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DEFINITION
A rectangular arrangement of elements in rows and columns, is called a matrix. Such a rectangular arrangement
of numbers is enclosed by small ( ) or big [ ] brackets. Generally a matrix is represented by a capital latter A, B,
C......... etc. and its element are represented by small letters a, b, c, x, y etc.
Following are some examples of a matrix :
a b 1 5 3 2
A = c d , B = 4 0 2 C = 0 , D = [1, 5, 6], E = [5]
ORDER OF MATRIX
A matrix which has m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n, and its represented by
Am×n or A = [aij]m×n
It is obvious to note that a matrix of order m × n contains mn elements. Every row of such a matrix contains n
elements and every column contains m elements.
TYPES OF MATRICES
Row matrix
If in a matrix, there is only one row, then it is called a Row Matrix.
Thus A = [aij]m×n is a row matrix if m = 1
Column Matrix
If in a matrix, there is only one column, then it is called a column matrix.
Thus A = [aij]m×n is a column matrix if n = 1.
Square matrix
If number of rows and number of columns in a matrix are equal, then it is called a square matrix.
Thus A = [aij]m×n is a square matrix if m = n.
Note : (a) If m n then matrix is called a rectangular matrix.
(b) The elements of a square matrix A for which i = j i.e., a11, a22, a33,......ann are called principal diagonal
elements and the line joining these elements is called the principal diagonal or leading diagonal of
matrix A.
(c) Trace of a matrix : The sum of principal diagonal elements of a square matrix A is called the trace of
matrix A which is denoted by trace A. Trace A = a11 a 22 ....a nn
Singleton matrix
If in a matrix there is only one element then it is called singleton matrix.
Thus A = [aij]m×n is a singleton matrix if m = n = 1.
Null or zero matrix
If in a matrix all the elements are zero then it is called a zero matrix and it is generally denoted by O.
Thus A = [aij]m×n is a zero matrix if aij = 0 for all i and j.
Diagonal matrix
If all elements except the principal diagonal in a square matrix are zero, it is called a diagonal matrix.
Thus a square matrix A = [aij] is a diagonal matrix if aij = 0, when i j.
[1]
[2] Matrices and Determinants
Equal matrix
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if they are of same order and their corresponding elements are equal.
Singular matrix
Matrix A is said to be singular matrix if its determinant |A| = 0, otherwise non-singular matrix i.e.,
If det |A| = 0 singular and det |A| 0 non-singular
A B A C
(v) B A C A B = C (Cancellation law)
(vi) Trace (A ± B) = trace (A) ± trace (B)
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
If A and B be any two matrices, then their product AB will be defined only when number of column in A is equal
to the number of rows in B. If A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]n×p then their product AB = C = [cij], will be matrix of order
m × p, where
n
(AB)ij = Cij a b
r 1
ir rj
TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX
If we interchange the rows to columns and columns to rows of a matrix A, then the matrix so obtained is called
the transpose of A and it is denoted by
AT or At or A'
From this definition it is obvious to note that
(i) Order of A is m × n order of AT is n × m
(ii) (AT)ij = (A)ji, " i, j)
Properties of Transpose
If A, B are matrices of suitable order then
(i) (AT)T = A
(ii) (A + B)T = AT + BT
(iii) (A – B)T = AT – BT
(iv) (kA)T = kAT
(v) (AB)T = BTAT
(vi) (A1A2.....An)T = AnT.....A2TA1T
(vii) (An)T = (AT)n, n N
(a) Symmetric matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is called symmetric matrix if aij = aji for all ˆi ˆj or AT = A.
Note : (i) Every unit matrix and square zero matrix are symmetric matrices.
n(n 1)
(ii) Maximum number of different element in a symmetric matrix is
2
(b) Skew-symmetric matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is called skew-symmetric matrix if
aij = – aji for all i, j or AT = –A
Note : (i) All principal diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are always zero because for
any diagonal element - aii = – aii aii = 0
(ii) Trace of a skew symmetric matrix is always 0
Properties of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices
(i) If A is a square matrix, then A + AT, AAT, ATA are symmetric matrices while A–AT is skew-symmetric
matrices.
(ii) If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then-
(a) A ± B, AB + BA are also symmetric matrices.
(b) AB – BA is a skew-symmetric matrix.
(c) AB is a symmetric matrix when AB = BA
(iii) If A, B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then-
(a) A ± B, AB – BA are skew-symmetric matrices.
(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
Matrices and Determinants [5]
1 T 1 T
A = 2 ( A A ) 2 ( A A )
DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX
ADJOINT OF A MATRIX
If every element of a square matrix A be replaced by its cofactor in |A|, then the transpose of the matrix so
obtained is called the adjoint of A and it is denoted by adj A
Thus if A = [aij] be a square matrix and Cij be the cofactor of aij in |A|, then
adj A = [Cij]T
(adj A)ij = Cij
T
a 11 a 12 .... a 1n C11 C12 .... C1n C11 C 21 .... C n1
a C C .... Cn 2
21 a 22 .... a 2 n 21
C 22 .... C 2n
12
C 22
Hence if A = .... .... .... .... , then adj A = .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
a n1 a n2 .... a nn
C n1 Cn 2 .... C nn C1n C 2n .... Cnn
2
(iv) |adj (adj A)| = | A |(n1) (v) adj (AT) = (adj A)T
(vi) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A) (vii) adj (Am) = (adj A)m, m N
(viii) adj (kA) = kn–1 (adj A), k R (ix) adj (In) = In
(x) adj 0 = 0 (xi) A is symmetric adj A is also symmetric.
(xii) A is diagonal adj A is also diagonal. (xiii) A is triangular adj A is also triangular..
(xiv) A is singular |adj A| = 0
INVERSE MATRIX
If A and B are two matrices such that
AB = I = BA
then B is called the inverse of A and it is denoted by A–1. Thus
A–1 = B AB = I = BA
Further we may note from above property (i) of adjoint matrix that if |A| 0, then
adj ( A ) (adj A ) 1
A
|A|
|A|
A A–1 = | A | adj A
(vii) A = diag (a1,a2, ...., an) A–1 = diag (a1–1 , a2–1, ....., an–1)
(viii) A is symmetric A–1 is also symmetric.
(ix) A is diagonal |A| 0 A–1 is also diagonal.
(x) A is scalar matrix A–1 is also scalar matrix.
(xi) A is triangular |A| 0 A–1 is also triangular..
Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix A is called orthogonal if
AAT = I = ATA ; i.e., if A–1 = AT
Idempotent matrix
A square matrix A is called an idempotent matrix if A2 = A
Matrices and Determinants [7]
Involutory Matrix
A square matrix A is called an involutory matrix if A2 = I or A–1 = A
Nilpotent matrix
A square matrix A is called a nilpotent matrix if there exist a p N such that AP = 0
Hermition matrix
Period of a matrix
If for any matrix A Ak+1 = A
then k is called period of matrix (where k is a least positive integer)
Differentiation of matrix
f ( x ) g( x )
If A = h( x ) l( x )
dA f ' ( x ) g' ( x )
then dx h' ( x ) l' ( x ) is a differentiation of matrix A
Submatrix
Let A be m × n matrix, then a matrix obtained by leaving some rows or columns or both of a is called a sub matrix
of A
Rank of a matrix
A number r is said to be the rank of a m × n matrix A if
(a) every square sub matrix of order (r + 1) or more is singular and
(b) there exists at least one square submatrix of order r which is non-singular.
Thus, the rank of matrix is the order of the highest order non-singular sub matrix.
5 6
We have |A| = 0 therefore r (A) is less then 3, we observe that 4 5 is a non-singular square sub matrix of
order 2 hence r (A) 2.
Note :
(i) The rank of the null matrix is zero.
(ii) The rank of matrix is same as the rank of its transpose i.e., r(A) = r(AT)
(iii) Elementary transformation of not alter the rank of matrix.