessimism spreads in business and those markets
which were sometime before sellers markets become buyer’s markets now.
4. Depression
The main feature of a depression is a general fall in economic activity. Production, employment and income
decline. The prices fall and the main factor responsible for it is, a fall in the purchasing power. The distribution
of national income changes. As the costs are rigid in nature, the margin of profit declines. Machines are not
used to their full capacity in factories, because effective demand is much less. The prices of finished goods
fall less than the prices of raw materials.
84. As per the agreement in the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Emilio Aguinaldo was to go into exile in:
A. Guam
B. Hongkong
C. Singapore
D. Dapitan
Rationalization
Pedro Paterno (peacemaker of the revolution), a Spaniard born in the Philippines volunteered to act as negotiator
between Aguinaldo and Gov. Primo de Rivera Pact of Biak-na-Bato with Pedro Paterno and Emilio Aguinaldo in
order to end the clashes. Paterno’s effort paid off when on, December 15, 1897, Aguinaldo signed the Pact as
the representative of the revolutionaries, and de Rivera as the representative of the Spanish government. The
Leaders are: Emilio Aguinaldo-President, Mariano Trias-Vice President, Antonio Montenegro-Secretary,
Baldomero Aguinaldo-Treasurer, and Emilio Riego de Dios.
32
The following are the conditions according to General Aguinaldo through his book, True version of the Philippine
revolution published on September 23, 1899,
1. That I would, and any of my associates who desired to go with me, be free to live in any foreign country.
Having fixed upon Hongkong as my place of residence, it was agreed that payment of the indemnity of
$800,000 (Mexican) should be made in three instalments, namely, $400,000 when all the arms in Biak-na-
bato were delivered to the Spanish authorities; $200,000 when the arms surrendered amounted to eight
hundred stand; the final payment to be made when one thousand stand of arms shall have been handed over
to the authorities and the Te Deum sung in the Cathedral in Manila as thanksgiving for the restoration of
peace. The latter part of February was fixed as the limit of time wherein the surrender of arms should be
completed.
2. The whole of the money was to be paid to me personally, leaving the disposal of the money to my discretion
and knowledge of the understanding with my associates and other insurgents.
3. Prior to evacuating Biak-na-bato the remainder of the insurgent forces under Captain-General Primo de
Rivera should send to Biak-na-bato two General of the Spanish Army to be held as hostages by my associates
who remained there until I and a few of my compatriots arrived in Hongkong and the first installment of the
money payment (namely, four hundred thousand dollars) was paid to me.
4. It was also agreed that the religious corporations in the Philippines be expelled and an autonomous system
of government, political and administrative, be established, though by special request of General Primo de
Rivera these conditions were not insisted on in the drawing up of the Treaty, the General contending that
such concessions would subject the Spanish Government to severe criticism and even ridicule.
The Filipino’s and the Spaniards did not trust each other. As a result, periodic clashes between the two groups still
took place even after Aguinaldo’s departure from the country. The Spanish did not pay the entire agreed amount.
85. The first Filipino Chief Justice of the Supreme Court:

A. Jose Abad Santos
B. Cayetano Arellano
C. Gregorio Araneta
D. Sergio Osmeña
Rationalization
Cayetano Arellano was the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He was appointed in 1901 when the Supreme
Court was created through Act No. 136, along with three American Justices and one Filipino Justice
86. World War II in the Philippines ended when the Japanese surrendered after the bombing of?
A. Bataan and Corregidor
B. Hiroshima and Nagasaki
C. Tokyo and Kyoto
D. Pearl Harbor
Rationalization
On August 6, 1945, during World War II (1939-45), an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed
atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima (name of bomb: little boy). The explosion immediately killed an
estimated 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. Three days later, a second
B-29 dropped another A-bomb on Nagasaki (name of bomb: fat man), killing an estimated 40,000 people. Japan’s
Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s unconditional surrender in World War II in a radio address on August
15, citing the devastating power of “a new and most cruel bomb.”
On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered at USS Missouri at Tokyo Bay. This ended the World War II.
33
87. It is prerogative inherent in the state where it is called upon to protect those with less than full capacity to take
adequate care of their own interests.
A. Eminent Domain
B. Parens patriae
C. Police
D. Taxation
Rationalization
Parens patriae- “Parents of his or her country”
Allows the state to step in and serve as a guardian for children, the mentally ill, the incompetent, and the elderly
or disabled persons who are unable to care for themselves.
88. Amendment or revision of the Constitution may be proposed through any of the following, except:
A. Constitutional Convention
B. People’s Initiative
C. Congress as Constituent Assembly
D. People’s Power
Rationalization
Article XVII. Amendments or Revision
Section 1. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution may be proposed by: (1) The Congress, upon a
vote of three-fourths of all its Members; or (2) A constitutional convention.
Section 2. Amendments to this Constitution may likewise be directly proposed by the people through initiative
upon a petition of at least twelve per centum of the total number of registered voters, of which every legislative
district must be represented by at least three per centum of the registered voters therein.
89. You have to take extra care when you critique the work of a Filipino. Your negative comment may be mistaken to
be an attack against his/her as a person. Upon which Filipino trait is this advice based?
A. Adaptability
B. Sakop mentality
C. Bayanihan spirit
D. Extreme personalism
Rationalization
Filipinos view the world in terms of personal relationships and the extent to which one is able personally to relate
to things and people determines our recognition of their existence and the value. There is no separation between
an objective task and emotional involvement. This personalism is manifested in the tendency to give personal
interpretations to actions, i.e., to "take things personally.”
90. One of the seven wonders of Nature that can be found in Palawan.
A. Puerto Princesa Underground River
B. Hundred Islands
C. Banaue Rice terraces
D. Maria Cristina Falls
Rationalization (Seven Wonders of Nature)

1. Amazon (South America)
2. Halong Bay (Vietnam)
3. Iguazu Falls (Argentina)
4. Jeju Islands (South Korea)
5. Komodo (Indonesia)
6. Puerto Princesa Underground River (Philippines)
7. Table Mountain (South Africa)
34
91. A loss of trained professionals to foreign lands that offer greater opportunities in life is termed as:
A. Brain drain
B. Brawn drain
C. Opportunity grabbing
D. Looking for greener pastures
Rationalization
o Brain drain- Depletion or loss of intellectual and technical personnel (professionals)

o Brawn drain- Depletion or loss of manual industrial workers
92. The following are component factors that make possible the flow of production except:
A. Capital
B. Investment
C. Labor
D. Land
Rationalization
4 Factors of Production
1. Land is short for all the natural resources available to create supply.
2. Labor is the work done by people. The value of the workforce depends on workers' education, skills, and
motivation.
3. Capital are man-made objects like machinery, equipment, and chemicals that are used in production.
4. Entrepreneurship is the drive to develop an idea into a business. An entrepreneur combines the other three
factors of production to add to supply. The most successful are innovative risk-takers.
93. The maximum price that can be legally charged for a good or service is called:
A. Price ceiling
B. Floor price
C. Minimum wage
D. Minimum price
Rationalization
Types of Price Control
1. Price Ceiling- legal maximum price

2. Price Floor- legal minimum price
94. In the "Death March" prisoners were forced to march from Bataan to this place.
A. Sta. Maria, Bulacan
B. Imus, Cavite
C. Capas, Tarlac
D. San Fernando, Pampanga
Rationalization
After the April 9, 1942 U.S. surrender of the Bataan Peninsula on the main Philippine island of Luzon to the
Japanese during World War II (1939-45), the approximately 75,000 Filipino and American troops on Bataan were
forced to make an arduous 65-mile march to prison camps (from Bataan to Camp O'Donnell, Capas, Tarlac,
via San Fernando, Pampanga), where the prisoners were forced to march until they died. T. The marchers made
the trek in intense heat and were subjected to harsh treatment by Japanese guards. Thousands perished in what
became known as the Bataan Death March.
“It was called the death march, because of the way they killed you. If you stopped walking, you died. If you had
to defecate, you died. If you had a malaria attack, you died. It made no different what it was; either they cut your
head off, they shot you, or they bayonetted you. But you died, if you fell down.” –Lester Tenney
35
95. On the June 12, 1898 Declaration of Independence, a band played the Marcha Nacional Filipino What band was
this?
A. Pangkatkawayang ng Pateros
B. Kawit Cavite Band
C. Malabon Band
D. San Francisco de Malabon
Rationalization
The Philippine National Anthem is a product of revolution, a response to the need of the revolutionary times that
gave birth to it. And this need arose in 1898, when the revolution against Spain was in its second year and a
Filipino victory was in sight.
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo astutely recognized the need for national symbols to rally the nation against the enemy.
On June 5, 1898, he commissioned Julian Felipe, a Cavite pianist and composer, to work on a march for the
revolutionists. Felipe worked on the assignment for six days and on June 11, sitting in front of a piano in the
Aguinaldo living room, played his music before the presidente and his lieutenants. Named by Felipe the Marcha
Filipino Magdalo (after Aguinaldo's nom de guerre and his faction in the Katipunan), the music was adopted on
the spot and renamed the Marcha Nacional Filipina (Philippine National March).
The national anthem was heard publicly for the first time on June 12, 1898, when, standing on the balcony of his
Kawit mansion, Aguinaldo proclaimed Asia's first independent republic before a cheering throng. Also displayed
for the first time was the national flag, unfurled to the stirring strains of the marcha nacional played by the band
of San Francisco de Malabon (now Heneral Trias) whose members had learned the music the day before.
But still without words, Felipe's music was simply a march. It could not be sung. The need for lyrics was just as
great as there was for the music. The defiant lyrics to march the stirring strains of Felipe were supplied by Jose
Palma, a 23-year old soldier who was as adept with the pen as he was with the sword. He wrote a poem entitled
"Filipinas" and this was wed to the Felipe composition. The anthem was readily taken by the young nation at war.
96. Known as the ‘IsIa de Pintados’ by the Spaniards

A. Luzon
B. Mindanao
C. Isla verde
D. Visayas
Rationalization
When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, they were mesmerized by the sight of men with paintings all over
their body. This practice was predominant in the Visayas region, the reason why they referred to the area as the
Islas de los Pintados or the Islands of the Painted People. Tattoos expressed a person's role and achievement in
society. Men tattooed themselves almost totally while women were tattooed only in select parts of their anatomy,
like arms. Tattoos served like a piece of clothing, and complemented the simple cut of clothes and jewelry, which
the people wore.
97. It was an ancient judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused was determined by subjecting
them to a painful, or at least an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience.
A. Trial by ordeal
B. Judicial review by the Maginooos/Council of elders
C. Trial by publicity
D. Trial by jury
Rationalization
Before the Spanish conquistadors came to the Philippines, the Filipinos had their own laws and system of
administering justice. The government was patriarchal in form. The unit of government was the barangay, a
settlement of about 30 to 100 families. The barangays were independent of each other. Each barangay was
36
governed by a datu, who gained position by inheritance, wisdom, physical prowess or wealth. The datu exercised
all functions of government. He was the executive, legislative and the judge in times of peace and the commander
in chief in times of war. There were elders (Council of Elders) who assisted and advised him on vital matters, such
as the promulgation of laws, the trial of cases, the declaration of war and the negotiation of treaties with other
barangay.
Cases or disputes were tried by the datu, acting as judge with the help of the barangay elders sitting as jury. All
trials (criminal or civil) were held in public. Trial by ordeal was an ancient judicial practice by which the guilt or
innocence of the accused was determined by subjecting them to a painful, or at least an unpleasant, usually
dangerous experience.
1. Boiling water ordeal- suspects pick a stone in a pot of boiling water. The suspect who refused to obey
the command was regarded as the culprit. If the suspects made the attempt as ordered, the man whose
hand was scalded the most was considered the guilty one.
2. Candle ordeal- suspects are given lighted candles of the same sizes and the owner of the candle that
died out first is the guilty.
3. River ordeal- suspects plunge into the river or lake with lances. He who came to the surface first was
considered guilty.
4. Ordeal by rice chewing- suspects chew uncooked rice. Each of them spat his saliva and the one
whose saliva came out the thickest was adjudged the culprit.
98. In the pre-colonial social stratification, these are the servants could own a house and live away from the master’s
house.
A. Aliping namamahay
B. Aliping sagigilid
C. Freemen
D. Umalohokan
Rationalization
During Pre-Hispanic times Filipinos can be divided according to these classes: The noble class called the
Maginoo; the warrior class called the Maharlika; the freeman class called the Timawa; and the indentured class
called the Alipin.
a. The Maginoo were the ruling class, the educated class, the royal class, and the privileged class. It was
from this class that the Datu would come from. The Datu is the leader of the community called a barangay.
He is the chieftain somewhat synonymous to a Monarch, Rajah, Sultan, or King.
b. The Maharlika had all the rights of the Timawa, but they are specifically the warrior class. They were well
respected if not revered by the barangay. Unlike the Timawa, they were not expected to pay taxes. They
would provide protection to the barangay, and were responsible for providing and preparing the weapons
at their own expense. A Maharlika could change their allegiance to another barangay by marrying into it
or by simply moving to it. This however required paying a certain amount to his Datu. A feast would be
given in his honor when leaving the barangay.
c. The freeman class known as the Timawa probably made up the bulk of the barangay community. They
were free. They could acquire property, acquire any job they want, pick their own wives, and acquire an
Alipin. They were however expected to pay taxes, and support the Maginoo class. They are the only class
to pay taxes, and hence their importance in the community.
d. The Alipin had the least rights. They are not exactly slaves in the traditional sense, but they were
indentured servants. Basically they served their master who belonged to one of the classes above them.
There are two type of Alipin. Aliping Namamahay was a servant that lived in their own little house on the
property of their master, and Aliping Sagigilid was a servant that lived around the house of their master.
An Alipin can actually become free, and become a Timawa provided he or she fulfilled the services of
their master, this process is known as Tinimawa. The Alipin did not likely make any money for their
services, and hence did not pay taxes.
37
99. Acted as the Supreme Court and as advisory to the governor-general during Spanish occupation in the
Philippines.
A. Residencia
B. Visita
C. Gobernadorcillos
D. Royal Audencia
100. He is known as the first Pilipino hero.

A. Emilio Aguinaldo
B. Jose Rizal
C. Humabon
D. Lapu-lapu
Rationalization
Lapu-Lapu is widely regarded as the first Filipino hero, having heroically defeated Portuguese conqueror
Ferdinand Magellan and his troops during their attempt to colonize Mactan Island. Lapu-Lapu's triumph is
commemorated with a monument that stands tall on the island of Mactan today, symbolizing the country's
first victorious resistance against Spanish colonialism.
References
Alcoriza, J. et. al. (2021). MET LEPT Reviewer: The Better Normal Edition. NRS Enterprises.
Philippine Normal University. (2018) A reviewer for Licensure Examination for Teachers-
General Education. Retrieved from:
https://www.teachpinas.com/download/pnu-let-reviewer-for-general-education/
Teach Pinas (2021). LET Reviewers General Education. Retrieved from:
https://www.teachpinas.com/let-reviewer-2021-profed-gened-major-with-answers/
Libontino, B. (2018). LET Reviewer Social Studies. Retrieved from:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/148103611/LET-Reviewer-Social-Studies
Social Sciences Questions with Rationalization. (2018). Retrieved from:
https://1filedownload.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/65-Soc%C4%B1al-
Sc%C4%B1ences-Quest%C4%B1ons-With-Rationalization.pdf
Online LET Reviewer. (2021). LET Gen Ed and Prof Ed. Retrieved from:
https://www.onlineletreviewer.com/2021/02/let-gen-ed-and-prof-ed-files.html
Acknowledgment
The images, tables, figures and information contained in this module were taken from the
references cited above.

SOCIAL SCIENCE-Q&A-Rationalization

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SOCIAL SCIENCE-Q&A-Rationalization

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SOCIAL SCIENCE-Q&A-Rationalization

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

1 | Competency Enhancement 2- Social Science

13. The current Senate President of the 18th Congress.

TRAIN Law highlights:

32. It is an autonomy granted to Filipinos during the Philippine Commonwealth.

Types of Fallacy of Relevance

Examples: "We must either love each other, or we must die."

Types of Fallacy of Relevance

1. No person shall be a Senator unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines

1. No person shall be a Member of the House of Representatives unless he is a natural-born citizen

Two types of citizens:

45. Which is the fundamental law of the land?

Let the burning sun the raindrops vaporize

And with my clamor behind return pure to the sky;

Let a friend shed tears over my early demise;

And on quiet afternoons when one prays for me on high,

Pray too, oh, my Motherland, that in God may rest I.

-8th Stanza Mi Ultimo Adios

56. Who was the president of the 1987 constitutional commission?

64. What is philosophical skepticism?

3 Ranks of Katipunan Membership

70. Who was the first Supremo ng Katipunan?

The following are the Supremos of Katipunan (KKK) in chronological order:

72. Pre-historic period refers to the:

73. What pillar of Islam refers to the profession of faith?

There following are the 5 pillars of Islam.

74. La Gioconda, a famous renaissance painting was a work of:

76. What agency sets out international human rights standards?

77. It identifies the biological differences between men and women:

79. Officials removable by impeachment:

Article XI Accountability of Public Officers

Grounds for Impeachment

 Betrayal of public trust

 Culpable violation of the Constitution

85. The first Filipino Chief Justice of the Supreme Court:

Parens patriae- “Parents of his or her country”

Rationalization (Seven Wonders of Nature)

o Brain drain- Depletion or loss of intellectual and technical personnel (professionals)

Types of Price Control

1. Price Ceiling- legal maximum price

96. Known as the ‘IsIa de Pintados’ by the Spaniards

100. He is known as the first Pilipino hero.

You might also like