CHAPTER: 3 and 4

MATRICES And DETERMINANTS

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER

Matrix: It is an ordered rectangular arrangement of numbers (or functions).

60
The numbers (or functions) are called the elements of the matrix.
Horizontal line of elements is row of matrix. Vertical line of elements
is column of matrix.

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Numbers written in the horizontal line form a row of the matrix.
Number written in the vertical line form a column of the matrix.
ID
Order of Matrix with ‘m’ rows and ‘n’ columns is m × n (read as m by n).

Types of Matrices
U
 A row matrix has only one row (order:1×n)
YG

 A column matrix has only one column (order: m×1)

 A square matrix has number of rows equal to number of columns

D

(order: m × m or n × n.)
U

 A diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all non-diagonal elements

ST

equal to zero and diagonal elements not all zeroes.

 A scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are

equal.

 An identity matrix is a scalar matrix in which each diagonal element is

1 (unity).

 A zero matrix or null matrix is the matrix having all elements zero.

26 [Class XII : Maths]

 Equal matrices: two matrices A = [ ] and [ ] are equal if

(a) Both have same order

(b) = ∀ i and j

Operations on matrices

60
 Two matrices can be added or subtracted, if both have same order.

 If A= [ ] and B =[ ] , then

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× ×

A±B=[ ± ] ×
ID
 =[ ] × where λ is a scalar
U
 Two matrices A and B can be multiplied if number of columns in A is
equal to number of rows in B.
YG

If = [ ] × and [ ] ×

Then =[ ] where = ∑
D

×
U

Properties
ST

 If A, B and C are matrices of same order, then

(i) A+B = B+A

(ii) (A+B)+C= A+(B+C)

(iii) A+O = O+A=A

(iv) A+(-A) = O

27 [Class XII : Maths]

 If A, B and C are matrices and λ is any scalar, then

(ii) AB ≠ BA

(iii) (AB) C = A(BC)

(iv) A(B+C) = AB+AC

60
(v) AB=O need not necessarily imply A=O or B=O

(vi) λ (AB)= (λA) B=A (λB)

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Transpose of a Matrix: Let A be any matrix. Interchange rows and
columns of A. The new matrix so obtained is transpose of A donated by
/ .
ID
[order of A = m × n ⇨ order of = n × m]
U
Properties of transpose matrices A and B are:
YG

(i) ( ) =

(ii) ( ) = (k= constant)

D

(iii) ( + ) = +
U

(iv) ( ) =
ST

Symmetric Matrix and Skew-Symmetric matrix

 A square matrix A = [aij ] is symmetric if = i.e. . aij = aji ∀ i and j

 A square matrix A= [aij] is skew-symmetric if = − i.e. aij = - aji ∀ i and j

(All diagonal elements are zero in skew-symmetric matrix)

Determinant: to every square matrix A= [aij ] of order n×n, we can associate a

number (real or complex). This is called determinant of A (det A or |A|).
28 [Class XII : Maths]
Properties of Determinants

I) |AB| = |A| |B|

II) | | = |A|

III) If we interchange rows (or columns), sign of |A| changes.

60
IV) Value of |A| is zero, if any two rows or columns in A are identical
(or proportional).

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+
V) = +
+

VI) → ± or → ± does not alter the value of |A|.

ID
VII) | | × = | | × (k= scalar)
U
VIII) K |A| means multiplying only one row (or column) by k.
YG

IX) Area of triangle with vertices ( , ), ( , ) and ( , )is:

1
D

∆= 1
1
U

The points ( , ), ( , ), ( , ) are collinear if area of triangle is zero

ST

Minors and Cofactors

 Minor ( ) of in A is the determinant obtained by deleting row

and column.
 Cofactor of , = (−1)

Adjoint of a Square Matrix

adj A= transpose of the square matrix A whose elements have been replaced
by their cofactors.
29 [Class XII : Maths]
Properties of adj A: For any square matrix A of order n:

(i) A(adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I

(ii) |adj A| = |A|n–1

(iii) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A).

(iv) |k adj A| = kn |A|n – 1.

60
Singular Matrix: A square matrix A is singular if |A| = 0.

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Inverse of a Matrix: An inverse of a square matrix exists if and only if it
is non-singular.

A = adj A
ID
| |

Properties of Inverse matrix

U
(i) AA–1 = A–1A = I
YG

(ii) (A–1)–1 = A

(iii) (AB)–1 = B–1A–1

D

(iv) ( ) =( )
U

(v) | | = | | , |A| ≠ 0
ST

Solution of system of equations using matrices:

If AX = B is a matrix equation, then

AX=B ⇒ = A–1B ⇒ I X = A–1B ⇒ X = A–1B gives the solution.

Criterion of consistency of system of liner equations

(i) If |A| ≠ 0, system is consistent and has a unique solution.

30 [Class XII : Maths]

(ii) If |A| = 0 and (adjA) B≠ 0, then the system AX=B is inconsistent and
has no solution.

(iii) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B = 0 then system is consistent and has infinitely
many solutions.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)

60
1 3 2
1. If [1 1] 0 5 1 1 = 0, then What is the value of ?
0 3 2 −2

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2. For what value of λ, the matrix A is a singular matrix where

1 3 +2
ID
= 2 4 8
3 5 10
U
3. Find the value of , if
YG

1 0 0
= 0 1 0
−1

4. If = and = , then find the value of ∝ .

D

5. If A is a square matrix such that = , then write the value of ( − ) +

U

( + ) − 7 A in simplest form.
ST

6. Write the value of ∆,

+ + +
∆=
−3 −3 −3

− −1 4
7. If 2 − = , find the value of x+y.
0 5

31 [Class XII : Maths]

8. If A is a 3 × 3 matrix, | | ≠ 0 and |3 | = | |, then write the value of K.

4 +2
9. If = is a symmetric matrix, then write the value of x.
2 −3 +1

0 2 −2
10. Matrix = 3 1 3 is given to be symmetric, find the value of
3 3 −1
a and b.

60
10 0
11. For any 2 × 2 matrix A, if A (adjoint A) = , then find | |.
0 10

E3
12. Find X, if A + X = , where

1 4 −1
ID
= 3 4 7
5 1 6
U
3 2
13. If = [2 −3 4], = 2 ,X= [0 2 3] and = 2 , then find UV+XY.
YG

1 4

2 −3 1 0 −4 −9
14. If =
6 5 2 3 16 15
D

write the equation after applying elementary column transformation

→ +2
U

2 0 0
ST

15. If = 0 2 0 , then find the value of .

0 0 2

16. Find the value of + in the matrix

|2i − j| if i >
=[ ] × where =
−i + 2j + 3 if i <

1 0 1
17. If = 0 0 0 , then find | |.
1 0 1
32 [Class XII : Maths]
18. For what value of , is the matrix

0 1 −2
= −1 −3 a skew-symmetric matrix
2 3 0

19. If = sin 15° cos 15° , then evaluate | |.

− sin 75° cos 75°

60
20. If A is a square matrix, expressed as A= X+Y where X is symmetric and
Y is skew-symmetric, then write the values of X and Y.

21. Write a matrix of order 3 × 3 which is both symmetric and skew-

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symmetric matrix.

22. What positive value of makes the following pair of determinants

equal?
ID
2 3 16 3
,
5 5 2
U

5 3 8
YG

23. ∆= 2 0 1 , find the value of 5 +3 +8 .

1 2 3

2 1
24. If = , find | ( )|
7 5
D

1 1 1
25. Find the minimum value of. 2 1 1 + 1
U

1 1 1+
ST

26. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 and | | = 5 and | | = 3, then

find the value of |3 |.

3+2 −6
27. Evaluate
2 3−2

1
28. Without expanding, find the value of −1
42 40 2
33 [Class XII : Maths]
29. Using determinants, find the equation of line passing through (0,3) and
(1,1).

30. If A be any square matrix of order 3 × 3 and | | = 5, then find the value
of | ( )|

31. What is the number of all possible matrices of order 2 × 3 with each entry

60
0,1 or 2.

32. Given a square matrix A of order 3 × 3 such that | |=12, find the value

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of | |

2 −1
ID
33. If = find |( ) |
3 4

3
U
34. If = [−1 2 3] and = −4 find | |
0
YG

0 0
35. Find | ( )| and | |, if = 0 0
0 0
D

36. If = 0, then prove that + + =2

U
ST

37. If a ≠ b ≠ c, find the value of x which satisfies the equation

0 − −
+ 0 − =0
+ + 0

38. Using properties of determinants, show that

+ +2
+2 + =0
+ +2

34 [Class XII : Maths]

 √13 + √3 2√5 √5
39. Find the value of √15 + √26 5 √10
3 + √65 √15 5

5 3
40. If = , show that − 12 − = 0. Hence find .
12 7

1 2 5 10
41. Find the matrix X so that =

60
5 3 2 0

1 2 2
42. If = 2 1 2 , verify that − 4 − 5 = 0.

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2 2 1

43. Using elementary transformations find the inverse of the matrix

ID
2 1
=
4 7
U

−2
44. If = and = , then find the value of .
YG

3 7 −

2 −3
45. If = , find B, such that 4 + =
0 1
D

1 −1 1 4 2 2
U

46. If = 2 1 −3 , 10 = −5 0 ∝ and B= , then find the

1 1 1 1 −2 3
ST

value of ∝.

2 0 1
47. Find the value of X, such that −5 +4 + = 0, if = 2 1 3
1 −1 0

1 −2 3
48. If = 0 −1 4 , find ( )
−2 2 1

35 [Class XII : Maths]

49. The monthly incomes of Mohan and Sohan are in the ratio 3:4 and their
monthly expenditures are in the ratio 5:7. If each saves ` 15000/- per
month, find their monthly incomes and expenditures using matrices.

4 0
0 −1 2
50. If = and = 1 3 , then verify that ( ) =
4 3 −4
2 6

60
0 − 0 1
51. If = , = = −1
0 1 0

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Then show that ( + ) = +

0 1 0
52. Prove that + + = , if = 0 0 1
ID
cos 2 sin 2
53. If = , then find .
U
− sin 2 cos 2

1 −1 1
YG

54. If = , = and ( + ) = + +2 , find

2 1 −1
a and b.

0 2
D

55. If = − , then find the value of a, b and c. Such that

−
U

=
ST

56. If = , then prove that = ( ) , for all n ∈ N.

0 1 0 1
1 2 2
57. If = 2 1 2 , then find and hence prove that − 4 − 5 = 0.
2 2 1

+ + +
58. Find the value of k, if: + + + =
+ + +

36 [Class XII : Maths]

59. If x, y and z ∈ R, and

+ + +
∆= 2 5 +2 7 +5 +2 = −16, then find value of x.
3 7 +3 9 +7 +3

1 1 1 1
60. Find the value of ‘k’ if 1 =

60
1

E3
Using properties of determinants, prove the following (Ques.No.-61 to 69)

1 −
61. =0
1 −
ID
1 −
U
1 +
62. 1 + = −( − )( − )( − )( + + )
YG

1 +

3 − + − +
63. − + 3 − + = 3( + + )( + + )
D

− + − + 3
U

64. − − − = + + −3
ST

+ + +

+
65. + =0
+

− − 2 2
66. 2 − − 2 =( + + )
2 2 − −

37 [Class XII : Maths]

 +
67. + =4
+

+ + +
68. + + + = 2(3 − − − )
+ + +

60
( + )
69. ( + ) =2 ( + + )
( + )

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0 1
0 −1 2
70. Given = and = 1 0 . Find the product AB and also
2 −2 0
1 1
ID
find ( )

71. Using properties of determinants, solve for x:

U
−2 2 −3 3 −4
YG

− 4 2 − 9 3 − 16 = 0
− 8 2 − 27 3 − 64

1! 2! 3!
72. Evaluate: 2! 3! 4!
D

3! 4! 5!

+
U

73. If + = 0 and ≠ ≠ then find the value of x.

+
ST

74. Express the following matrix as the sum of symmetric and skew-
symmetric matrices and verify your result.

3 −2 −4
= 3 −2 −5
−1 1 2

2 3
75. If x = – 4 is a root of a ∆= 1 1 = 0, then find the other two roots.
3 2

38 [Class XII : Maths]

 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)

− − −
76. Prove that − − − is divisible by (x + y + z) and
− − −
hence find the quotient.

60
77. Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the matrix

8 4 3
= 2 1 1

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1 2 2

78. Using matrix method, solve the system of linear equations

ID
− 2 = 10, 2 − − = 8 and −2 + = 7

0 1 1
U
79. Find if = 1 0 1 and show that =
1 1 0
YG

3 2 −1 1 2 −1
80. Find the matrix x for which × =
7 5 −2 1 0 4

2 3
81. Let = and ( ) = − 4 + 7, then show that ( ) = 0,
D

−1 2
using this result find .
U

−
ST

82. If + + = 0 and − = 0, then show that either

−

=0 or =± ( + + )

83. If + + = , then find the value of

sin( + + ) sin cos

− 0
cos( + ) − tan 0

39 [Class XII : Maths]

 ( − 2) ( − 1)
84. If ∆= ( − 1) ( + 1) prove that ∆ is negative.
( + 1) ( + 2)

85. Let three digit number A28, 339, 62C, where A,B,C are integers
between 0 and 9, be divisible by fixed integer ‘k’, then show that
determinant.

60
3 6
8 9 is divisible by ‘k’
2 2

E3
86. Using properties of determinants prove that:

− + +
ID
+ − + =( + + )
+ + −

+ − −
U
87. Solve the following equation for x − + − =0
− − +
YG

+1 +2 +
88. Prove that: +2 +3 + =0
+3 +4 +
D
U

Where a, b, c are in A.P.

ST

+ −
89. Prove that: − + = ( + + )( + + )
+ −

90. If a, b, c are pth , qth and rth terms respectively of a G.P. Prove that

log 1
log 1 =0
log 1

40 [Class XII : Maths]

 − −
91. Without expanding prove that − 0 − =0
− −

1 1
92. Prove that (x-2) (x-1) is factor of +1 +1 + and hence find
3 +1 +2
the quotient.

60
93. Prove that:

− ( + − ) 2 2
) = ( + + )
2 − ( + − 2

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2 2 − ( + − )

−4 4 4
ID 1 −1 1
94. Determine the product −7 1 3 1 −2 −2
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
U
and use it to solve the system of equations:
YG

− + = 4, − 2 − 2 = 9, 2 + +3 = 1

1 −1 1
95. If = 2 1 −3 , find and use it to solve the system of linear
D

1 1 1
equations: + 2 + = 4, − + + =, −3 + =2
U
ST

96. Solve given system of equations by matrix method:

3 + = + =3

97. If = + + , then prove

= [( − )( − )( − )]

41 [Class XII : Maths]

98. To raise money for an orphanage, students of three schools A, B and C
organized an exhibition in their locality, where they sold paper bags,
scrap books and pastel sheets made by them using recycled paper, at
the rate of ` 20, ` 15 and ` 5 per unit respectively. School A sold 25
paper bags, 12 scrap books and 34 pastel sheets. School B sold 22
paper bags, 15 scrap books and 28 pastel sheets. While school C sold

60
26 paper bags, 18 scrap books and 36 pastel sheets. Using matrices,
find the total amount raised by each school. By such exhibition, which
values are inculcating in the students?

E3
99. Two cricket teams honored their players for three values, excellent
batting, to the point bowling and unparalleled fielding by giving ` x, ` y
and ` z per player respectively. The first team paid respectively 2, 2 and
ID
1 players for the above values with a total prize money of 11 lakhs, while
the second team paid respectively 1,2 and 2 players for these values
with a total prize money of ` 9 lakhs. If the total award money for one
U
person each for these values amount to ` 6 lakhs, then express the
above situation as a matrix equation and find award money per person
YG

for each value.

For which of the above mentioned values, would you like more and why?
D

ANSWERS
U
ST

1. 5. A

6. 0
2. =4

7. 3
3. =

8. K=27
4. = + , =2

9. X=5
42 [Class XII : Maths]
10. a= , = 23. 0

| | = 10 24. 9
11.

0 −4 1 25. –1
12. = −3 −3 −7
−5 −1 −5 26. 405

60
13. [20] 27. 1

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2 −3 1 2
14. = 28. 0
6 5 2 7
−4 −17
16 47 29. 3 – 2x
ID
8 0 0 30. 625
15. = 0 8 0
U
0 0 8
31. 729
YG

16. 11
32. 1728

17. 0
33. 11
D

18. =0
34. –11
U

19. | |=1
35. ,
ST

20. = ( + ), = ( −
36. …….
)
37. =0
0 0 0
21. 0 0 0
38. …….
0 0 0

22. = 24 39. −5√3(5 − √6)

43 [Class XII : Maths]

 −7 3 50. ….
40. =
12 −5
51. ….
5 0
41. −6 4
7 7 52. …..

cos 8 sin 8
53.
− sin 8 cos 8

60
42. …..
54. A = -1; B = -2

E3
7 −1
43. 55. =± ; =± ;
−4 2 ID √ √

44. =4 1
=±
√3
U
2 −15
45. =
0 −3 56. ..
YG

57. ..
46. ∝= 5
58. K=2
1 1 3 59. =2
D

47. = 1 3 10
5 −4 −2
U

60. K =(a+b) (b+c)(c+a)

−9 −8 −2
ST

48. 8 7 2 1 2
70. =
−5 −4 −1 −2 2

2 −2
49. Incomes: Rs 90,000/- and ( ) =
2 −1
Rs 1,20,000/-
72. x=4

Expenditures: Rs 75,000/-
73. 4! = 24
and Rs 10,5000/-

44 [Class XII : Maths]

74. =

6 1 −5 0 −5 −3
75. = 1 −4 −4 + 5 0 −6
−5 −4 4 3 6 0

76. x = 1,3

60
77. ( + + )( + + − − − )

0 2⁄3 −1⁄3

E3
78. = 1 −13⁄3 2⁄3
−1 4 0 ID −1 1 1
79. x = 0; y = -5; z = –3 80. = 1 −1 1
1 1 −1
U
−16 3 −118 −93
81. = 82.
24 −5 31 −118
YG

84. 0 89. 0; 0; 3a

92. 94. Product = 8

D

= 3, y = -2, z = -1
U

4 2 2
ST

95. = −5 0 5 = , = , =
1 −2 3

98. School A = ` 850 99. Excellent batting: 3 lakhs

School B = ` 805 point bowling: 2 lakhs

School C = ` 970 fielding: 1lakh

45 [Class XII : Maths]